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R.Lakshmi Pravallika III B.TECH(IT) Lakshmipravallika.nl@gmail. !m

K.Uma Maheswari III B.TECH (IT)

Vaagdevi Institute of Technology & Science

Peddasettipalli(v),PRODDAT R!"#$%$#.

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Cloud is a term used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud Computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or virtual machines. Advanced clouds typically include other computing resources such as storage area networks (SANs), network e uipment, firewall and other security devices. Cloud computing also describes applications that are e!tended to be accessible through the "nternet. #hese cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host $eb applications and $eb services. Anyone with a suitable "nternet connection and a standard browser can access a cloud application.

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,onitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed. Cloud computing environments support grid computing by uickly providing physical and virtual servers on which the grid applications can run. Cloud computing should not be confused with grid computing. -rid computing involves dividing a large task into many smaller tasks that run in parallel on separate servers. -rids re uire many computers, typically in the thousands, and commonly use servers, desktops, and laptops. Clouds also support nongrid environments, such as a three(tier $eb architecture running standard or $eb ../ applications. A cloud is more than a collection of computer resources because a cloud provides a mechanism to manage those resources.

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A cloud is a pool of virtuali%ed computer resources. A cloud can& 'ost a variety of different workloads, including batch(style back(end )obs and interactive, *ser(facing applications. Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled(out uickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines, that allow Support redundant, self(recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many

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#he coming shift to cloud computing is a ma)or change in our industry. 0ne of the most important parts of that shift is the advent of cloud platforms. As its name suggests, this kind of platform lets developers write applications that run in the cloud, or use services provided from the cloud, or both. 1ifferent names are used for this kind of platform today, including on( demand platform and platform as a service

(2aaS). $hatever it3s called, this new way of supporting applications has great potential. #o see why, think about how application platforms are used today. $hen a development team creates an "f the creators of every on(premises application first had to build all of these basics, we3d have many fewer applications today. Similarly, if every development team that wishes to create a cloud application must first build its own cloud platform, we won3t see many cloud applications. 4ortunately, vendors are rising to this challenge, and a number of cloud platform technologies are available today. #he goal of this overview is to categori%e and briefly describe those technologies as they3re seen by someone who creates enterprise. "t has become more usefully characteri%ed as a style of computing where massively scalable "#(enabled capabilities are provided 5as a service6 to multiple customers. *nlike previous "# licensing models, however, these 7services3 are typically billed on a consumption basis (giving rise to other common phrases such as 7utility computing3 and 7platforms( a(service3).Cloud computing is often associated with new $eb ../ start( up companies. #he best known Cloud application is the -oogle search engine that,

while

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processing power, never needs to rely on database AC"1 rules or two(phase commits. Ama%on3s 8lastic Compute Cloud hosts start(up companies that provide photo sharing, phone te!t message collection and redistribution networking services, and and social #hese collaboration.

relatively simple applications built from scratch using languages such as 2ython or 9uby need not adhere to the critical uptime re uirements of a traditional data center processing payroll or controlling inventory.

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#he ma)ority of cloud computing

infrastructure as of .//: consists of reliable services delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtuali%ation technologies. #he services are accessible anywhere in the world, with The Cloud appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the uality of service re uirements of customers and typically offer service level agreements, 0pen standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing.

(C2*, disk, and memory) of the servers provisioned ,anager. 1=. is the database server that #ivoli 2rovisioning ,anager uses to store the resource data. "=, #ivoli ,onitoring agents that are installed on the virtual and physical machines communicate with the #ivoli ,onitoring server to get the health of the virtual machines and provide the same to the #ivoli 2rovisioning ,anager automates imaging, deployment, installation, and configuration of the ,icrosoft $indows and ;inu! operating systems, along with the installation + configuration of any software stack that the user re uests. #ivoli 2rovisioning ,anager uses $eb sphere Application Server to communicate the provisioning status and availability of resources in the data center, to schedule the provisioning and deprovisioning of resources, and to reserve resources for future use. As a result of the provisioning, virtual machines are created using the <8N hypervisor or physical machines are created using Network "nstallation ,anager, 9emote 1eployment ,anager, or Cluster Systems ,anager, depending upon the operating system and platform. "=, #ivoli ,onitoring Server monitors the health user. #he cloud computing platform has two user interfaces to provision servers.> 0ne interface is feature rich (( fully loaded with the $eb Sphere suite of products ? and relatively more involved from a process perspective. 4or more information on this interface, >0ne interface provides basic screens for making provisioning re uests. All re uests are handled by $eb../ components deployed on the $eb Sphere Application Server. by #ivoli 2rovisioning

can sometimes enhance these by accessing application(specific services provided in the cloud. =ecause these services are usable only by this particular application, they can be thought of as attached to it. 0ne popular consumer e!ample of this is Apple3s i#unes& #he desktop application is useful for playing music and more, while an attached service allows buying new audio and video content. ,icrosoft3s 8!change 'osted Services provides an enterprise e!ample, adding cloud(based spam filtering, archiving, and other services to an on(premises 8!change server. Cl!'( pla&*!rmsA cloud platform provides cloud(based services for creating applications. 9ather than building their own custom foundation, for e!ample, the creators of a new SaaS application could instead build on a cloud platform. As the 4igure shows, the direct users of a cloud platform are developers, not end users. .!'n(a&i!nNearly every application uses some platform software on the machine it runs on. #his typically includes various support functions, such as standard libraries and storage, and a base operating system.

Software as a service (,aa,)- A SaaS application runs entirely in the cloud (that is, on servers at an "nternet(accessible service provider). #he on(premises client is typically a browser or some other simple client. #he most well(known e!ample of a SaaS application today is probably Salesforce.com, but many, many others are also available. +&&a he( servi es8very on(premises application provides useful functions on its own. An application

A group of infrastructure services& "n a modern distributed environment, applications fre uently use basic services provided on other computers. "t3s common to provide remote storage, for e!ample, integration services, an identity service, and more. A set of application services& As more and more applications become service(oriented, the functions they offer become accessible to new applications. 8ven though these applications e!ist primarily to provide services to end users, this also makes them part of the application platform. ("t might seem odd to think of other applications as part of the platform, but in a service(oriented world, they certainly are.) #pera&ing s/s&em4rom a platform point of view, an operating system provides a set of basic interfaces for applications to*se. =y far the most well( known e!ample of an operating system in the cloud today is Ama%on3s 8lastic Compute Cloud (8C.). 8C. provides customer(specific ;inu! instances running in virtual machines (@,s). 4rom a technical perspective, it might be more accurate to think of 8C. as a platform for @,s rather than operating systems. Still, a developer sees an operating system interface, and so

viewing it in this light makes more sense here. #he creators of one application might choose a Aava 88 app server and ,ySB;, for e!ample, while another group might go with 9uby on 9ails. 8C. customers are even free to create many ;inu! instances, and then distribute large workloads across them in parallel, such $hile as the for scientific 8C. applications. provides is different ways. L! al s'pp!r&1ifferent technologies are used depending on the style of application. #he .N8# 4ramework and Aava 88 application servers provide general support for $eb applications and more, for instance, while other technologies target specific kinds of applications. 4or e!ample, ,icrosoft3s 1ynamics C9, product includes a platform designed for creating a particular type of business application. Similarly, different kinds of storage are used for different purposes. 9aw byte storage is provided by the file systems in $indows, ;inu!, and other operating systems, while more structured storage is provided by a range of database technologies, including the 0racle 1=,S, ,ySB;, ,icrosoft SB; Server, service

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infrastructure services, typical e!amples include the following&

premises technologies that address this include ,icrosoft3s Active 1irectory and other ;1A2 servers. 0n(premises application services, the third category shown in 4igure ., vary widely across different organi%ations. #he reason for this is ,&!rage;ike storage in the foundation, infrastructure storage comes in various styles. A remote file system might provide simple byte( oriented storage, while a ,icrosoft Share2oint document library provides a more structured remote storage service. Applications can also access a database system remotely, allowing access to another kind of structured storage. In&egra&i!nConnecting service applications by some within an organi%ation usually depends on a remote provided integration product. A message ueue is a simple simple& 1ifferent organi%ations use different applications, which in turn e!pose diverse services. 0ne way to think about these applications in the on(premises platform is to divide them into two broad categories& Pa kage( appli a&i!ns#his includes business software such as SA2, 0racle Applications, and ,icrosoft 1ynamics, along with a myriad of other off( the(shelf products. $hile not all packaged applications e!pose services to other applications, more and more of them do. C's&!m appli a&i!ns,any organi%ations have a large investment in custom software. As these applications increasingly e!pose their functionality through services, they become part of the on premises application platform. $hen it3s

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platforms, the general model )ust described can also be used to think about cloud platforms. And since on(premises and cloud platforms can be used together, it3s important to understand how the two work in concert. 4igure E illustrates this new world. As the figure shows, a cloud application can be built on a cloud foundation, )ust as an on( premises application is built on an on( premises foundation. =oth kinds of applications can access infrastructure and application services provided on(premises and in the cloud. Aust as on(premises platforms support today3s. E1+MI"I"2 CL#U$ PL+T.#RM, *nderstanding cloud platforms means looking at each of their parts& the cloud foundation, cloud infrastructure services, and cloud application services. #his section walks through these three areas, using some of today3s most visible cloud platform technologies as e!amples. "t is useful to look at on(premises platforms and cloud platforms through the same lens, the two aren3t identical. $hen platform functions move into the cloud, they sometimes change in significant ways. 4or e!ample, on( premises platforms are designed to support (at most) enterprise(scale applications.

comple!. #he truth, though, is that this platform has evolved over time. "n the early days of computing, the application platform consisted of nothing more than an on( premises foundation. (#hink of ,@S and ",S on an "=, mainframe, for e!ample.) "n the C:D/s and C::/s, spread, as distributed on(premises computing

infrastructure services were added, with remote storage, integration, and identity becoming common. #oday, with the advent of service(oriented applications, on(premises application services have become part of the platform. #he ne!t step in this evolution is clear& providing cloud versions of all three. .R#M #"0PREMI,E, PL+T.#RM, T# CL#U$ PL+T.#RM,

Applications that run in the cloud, by contrast, can potentially operate at "nternet scale, which re uires handling many more simultaneous users than any enterprise application. CL#U$ .#U"$+TI#" ;ike their on(premises cousins, cloud foundations provide the basic local functions an application needs. #hese can include an underlying operating system and local support. Fet how cloud platforms provide these functions differs from what we3re used to, as this section shows. #pera&ing ,/s&em 4rom a platform point of view, an operating system provides a set of basic interfaces for applications to use. =y far the most well( known e!ample of an operating system in the cloud today is Ama%on3s 8lastic Compute Cloud (8C.). 8C. provides customer(specific ;inu! instances running in virtual machines (@,s). 4rom a technical perspective, it might be more accurate to think of 8C. as a platform for @,s rather than operating systems. Still, a developer sees an operating system interface, and so viewing it in this light makes more sense here. 8ach development team is free to use whatever local support it likes in this @,G Ama%on doesn3t care. #he creators of one application might choose a Aava 88 app

server and ,ySB;, for e!ample, while another group might go with 9uby on 9ails. 8C. customers are even free to create many ;inu! instances, and then distribute large workloads across them in parallel, such as for scientific applications. $hile the service 8C. provides is uite basic, it3s also very general, and so it can be used in many different ways. L! al ,'pp!r& "n an on(premises platform (and in 8C.), a developer can mi! and match parts of the foundation as she sees fit. Choosing to use the .N8# 4ramework on $indows doesn3t mandate using a particular database, for e!ample. Similarly, an on(premises application using the .N8# 4ramework is free to access the underlying $indows operating system, as is an application built on a Aava 88 server. #he local support functions in today3s leading cloud foundations don3t work this way. "nstead, a cloud local support technology typically includes its own storage, and it hides whatever the underlying operating system might be. A developer choosing to build on a particular local support option must accept the limitations it imposes Another e!ample of a cloud platform providing local support is 4orce.com, offered by Salesforce.com. 9ather than targeting general $eb

applications, however, 4orce.com is aimed at creating data(oriented business applications. #oward this end, it provides its own focused support for data storage. And rather than adopt an e!isting programming language, this platform3s creators invented their own, a language called Ape!. ,icrosoft also provides local support for applications in the cloud as part of its C9, ;ive offering. CL#U$I".R+,TRUCTURE ,ER3ICE,$hether they run on(premises or in the cloud, can some benefit applications from don3t need anything beyond a foundation. Still, many distributed storage, common identity, and other infrastructure services. $e3re accustomed to having these services provided on(premises today, but analogous services Are also provided in the cloud. As the 4igure showed, cloud infrastructure services can be accessed by applications running on either an on premises foundation or a cloud foundation. "nitially, the most common users of cloud infrastructure services will be on(premises, because there aren3t yet many applications built on a cloud foundation. 0ver time, e!pect this to change, as more and more cloud(based

applications also use cloud infrastructure services.

,&!rage Applications commonly use some kind of local storage, which is why storage is part of both on(premises and cloud foundations. 9emote storage is also useful, however, as the popularity of this service in the on premises world shows. Accordingly, it3s reasonable to e!pect that providing a storage service in the cloud will be attractive for many applications. As with on(premises platforms, remote storage in the cloud comes in different styles. 4or e!ample, Ama%on3s Simple Storage Service (SE) provides basic unstructured remote storage. #he model it e!poses to developers is straightforward& objects, which are )ust bunches of bytes, are stored in buckets. #he trade(off is clear& Application developers get cheap storage in the cloud, but they might need to do more work in their applications to use it effectively. Another approach to cloud storage is to support more structured data. "n ,icrosoft3s SB; Server 1ata Services (SS1S), for e!ample, a container includes one or more entities, each of which holds some number of properties,

as shown in 4igure H. An application can issue ueries against a container3s data with operators such as II, I, J, K, AN1, 09, and N0#. "t3s important to note that this isn3t a relational database, and the uery language isn3t SB;. 0nce again, we3re seeing an illustration of how application platform technologies change when they3re moved into the cloud. #his simpler approach is easier to use than a relational databaseG there3s no need to define a schema up front Gand it3s also easier to make scalable. Ama%on3s Simple1= provides one more e!ample of the value of structured storage in the cloud. #he way Simple1= organi%es information is similar to SS1SGit3s a hierarchy of domains, items, and valuesG and it also provides a non(SB; uery language. ;ike SS1S, no up(front schema definition is re uired, and so the approach provides a mi! of fle!ibility and scalability. In&egra&i!n "s there any application left that doesn3t talk to at least one of its fellowsL Connecting applications plethora of has become a staple of computing, and vendors have provided a on(premises infrastructure services to do it. #hese range from relatively simple technologies like message ueues to uite comple! integration servers.

As integration services move into the cloud, a range of technologies is also appearing. 4or e!ample, Ama%on3s Simple Bueue Service (SBS) provides )ust what its name suggests& a straightforward way for applications to e!change messages via ueues in the cloud. I(en&i&/ $hether an application runs on(premises or in the cloud, it typically needs to know something about its users. #oward this end, the application commonly demands that each user provides a digital identity, a set of bytes that describes that user. =ased on what these bytes contain and how they3re verified, the application can determine things such as who this user is and what they3re allowed to do. ,any on(premises applications today rely on an on(premises infrastructure service, such as Active 1irectory, to provide this identity information. $hen a user accesses a cloud application, however, or an on( premises application accesses a cloud service, an on(premises identity usually won3t work. And what About an application built on a cloud foundationL $here does it get its identity informationL An identity service in the cloud can address these issues. =ecause it provides a digital identity that can be used by people, by on(premises

applications, and by cloud applications, a cloud identity service can be Applied in many different scenarios. "n fact, one indication of the importance of this kind of identity service is the number of cloud identity services available today. Accessing Ama%on cloud services such as 8C. or SE re uires presenting an Ama%on(defined identity, for instance, while using -oogle App8ngine re uires a -oogle account. ,icrosoft provides $indows ;ive "1, which can be used for ,icrosoft

level services. An infrastructure service solves a broad problem faced by many different kinds of applications, while an application service solves a more targeted problem. And )ust as it3s possible to identify different kinds of infrastructure services, it3s also possible to distinguish different categories of application services, as this section illustrates.

,aa, +ppli a&i!n ,ervi es *sers in most enterprises today rely on both purchased and home(grown applications. As these applications e!pose their services to remote software, they become part of the on( premises applications platform. today Similarly, fre uently SaaS e!pose

applications and others, while =i%#alk Services also offers its own identity service, which can be federated with others. 1evelopers don3t have complete freedomG cloud platforms are fre uently tied to a particular identity providerGbut the need for identity as a cloud service is clear. CL#U$ +PPLIC+TI#" ,ER3ICE, $hat3s the difference between an application service and an infrastructure serviceL #o answer this uestion, think first about the obvious distinction between applications and infrastructure& Applications are designed to be used by people, while infrastructure is designed to be used by applications. "t3s also fair to say that infrastructure usually provides a general, relatively low(level service, while applications provide more specific, higher(

services that can be accessed by on(premises Applications or by other cloud applications. Salesforce.com3s C9, application, for e!ample, makes available a variety of services that can be used to integrate its functions with on(premises applications. As organi%ations begin to create their own SaaS applications running on a cloud foundation, those applications will also e!pose services. Aust as packaged and custom on(premises applications today are part of the on( premises platform, the services e!posed by

packaged and custom SaaS applications are becoming part of the cloud platform. ,ear h Services e!posed by SaaS applications are useful, but they3re not the whole story. 0ther kinds of cloud application services are also important. #hink, for e!ample, of search engines such as -oogle and ;ive Search. Along with their obvious value to people, why can3t they also offer cloud application servicesL #he answer, of course, is that they can. ,icrosoft3s ;ive Search, for e!ample, e!poses services that allow on( premises and cloud applications to submit searches and get results back. Suppose a company that provided a database of legal information wanted to let customers search both its own data and the $eb in a single re uest. #hey could accomplish this by creating an on(premises application that both searched their proprietary data and, via the ;ive Search application service, the entire $eb. "t3s fair to say that not many applications are likely to need this kind of service, but that3s one reason why it3s most accurate to think of search as an application service rather than an infrastructure service. Mapping #&her +ppli a&i!n ,ervi es ,any other application services are available today. "n fact, almost any $eb site

can e!pose its functionality as a cloud service for developers to use. 2hoto(sharing sites such as -oogle3s 2icasa and ,icrosoft3s $indows ;ive 2hoto -allery does this, for e!ample, as do online contacts applications such as -oogle Contacts and ,icrosoft3s $indows ;ive Contacts. 0ne big motivation for e!posing services is to make it easier to create mash(ups that e!ploit the functions of diverse $eb applications. @endors sometimes group cloud application services together under a common umbrella. C#"CLU,I#" A new kind of application platform doesn3t come along very often. =ut when a successful platform innovation does appear, it has an enormous impact. #hink of the way personal computers and servers shook up the world of mainframes and minicomputers, for e!ample, or how the rise of platforms for Niter applications changed the way people writes software. $hile the old world doesn3t go away, a new approach can uickly become the center of attention for new applications. Cloud platforms don3t yet offer the full spectrum 4or of an on(premises business environment. e!ample,

intelligence as part of the platform isn3t common, nor is support for business process management technologies such as full(

featured workflow and rules engines. #his is all but certain to changeM however, as this technology wave continues to roll forward. Cloud platforms aren3t yet at the center of most people3s attention.