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Homework #1 Applied Biomaterials MECE 557/MECE 657 By Amit Singh 1.

. How does the fundamental bond structure differ between metals and ceramics? Metals have non-directional metallic bonds whereas ceramics have non-directional ionic bonds or ionic/covalent bonding. The bonding of atoms together is much stronger in covalent and ionic bonding than in metallic. Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC and HCP. Ceramic crystal structures are based on maintaining charge neutrality and cation-anion radii ratios. 2. Why might you want to deliberately add defects, such as impurities, to a biomaterial? Defects are added because: -Perfect crystals nearly impossible to form -Crystalline imperfections have a profound effect on materials behavior Point defects(vacancies), planar defects(grain boundaries) and line defects(dislocations) are significantly affect the mechanical behavior of solids and are responsible for the various phenomena associated with plastic deformation. 3. Why might you want to deliberately add roughness to the surface of a metallic material? To obtain specific surface topography and chemistry to improve either the mechanical bone/implant interlocking, or the disposition of an apatite or another calcium phosphate bioactive layer to promote direct material-bone bonding, or the activation of particular cell responses by the use of specific biomolecules, such as peptides and proteins. 4. What are three common metallic materials used for biomedical applications? Select one of these materials and describe an application other than hip or knee implants or bone screws/plates in which the material is used. Why do you think that particular material is chosen for that application? Three common metallic materials used for biomedical applications are: -Stainless Steel -Cobalt Based Alloys -Titanium Alloys Titanium and its alloys are also used for dentistry devices such as implants, crowns, bridges, overdentures, and dental implant prosthesis components (screw and abutment).

Among the main metallic materials for biomedical applications stated previously, titanium and its alloys are getting much attention in both medical and dental fields because of excellent bio-compatibility, light weight, excellent balance of mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, etc. 5. Why is pore size important in a ceramic material? The potential advantage offered by a porous ceramic implant (type 2) is its inertness combined with the mechanical stability of the highly-convoluted interface that develops when bone grows into the pores of the ceramic. However, for the tissue to remain viable and healthy, it is necessary for the pores to be greater than 50 to 150 m. The large interfacial area required for porosity is due to the need to provide a blood supply to the ingrown connective tissue (vascular tissue does not appear in pore sizes less than 100 m). Also, if micromovement occurs at the interface of a porous implant and tissue is damaged, the blood supply may be cut off, the tissues will die, inflammation will ensue, and the interfacial stability will be destroyed. When the material is a porous metal, the large increase in surface area can provide a focus for corrosion of the implant and loss of metal ions into the tissues. 6. What are three common ceramic materials used for biomedical applications? Select one of these materials and describe an application in which the material is used. Why do you think that particular material is chosen for that application? Three common ceramic materials used for biomedical applications are: -Ceramics -Glasses -Glass-Ceramics Glass-ceramics are used in three forms depending on the clinical function required: bulk, coatings, powders or composites. Non Load Bearing Implants- Bulk Bioglass implants have been used clinically for years as middle ear prostheses. There is very little tensile stress in the application and therefore mechanical strength or fatigue resistance is not a very important criterion. Only a narrow range of bioactive glass compositions form a bond with the collagen fibers of soft connective tissue.

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