University of Minnesota Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

EE 2002 Laboratory Manual

An Introductory Circuits/Electronics Laboratory Course

Introduction You will find this laboratory to be different than those you have experienced up to this time. It was designed with several objectives in mind. First, it is intended to supplement the lecture course EE2001 and can only be carried out with the maximum benefit if you are acquainted with the topics being discussed there. Second, it is intended to develop your self-confidence in laboratory procedures and in drawing conclusions from observations. As a consequence the instructions are very spare and assume you will be able to extract conclusions from each experiment and will relate parts of the total lab to each other without being explicitly asked to do so. Important Points - Your grade in this course will depend principally on your in-lab work. - You are expected to maintain a lab notebook. It must contain a running account of the experiment. It is not intended to be a book into which you copy notes previously gathered on the back of an envelope. It must however be legible and coherent. Write in such a way that another person could perform the same experiment based on your account, and this same person could understand the conclusions that you drew from your data. It is not necessary to hide your mistakes. If you make a mistake in an entry simply draw a line through that entry and start over you will not be penalized for this. - The lab notebook should have the following characteristics: - It should be a bound notebook (spiral bound is OK). - Lab entries should be dated, and should include: - Complete circuit diagrams. - Explanation of circuit, methods, procedures, etc. - All calculations for designs. - All measurements (including component values). - All analysis and comparisons of data with theory. Homework There is no formal lab homework or pre-lab work in this course, but it will pay great dividends for you to make a careful reading of the experiment description before arriving in the laboratory. You will also note that some parts of the "experiments" involve analytical work which can be better done elsewhere. Most problems students have with this course are due to lack of preparation prior to coming to lab. If after reading through the lab and consulting the relevant section of your EE2001 text you do not understand something, seek out either your TA or the faculty member in charge of the lab. If you do not spend at least 30 to 40 minutes studying the experiment, making notes, circuit diagrams, calculations, etc. in your laboratory notebook, prior to coming into the lab, you will not finish the experiments. It will be obvious to everyone in the class, including your classmates, your Teaching Assistant, and your professor, that you have come in unprepared. And you will receive no extra help for such poor performance. MILESTONES. 2 Revised 2/13/14

In each experiment there will be a few milestones. These are specific tasks which must be accomplished and demonstrated to the TA or professor before going on to the next item. All milestones must be completed or you will not pass the course. If the milestones are not completed by the end of the quarter you will receive an F for the course. While the milestones are not a part of the grade formula, delays in milestone completion will unavoidably delay the submission of your lab notebook with the corresponding grade penalty. Lab notebooks and lab reports will not be accepted if the milestones for the corresponding lab have not been completed. Grades

Grades will be determined from the following components of the course: Lab Notebooks - 30% Lab Practical Exams - 40%

Take them seriously, they are forty minutes to one hour in duration and they account for a significant portion of your final grade.

Lab Reports - 30% Lab notebooks will be collected up to three times during the quarter. They will be due at 4:30 PM three working days after the scheduled completion date of a lab. Lab reports will be collected one week after scheduled completion of the corresponding lab. You will be given a schedule during the first week of class which will contain all lab practical exam dates and notebook and lab report due dates. - Late Penalties. The penalties for late notebooks or lab reports are as follows: 1 or 2 days late: 3% deducted from your FINAL SCORE. 3 or 4 days late - an additional 3% deducted from your FINAL SCORE. and so on... Check the class website for a separate handout detailing the requirements for the lab reports. Housekeeping Requirements.

No food or drink to is be brought into the lab and most especially is not to be placed on the lab benches. At the conclusion of each laboratory session, all cables, etc. are to be returned to the proper wire racks and any borrowed equipment (there should be no borrowed equipment without the approval of the TA) returned to its proper location. The only items on the lab bench when you leave should be the equipment normally found on each bench. The TA will record a demerit against your record in his gradebook each time you fail to meet the above standards. Four or more demerits at the end of the term after grades have been computed will result in grade reduction of one level (A to A-, A- to B+, etc.). If for some reason, you find the lab bench does not meet the above standards when you first come in, inform your TA immediately. You are still responsible for leaving the lab bench neat when you leave. Experiment Schedule Fall Semesters 3 Revised 2/13/14

Week # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Experiment Title Equipment Familiarization DC Measurements DC Measurements Circuit Theorems Lab Quiz #1 Op Amps I-V Curves and load lines Diodes and rectification MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers MOSFET amplifiers Lab Quiz #2 RC and RL Transients No Labs - Thanksgiving RLC Transients Catchup

Experiment Schedule Spring Semesters Week # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Experiment Title No Labs Equipment Familiarization DC Measurements DC Measurements Circuit Theorems Lab Quiz #1 I-V curves and Load Lines Diodes and Rectification MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers MOSFET characteristics and amplifiers Op Amps Lab Quiz #2 RC and RL Transients RLC Transients CMOS Logic Inverter

4 Revised 2/13/14

Experiment #1: Lab Procedures & Equipment Familiarization Session #1 Introduction The lab instructor will explain procedures and expectations for this course. He will then demonstrate the use of the digital multimeter (DMM), oscilloscope, function generator, dc power supply, and how to wire circuits on the protoboard in each student lab kit. The student should then spend the rest of the lab t to become more familiar with the equipment. Measurements 1. Connect the 0-20V positive dc supply terminals from the DC power supply to Ch1 of the scope and to the as shown in Fig. 1-1. Vary the setting of the dc output and compare with the reading of the DMM and the scope
Triple DC power supply 0 - 6V + -

and that Ch1 of the scope is dc coupled with the proper vertical scale factor. 2. Display a 4 V peak-to-peak sinewave at a frequency of 1 kHz on the oscilloscope. Connect the function generator to the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.1- 2 to obtain the display. Adjust both the vertical sensitivity (volts per division) and horizontal (time base) sensitivity (seconds, milliseconds, microseconds) to obtain a good display showing two or three cycles of the waveform.
Oscilloscope

Ch1

Function generator

Oscillocope

DMM

Outer case o !"C connector is connecte# to power syste$ groun# %&r# prong on 'C plug()

+ 0 20V -

Oscilloscope

DMM

Figure 1- 2. Connection of function generator to oscilloscope for displaying and measuring ac waveforms. The connection of the DMM to measure rms voltages is also shown. 3. Measure the amplitude of this ac waveform with the DMM set on the ac voltage mode. Compare this reading with the base-to-peak value you observe on the oscilloscope. The voltage measurements in steps #2 and step #3 should have different values. The DMM is calibrated to display the rms value of a sinewave which equals 0.707 of the base-to-peak value of a sinewave. 5

0 20V

Figure 1-1. Connection of dc power supply digital multimetes (DMM) and oscilloscope for measuring dc voltagse. Be sure that the DMMis set to read DColts

Other waveforms such as square waves and triangular waves will have different rms-to-base-to-peak ratios as measurements of step #5 will illustrate. 4, Repeat steps 23 and 34 with square waves and then triangle waves. A square wave has an rms value which is equal to the base-to-peak value. A triangle wave has an rms value value which is 0.578 of the base-to-peak value. . 5. Construct the circuit shown below in Fig. 1-3, sometimes termed a voltage divider. Use a 4 V peak-to-peak 1 kHz sinewave for the input and measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope and DMM. The point of this step is to become familiar with using the protoboard to construct circuits and make connections to sources and measurement instruments. Examine the layout of the protoboard shown below in Fig. 1-4 and note that a specific column of component insertion holes are shorted together. Each individual terminal of a component should be inserted into a separate column as illustrated for a resistor unless it is desired to have terminals shorted together. Electrical connections to the function generator and oscilloscope are made via so-called BNC connector terminals. The outer cases of these connectors are directly connected to the ground (ground pin) of the ac power plug. When these instruments are connected to the AC power outlets, all of the instruments grounds (BNC outer cases) are shorted together as indicated in the figure. Any instrument that connects to the AC power system is configured in this manner (for reasons of safety). Thus it is not possible to connect the oscilloscope so 6

as to measure the voltage across the 4 k resistor because the 1 k resistor would then be shorted out.

Fig. 1-3. Voltage divider circuit and instrument grounding.

Fig. 1-4. Diagram of protoboard which is used to construct circuits for laboratory measurements. 6. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1-5. Set the DMM to measure dc currents. In this configuration the DMM is being used to measure current.

*roto-oar#
DC *ower +upply

0DC
DMM

Sessions #2 and #3 Experiments 1. Measure the voltage of a nominal 1.5v AAA cell to the nearest millivolt. 2. Determine experimentally the value of resistor that, when place across the cell, will make a measurable change in the measured cell voltage. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell. 3. Measure the voltage range of each of the power supply outputs. A later experiment will require a voltage which can be adjusted over the range 0 to 40v. Decide how you would provide such a voltage. 4. Set a power supply output to the value of the cell voltage measured in item 1. Determine the change in this voltage when the supply is loaded with the resistor used in item 2. 5. Design a circuit to light the red lightemitting diode (LED). The LED current must be about 15 ma (no more!). The diode voltage will be about 1v but you must not connect a voltage source directly to the diode because the current is a very strong function of this voltage and chances are that the diode current would exceed the maximum allowed. NOTE: The short lead of the diode is the cathode, i.e. the negative lead. _________________________________ MILESTONE #2-1: Demonstrate your LED circuit to your instructor, making sure that meters are connected to show diode current and voltage and that there is no possibility of exceeding the specified maximum diode current. __________________________________ Demonstration 7

1 ,

!uilt-in groun#

'C %110 Vr$s 60 ./( power plug

Figure 1-5. Circuit arrangement for measuring current through a resistor. Compare the current measured by the DMM with the current output indicated by the dc power supply display. They should be the same. 7. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1-6 and use it to measure the resistance of several of the resistors in your lab kit. Make sure to use the proper set of terminals on the DMM and set the DMM to measure resistance.

DM M

Figure 1-6. Circuit for determining values of resistors. Compare the reading of the DMM with the value of resistance indicated by the color code on the resistor body.

Experiment #2: DC Measurements

The instructor will demonstrate the use of the oscilloscope to measure periodic waveforms and to display one variable versus another. The signal generator will also be demonstrated. Experiments 6. Connect a voltage divider to an output of the power supply. Design it to give an output that is 1/3 of the supply voltage and so that neither the power ratings of the resistors nor the current rating of the supply are exceeded. The voltage output of the divider must not change by more then 1% when loaded with 10K. 7. Design a current divider that will provide a 1/3 - 2/3 current split. Observe the current and power limitations as you did in the previous item. Another design constraint is that the current meters inserted to measure the current division ratio must not upset this ratio. __________________________________ MILESTONE #2-2: Demonstrate your current divider. Show that the current meters have no effect on the current division. __________________________________ 8. Construct a non-trivial resistive circuit with at least 2 loops and at least 3 resistors in each loop. Verify Kirchhoff's laws for this circuit. Notice that this item is more "open ended", i.e. there is more room for individual initiative. These lab instructions will be increasingly presented in this mode. __________________________________ MILESTONE #2-3: Demonstrate your working circuit. Be prepared to show one or two branch voltages and how they compare to those calculated in your notes. __________________________________

Session #4 Experiments 1. Construct a resistive circuit containing series and parallel branches and a DC voltage source. Measure the voltage at at least 2 nodes (relative to a reference node) as a function of the source voltage. Measure the current in at least 2 branches as a function of the source voltage. 2. Construct the circuit shown below. Use the triple power supply at the lab bench. Note that all three of the outputs have floating terminals, i.e. not connected to ground.

Verify the superposition theorem for at least 2 nodes and 2 branches. 3. Design and construct another resistive network containing 3 voltage sources. Determine selected node voltages and branch currents analytically and experimentally. 4. Construct the circuit shown below. .

Experiment #3: Circuit Theorems 8

construct a non-inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of approximately 10, null its offset and measure the gain over the complete range of input voltages. 2. Power the opamp with +5 and -5v supplies and monitor its output when one input is grounded and the other varied a few millivolts on either side of zero. 3. Repeat with the roles of the input terminals interchanged. 4. Design and construct a circuit which will indicate whether an unknown voltage is greater than or less than a given reference voltage. The latter should be capable of being varied between -5 and +5 volts. __________________________________ MILESTONE #7-1: Demonstrate how your circuit can convert a sine wave to a square wave with a variable duty cycle. __________________________________ 5. To your comparator circuit of item 4 add green and red LED's so that the green lights up when the input voltage is less than the reference and the red when it is greater. 6. Using resistors in the few K range, design a voltage divider to provide an output of about 5v from a 15v source. 7. Determine the load on the divider which will drop the output voltage to 75% of the no load value. 8. Construct a 741 buffer (unity gain, noninverting amplifier) to insert between the output of the divider and the load determined in item 7. is used. (The potentiometer is adjusted to force the output to zero when the input terminals are both zero.) Design and 9

Determine, experimentally and analytically. the Thevenin equivalent at the port shown. __________________________________ MILESTONE #3-1: Explain to your instructor how you carried out item 4. Quiz #1 on Exps. #1, 2, and 3 Session #5 Experiment #4: Op Amps Session #6 Demonstration Your instructor will demonstrate some applications of operational amplifiers. Experiments 1. To ensure that the output of the amplifier is zero when the differential input is zero ("offset nulling") the scheme shown

Experiment #5: I-V Curves and Load Lines Session #7 Demonstration The instructor will demonstrate the small signal resistance versus dc current level for a diode and will discuss the load line method. Experiments 1. Measure the current vs. voltage relation of the incandescent lamp supplied. Limit the current thru the lamp to 100 mA maximum. 2. Using your data from item 1 and the load line approach, determine the lamp current expected for the following values of power supply voltage and series resistor. Voltage 6V 3V Resistance 100 100

7. Change the circuit so that it limits at +2v and also at -2v. __________________________________ MILESTONE #5-1: Demonstrate your circuit of item 7. __________________________________ 8. Show the influence of your circuit of item 7 on various input periodic waveforms. Experiment #6: Diodes & Rectification Session #8 . Experiments 1. Measure the current-voltage relation for the 1N4740 diode over its entire allowable ranges of voltage and current. Obtain a collection of data points. 2. Use the data of item 1 to determine the small signal resistance of the diode at forward currents of 10, 20 and 30 ma. 3. Devise a large-signal model for your Zener diode, applicable in the reverse breakdown region for currents from 10 to 50 ma. Demonstration The measurements in steps 1 and 2 were point-by-point manual measurements. These measurements can be automated using the PXI equipment run under the control of a LabView VI (virtual instrument) entitled DiodeIV which is found in the UofMNIV folder. Your lab instructor will demonstrate the use of this virtual instrument. 4. Repeat the forward bias measurements of step 1 using the DiodeIV and use the 10

3. Check the results of item 2 by direct measurement. 4. Build this circuit and, driving it with the signal generator, display on the scope the output voltage versus the input voltage.

5. Change the circuit so that it limits for negative input voltages. 6. Change the circuit so that it limits at +2 v.

saved data to repeat step 2. Compare with the manually acquired results. 5. Examine the output of this circuit for 1 KHz sinusoidal input amplitudes from 0.5 to 5v.

load voltage of the circuit of item 6, with and without the filter capacitor. __________________________________

Experiment #7: MOSFET Characteristics and Amplifiers Sessions #9 and #10 Demonstration session #9 The instructor will demonstrate the use of a LabView VI (found in the UofMNIV folder) entitled FETVI which automates the measurements of FET output characteristics (drain current as a function of drain-source voltage with gate-source voltage as a parameter) and transfer characteristics (drain current as a function of gate-source voltage). Experiments The experiments below all involve measurements on a MOSFET. You will use the 2N7000 n-channel enhancement MOSFETs which are part of your lab kit. The diagram shown below shows the pinouts.

6. Investigate the following power supply circuit (known as a bridge circuit).

Note: The output is floating with respect to ground (i.e. both ends of the output are off of ground). Hence a single scope channel cannot be put across the load. Instead both channels of the scope must be set up as shown. The polarity of Ch 1 should be inverted with respect to Ch 0. Both channels must have the same V/cm setting and both reference levels (zero voltage lines) must lie on top of each other. When the scope is set up in this manner, it is acting as a so-called pseudo-differential input. Trigger the scope from Ch 0. 7. Determine the effect of placing a large capacitor across the load of the circuit of item 6. Make sure you observe the proper polarity when connecting the capacitor. __________________________________ MILESTONE #6-1: Demonstrate the 11

1. Use the FETVI to measure I D versus VDS for various values of VGS for two separate 2N7000 MOSFETs. Determine the transconductance of each device at

several drain current levels. The drainsource voltage should go to at least 5V to insure the devices go into the active (saturation) region but do not exceed 10V. Limit the maximum drain current to 40 mA or less. 2. Determine the threshold voltage of each device. __________________________________ MILESTONE #7-1: Explain to your instructor how you deduced the threshold voltages. __________________________________ 3. Use the data of item 1 to determine the conductance parameters (K) for the 2 devices. Using a reasonable value of carrier mobility, determine the oxide thickness for the 2 devices. 4. Determine the channel length modulation parameter () or equivalently the Early voltage VA = 1/ for the nchannel MOSFET using the data from step 1. Demonstration session #9 The instructor will demonstrate some methods of biasing FETs. Experiments 5. Design circuit arrangement(s) to measure the small-signal ac transconductance for both of the devices used in step #1. Make the measurements at 1 kHz and at several values of dc drain current. __________________________________ MILESTONE #7-2: Before taking any measurements, explain the circuit to your instructor. __________________________________ 6. Construct and test the common source MOSFET amplifiier shown below using 12

one of the n-channel MOSFET measured in Step #1. Measure the following small signal parameters at a frequency of 1 kHz: a. Input resistance Rin seen at the Vi terminals. b. Voltage gain Vo/Vi c. Power drawn from the 10 V power supply. d. Maximum undistorted sinewave output voltage swing in volts pp.

__________________________________ MILESTONE #7-3: Demonstrate your operating amplifier to your instructor. 7. Design and construct the MOSFET current mirror (current sink) shown below using the 2N7000 MOSFETS. Determine the range of Rload over which the current through the resistor is a reasonably constant current of 5 mA.

measurement of the rise and fall time measured in step #2 to your lab instructor. __________________________________ 3. Apply a square wave to the circuit used in Step #1 and note the output waveform. The period of the square wave should be much shorter than the time constant found in step #1. 4. Many applications require that a sharp pulse be generated to mark the time at which a rapid change occurs in a signal. Design a simple circuit based on the work of the preceding items which will generate a sharp spike whenever the square wave input changes sign. 5. The circuit used in step #4 is a differentiator circuit over some range of input frequencies. Apply a triangular wave to the circuit used in step #3. Vary the frequency of the triangular wave and determine approximately the highest frequency that the circuit behaves as a differentiator. 6. Construct the single RL single time constant circuit shown below. Use the 100 mH inductor in your lab kit and use a 1 k resistor for R. Measure the time constant of the circuit.

Quiz #2 (Exps. 1-7) Session #11 Experiment #8 Transients in RC and RL Circuits Sessions #12 1. Construct a simple RC single time constant circuit of the form shown below.

Choose component values such as to make the time constant about 0.1ms and determine the time constant experimentally by observing output voltage when a square wave is applied to the input port. The value of R should be significantly larger than the output resistance of the source proving the input voltage Vin. 2. Measure the rise and fall time of the output waveform in step #1.

7. Determine if the RL circuit of step #6 is and integrator or differentiator. Approximately determine the maximum frequency (if the circuit is a differentiator) or the minimum frequency (if the circuit is 13

MILESTONE #8-1. Demonstrate your

an integrator) that the circuit will function as a differentiator or integrator. MILESTONE #8-2. Show the operation of the RL circuit of step #7 as either a differentiator or integrator and show the maximum or minimum frequency of operation as either a differentiator or integrator. __________________________________ 8. Take the components (R and L) used in the circuit for steps #5 and #6 and construct a circuit that has the same square wave response as the circuit of step #1. Determine the rise and fall time of the output waveform. Experiment #9 Transients in RLC Circuits Session #13 1. Construct the RLC circuit shown below. Drive the circuit with a 2V p-p square wave with a frequency of 100 Hz. Using the observed output waveform, determine the resonant frequency fo(2fo={LC}-0.5) and quality factor Q (Q= 2foL/RL) of the circuit.

operation of the series resonant circuit of step #1 to your instructor. Using your measured value of Q, estimate the inductor series resistance RL and show your lab instructor. 3. Construct the parallel RLC circuit shown below. Drive the circuit with a 4V p-p square wave with a frequency of 200 Hz. Using the observed output voltage, determine the resonant frequency and quality factor Q of the circuit.

3 nF + Vin 100 $. 16 ,2 + Vout -

4. Replace the 5 nF capacitance with a 20 nF capacitance Again determine the resonant frequency and quality factor using the same input signal as in step #3. 5. Revise the circuit of step #4 so that it is critically damped (Qp = 0.5) without changing the value of the capacitor or inductor. Drive the circuit with the same input signal as in step #3 and verify that the circuit is critically damped. What value of resistance critically damps the circuit? Experiment #10: CMOS Logic Inverter Session #14 (NOT DONE IN FALL SEMESTERS) 1. Measure the transfer curve Vy versus Va for one of the six CMOS inverters on the 78HCU04 IC in you lab kit. Bias the inverter with 5V (i.e. VCC = 5V). Vary 14

2. Replace the 5 nF capacitance with a 20 nF capacitance Again determine the resonant frequency and quality factor using the same input signal as in step #1.

__________________________________ MILESTONE #9-1. Demonstrate the

VA from 0-5V. See the pinout diagram and logic diagram below. Be sure that the VA terminals of the five unused inverters are shorted to ground so that they cannot influence the measurements. (If the VA of the unused inverters are left floating, they may acquire a charge and hence a voltage that could turn on the unused inverters.)

prevent negative going pulses from being applied to the inverter.

4. Measure the propagation delay of the inverter using the ring oscillator shown below. It can be shown that the propagation delay is given by tpd = T/(2N) where T is the period of oscillation of the ring oscillator and N is then number of inverters in the oscillator. As before use 5V for the VCC supply. If the circuit is set up properly, the circuit will oscillate (produce periodic waveforms) without any ac input

2. Use your measured transfer curve to determine the logic level voltages (positive logic) VOH, VOL, VIH, and VIL. Estimate the noise margin of the inverter from these voltage levels. 3. Load the output of an inverter with a 10 nF capacitor. Determine the average power drawn from the 5V VCC supply as you vary the frequency of a 5V base-topeak square wave to the input A of the inverter. Go to frequencies as high as 1 MHz. Use the interface circuit shown below to apply the input signal from the function generator to inverter input. The purpose of this interface circuit is to 15 MILESTONE #9-1. Demonstrate your measurement of the propagation delay to your lab instructor.