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- is the consumption of the factors of production in order to produce goods and services.
Costs are expressed in money value. We distinguish total cost, average cost, marginal
cost.
Total costs
- all the costs in the company – consist of total fixed costs and total variable costs
Average costs
- total costs divided by the level of output (we get the cost on the production of 1 product)
Marginal costs
- costs on producing of extra unit of output -(hranicne naklady)
Division of costs:
A, according to dependence on the cost on value of production
- fixed costs (don't change with change in volume of production, we have them
even we don't produce anything. eg. insurance, administration, salaries, rent) -
company has no control over these costs
- variable costs – change directly with the volume of production. eg. Costs on
material, energy used for production, wages for production workers. There are 3
types:
Proportional (the costs increase proportionally with the increased production),
Progressive (The costs increase in higher speed than output),
Degressive ( costs increase in lower speed than output).
- semi variable costs eg. costs on labour. Are partially fixed (eg.
Administration- employer has to pay contributions to social insurance company +
health insurance contributions) and partially variable (in wages)
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ii) financial costs, fees to bank (financne)
II,- costs on specific activities (mimoriadne)
i) cost on shortfall (schodok pri inventure) +various damages
ii) calculation division (for calculating cost for 1 unit of output) given by
calculation formula – each branch has its specific calculation formula.
REVENUES
or also called sales, their division:
1. Revenues from sales-(vynosy z trzieb) are the revenues from main business activity.
(vyplyvaju z prevazdkovej cinnosti)
2. Yields inside the company (vnutropodnikove vynosy)-are calculated only when the
company is large and has more departments. If so- each department calculates its costs
and yields. If 1 department produces semi-finished product, it sells it to another
department.
3. Other yields, which are not from day to day running of company. (nie trzby,ale
normalne vynosy) eg. When useless material is sold or some fixed assets are sold, for
example inventar.
Accounting division
TR – TC =
a) PROFIT (if TR higher than TC)
b) LOSS (if TC higher than TR)
- TR-TC = accounting profit
- accounting profit - taxes = Disposable profit
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5. Dividing part of profit to partners (in case of partnership)
b) Voluntary
6. Investments eg: buy new machinery
7. The rest of profit can be remained in form of retained profit (nerozdeleny zisk)