Indian Independence 1857-1947

Background European traders came to India seeking trade with the arrival of Vasco da Gama a Portuguese sailor in 1498 at the port of Calicut !he East India Compan" was esta#lished on $1st %ecem#er 1&'' !he Compan" did #usiness primaril" in cotton( silk( saltpeter( indigo( d"e( tea and opium !he Compan" came to govern great areas of India( implementing militar" command and assuming administrative functions( to the e)clusion( slowl"( of its #usiness pursuits !he *attle of Plasse"1 in 1+,+ was the start of the compan" rule in India -ere the East India Compan" led #" .o#ert Clive con/uered the 0awa# of *engal and launched itself as a ke" pla"er in Indian politics 1fter the *attle of *u)ar2 in 1+&,( the compan" gained control over *engal( 3rissa and *ihar 1nd after the death of !ipu 4ultan$ most of south India also came under direct or indirect control of the compan" !he" defeated the 5aratha Empire4 in several wars and also con/uered Pun6a# after the 1nglo74ikh, wars and the death of 5ahara6a .an6it 4ingh 8ith this literall" all of India came under direct or indirect rule of the East India Compan"

This battle took place near Palashi in Bengal on the banks of the river Bhagirathi between the Nawab of Bengal Siraj ud Daulah and his French allies and the East ndia !o"pan#$ t was waged during the % #ears war in Europe &1%'()1%(*+ hence it reflected European rivalries between the French and the British$ , This one took place between the !o"pan# and the Nawab of Bengal- .ir /asi"- the Nawab of 0udh and Shah 1la" the .ughal e"peror$ * 1lso known as the tiger of "#sore- he was the son of h#der ali$ Between the" the# faced four wars with the british before being finall# defeated$ Tipu died in srirangapattana in 1%22$ 3 0f the !hathrapathi Shivaji fa"e- The .aratha confederac# for"ed after 1%(1 consisted of the Peshwas- the 4aekwads- the 5olkars- the Scindhia6s and the Bhonsales$ There were three 1nglo) .aratha wars- in 1%%'- 178* and 1717 ' The 1nglo sikh wars that took place in 173'&first 1nglo Sikh war+ and 1737&second 1nglo Sikh war+

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In 18$, !homas *a##ington 5acaula" who was the first law mem#er of the governor generals council persuaded the governor general to introduce reforms relating to English education in India& 4ir 8illiam *entinck formall" #anned sati in the *engal presidenc"+ !he *ritish also started printing presses in India 8 and gave the countr" its vast s"stem of railwa"s9 what all this good work did was that it created a feeling of oneness among the Indian masses 0ews of the hardships caused #" the *ritish #egan to travel throughout the countr" and this ma" have #een the reason for rise of nationalist movements against the *ritish 8hile the composition and appearance if the Indian independence movement varied sometimes stressing on secularism sometimes on 9ascism and other times on socialism what can #e said is that all of these movements had a common #asic ideolog" of anti colonialism1' Rebellion of 1857 !he re#ellion of 18,+ took place in northern and central India !he soldiers of the East India Compan" grew frustrated #" the compan":s treatment of them .acial discrimination came into pla" when promotions or privileges were awarded .umors spread that #eef and pork which were for#idden to the -indus and 5uslims respectivel" were used in the pattern 18,$ Enfield rifle cartridges which the soldiers had to #ite off11 -umiliation of the Peshwas and the 5ughals at the hands of the *ritish were other factors

This chap was also responsible for the ndian penal code 17(8- the civil procedure code 1282 and cri"inal procedure code 17%,$ % 1lthough the s#ste" was first banned b# the british in 1%27 in !alcutta onl#$ 7 ;a"es 1ugustus hicke#s the Bengal ga<ette was the first newspaper 2 =ailwa#s were first introduced to ndia in 17'*
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!handra bipan> .ridula .ukherjee- 1dit#a .ukherjee- Sucheta .ahajan- ?$N$ Pannikar &1272+$ ndia@s Struggle for ndependence$ New Delhi: Penguin Books pp$ ',1 11 http:AAlcweb,$loc$govAcgi)binABuer#ArCfrdAcstd#:Dfield&D0! DEbd8817+ last visited 1*A1,A,818

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which influenced the re#ellion12 on march 29th 5angal Pande" a sepo" started the re#ellion #" opening fire on an English officer at *arrackpore on 1'th ma" the sepo"s #roke rank ( turned on their commanding officer and killed some of them !he" approached *ahadur 4hah II( a dethroned 5ughal emperor and persuaded him to reclaim his throne he was then proclaimed 4hehanshah e -industan #" the re#els1$ revolts #roke out in ;hansi( Cawnpore and <ucknow as well Eventuall" the *ritish reacted with #rute force and crushed the re#ellion killing the .ani of ;hansi <a)mi#ai at Gwalior and other prominent freedom fighters such as !ant"a !ope and 0ana 4ahi# !he entire re#ellion caused a lot of #loodshed on #oth sides 1t the end the Indian empire was created out of the east India compan" territor" and India #ecame a colon" of the *ritish Empire coming under direct control of the *ritish parliament with =ueen Victoria assuming the title empress of India 1857-1885 9ollowing the re#ellion of 18,+ the act for #etter government of India 18,8 made several changes to #ritish administration of India the east India compan" was a#olished and India was made a colon" under direct rule of the #ritish crown a secretar" for the state of India was appointed and a council consisting of 1, mem#ers was also appointed all of whom were responsi#le to the #ritish parliament 1 vicero" was appointed in Calcutta and was a representative of the crown in India !he period #etween18,+ to 188, was a period of increasing political awareness among the Indian masses !he 1r"a 4ama614 and the *rahmo

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!handra bipan> .ridula .ukherjee- 1dit#a .ukherjee- Sucheta .ahajan- ?$N$ Pannikar &1272+$ ndia@s Struggle for ndependence$ New Delhi: Penguin Books pp$ *3 1* bid pp*1 13 Founded b# Swa"i Da#anand Saraswati in 17%'

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4ama61, #ecame more and more important in the socio7religious scenario in India 5en like .a#indranath !agore( .amakrishna Paramahamsa( 4wami Vivekananda ( *ankim Chandra Chatter6ee and 4"ed 1hmed >han e)horted the Indian "outh to take up the cause of freedom !he rediscover" of indias glorious past was another source of pride and nationalism for the countr":s "oungsters %ada#hai 0aoro6i formed the east India association in 18&+ and 4urendranath *anner6ee1& formed the Indian national association in 18+& 4ir 4"ed 1hmed >han in a move to emphasi?e the compati#ilit" of Islamic thought and modern western knowledge started the 1ligarh 5uslim universit" earlier known as muhammadan anglo oriental college in 18+, Inspired #" the suggestions of a certain 1llan 3ctavian -ume( +$ Indian delegates met in 5um#ai in 188, and formed a part" which is relevant till toda" @the Indian 0ational Congress 1t its inception the congress had no particular ideolog" or much of mass support 1t #est it could #e descri#ed as a de#ating societ" for rich law"ers and 6ournalists of *om#a"( %elhi( Calcutta and ma"#e <ucknow which passed resolutions on mundane matters and went to the vicero" with them 1+ 1885 The Indian National Congress. !he Indian national congress was founded in 188, #" allan 3ctavian hume a retired civil servant with the o#6ective of o#taining a greater share of 6o#s in the government for educated Indians !he initial character of the congress was not anti7esta#lishment 5an" in the congress wanted to work within the *ritish government and swore their lo"alt" to the *ritish crown %ada#hai 0aoro6i even #ecame a mem#er of the *ritish -ouse of
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Founded b# =aja =a".ohan =o# a"ong others$ he had a huge role to pla# in the Bengal th renaissance which let to social religious and educational advance"ent of 12 centur# hindus$ 1( Better known to his british opponents as Fsurrender)notG Bannerjee 1% .oore- =obin ;$ &,881a+- H "perial ndia- 17'7)1213H- in Porter- 1ndrew- 0Iford 5istor# of the British E"pire: The Nineteenth !entur#- 0Iford and New Jork: 0Iford Kniversit# Press- pp$ 3,,L33(

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Commons( the first Indian to do so !he first session of the I0C was in *om#a" and the president was 8omesh Chandra *anner6ee 1 few "ears down the line constant opposition from the government and other factors led to radical elements gaining voice in the congress *" 19'+ the part" was split into two halves the garam dal18 and the naram dal19 this split #ecame open in the 4urat session of the congress and !ilak and others were forced to leave the congress 1 third kind of freedom fighter the revolutionaries also #ecame prominent #ut more on them later Partition of Bengal 1 !5 In 19', the vicero" and governor general lord Cur?on divided *engal purportedl" to improve efficienc" in administration -owever most Indian viewed this as an attempt to stop the revolutionar" activities in *engal and to divide the countr" on communal lines widespread protests were taken up throughout the countr" and the swadeshi movements started !he congress advocated #o"cotting of *ritish goods Protests of such nature and e)tent were unprecedented in colonial India and the *ritish were taken a#ack the" announced the 19'9 reforms and also appointed a few moderates to the imperial and provincial councils the muslims alarmed #" !ilaks emphasis on -induism started the all India muslim league in 19'+ the" considered the congress completel" unsuita#le for the muslims "orld "ar I 8hen the #ritish entered the Indian arm" in the world war there was an unprecedented nationwide political de#ate calling for independence !he divided congress reunited in lucknow in 191& !ilak moderated his views
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5ot faction - consisting of leaders such as Bal 4angadhar Tilak of the Fswaraj is "# birthright and shall have itG fa"e$this faction advocated overthrow of the british govern"ent and direct revolution$9ala 9ajpat =ai and Bipin !handra Pal for"ed other i"portant "e"bers - together this triu"virate were known as F9al Bal and PalG$ 12 The soft faction - this group was headed b# the likes of Dadabhai Naoroji who wanted refor"s within the british govern"ent$

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and shared a stage with gokhale -e along with gokhale and a "oung ;innah formed the home rule movement with 1nnie *easant India contri#uted largel" to the #ritish war effort giving up its men and resources in the war -owever revolutionar" activities were carried on in *engal and Pun6a# from the #eginning of the war( e)patriate Indian population( nota#l" from Anited 4tates( Canada( and German"( headed #" the #erlin committee and the ghadar part" attempted to trigger insurrections in India on the lines of the 18,+ mutin" with irish repu#lican German and !urkish help in a massive conspirac" that has since come to #e called the -indu German conspirac" !he" also attempted to rall" 1fghanistan against the *ritish a num#er of failed attempts were made at mutin" among which the 9e#ruar" mutin" plan and the 4ingapore mutin" are the most well known %raconian laws and massive counter intelligence operations suppressed the movement 1fter the war to mollif" the Indians the *ritish came up with the mantague Chelmsford reforms of 1919 *ut then came Gandhi The #andhi $ears !he rest of the Indian movement for independence is mostl" centered on Gandhi 0ot #ecause there were no other freedom fighters at the time #ut #ecause Gandhi was the most popular and loud one among them Gandhi entered India well known #ecause of his struggles in south 1frica where he fought for the rights of 4outh 1frican Indians his struggles in champaran and kheda also were well known and gave him the #asic ground on which his later politics was #uilt #ut he was seen to have reall" arrived with the non cooperation movement of 192' 1 %! non coo&eration 'o(e'ent !he #ritish government in 1919 e)ecuted the 6allianwallah #agh massacre where thousands of non7violent civilians were killed !his traged" shook up the entire nation in 1919 gandhi6i was elected as the president of the

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indian national congress and the all India home rule league In march 1919 !he #ritish government passed though the #ar#aric rowlatt #ills which gave emergenc" powers to the government and tried to stop revolutionar" activities2' !ill now Gandhi6i had pondered a future sat"agraha to o#tain what the montague7 chelmsford scheme lacked *ut the Bdeadl"C rowlatt acts ( he felt demanded an immediate response Gandhi6i knew that neither the congress not the Gu6arat sa#ha was read" to organi?e a mass movement so he started a new #od" the sat"agraha sa#ha with himself as the president and sardar patel as the secretar" to organi?e the protest -e travelled through out the countr" to gather support and drafted an appeal for non7 violent sat"agraha starting from $'th march( for wider participation the date was later changed to &th april *ut protestors in delhi felt the" should stick to the earlier date In delhi on $'th march and elsewhere a week later hindus and muslims 6oined hands and o#served a #lack 4unda" against the #lack acts It was the first nationwide protest in indias long histor" 21 Gandhi6i called for nationwide #o"cott of #ritish goods22 councils 2$and #ritish schools 24 Protestors would refuse to #u" *ritish goods( adopt the use of local handicrafts( picket li/uor shops( and tr" to uphold the values of Indian honor and integrit" <aw"ers emptied the court rooms( students left their schools( government servants gave up their 6o#s( titles given #" the #ritish government were given #ack !he countr" came to a stop

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=aj"ohan 4andhi -.ohandas the true stor# of a "an his people and an e"pire- penguin- new delhi-,88( pg ,12 ,1 =aj"ohan 4andhi -.ohandas the true stor# of a "an his people and an e"pire- penguin- new delhi-,88( pg ,,8),,1 ,, .ahadev desai- da#to da# with 4andhi vol ,- sarva seva sangh-rajghat june 12(7- pg 13(-,1*-,,3 ,* .ahadev desai - da# to da# with gandhi vol ,-sarva seva sangh- rajghat june 12(7- pg ,1*) ,13-,,3-,,%-,,7 ,3 .ahadev desai - da# to da# with gandhi vol ,-sarva seva sangh- rajghat june 12(7- pg ,1,-,,(-,3,-,3*-,3'-,37

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!he #ritish government was taken unawares and it was a state of anarch" for a while 1nd then on 9e#ruar" 4th 1922( !he chauri chaura incident happened Protestors in chauri chaura in lucknow set a police station on fire and killed twent" three English policemen Gandhi6i was shaken #" the violence -e feared that the violence would spread !hat the Indian masses had not understood his non7violence was evident -e went on a fast to end the movement and the protests stopped -owever he was later arrested #" the same government he had saved and put in prison for two "ears 2, 1fter the non cooperation movement man" new voices and parties came into the picture and the field of Indian politics #roadened Doung leaders like ;awaharlal 0ehru( 4u#hash Chandra *ose( C .a6agopalachari were #eing heard and new parties such as the communist part"( the -indu 5ahasa#ha ( !he 4wara6 Part" and the .44 came into e)istence !he rowlatt #ills continued to #e on the rolls #ut were never used 1s an aside it is amusing to note that the #ritishers got into so much of trou#le for #ringing in #ills that the" would enforce not even once Purna s)ara* and +andi 'arch !he recommendations of the simon commission were unaccepta#le to all Indians 1t midnight %ecem#er $1st 1929( the Indian national congress headed #" Gandhi6i and 0ehru issued a declaration of independence or purna swara6 on 2&th march 19$'
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$ =aj"ohan 4andhi -.ohandas the true stor# of a "an his people and an e"pire- penguin- new delhi-,88(- pg ,38),(%

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Gandhi6i was chosen to oversee the protests -e chose( most interestingl"( salt as his weapon !he 1882 salt act gave the #ritish government monopol" over salt 0o one could manufacture it e)cept the #ritish government It was not a great contri#utor to her ma6est":s treasur" #ut was one of the s"m#ols of #ritish rule in India Ever"one in India( no matter how poor( used salt Gandhi6i chose this so that he could involve even the poorest man in his struggle It was a masterstroke Gandhi6i also laid #efore the vicero" a list of seven demands 8hich ( !he vicero" chose not to respond to Gandhi6i announced that he would march from his ashram in 4a#armati to dandi in Gu6arat and make salt 0on7 violent protests were organi?ed from 12th march onwards 5ass civil diso#edience spread over India with people making and selling salts illegall" 2& In reaction the #ritish government 6ailed over &'(''' people #efore the month end2+ 4oon the movement went #e"ond 6ust salt and #ritish clothes were #o"cootted( forest laws diso#e"ed(land revenues not paid(the #ritish responded with more laws and censorship #ut the movement would not slow down Gandhi6i #egan his march from 4a#armati on march 12th and reached dandi and made salt on 1pril &th ( a s"m#olic date as precisel" two "ears #efore innocents had #een slaughtered at 6allianwallah #agh !hroughout Gandhi6i issued statements to the press and kept the whole world involved 9or the first time man" women took part in a mass diso#edience movement in India 28 *ut his non7violence was not "et learned !here were out#reaks of violence in Calcutta Anlike in 192' this time gandhi6i was unmoved -e asked for
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%alton(selected political writings(-ackett pu#lishing compan"( 199&( p +2 -omer 6ack(the Gandhi readerE a source#ook of his life and writings(grove press(1994( p 2$872$9 ,7 .a6mohan Gandhi ( 5ohandas a true stor" of a man his people and an empire( penguin( newdelhi( 2''&( pg $2,7$4+

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the violence to end ( #ut congratulated the parents of the #o"s killed in Chittagong as he thought their sons had #ehave as warriors( with #raver" 29 !his civil diso#edience continued until 19$1 when gandhi6i was released from prison and called to England to hold talks with lord Irwin on an e/ual footing these talks would later lead to round ta#le conferences held in England $' Ci(il disobedience and after In 5arch 19$1( the Gandhi Irwin pact was signed( and the government agreed to set all political prisoners free F1lthough( some of the ke" revolutionaries were not set free and the death sentence for *hagat 4ingh and his two comrades was not taken #ack which further intensified the agitation against Congress not onl" outside it #ut within the Congress itselfG In return( Gandhi agreed to discontinue the civil diso#edience movement and participate as the sole representative of the Congress in the second .ound !a#le Conference( which was held in <ondon in 4eptem#er 19$1 -owever( the conference ended in failure in %ecem#er 19$1 Gandhi returned to India and decided to resume the civil diso#edience movement in ;anuar" 19$2 9or the ne)t few "ears( the Congress and the government were locked in conflict and negotiations until what #ecame the government of India act 19$, could #e hammered out *" then( the rift #etween the Congress and the 5uslim <eague had #ecome un#ridgea#le as each pointed the finger at the other acrimoniousl" !he 5uslim <eague disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India( while the Congress disputed the 5uslim <eagueHs claim to voice the aspirations of all 5uslims The go(ern'ent of India act and elections
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4tanle" wolpert(gandhis passionIthe life and legac" of mahatma Gandhi( o)ford universit" press(2''1( pg 149 $' %alton(selected political writings(-ackett pu#lishing compan"(pg +$

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!he government of India act 19$,( the final constitutional effort at governing *ritish India( articulated three ma6or goalsI esta#lishing a loose federal structure( achieving provincial autonom"( and safeguarding minorit" interests through separate electorates !he federal provisions( intended to unite princel" states and *ritish India at the centre( were not implemented #ecause of am#iguities in safeguarding the e)isting privileges of princes In 9e#ruar" 19$+( however( provincial autonom" #ecame a realit" when elections were heldE the Congress emerged as the dominant part" with a clear ma6orit" in five provinces and held an upper hand in two( while the 5uslim <eague performed poorl" In 19$9( the Vicero" linlithgow declared IndiaHs entrance into 8orld war II without consulting provincial governments In protest( the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government ;innah the president of theall India muslim league( persuaded participants at the annual 5uslim <eague session at <ahorein 194' to adopt what later came to #e known as the <ahore resolution( demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states( one muslim( the other hindu E sometimes referred to as the two nation theor" 1lthough the idea of pakistan had #een introduced as earl" as 19$'( ver" few had responded to it -owever( the volatile political climate and hostilities #etween the -indus and 5uslims transformed the idea of Pakistan into a stronger demand

Re(olutionar$ acti(ities 1rmed re#ellion against the *ritish government was not organi?ed until the late 19th centur" the first steps to organi?e the revolutionaries were taken #" auro#indo ghosh and his #rother when the" started the 6ugantar part" 6ugantar was started as an inner circle of the anushilan part" which

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had the guise of a fitness clu# !he" recruited "oung men and women throughout the countr" and especiall" in *engal and looting and murders were done man" revolutionaries were captured and imprisoned among the more nota#le incidents of revolutionar" activities were the alipre #om#ing and the mu??affarpur killings where several people were tried and >hudiram *ose was hanged in 1912 .ash *ehari *ose took part in what was called the %elhi7lahore conspirac" where he planned to kill the vicero" of India Charles -ardinge 1fter the first world war in 192':s some revolutionar" activit" took place with the -industan socialist repu#lican association formed #" #hagat singh( Chandrashekhar 1?ad and *atukeshwar %utt !he" threw a #om# inside the legislative assem#l" on 8th april 1929 9ollowing the trial *hagat 4ingh ( 4ukhdev and .a6guru were hanged in 19$1$1 1llama 5ashiri/i formed the >haksar tehreek to direct muslims toward revolutionar" activities 4ur"a sen along with others raided the Chittagong armor" in 19$' to destro" the government communication s"stem and capture arms and ammunition$2 1mong others pritilata waddedar led an attack on the European clu# in Chittagong in 19$2 and #ina das tried to kill 4tanle" ;ackson( the governor of *engal in the convocation hall of the Calcutta universit" 9ollowing trial sur"a sen was hanged and others were deported for life to the cellular 6ail in andamans

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The legend of bhagath singh- rang de basanti $$#ou all know the stor#$ ?helein hu" jee jaan ke is based on this a" told$

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!he *engal volunteers started operating in 1928 In %ecem#er 19$' the #eno" #adal dinesh trio of the part" killed Col 0 4 4impson the inspector general of prisons in the secretariat writers #uilding in Calcutta In 194' Adham singh shot 5ichael d d"er in <ondon however toward the end of 19$':s revolutionar" activities graduall" declined "orld "ar II, -uit India, IN. !he *ritish unilaterall" without even consulting the Indians made India a part" to the world war on the side of the allies In reaction the entire congress resigned from the government councils two movements for Indian independence came a#out this time !he 1?ad -ind movement of 4u#ash *ose and the =uit India movement that Gandhi6i started after the failure of the cripps mission -uit India 'o(e'ent-bharath chhodo In 1942 indians were still divided over whether or not to support the #ritish war effort in the second world war !he #ritish governor7general of India lord linlithgow Flater lord -alifa)G had #rought India into the war without consulting Indian leaders 4ome people wanted to support the war and hope for independence 3thers were angr" #ecause the" felt the *ritish had disregarded Indian intelligence !he congress( in 19$9( passed a resolution which supported war on the condition of independence Gandhi6i had not supported this as he was against war and for non7violent resistance -owever he later changed his stance as he did not want to free India #" putting the #ritish at an unfair disadvantage In march 1942 the cripps mission headed over to India to talk with Indian leaders and work out a possi#le compromise for full fledged support in

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war in e)change for self7government *ut the mission failed as demands for time frame toward self government and definition of powers was not met $$ 3n 6ul" 14th 1942 the congress passed resolutions demanding independence at the cost of massive civil diso#edience *ut not all were happ" within the part"( man" felt that the movement was too premature( others wanted to #argain with the #ritish like the hindu mahasa#ha or the muslim league 3n august 8th the /uit India resolution was passed at the *om#a" session of the congress !his time the #ritish acted more swiftl" and imprisoned gandhi6i at the aga khan palace the ne)t da" 1ll prominent congress men were arrested and put in ahmednagar fort 6ail !he movement lost direction as all the leaders were in 6ail !he congress part" was itself #anned Violence #roke out in a #ig wa" #om#s were e)ploded( #uildings set on fire( telegraph lines cut 3ver one lakh arrests were made nationwide Protestors were pu#licl" flogged -undreds were killed in police firing $4 Gandhi6i went on a 21 da" fast against the violence -is health petered out and he was a#out to die in 1944 when the scared #ritish government released him -owever the movement was soon suppressed #" the #ritish government 1 feeling of hopelessness spread among the nationalist leaders *" the end of 1944 the movement had died out $, Indian national ar'$
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Barkawi- Tarak$ !ulture and !o"bat in the !olonies$ The ndian 1r"# in the Second Morld Mar$ ; conte"pt 5istor#$ Pg *,')*'' *3 D- Fisher D> =ead 1 &1227+$ The Proudest Da#: ndia@s 9ong =oad to ndependence$ MM Norton$ pg$ **8$ *' $ =aj"ohan 4andhi -.ohandas the true stor# of a "an his people and an e"pire- penguin- new delhi-,88(- pg 3'8)'12

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*ose was against the wa" the *ritish had included India in the war -e had #een the president of the I0C in 19$8 and in 19$9 1fter lo##"ing against the war in 19$9 he resigned from the part" and started the forward #loc #ose was put under house arrest #" the *ritish government when the war #roke out #ut he escaped and made his wa" to 1fghanistan through german" to seek 1)is help to raise an arm" to fight the .a6 he raised the free India legion *ose made his wa" to ;apanese south asia and formed the a?ad hind government and started the Indian national arm" with Indian prisoners of war with the help of the 6apanese the I01 saw action against the allies in 1rakan *urma and in assam during the war the 1ndaman and nico#ar islands were captured #" the ;apanese and handed over to the I01 #ose renamed them shahid and swara6 !he I01 would ultimatel" fail #ecause of disrupted logistics( poor arms and supplies and lack of support and training following the surrender of 6apan I01 troops were #rought into India and charged with treason #ut #ose had captured the pu#lic:s imagination and turned the inclination of native soldiers of the *ritish Indian forces from one of lo"alt" to the crown to support for the soldiers that the ra6 deemed as colla#orators !hese were the ma6or movements in what can #roadl" #e called the Indian national struggle for independence 1fter the second world war ended the Indians won their freedom and India #ecame a free countr" on 1,th august 194+( Pakistan #ecame free on 14th august and what happened laterJall that:s another stor"

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%78-SST Nagar Patiala

.: %'723(2*7*- 713(',2%7%