Simple Method for Delamination Detection in Composite

Israr Ullah, Jyoti K. Sinha

School of MACE, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E- ail! "srar#Ullah$%ost&ra'# anchester#ac#(k, )yoti#Sinha$ anchester#ac#(k

Abstract *ela ination 'etection in the co %osite str(ct(re +ase' on the vi+ration res%onses ,hen e-cite' at the lo,er o'es has +een s(&&este' here# "t has +een o+serve' that the nonlinear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers %ro'(ce hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency# These hi&her har onics have o+serve' to +e (sef(l for the 'etection an' location of the 'ela ination ,itho(t co %arin& the vi+ration 'ata fro the healthy state of the co %osite str(ct(re# The %a%er %resents the o+servation +ase' on the finite ele ent analysis of a co %osite %late ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination an' then on the e-%eri ents on the co %osite %lates ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination#

Key words: Co %osite str(ct(res, /inite Ele ent Mo'ellin&, *ela ination, 0onlinear interaction, 1i+ration res%onse#

.! Introd"ction *ela ination 'etection in the co %osite str(ct(res is one of the active research areas since 'eca'es# 0( +er of research has +een carrie' o(t to eet this o+2ective# The ost co only (se' etho' in the literat(re is +ase' on the vi+ration analysis 31435# These vi+ration +ase' st('ies incl('e 6a7 chan&e in o'al %ara eters 6nat(ral fre.(encies an' o'e sha%es7 31-85 or the vi+ration res%onses +y co %arin& the 'ata ,ith the healthy state con'ition 31, 4, 95, 6+7 a%%in& the 'eflection sha%e of the s(rface of the co %osite str(ct(re either thro(&h the e +e''e' sensors 319-4:5 or scannin& the co %lete s(rface +y the laser vi+ro eter 31;-1<5# The chan&es in the o'al %ara eters ay not +e si&nificant if the 'ela ination si=e is s all an' the 'ata fro the healthy state ay not +e availa+le for any e-istin& co %osite str(ct(res# The array of the e +e''e' sensors ay also not +e rea'ily availa+le in any cases# Moreover, the 'eflection a%%in& of the s(rface nee's the str(ct(re to +e e-cite' at very hi&h nat(ral fre.(ency in or'er of ore than 1: k>= 31?5 ,hich is also not a %ractical a%%roach (sin& the nor al %ie=o-electrical shakers &enerally (se' in the vi+ration testin&# Consi'erin& these li itations, a si %le etho' ,hich ay +e relatively easy to i %le ent in %ractice an' not re.(irin& 'ata fro the healthy state con'ition is nee'e' to eet the o+2ective# >ence it is ass( e' that the e-citation at a fe, lo,er o'es +y the conventional shaker is al,ays %ossi+le an' then scannin& the co %lete co %osite s(rface thro(&h the laser vi+ro eter ay not i %ose any %ractical li itations# @ith this ass( %tion, the e-citation of a co %osite %late ,ith an' ,itho(t a 'ela ination at a fe, lo,er o'es an' then the velocity res%onses eas(re ents at n( +er of %oints has +een consi'ere' in the %resent st('y# "nitially, the finite ele ent 6/E7 o'el of a co %osite %late ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination has +een 'evelo%e' to si (late this e-%eri ent# The %late ,as then e-cite' at a fe, lo,er o'es so that the a %lifie' stea'y state res%onses can +e o+serve'# The nonlinear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers for the %late ,ith 'ela ination ,as also consi'ere' '(rin& the vi+ration res%onse esti ation# The +reathin& 6o%enin& an' closin&7 of a crack in a str(ct(re '(rin& vi+ration al,ays %ro'(ce the hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency 3485, hence the si ilar res%onses are e-%ecte' for the 'ela inate' co %osite str(ct(re# "n fact, it has +een o+serve' that the nonlinear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers %ro'(ce hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency# These hi&her har onics are then o+serve' to +e (sef(l for the 'etection an' location of the 'ela ination ,itho(t co %arin& the vi+ration 'ata fro the healthy state of the co %osite str(ct(re# The %a%er %resents the o+servation +ase' on the finite ele ent analysis of a co %osite %late ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination an' then e-%eri ental vali'ation on the co %osite %lates ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination#

#.! Composite $lates The e-%eri ental co %osite %late a'e of E-&lass fi+re an' e%o-y resins has +een consi'ere' for the %resent st('y# "t has a total of < layers of e.(al thickness ,hich are arran&e' as 3:o A9:oA:o A9:oA9:o A:o A9:oA:o5 as sho,n in /i&(re 1# The si=e of the test %late is 8:: - 8:: an' total thickness 3#? # Bne test sa %le of the co %soite %late has the 'ela ination of 8: - 8: si=e +et,een 3 r' an' 8th layers fro the to% s(rface an' its centre locate' at the coor'inate of 64;? ,

4;? 7 fro the one corner of the %late# These test %lates are sho,n in /i&(re 4# The aterial %ro%erties of the %late are the 'ensity, 11<? kg A m 3 , the elasticity constants, E1 = ?? CPa, E 4 = E3 = 9#? CPa, G14 = G13 = ?#? CPa, G 43 = 3#41 CPa, an' the Poisson ratios, 14 = 13 = :#33 , 43 = :#8<

/i&(re 1! Arran&e ent of < layers in the co %osite %late

6a7

6+7

y x /i&(re 4 Ty%ical test %lates of E-&lass fi+re, 6a7 no 'ela ination, 6+7 'ela ination at coor'inate location 64;? , 4;? 7

%.! &inite 'lement (&') Modellin* The /E o'els for +oth the %lates 6,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination7 have +een constr(cte' in the ADAEUS 9#1: /E co'e# The ele ent C3*<" has +een (se' for this o'ellin&# An ele ent si=e of ? -? has +een (se' for each layers res(ltin& in ?14:: ele ents for a %late# A ty%ical /E o'el is sho,n in /i&(re 3# >o,ever for the 'ela inate' %late, the 'ela ination re&ion ,as o'elle' +y creatin& '(%licate no'es at the 'ela ination interface ,hich is also arke' in /i&(re 3# The eas(re ent locations chosen for the velocity res%onse in the /E si (lation are also sho,n in /i&(re 3# The free +o(n'ary con'ition ,as ass( e' for all 8 e'&es# The o'al analysis for +oth the /E o'els 6healthy an' 'ela ination cases7 has +een carrie' o(t# The calc(late' fre.(encies are also liste' in Ta+le 1#

y x
/i&(re 3 6a7 An /E o'el of the E-&lass fi+re %late 6also sho,in& 'ela ination re&ion7, 6+7 Meas(re ent locations 6 arke' as -7 in /E si (lation

Ta+le 1 Calc(late' nat(ral fre.(encies Mo'es 1 4 3 8 ? 9 +.! ,esponse 'stimation The velocity res%onses have +een esti ate' (sin& the e-%licitly 'yna ics analysis in the ADAEUS 9#1: /E co'e for +oth healthy an' 'ela inate' %lates ,hen e-cite' at fe, lo,er o'es# The non-linear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers has also +een si (late' '(rin& the res%onse esti ation for the 'ela inate' %lates# Ty%ical velocity a %lit('e s%ectra ,hen e-cite' at Mo'e 3 an' 8 are sho,n in /i&(re 8# "t has +een o+serve' that the o'es other than the e-cite' o'e are also %resent in the s%ectra for +oth the healthy an' 'ela inate' %lates, %ro+a+ly '(e to anisotro%ic aterial %ro%erties of the co %osite aterial# "n a''ition, the %ro inent hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency has also +een o+serve' as e-%ecte' '(e to the nonlinear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers for the 'ela inate' %late co %are' to the healthy %late# The e-citin& fre.(ency 61F7 an' its hi&her har onics 64F, 3F, G7 are arke' as H-I in /i&(re 8# >ealthy Plate ?:#:3 >= 1:1#84 >= 138#91 >= 183#?? >= 199#<3 >= 49?#<; >= *ela inate' Plate 89#99 >= 1::#9; >= 138#41 >= 183#49 >= 199#<: >= 49?#?? >=

1:

1:

Velocity, mm/s

Velocity, mm/s

1:

-4

1:

-4

1:

-8

1:

-8

1:

-9

1:

-9

1:

-<

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

14::

18::

1:

-<

4::
:

8::

9::

<::

1:::

14::

18::

Frequency, Hz

Frequency, Hz

1:

1:

Velocity, mm/s

1:

-8

Velocity, mm/s 8:: 9:: <:: 1::: 14:: 18::

1:

-4

1:

-4

1:

-8

1:

-9

1:

-9

1:

-<

4::

1:

-<

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

14::

18::

Frequency, Hz

Frequency, Hz

/i&(re 8 Ty%ical /E si (late' a %lit('e velocity res%onse s%ectra at location at no'es ;1, 198 for the healthy 6a-+7 an' 'ela inate' %lates 6c-'7 ,hen e-cite' at Mo'e 9 res%ectively

..! Delamination Detection >avin& kno,n the %resence of %ro inent hi&her har onic co %onents of the e-citin& fre.(ency in the s%ectra '(e to the nonlinear interaction +et,een the 'ela inate' layers in the co %osite str(ct(re, a si %le a%%roach has +een 'evise' for this %(r%ose of the 'ela ination 'etection# The ter J0or alise' S( ation of hi&her >ar onics 60S>7K at each o'e has +een 'efine' ,hich is co %(te' as S( ation of har onics 6S>7 ,hen e-cite' at Mo'e i at location j, SH ij = 6vij 7 n
n =4 h

(1)

,here n is the har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency fro 4, 3,G, h, 6vij 7 n is the velocity a %lit('e of the har onic, n at the e-citin& o'e, i at the eas(re' location, j an' then this SH ij is nor alise' +y the a-i ( val(e fro all the eas(re' location to &et the nor alise' S> 60S>7# The co %onent 1F ,hich is the a %lit('e of the e-citin& o'e has not +een incl('e' in the e.(ation 617 +eca(se the o%eration 'eflection sha%e 6B*S7 at 1F &enerally re%resents the o'e sha%e of the e-citin&

o'e# >o,ever, the a %lit('e of the hi&her har onics 'efinitely relate' to the si=e an' location of the 'ela ination# /inally the contri+(tion fro fe, lo,er o'es has +een 'efine' as JC( (lative 0S> 6C0S>7K at each eas(re' location ,hich has +een co %(te' as
CNSH j = NSH ij
i =1 q

(2)

,here q is the n( +er of o'es (se' for this co %(tation# >ere the first ? o'es have +een (se'# The %lots of the C0S> of the %late ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination are sho,n in /i&(re ? ,hich %rovi'es e-cellent in'ication for the location of the 'ela ination#

1 :#< CNSH

1 :#< CNSH
8::
th ,m

:#9 :#8 :#4 : 8::

W id

:#9 :#8 :#4 : 8:: W id th

4::
m

4:: : :
Len

, gth

mm

4:: ,m m

8:: : :
, gth Len

4::

mm

/i&(re ? Ty%ical C0S> %lots (sin& Mo'es 1 to 9 in the /E si (lations, 6a7 >ealthy %late, 6+7 *ela inate' %late

/.! '0periments The sche atic of the e-%eri ental set(% in /i&(re 96a7# "t consists of a co %osite %late sho,n in /i&(re 4 ,hich ,as han&e' +y the soft elastic ro%e fro the to% 4 corners of the to% e'&e to realise the free +o(n'ary con'ition for all the 8 e'&es of the %late# A 438 &ra %ie=o-electric shaker 6Mo'el PS-F:3, MAs "S"-SLS7 has +een (se' to e-cite the %late an' the acceleration res%onses ,ere eas(re' (sin& the n( +er of accelero eters 6Mo'el 3?4C44, MAs PCD7 at 'ifferent locations# Ty%ical o(ntin& of the shaker an' fe, accelero eters are sho,n in /i&(re 96+7# The %orta+le shaker is connecte' ,ith a vacc( %( % in the shaker a %lifier (nit as sho,n in /i&(re 96a7 an' the vacc( %ress(re &enerate' +y the %( % has then +een (se' to attache' the shaker to the %late# A total of 4? res%onse eas(re ent locations ,as (se' for the e-%eri ents, these locations are also arke' in /i&(re ;# Location 19 is the centre of the 'ela onation in the 'ela inate' %late#

6a7

6+7

/i&(re 9 6a7 The e-%eri ental test set(%, 6+7 Shaker

o(ntin&

The o'al tests ,ere con'(cte' for +oth %lates 6healthy an' 'ela inate'7 (sin& the i %(lse-res%onse o'al test has +een carrie' o(t (sin& the instr( ente' ha er 6Mo'el :<9C:3, MAs PCD7 to fin' o(t the nat(ral fre.(encies# The o'al tests ,ere con'(cte' ,hen the shaker ,as o(nte' on the %late as sho,n in /i&(re 96+7# The eas(re' 'ata for +oth the tests ,ere collecte' to the co %(ter thro(&h an <-channels 19-+it 'ata ac.(isition car' for the f(rther analysis# The nat(ral fre.(encies ,ere then i'entifie' (sin& the fre.(ency res%onse f(nctions 6/M/s7 co %(te' fro the eas(re' force an' acceleration 'ata# The e-%eri entally i'entifie' o'es are liste' in Ta+le 4# The i'entifie' nat(ral fre.(encies for the 'ela inate' %late are &enerally nearly close to the healthy %late as e-%ecte' '(e to the s all si=e of the 'ela ination in the 'ela inate' %late# >o,ever the e-%eri ental fre.(encies are sli&htly lo,er than the /E co %(te' fre.(encies 6Ta+le 17 '(e to the ass of the shaker in the e-%eri ental cases e-ce%t for Mo'e 1# /(rther investi&ation has +een 'one to (n'erstan' the reason for little hi&her val(e for Mo'e 1 in the e-%eri ental cases# The st('y +y Lin >L et al# 3415 has also o+serve' the si ilar +ehavio(r an' it ,as concl('e' that the e-%eri ental set(% for the free +o(n'ary con'ition &enerally affect Mo'e 1 +eca(se the %late ay not +e realisin& the free +o(n'ary con'ition# >ence, this co(l' +e the %ossi+le reason for the hi&her val(e at Mo'e 1 in the %resent e-%eri ental cases# Ta+le 4 E-%eri entally i'entifie' nat(ral fre.(encies Mo'es 1 4 3 8 ? 9 ; < >ealthy Plate ?<#:3 >= 94#<? >= 13:#4; >= 13;#88 >= 1?3#4; >= 411#14 >= 493#?? >= 388#<9 >= *ela inate' Plate ?;#89 >= 94#8? >= 133#44 >= 18:#8: >= 1??#:1 >= 411#4? >= 494#3; >= 3?8#41 >=

6417

6437

64?7

61;7

6197

6117

61?7

697

697

617

637

/i&(re ; Meas(re ent locations 64? %oints in ? - ? e.(i'istant &ri's7 on the %late

1i+ration e-%eri ents have also +een con'(cte' on the healthy an' 'ela inate' co %osite %lates sho,n in /i&(re 9# Co %osite %lates ,ere e-cite' thro(&h the shaker at the first < o'es# The stea'y state acceleration res%onses ,ere then collecte' fro 4? locations on the %lates (sin& the n( +er of accelero eters in a+sence of the laser vi+ro eter# The 'ata ,ere collecte' to the co %(ter at the sa %lin& fre.(ency of 4: k>= for the f(rther analysis# The acceleration si&nals ,ere then analy=e' to co %(te the velocity a %lit('e s%ectra for +oth the 4 cases# /e, ty%ical acceleration s%ectra for the healthy %late an' the 'ela inate' %late are sho,n in /i&(re < ,hen e-cite' at o'e 9 at locations 9 an' 4: 6 arke' in /i&(re ;7# The H1FI in the s%ectra in'icates the e-citin& fre.(ency an' the co %onents 4F, 3F, G re%resent the hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency in the s%ectra# Bnce a&ain, it has +een o+serve' fro the s%ectra that '(e to anisotro%ic nat(re of the co %osite %late, the o'es other than the e-citin& o'e also contri+(te to the overall res%onse# "n a''ition to this effect, the nonlinear interactions +et,een the 'ela inate' layers in the %late ,ith 'ela ination also intro'(ce the hi&her har onics of the e-citin& fre.(ency# Altho(&h the %resence of s(ch hi&her har onics has also +een o+serve' in the healthy co %osite %late, %ro+a+ly a&ain '(e to anisotro%ic %ro%erty of the co %osite aterial, +(t the effect ,as not %ro inent co %are' to the %late ,ith 'ela ination# The %lots of the C0S> of the %late ,ith an' ,itho(t 'ela ination for the e-%eri ental cases are also sho,n in /i&(re 9 ,hich, once a&ain, %rovi'es e-cellent in'ication for the location of the 'ela ination# >ence the e-%eri ental o+servations are consistent ,ith the /E si (late' res(lts#

1:

1:

Velocity , mm/s

Velocity , mm/s

(a)
1:
-1

(b))
1:
-1

1:

-4

1:

-4

1:

-3

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

1:

-3

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

Frequency , Hz

Frequency , Hz

1:

1:

Velocity , mm/s

Velocity , mm/s

1:

(c)

1:

(d)

1:

-1

1:

-1

1:

-4

1:

-4

1:

-3

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

1:

-3

4::

8::

9::

<::

1:::

Frequency , Hz

Frequency , Hz

/i&(re < Ty%ical eas(re' a %lit('e acceleration res%onse s%ectra at locations 9, 4: for the healthy 6a-+7 an' 'ela inate' %lates 6c-'7 ,hen e-cite' at Mo'e 9 res%ectively

1 :#< CNSH :#9 :#8

CNSH

:#?

:#4 8:: W id 4:: th ,m m

8:: 4:: : :
gt Len h, mm

: 8:: W id th

4:: ,m m

8:: : :
m 4:: ,m th g n Le

/i&(re 9 Ty%ical C0S> %lots (sin& Mo'es 1 to 9 for the e-%eri ental e-a %les, 6a7 >ealthy %late, 6+7 *ela inate' %late 7.0 Conclusion The nonlinear interaction between the delaminated layers in the composite plate during vibration has been considered here for the delamination detection. Initially, a typical composite plate made E-glass epoxy with and without delamination has been used in the FE simulation for the development of the detection method. As expected, the nonlinear

interaction between the delaminated layers when excited at a few lower modes produced the prominent higher harmonics components of the exciting frequency. Then the normalised contribution of higher harmonic components at each mode has been defined as the Normalised Summation of Harmonics (NSH) and then its cumulative for a few lower modes as CNSH. The delamination location has clearly been identified by the proposed CNSH method for the simulated examples. The method has then further been validated by the experiments conducted on the composite plates same as used in the FE simulations with and without delamination. Hence the proposed CNSH can be deemed as a good indicator for the delamination detection. Since the development of method uses the velocity responses at just few lower modes so it is practically feasible for real structure using the conventional shaker and the laser vibrometer for this purpose.

References
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345

335 385 3?5

395 3;5 3<5

31:5 3115 3145

3135

3185

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3195

31;5

E-%eri ental investi&ation of 'a a&e 'etection in co %osite aterial str(ct(res (sin& a laser vi+ro eter an' %ie=oelectric act(ators# )o(rnal of
"ntelli&ent Material Syste s an' Str(ct(res, 4::3N 18 6<7, ?41-?3;#

31<5

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