DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the

regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the results of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This topic has not been submitted to any other academic institution or non academic institution for any degree or !ualification.

In the event that my dissertation be found to violate the conditions mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of confinement of my degree and degree be sub"ected to the disciplinary rules and regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. #ame of $andidate $andidate I.* #o 0rogramme 4aculty Thesis Title % % % % % #ad&hatul 'yamiru Usmai&a (inti )thman +,--+-+.+/ Master of 'cience $ivil 1ngineering 2'tructures3 $ivil 1ngineering Analysis of Multi column 0ier of Unskewed (ridge using 'TAA*.0ro under 'tatic and *ynamic 5oad. 'ignature of $andidate *ate % % 6666666666666666666666 7anuary +,-8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I convey my profound gratitude to the Almighty Allah for allowing me to bring this wonderful presentation to reali&ation. 9ould love to appreciate the effort and patient of my supervisor, Ir Muhd 'almi&i bin 7aafar. :e has offered the guidance, knowledge, support, mentoring and friendship, which have made my dissertation preparation full of challenges and fruitful. I would also like to give credits to Associate 0rofessor *r #orhayati Abdul :amid for guiding me without hesitation throughout the preparation of the dissertation. :er lu;ury and wide e;perience in earth!uake laboratory testing were shared and poured generously. UiTM, $ivil 4aculty<s campus has provided an e;cellent educational e;perience, and hence would love to acknowledge the support that I received for pursuing a Master of 'cience. 'urrounded by supportive and understanding friends has also made this paper completely wonderful. Thank you for all advices and critical assessment from my course mate, and seniors. I would like to pay my innermost homage to my mother and younger brother for being so understanding and inspirational for all my achievements. 4inally, I would like to thank my husband, 'yed Rafi and my daughter, 'harifah 0utri =istina for being so encouraging, and enduring love have meant the world to me along the process and always.

TABLE OF CONTENT 0ages *1$5ARATI)# A$>#)951*?1M1#T' TA(51 )4 $)#T1#T' 5I'T )4 TA(51' 5I'T )4 4I?UR1' A('TRA$T CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION -.(ackground of study -.+ )b"ective of study -.@ 0roblem 'tatement -.8 'cope B 5imitation of study -.C 'ignificant of research CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW +.Introduction +.+ )verview of (ridge +.+.(ridge $omponents +.+.+ Type of (ridges +.+.@ Unskewed and skewed (ridges +.@ $ode of practice for bridge design +.@.$ode of practice +.@.+ 5oadings for static analysis +.@.@ 5oad case for dynamic analysis +.@.8 The bridge design using 'TAA* 0ro +.8 Introduction to 'tructural *ynamic +.8.1!uation of motion bridges +.8.+ The dynamic response characteristic of bridges +.8.@ *uctility and energy dissipation aspects +.8.8 #on periodic loading +.8.C Rayleigh fre!uency +.C Application of Time :istory Analysis to R$ (ridges +.C.0revious research work +.A The need of seismic analysis for bridges in Malaysia +.E Research ?ap CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY @.Introduction @.+ Methodology $hart *esign a modified prototype model of multi column pier of @.@ unskewed bridge @.@.Material properties and bridge characteristics @.8 'electing parameters for static and dynamic analysis @.C Modeling the modified prototype bridge using 'TAA* 0ro @.C.'tatic modeling of the modified prototype bridge *ynamic response modeling of the modified prototype @.C.+ bridge @.A 'tatic analysis of the modified prototype bridge @.A.'tatic analysis result @.E 'ingle degree of freedom of the modified prototype bridge @.E.0re determined drifts i ii iv iv vi vi i; + 8 8 8 A A -, -, --+ -@ -@ -C -A D -/ -. +, +, +++ ++ +@ +@ +C +C D +/ +/ @, @, @@ @8 @8 @E @E @E A. A. E, E, E+ E@ E8 EC EC EA EA EE EE E/ E. E. //+ /+ /8 /8 /C

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@.E.+ Acceleration versus time function @.E.@ Time displacement function @.E.8 *ynamic analysis result CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 8.Introduction 8.-.'tatic analysis results 8.-.+ *ynamic analysis results 8.+ *iscussion 8.+.'tatic analysis discussion 8.+.+ *ynamic analysis discussion CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES A001#*IF A A001#*IF ( A001#*IF $ A001#*IF * LIST OF TABLES Tab ! 1"1 Tab ! 2"1 bridge Associated loadings for modified prototype model of the Tab ! 2"2 Tab ! 2"3 Tab ! 2"4 Tab ! 2"5 Tab ! 2"# Tab ! 2"$ Tab ! 2"% Tab ! 2"& Tab ! 2"1' Tab ! 2"11 Tab ! 2"12 Tab ! 2"13 Tab ! 2"14 Tab ! 2"15 current work. Tab ! 3"1 Modified prototype bridge model material properties and $haracteristic displacement. 1arth!uake records used in Time :istory Analysis 2T:A3 5T:A and #5T:A comparison for bridge A@- and bridge A@+ for the Iarimca Record Influence of skw angle on behaviour 25oading -3 'tudies comparison between previous work done and bridge #atural fre!uencies for Actuator at location GA< and G(< Accuracy of the proposed method for regular and irregular bridges Modal characteristics of (-+@ Halues of *54 for bridge without skew 2,3 Halues for *54 for bridges with skew 2@,3 $omparison results of Time :istory Analysis between +* and @* Model. The comparison of demand and capacity force for bridge deck and pier. Member cross sectional properties 5T:A<s result for column moments and deck The modified bridge prototype material properties $ommon basic terminology of structural component in

/A /A /E /E // /. /. .8 .C --, ----- --+ --+ --E --/ --. -+, -++ A- D A/ ($- $A *- *-,

A -8 +8, 88 8A C+ C@ CE C/ A, A- A+ A+ A@ AE E- E+ EA

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Tab ! 3"2 Tab ! 3"3 Tab ! 3"4 Tab ! 3"5 Tab ! 4"1

Total Mass of the modified prototype bridge pier *ead 5oad and 5ive 5oad applied to the pier Total *ead 5oad and 5ive 5oad for 1dge and Middle 0art of the model 'imple :armonic Motion data input of the model (ending moment along members, shear force at nodes

E. /, //C .-

and reaction at supports value 2from 'TAA*.0ro3 Tab ! 4"2 Tab ! 4"3 Tab ! 4"4 Tab ! 4"5 (ending moment along members, shear force at nodes and reaction at supports value 2from theory calculation3 0ercentage difference between analytical and theoretical results for bending moment 0ercentage difference between analytical and theoretical results for shear force 0ercentage difference between analytical and theoretical results for support at reactions Ma;imum displacements of the model under the simple Tab ! 4"# harmonic motion 2free vibration undamped structure by 'TAA* 0ro3 Tab ! 4"$ Tab ! 4"& Tab ! 4"1' Tab ! 4"11 Tab ! 4"12 Tab ! 4"13 Tab ! 4"14 Tab ! 4"15 The additional results for dynamic analysis produced by 'TAA* 0ro Ma;imum 5ateral *isplacement of the skeletal structure 2Manual $alculation3 Rayleigh 4re!uency Halue of the skeletal model 2manual calculation3 Result comparison and percentage differences between analytical and theoretical analysis of the model 0eak ?round Acceleration compare to 4elt Intensity $orrelation of 0?A 2'TAA* 0ro3 with Mercalli 'cale 'TAA* 0ro 0?A values and the intensity level 0?A value for ma"or cities in Malaysia in C,, years return period and +C,, years return period -,C -,A -,. --, --, -+, -+-+C -,@ .@ .8 .8 .8

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LIST OF FIGURES F()*+! 1"1 F()*+! 1"2 F()*+! 1"3 F()*+! 1"4 F()*+! 1"5 F()*+! 2"1 F()*+! 2"2 F()*+! 2"3 F()*+! 2"4 F()*+! 2"5 F()*+! 2"# F()*+! 2"$ F()*+! 2"% F()*+! 2"& F()*+! 2"1' F()*+! 2"11 F()*+! 2"12 F()*+! 2"13 F()*+! 2"14 single degree of freedom 2'*)43 4ree vibration for undamped harmonic response of F()*+! 2"15 F()*+! 2"1# F()*+! 2"1$ F()*+! 2"1% F()*+! 2"1& depicting accelerometer grid The 8, coordinate positions adopted for both shaker F()*+! 2"2' positions Raw and fitted displacement transfer functions at the F()*+! 2"21 centre of the span tested 2position +,3 $omparison of Mode 'hapes at the location of the F()*+! 2"22 F()*+! 2"23 F()*+! 2"24 actuator Typical details of the investigated bridge The procedure for detection of performance point 88@ 8C @. @. bridge $antilever beam with end mass The plan view of Iarriambiack $reek (ridge test span '*)4 system. $oncrete bridge ductile response (ase shear Hs. *isplacement relationship of unskewed @, @@@ @C @/ modeled as single degree of freedom 2'*)43 $ommon basic bridge structural parts and elements Arch (ridge (eam and 'lab (ridge (o; ?irder (ridge Integral (ridge 'emi Integral (ridge $able 'tayed (ridge 'uspension (ridge The aerial view of skewed bridge over a river underneath The side view of unskewed bridge cross over a railroad underneath Reaction of building under static and dynamic force The displacements of structure under earth!uake loading 5ongitudinal section of unskewed bridge 'ub assemblage of unskewed bridge is modeled as 0lan Hiew of the modified prototype bridge model 4ront Hiew of the modified prototype bridge model 5ongitudinal Hiew of the modified prototype bridge model Modeling for static analysis using 'TAA*.0ro Transverse dynamic modified prototype bridge model is E E / . -, -C -A -A -E -E -E -/ -/ -. +, +8 +C +A +A

F()*+! 2"25 F()*+! 2"2#

Hariation of pushover load pattern during analysis 2(-+@3 The deck displacement pattern of (+++ and (-+@ under Tabas record. $olumn base mome nts of (+++ and (-+@ under Tabas

8A 8E 8/

F()*+! 2"2$ F()*+! 2"2% F()*+! 2"2& F()*+! 2"3' F()*+! 2"31 F()*+! 2"32 F()*+! 2"33 F()*+! 2"34 F()*+! 2"35 F()*+! 2"3# F()*+! 2"3$ F()*+! 2"3% F()*+! 2"3& F()*+! 2"4' F()*+! 2"41 F()*+! 2"42 F()*+! 2"43 F()*+! 2"44 F()*+! 2"45 F()*+! 2"4# F()*+! 2"4$ F()*+! 2"4% F()*+! 3"1 F()*+! 3"2 F()*+! 3"3 F()*+! 3"4 F()*+! 3"5 F()*+! 3"# F()*+! 4"1 and reaction at supports. 'hear force and bending moment diagram of theoretical F()*+! 4"2 calculation Ma;imum moment at mid span of the determinate F()*+! 4"3 F()*+! 4"4 F()*+! 4"5 F()*+! 4"# 0rototype (ridge pier model 2from 'TAA* 0ro3 Mode shape and the fre!uency of the model under the structure 'tatic loading for reactions at support Time *isplacement $urve for all A *rifts of the Modified bridge model 5oading 5oading + *ynamic measurement locations $alculated mode shapes comparison of orthogonal double bearing 2)*(3, skewed bearing 2'(3 and orthogonal single bearing 2)'(3 Influence f skew angle on natural fre!uencies 4low chart of the research methodology #ode numbers for static model Member numbers for static model #odes number for dynamic response frame model Member number for dynamic response frame model *istribution of loads into the members 'TAA* 0ro output result of bending moment, shear force record. $ross section adopted into the analysis Mathematical model of the skewed bridge Moving triangular pulse on bridge Time variationof forcec acting on mass point 4ree vibration of the bridge in fundamental model 4ree vibration of the bridge in Mode -@ 1levation of 'ultan A&lan 'hah bridge (ridge deck cross section +* $omputer simulation of the bridge Mode shape - of the bridge @* $omputer simulation of the bridge Mode shape in @* $omputer model and 5' region detail Model bridge Model bridge in static load arrangement 2e;perimentally *isplacement transduces and strain gauge location on

C, C, CCC8 C8 CC CC CA CA CE CE C. A8 AC AA AA AA AE A/ A. E8 EE EE E/ E/ /., /. .+ .@ .E -,+ -,8

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free vibration of undamped system. Time Acceleration $urve for all A *rifts of the Modified F()*+! 4"$ 0rototype (ridge pier model 2from 'TAA* 0ro3 Time *isplacement $urve for all A *rifts of the Modified F()*+! 4"% 0rototype (ridge pier model 2from Microsoft 1;cel3 Ma;imum base shear with time bar chart 2following the F()*+! 4"& drift se!uences bottom to top3 --A -,. ---,A -,/

vii