4.3 External network modelling 4.3.

The interconnected system of Europe in 1995

4.3 External network modelling 4.3.2

Line outage
Observable network
External Internal network
network

External
network

External network
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.3

Generator outage
Observable network
 4.3 External network modelling 4.3.4

Frequency and power deviation in the UCPTE network

Deviation of frequency Net tie line interchanges

a) Normal operation

b) Outage of a
generation unit
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.5

Real-time security analysis

Network topology State vector
Measurements State
J(x), E{J(x)}
Variance of mea-
surement errors Estimation Location of
Network parameter bad data

Network Model
equivalent of
external system

Security constraints:
Contingency set • met
Security • not met
• lines
• transformers Exeeding limits:
• generation units analysis
• Ith
• Vmin, Vmax
• Imax
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.6

Alternatives to consider the external network

• 1:1 representation of the external network with complete data transmission

of measurements and on-off status quantities

• Application of an equivalent for the external network

4.3 External network modelling 4.3.7

Available information
Observable network
External
Internal network
network

External
network

External network
Network region Available information
Observable network: Measurements, on-off status quantities, transformator
- Internal nodes tap-settings, network parameter, Vi, Θi (via state
- Boundery nodes estimation)
External network: Network topology (standard topology),
- External nodes network parameter
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.8

diag[V ][Y ] [V ] = [S]

∗ ∗

E: external; B: boundary; I: internal

∗ ∗
VE  YEE YEB 0  VE  SE 
diag VB  YBE YBB YBI  V  = S 
 B  B
 VI   0 YIB YII   VI   SI 

diag[VE ][YEE VE + YEB VB ]∗ = [SE ] (1.1)

diag[VB ][YBE VE + YBB VB + YBI VI ] = [SB ] (1.2)

∗

diag[VI ][ YIB VB + YII VI ] = [SI ]

∗
(1.3)
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.9

Elimination of [VE] using eq. (1.1)

[YEE VE + YEBVB ]∗ = diag −1 [VE ]⋅ [SE ]

[YEE VE ]∗ = diag −1 [VE ]⋅ [SE ] − [YEBVB ]∗

[VE ]∗ = [YEE∗ ]−1 {diag −1 [VE ]⋅ [SE ] − [YEBVB ]∗ }

[VE ] = [YEE ]−1 {diag −1 [VE ]* ⋅ [SE ]* − [YEBVB ]}

Introducing [VE] in eq. (1.2)

[ ]{[ ] {[Y ]
diag VB YBE
* ∗ −1
EE {diag [V ][S ]− [Y ] [V ] }}
−1
E E EB
*
B
∗

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] }= [S ]
*
+ YBB VB + YBI VI
* * *
B
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.10

{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [Y ] [V ] + [Y ] [V ] }
*
diag[VB ] YBB VB − YBE YEE
∗ * * −1
EB
*
B
*
BI
*
I
*

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
∗
= SB − diag VB YBE YEE
* −1
[ ][ ]
diag −1 VE SE

With the definitions

[Y ] = [Y ] − [Y ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
BB BB BE EE
−1
EB

[S ] = [S ] − diag[V ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
B B B BE
* ∗ −1
EE diag −1 [VE ][SE ]

we can write:

{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] }= [S ]
diag[VB ] YBB
eq ∗
VB + YBI VI
∗ ∗ ∗ eq
B
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.11

Power flow equations after transformation:

∗ ∗
VB  YBBeq
YBI  VB  Seq
B
 ( 2.1)
diag     V  =  
 VI   YIB YII   I   SI  ( 2 .2 )

With definitions:

[Y ] = [Y ] − [Y ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
BB BB BE EE
−1
EB ( 2.3)

[S ] = [S ] − diag[V ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
B B B BE
∗ * −1
EE [ ][ ]
⋅ diag −1 VE SE ( 2 .4 )
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.12
On-line application:

• Topology and network parameters of external, boundary and

eq
[ ]
internal network are known; so YBB can be determined
using Eq. (2.3):

[Y ] = [Y ] − [Y ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
BB BB BE EE
−1
EB

• [S ] , [V ] of external network are unknown; so the calculation

E E

of [S ] with the use of Eq. (2.4) is not possible.

eq
B

[S ] = [S ] − diag[V ][Y ] [Y ]
eq
B B B BE
∗ * −1
EE [ ][ ]
⋅ diag −1 VE SE

• [V ],[V ] of boundary and internal network are known as a

B I
result of state estimation; therefore [S ] can be determined
eq
B
using Eq. (2.1):
[S ] = diag[V ]{[Y ] [V ] + [Y ] [V ] }
eq
B B
eq *
BB B
*
BI
*
I
*
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.13

Equivalent representation of the external network

Pi eq + jQieq
Internal network
y ieq
0

y ikeq

passive part:
equivalent branches y ikeq
equivaltent shunts y ieq
0

active part:
equivalent injections Pi eq + jQieq
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.14

German system with external network

4.3 External network modelling 4.3.15

German system with equivalent for external network

Equivalent
branches
Equivalent
injections
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.16

Variation in time of Peq in boundary nodes (January 9th 1979)

4.3 External network modelling 4.3.17

Reduction of the external network

Bus admittance matrix:

E: External
B: Boundery
I: Internal

Elimination of external nodes:

4.3 External network modelling 4.3.18

Example of external network reduction

Z 27 = 0 . 0973 + j 0 . 2691

Z 17 = 0 . 0890 + j 0 . 2359
Z 25 = 0 . 0387 + j 0 . 1847

Z 18 = 0 . 1068 + j 0 . 2807

Z 58 = 0 . 0497 + j 0 . 2372

Internal network
Z 45 = 0 . 0529 + j 0 . 1465
Z 38 = 0 . 0460 + j 0 . 2196

Z 43 = 0 . 0364 + j 0 . 1736
Z 46 = 0 . 0511 + j 0 . 2442
Z 56 = 0 . 0579 + j 0 . 2763
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.19

Example
Bus
admittance
matrix
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.20

Example
1st step
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.21

Example
2nd step
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.22

Example
3rd step
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.23

Example
4th step
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.24

Example
5th step
4.3 External network modelling 4.3.25

Example of external network reduction

eq
Z 78 = j 0 . 3520

eq
Z = j 1 . 0380
67
Internal network

eq
Z 68 = j 0 . 3213

Equivalent branches
(Reactance reduced)