DeJ|n|t|un uJ the termx uxed w|th caxcade h|adex

1. F|u|d |n|et ang|e u

1

1

2. F|u|d uut|et ang|e u
2

2

3. B|ade |n|et ang|e u
1

1h

4. B|ade |n|et ang|e u
2

2h

5. B|ade camher ang|e 0 = u
1

- u
2

0 =
1h
-
2h

. Stagger ang|e y ur
7. DeJe|ct|un e = u
1
- u
2

1
-
2

8. Inc|dence ang|e |
9. Deu|at|un ang|e 6
1. Churd c
11. D|xtance tu pu|nt uJ max. camher a
12. Spac|ng ur p|tch x
13. B|ade he|ght h
14. Space tu churd rat|u
x
Cascade Nomenclature
11. D|xtance tu pu|nt uJ max. camher a
12. Spac|ng ur p|tch x
13. B|ade he|ght h
14. Space tu churd rat|u
x
c

15. Su||d|ty
c
x

1. Axpect rat|u
h
c

17. L|Jt CueJJ|c|ent C
L
=
L
1
2
pF
2
(prujected area)


18. Drag CueJJ|c|ent C
D
=
D
1
2
pF
2
(prujected area)

Prujected area = c - un|t he|ght
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
ero!oil representation
"ritish Practice#
ero!oil built around basic circular or parabolic camber line
$2C%&3' P30 Denotes an aero!oil !or (hich the ma)imum thic*ness to chord ratio+t&c, is $2-, C% denotes
the base pro!ile, 3' is the camber angle in degrees, P denotes a parabolic arc camber line and 30 is the
percentage o! the chord !rom the leading edge (here ma)imum camber occurs.
merican Practice# merican Practice#
Series o! aero!oils de.eloped by NC+National d.isory Committee !or eronautics,
series o! camber lines used, each associated (ith design li!t coe!!icient +C
/0
, o! a single aero!oil.
NC 1'2+$2,$0
Camber line corresponding to C
/0
3$2&$03$.2 and a pro!ile shape 1' (ith appro)imate $0- thic*ness.
0rdinates !or other camber are obtained by direct scaling in proportion to the camber C
/0

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Construction o! C% 4 C5 compressor blade base pro!iles
% Chord t/2 NACA 65 Series t/2 for C4 t/2 for C7 t/2 for T6
0 0 0 0 0
0.' 0.552
0.5' 0.632
$.2' $.$16 $.1' $.'$ $.$5
2.' $.'5% 2.25 2.0% $.'%
' 2.$55 3.07 2.52 $.66
5.' 2.15% 3.12 3.$7 2.35
$0 3.0% %.02 3.'% 2.5%
$' 3.111 %.'' %.0' 3.%
20 %.$%3 %.73 %.%2 3.6'
NC 1'$0
Co2ordinates o! "ritish C% ,C5, NC1'2$0 and 81 base pro!iles
20 %.$%3 %.73 %.%2 3.6'
2' %.'03
30 %.51 ' %.71 %.52
3' %.62%
%0 %.661 %.76 ' '
%' %.613
'0 %.7$2 %.'5 %.71 %.15
'' %.'3
10 %.$%1 %.0' %.%3 3.5
1' 3.172
50 3.$' 3.35 3.53 2.'$
5' 2.'7%
70 $.635 2.'% 2.57 $.%2
7' $.37'
60 0.7$ $.1 $.1' 0.7'
6' 0.301 $.01 $.06 0.52
$00 0 0 0 0
/9 Radius 0.175- o! C $2- ma) t $2-ma) t $2- ma) t
89 Radius Sharp 1- ma) t 1- ma) t 1- ma) t
32Di!!erent air!oils used in
8urbo machines
C%
Co2ordinates o! NC 1' Series air!oil +see table 7.2,
)&c- "ase Pro!ile t&2
0rdinate and slope o! mean camber line !or Clo3$.0
0rdinate y&c - Slope dy&d)
0 0 0
0.' 0.552 0.2' 0.%2$20
0.5' 0.632 0.3' 0.3775'
$.2' $.$16 0.'3' 0.3%550
2.' $.'5% 0.63 0.26$''
' 2.$55 $.'7 0.23%30
5.' 2.1%5 2.$2 0.$666'
$0 3.0% 2.'7' 0.$5%7'
$' 3.111 3.31' 0.$370'
20 %.$%3 3.67 0.$$030
2' %.'03 %.%5' 0.075%'
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
NC 1' series o! cascade aero!oils
+/.:. ;erring ,:.C. 9mery and :.R. 9r(in.
Courtesy NC,
2' %.'03 %.%5' 0.075%'
30 %.51 %.71 0.015%'
3' %.62% '.$' 0.0%62'
%0 %.661 '.3'' 0.0322'
%' %.613 '.%5' 0.0$'6'
'0 %.7$2 '.'$' 0.00000
'' %.'30 '.%5' 20.0$'6'
10 %.$%1 '.3'' 20.0322'
1' 3.172 '.$' 20.0%62'
50 3.$'1 %.71 20.015%'
5' 2.'7% %.%5' 20.075%'
70 $.675 3.67 20.$$030
7' $.37' 3.31' 20.$370'
60 0.7$ 2.'7' 20.$5%7'
6' 0.301 $.'7 20.23%30
$00 0 0
/9 radius3 0.175
NACA 65 Series Compressor blade profiles
Section o! pro!iles in use in a)ial machines
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Common camber line shapes
Suction 4 Pressure Sur!ace
<ero /i!t Direction
"lade setting .ariables
=lo( 4 pressure distribution
o.er symmetrical aero!oil
=lo( 4 pressure distribution
o.er an inclined aero!oil o.er symmetrical aero!oil o.er an inclined aero!oil
Root and tip sections o! a typical
Compressor rotor blade illustrating
8he degree o! t(ist
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Der|uat|un uJ L|Jt cueJJ|c|ent Jur caxcade
F
u
= Lcux(
m
) + Dx|n(
m
) ...(1)
F
a
= Lx|n(
m
) -Dcux(
m
) ...(2)
C
L
=
L
1
2
pW
m
2
C
, C
D
=
D
1
2
pW
m
2
C

Suhxt|tut|ng Jur W
m
=
W
z
cux(
m
)
we get
L =
pcC
L
W
z
2
2cux
2
(
m
)
; D =
pcC
D
W
z
2
2cux
2
(
m
)

Fquat|un (1)hecumex
F
u
=
pcW
z
2
2cux
2
(
m
)
|C
L
cux(
m
) + C
D
x|n(
m
)] ...(3)
F
u
= m |W
01
- W
02
]
= p(x 1)W

|W tan( ) -W tan( )]
F =
2cux (
m
)
|C cux( ) + C x|n( )] ...(3)
F
u
= m |W
01
- W
02
]
= p(x 1)W
z

|W
z
tan(
1
) -W
z
tan(
2
)]
= pxW
z
2
|tan(
1
) - tan(
2
)] ...(4)
Fquat|ng equat|un (3)and (4)we get
pcW
z
2
2cux
2
(
m
)
|C
L
cux(
m
) + C
D
x|n(
m
)] = pxW
z
2
|tan(
1
) - tan(
2
)]
C
L
cux(
m
) + C
D
x|n(
m
) = 2
x
c
|tan(
1
) - tan(
2
)]cux
2
(
m
)
Uxua||y
C
L
C
D
|x apprux. 2 hence neg|ect|ng C
D
we get
C
L
= 2
x
c
|tan(
1
) - tan(
2
)]cux(
m
)
NOTF: x =
2ar
N
h

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Prexxure r|xe thruugh a caxcade
Bernuu||| equat|un hetween xtat|un 1 & 2 g|uex
p
1
p
+
C
1
2
2
=
p
2
p
+
C
2
2
2
.... (1)
Cunt|nuty equat|un hetween xtat|un 1 & 2 g|uex
C
1
Scux(u
1
) = C
2
Scux(u
2
)
C
1
Scux(u
1
) = C
X1
= C
2
Scux(u
2
) = C
X2
= C
X
.... (2)
p
2
- p
1
=
1
2
p(C
1
2
-C
2
2
) =
1
2
pC
1
2
_1 -
cux
2
u
1
cux
2
u
2
_
p - p cux u
p
2
- p
1
=
1
2
p(C
1
2
-C
2
2
) =
1
2
pC
1
2
_1 -
cux
2
u
1
cux
2
u
2
_
Prexxure r|xe cueJJ|c|ent, C
P
=
p
2
- p
1
1
2
pC
1
2
= 1 -
cux
2
u
1
cux
2
u
2

IJ Ap

tuta| prexxure |uxx then , C

P
= 1 -
cux
2
u
1
cux
2
u
2
-
Ap

1
2
pC
1
2

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
2. L|Jt and Drag CueJJ|c|ent:
Let X he the ax|a| Jurce exerted hy the J|u|d un each h|ade
Mumentum equat|un |n ax|a| d|rect|un g|uex
X = (p
2
-p
1
)x (x|nce there |x nu change |n ue|uc|ty |n ax|a| d|rect|un)
=
1
2
p(C
1
2
-C
2
2
)x -Ap

x
=
1
2
pC
x
2
(tan
2
u
1
-tan
2
u
2
)x -Ap

x ...(1)
Tangent|a| Jurce (Y)exerted hy the J|u|d un each h|ade
-Mumentum equat|un |n tangent|a| d|rect|un
Y = pC
x
x(C
y1
-C
y2
)
= pC
x
2
x(tanu
1
-tanu
2
) ...(2)
Mean ue|uc|ty C
m
=
C
x
cuxu
m

where tan
m
=
(tan
1
+tan
2
)
2

L, L|Jt Jurce |x perpend|cu|ar tu mean ue|uc|ty (C )
where tan
m
=
(tan
1
+tan
2
)
2

L, L|Jt Jurce |x perpend|cu|ar tu mean ue|uc|ty (C
m
)
L = X x|n
m
+Y cux
m

=
1
2
pC
x
2
x|tan
2
u
1
-tan
2
u
2
]x|nu
m
-Ap

x x|n
m
+pC
x
2
x(tanu
1
-tanu
2
)cux
m

= pC
x
2
x xec
m
(tanu
1
-tanu
2
) -Ap

x x|n
m

L|Jt cueJJ|c|ent, C
L
=
L
1
2
pC
m
2
c
= 2
x
c
(tanu
1
-tanu
2
)cux
m
-
Ap

x
c
x|nu
m
1
2
pC
m
2

Drag Jurce, D para||e| tu mean ue|uc|ty Cm |x
D = Y x|n
m
-X cux
m
= Ap

x cuxu
m

C
D
=
D
1
2
pC
m
2
c
=
Ap

x
c
cux
m
1
2
pc
m
2

C
L
= 2
x
c
(tanu
1
-tanu
2
) cux
m
-C
D
tan
m

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Caxcade B|ade FJJ|c|ency (Stat|c prexxure eJJ|c|ency ur caxcade d|JJuxer eJJ|c|ency)
q
h
=
Actua| r|xe |n xtat|c prexxure
Idea| r|xe |n xtat|c prexxure
=
1
2
p(w
1
2
- w
2
2
) -m
1
2
p(w
1
2
-w
2
2
)

q
h
= 1 -
m
1
2
p(w
1
2
-w
2
2
)

= 1 -
m
1
2
p(w
01
2
+w
z1
2
- w
02
2
-w
z2
2
)

w
z1
= w
z2
Jur 2 - D |ncumprexx|h|e J|uw
q
h
= 1 -
m
1
2
p(w
01
2
-w
02
2
)

= 1 -
m
1
2
p(w
01
+w
02
)(w
01
-w
02
)

hut (w
01
- w
02
)x = c|rcu|at|un = I
q = 1 -
mx
= 1 -
mx
2
hut (w
01
- w
02
)x = c|rcu|at|un = I
q
h
= 1 -
mx
1
2
pI(w
01
+ w
02
)
= 1 -
mx
1
2
pIw
m
stnu
m

But L = pIw
m

q
h
= 1 -
mx
Lstnu
m
= 1 -
mxcuxu
m
Lstnu
m
usu
m
= 1 -
2Drag
(L|Jt)x|n2u
m

q
h
= 1 -
2C
D
C
L
x|n2u
m

C
D
C
L
|x ca||ed g||d|ng ang|e
Fur max|mum q ,
dq
h
du
m
=
2
C
D
C
L
cux2u
m
x|n
2
2u
m
=
cux2u
m
= ur u
m
= 45

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Fur Turh|ne Caxcade
q
h(turh)
=
Idea| drup |n xtat|c prexxure
Actua| drup |n xtat|c prexxure
=
1
2
p(w
2
2
-w
1
2
)
1
2
p(w
2
2
- w
1
2
) + m

q
h(turh)
= 1 +
1
m
1
2
p(w
2
2
- w
1
2
)

=
1
1 +
2C
D
C
L
x|n2u
m

Fur |arge
C
L
C
rat|u , q
( )
= 1 -
2C
D
C x|n2
= q
( )
=
1 +
2C
D
C
L
x|n2u
m
Fur |arge
C
L
C
D
rat|u , q
h(turh)
= 1 -
2C
D
C
L
x|n2
m
= q
h(cump)

In der|u|ng q
h
we haue |gnured the eJJect uJ drag. ThereJure |t |x nut an exact meaxure uJ
eJJ|c|ency. It |x nut hydrau||c eJJ|c|ency.

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Caxcade perJurmance pred|ct|un (Huwe||

x methud)
6|uen: Stagger (2), P|tch tu churd rat|u [
x
c
, camher (0), incidence+i,
1. Ca|cu|ate numuna| deu|at|un, 6
-
= m0_
x
c

2. Num|na| uut|et J|uw ang|e , u
2
-
= u
2h
+ 6
-

3. App|y xpace churd currect|un Jur num|na| deJ|ect|un. Uxe F|g1 get the ua|ue uJ + Jur g|uen
x
c

4. App|y reynu|dx numher currect|un Jur num|na| deJ|ect|un. Uxe F|g2 tu get the ua|ue uJ 4 Jur g|uen R
n
Where R
n
=
Fc
v

5. Frum F|g 3 Jur the ua|ue uJ u
2
-
, get the ua|ue uJ
s
-
4 +

Where m = . 23_
2a
c
]
2
+ . 1_
u
2
-
5
] a: max. camher d|xtance Jrum LF
v
5. Frum F|g 3 Jur the ua|ue uJ u
2
-
, get the ua|ue uJ
s
-
4 +

. Then |
-
= u
1
-
- u
1h
= u
2
-
+ e
-
- u
1h
s
-
= u
1
-
- u
2
-

7. Fxt|mate
| -|
-
e
-
; Jur th|x ua|ue and g|uen
x
c
get the ua|ue uJ Prexxure |uxx cueJJ (C
D
)Jrum F|g 4
=ig. $ Space chord ratio correction
=or nominal de!lection
=ig. 2 Reynolds number correction
=or nominal de!lection
=ig. 3 Nominal de!lection as a
=unction o! nominal outlet angle
=ig. % 0!!2design per!ormance o!
cascade
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
B|ade Luad|ng
Tu |arge prexxure r|xe w||| cauxe h|ade tu xta||
Prexxure r|xe = p
2
- p
m|n

Fur perm|xxah|e uperat|un
p
2
-p
m|n
1
2
pw
2
2
k(cunxtant)
IJ we axxume the prexxure d|xtr|hut|un |x tr|ang|e then
L|Jt, L =
p
2
- p
m|n
2
C
p
2
-p
m|n
=
2L
C

p
2
- p
m|n
1
=
2L
1
=
2C
L
1
2
pw
m
2
C
1
= 2C _
w
m
w
]
2
p
2
-p
m|n
=
C
p
2
- p
m|n
1
2
pw
2
2
=
2L
C
1
2
pw
2
2
=
2C
L
1
2
pw
m
2
C
C
1
2
pw
2
2
= 2C
L
_
w
m
w
2
]
2

= 4
S
C
(tan
1
- tan
2
)cux
m
_
w
m
w
2
]
2

But w
m
cux
m
= w
2
cux
2
-

p
2
-p
m|n
1
2
pw
2
2
= 4
S
C
(tan
1
- tan
2
)
cux
2

2
cux
m
k Jur perm|xxah|e uperat|un
(tan
1
- tan
2
)
cux
2

2
cux
m

k
4
C
S
k

o where o =
C
S
= xu||d|ty
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Curre|at|unx:
1. Carter

xcurre|at|un (muxt cunxeruat|ue)

(tan
1
- tan
2
)
cux
2

2
cux
m
. 1125o( - o)
2. Ackertx ru|e:
(p
2
- p
m|n
)
(p
1
- p
m|n
)
. 75 tu. 8 -
Prexxure r|xe
Max. Fe| un aeruJu||

3. NASA - D|JJux|un Factur, D
(p
2
- p
m|n
)
(p
1
- p
m|n
)
. 75 tu. 8 -
Prexxure r|xe
Max. Fe| un aeruJu||
3. NASA - D|JJux|un Factur, D
D = _1 -
cux
1
cux
2
] +
S
C
cux
1
2
(tan
1
- tan
2
) < .
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com