Solutions to Term Test 1.

(a) The Hilbert transform of m(t) (/2 phase shift at all frequencies) is given by mh (t) = cos(4000t /2) + 2 sin(4000t /2) = sin(4000t) 2 cos(4000t) (b) First note that m(t) = 5 cos(2fm t )

where fm = 2000 and = tan1 (2) = 1.107 rad. Double sideband signal is sd (t) = 50m(t) cos 2fc t Sd (f ) = 25M (f fc ) + 25M (f + fc ) Also 5 5 j M (f ) = (f fm )e + (f + fm )ej 2 2

Hence, 25 2 [ (f (fc +fm ))ej + (f (fc fm ))ej + (f +(fc fm ))ej + (f +(fc +fm ))ej ] Sd (f ) = 2 Now, to get the LSB signal, remove all frequency components above fc . 25 2 [ (f (fc fm ))ej + (f + (fc fm ))ej ] Sl (f ) = 2 Another method: use the equation sl (t) = 50 [m(t) cos 2fc t + mh (t) sin 2fc t] 2 = 25 cos 2 (fc fm )t 50 sin 2 (fc fm )t = 25 5 cos[2 (fc fm )t + ]

Taking the Fourier transform of this yields the same result. (c) Magnitude and phase spectra as follows:

|Sl (f )| 25 5 2

(fc fm )

0 S l (f )

fc fm

2. First consider FM. Instantaneous frequency f (t) = fc + kf m(t) Instantaneous angle at time t > 0 (let phase at t = 0 to be 0)
t

f (t) = 2

[fc + kf m( )]d
t

= 2fc t + 2kf Instantaneous phase deviation

m( )d
0

f (t) = p (t) 2fc t = 2kf

m( )d
0

Therefore, the maximum phase deviation is reached at time t = 2 when the integral (area under m(t) between t=0 and t=2) reaches the maximum value 1/2 + 1 = 3/2 (area of the triangle + area of the positive square). f (t)max = 2kf (3/2) = 3kf Next consider PM. Instantaneous angle at tim t, p (t) = 2fc t + kp m(t) Instantaneous phase deviation f (t) = p (t) 2fc t = kp m(t) This reaches its maximum when m(t) is maximum, i.e., at t = 1. p (t)max = kp For f (t)max = p (t)max , we need 3kf = kp . 2 (2) (1)

3. Binary PSK signal constellation is as shown.

A1 (cos 2 fc t + ) 0

A1 cos 2 fc t

A1

A1

Average power P1 = 1 A2 = 5 103 W, where d = 2A1 . Therefore A1 = 0.1 and 2 1 d = 0.2. When we upgrade to M-PSK, we have to maintain a minimum distance of d = 0.2 in the signal constellation so that the same level of reliability can be maintained (same level of error probability at the receiver). Since the average transmitter power cannot be more that 750 103 W, the maximum possible carrier amplitude is found by 1 2 A2 = 750 103 2 so that A2 = 1.5 .

Consider an M -PSK signal constellation with carrier amplitude A2 and minimum distance d.
A2 2 M

Now, since we require that d 2 it follows that M 38.43. Since M must be a power of 2, the maximum M = 32 = 25 . Thus, the bit rate can be increased up to 5 times compared to 2-PSK. A2 sin(/M ) 4. s(t) = [A + km(t)] cos 2fc t A K S (f ) = [ (f fc ) + (f + fc )] + [M (f fc ) + M (f + fc )] 2 2 3

Now from the spectrum given with the problem, we note that carrier frequency is 100 Hz. Hence, A/2 = 2 or A = 4. Modulation index max |Km(t)| A From the waveform of m(t) shown in the probelm, we note that max |m(t)| 2.25. = So, given that = 0.3, we nd that K = 0.53. The spectrum of S (f ) shows that the sidebands are sinusoids. Form sidebands, it should be clear that m(t) has to be the sum of 4 sinusoids at frequencies 10, 30, 50, and 70 Hz, respectively. The phase angle of these sinusoids must be /2, /2, 0, and /4 respectively. Now if one of these sinusoids is m(t) = Am cos(2fm t + ), then Km(t) cos 2fc t KAm [ (f fc fm )ej + (f fc + fm )ej 4 KAm + [ (f + fc + fm )ej + (f + fc fm )ej ] 4

Thus the values of impulse functions in sidebands correspond to KAm /4. fm (Hz) 10 30 50 70 (rad) /2 /2 0 /4 KAm /4 0.105 0.157 0.066 0.0524 Am 0.79 1.17 0.495 0.393 Therefore, we conclude that m(t) = 0.79 cos(2 10t+/2)+1.17 cos(2 30t/2)+0.495 cos(2 50t)+0.393 cos(2 70t/4).