SPE 151285

Recent Progress and Effects Analysis of ASP Flooding Field Tests

Youyi Zhu, SPE, Qingfeng Hou, Weidong Liu, Desheng Ma, SPE, Guangzhi Liao, SPE
State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,
Beijing 100083, China

Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Eighteenth SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 1418 April 2012.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed
by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or
members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.


Abstract
Alkali-surfactant-polymer combination flooding (ASP flooding) is one of the main chemical EOR techniques for the significant
increase of crude oil recovery in PetroChina. In this paper, the progress in field tests of ASP flooding, effects analysis and related
problems in application are introduced and discussed. The development trend of ASP flooding is suggested.
Field tests of ASP flooding in PetroChina have been performed since 1994, including six pilot tests in both sandstone and
conglomerate reservoirs and three industrial tests, and the incremental oil recoveries of such tests were more than 19-20%.
It is found that three factors are responsible for successful ASP flooding field tests(1) Good performance of oil displacement
agents. (2) Good profile control and oil displacement ability. (3) Reasonable well pattern and well spacing.
Side effects encountered in field tests are as follows: (1) scaling and corrosion damaged the lifting system and shorten the
average pump-checking cycle accordingly. (2) Strong emulsification resulted in many liquid treatment problems such as the excess
of solid particle content over the standard of water circulation and high cost of water treatment. (3)The liquid production decreased
greatly.
The development trends in chemical combination flooding technique are proposed based on results of ASP flooding field tests.
The strong alkali ASP flooding should be replaced by weak alkali ASP flooding or even alkali-free SP combination flooding. The
application reservoir will cover from sandstone to conglomerate and carbonate, from low salinity and low temperature reservoirs to
high salinity and high temperature ones, etc. The corresponding key techniques such as development of new chemical agents and
advanced produced liquid treatment system should be considered in future tests and application of chemical combination flooding.

1. Progress of ASP flooding field tests
Since 1994, five ASP flooding pilot field tests have been carried out in different regions of Daqing Oilfield
[1-2]
, and oil
recoveries have been enhanced by 20% as compared to water flooding. Weak alkali ASP flooding pilot field tests have been
carried out in conglomerate reservoirs in the north part of second middle zone of Karamay Oilfield with improved oil recoveries of
more than 20% (Table 1).

Table 1 ASP flooding pilot field tests in PetroChina
Field and Projects Well number and pattern Well
spacing
m
Effective
thickness
(m)
Effective
permeability
(m
2
)
Improved
recovery
(OOIP%)
P
i
l
o
t

t
e
s
t
s


i
n

D
a
q
i
n
g
West part of
Middle zone
4 injectors/9 producers
Five spots
106 8.6 0.809 21.4
Middle part of
Xing-5 zone
1 injectors/4 producers
Five spots
141 6.8 0.789 25.0
2 SPE 151285
North-Middle
zone Short
well space
3 injectors/4 producers
Four spots 75 10.7 0.767 23.24
West part of
Xing-2 zone
4 injectors/9 producers
Five spots
200 5.8 0.858 19.30
West part of
North-1 zone
6 injectors/12 producers
Five spots
250 9.76 0.812 20.63
North part of second
middle zone in
Kelamayi oilfield
4 injectors/9 producers
Five spots 50
15.0
-22.0
0.157 24.5

After the success of ASP flooding pilot tests, four expanding ASP flooding industrialization field tests have been carried out in
Daqing Oilfield since 2000 using home-made industrial surfactants of heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate (HABS) and petroleum
sulfonate (PS) (Table 2). Meanwhile, the application has been extended from type I layer (with higher average permeability ~
80010
-3
m
2
and higher oil layer thickness) to type II layer (with lower average permeability ~ 50010
-3
m
2
and medium oil layer
thickness). ASP flooding has been developed from strong alkali type (NaOH) to weak alkali type (Na
2
CO
3
).

Table 2 ASP flooding extensive field tests in PetroChina
Projects Start
time
Well number
and pattern
Well
spacing
m
Effective
thickness
(m)
Effective
permeability
(m
2
)
ASP
formula
Predicted
improved
recovery
(OOIP%)
Strong alkali ASP
flooding of Middle part
of Xing-2 zone
2000.5 17 injectors
27 producers
Five spots
250 7.8 0.85
HABS
+NaOH
+HPAM
18.0
Strong alkali ASP
flooding of South-5 zone
2005.7 29 injectors
39 producers
Five spots
175 10.0 0.867
HABS
+NaOH
+HPAM
18.6
Strong alkali ASP
flooding of North-1 east
zone in type II layer
2006.6 49 injectors
63 producers
Five spots
125 7.7 0.670
HABS
+NaOH
+HPAM
22.5
weak alkali ASP flooding
of North-2 Weast zone in
type II layer
2008.11 35 injectors
44 producers
Five spots
125 6.6 0.533
PS
+Na
2
CO
3

+HPAM
19.3

With the progress of ASP flooding tests, ASP flooding has been applied industrially in Daqing Oilfield since 2007
[3-5]
.
Commercial application has been implemented in East II Block of Xin 1-2 Region, South 6 Region, East I Block and East II Block
of Xin 6 Region. The total geological reserves of these regions are 28,610 kilosteres (Table 3).

Table 3 ASP flooding commercial application blocks in PetroChina
Blocks Start time Well number
Well
spacing
m
Thickness of
sandstone
m
Effective
thickness
m
Effective
permeability
(m
2
)
Geological
reserve
(10
4
m
3
)
South 6 Region 2009.1
144 injectors/
160 producers
175 13.2 10.7 0.539 1273.6
Xin 1-2 Region 2007.8
112 injectors/
143 producers
150 10.4 8.6 0.517 666.5
East I Block of
Xin 6 Region
2009.6
102 injectors/
129 producers
141 6.8 5.7 0.550 469.0
East II Block of
Xin 6 Region
2009.10
105 injectors/
109 producers
141 7.3 5.7 0.515 452.3
SPE 151285 3

2. Analysis of ASP flooding field tests
ASP flooding has shown good enhanced oil recovery effect in field tests. Main reasons are as follows:
(1) Chemical agents used in ASP flooding are of good quality and stable performance
Heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate, the home-made surfactant, has been employed in ASP flooding industrial tests. The ultra-low
oil/water interfacial tension (~ 10
-3
-10
-4
mN/m) can be achieved when surfactant (0.05-0.3wt%) is mixed with alkali (0.4-1.2wt%).
The adsorption loss of surfactant at the rock is less than 1mg/g sand. The performance of the industrialization product is show in
stable
[6]
. According to the data of ultra-low interfacial tension of samples from the injecting well, the pass rate of HABS surfactant
product for ASP flooding is 99.5% (Figure 1). High molecular weight polymer, the home-made salt resistance polymer with a
concentration of 1500mg/L, is mixed with formation water of Daqing Oilfield. The system shows good shear resistance and long-
term stability, with a viscosity of more than 40mPa.s. The viscosity ratio of chemical fluid to crude oil is insured to be more than 4.
High-purity liquid alkali produced by ionic membrane process is employed and works well with surfactant, causing a decreased
scale deposit at the injection zone.

0 200 400 600 800
10
- 2
10
- 3
0 200 400 600 800
10
- 2
10
- 3

Fig. 1 Interfacial Tension (IFT) of ASP flooding in the North-1 East zone

(2) Good profile control and oil displacement ability
As indicated in Fig. 2, the injection pressure increased quickly from 5.8 MPa of water flooding to 8.5MPa after the injection of
polymer profile-control slug, and further increase to around 12MPa measured after the injection of main ASP slug. Water injection
profile changed with the increasing pressure, and water injection volume by chemical flooding increased in low permeability
layers, resulting in an extended swept volume
[1,7]
.
Fig. 3 shows the oil production and water cut of South-5 industrialization test of ASP flooding. As illustrated by the production
curve, production of crude oil increased after the injection of ASP slug, reaching 727 ton/day at its highest point, 3.9 times higher
than that of water flooding. Water cut decreased greatly, with an average decrement of 16.5%, and the largest decrement was 60%
in some central wells, much larger than the 10% decrement in the case of polymer flooding in the same block. Therefore, ASP
flooding shows a better efficiency in oil displacement. Analysis results of the composition of produced crude oil indicate the
presence of more aromatic hydrocarbon, pectin and asphaltene in the crude oil produced with ASP flooding
[1,5]
. Consequently,
ASP flooding shows stronger ability in residual oil recovery than water flooding.








Sample number (time)
I
F
T
,

(
m
N
/
m
)

4 SPE 151285

Fig.2 Injection curve of South-5 industrialization test of ASP flooding


Fig.3 Production curve of South-5 industrialization test of ASP flooding

(3) Reasonable well pattern and well spacing
5-spot well pattern was employed in the ASP flooding tests in Daqing Oilfield, and the correspondence relationship between
425. 5
220.6
727.5
241. 4
186.2
50
400
750
85. 0
91. 8
79. 2
93. 3
95. 6
79
89
99
103 525
748
0
0
600
1200
2006. 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
Oil
ton/day
Water cut
%
Polymer conc.
mg/L
Time (month)
2833
3494
2705
3622
4211
1000
3000
5000
Liquid
ton/day
0.56
1.67
0.54
0.65
0.95
0
1.5
3
2006. 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
Water sopped index
m
3
/d.m.MPa
Time (month)
12. 1
5. 8
11. 9
12. 1
8. 4
4
8
12
2000
2776
1814
2346 2299
1000
2500
4000
47
38
44
41 39
0
50
100
Injection
pressure
MPa
Injection
volume
m
3
/d
Viscosity
mPa.s
Main ASP slug Assistant ASP slug
Decrease 16.5%
Increase 3.9 times
Assistant ASP slug Main ASP slug Polymer slug
Polymer slug
SPE 151285 5
injection and production is clear. The effect of the test zone is easy to be analyzed. Well spacing has significant effects on oil
recovery as a higher incremental oil recovery of 20-25% was achieved in test zones with shorter well spacing (less than 125m)
while a lower rate of about 18-20% was achieved in the case of longer well spacing (175-250m) (see in Table 1 and Table 2). As
well spacing decreases, the connectivity rate of sand bodies from injection well to production well will increase, leading to an
increase in the control degree of oil layers. Study has shown that the control degree of North-1 East zone in type II reservoir with a
well spacing of 125m is 99.5% (Table 4) and the ultimate recovery is as high as 65.2% OOIP
[5,7]
.
However, an undersized well spacing will cause a higher cost of oil production, which is not reasonable economically.
Currently, the reasonable well spacing for type II reservoir of Daqing oilfield should be around 125m.

Table 4 Control degree of different well spacing as to oil layer with effective thickness more than 1.0m in North-1 East zone
Well spacing
m
Control degree
Single-direction Two-direction Three-direction Four-direction Total
250 23.1 36.4 15.6 5.4 86.5
175 21.9 33.6 25.1 14.6 95.2
150 13.0 25.3 38.1 21.9 98.3
125 3.9 22.9 45.5 27.2 99.5

Side effects occurred in ASP field tests, mainly including two aspects. Firstly, scaling and corrosion due to the use of alkali
damaged the lifting system and thus shortened the average pump-checking period, resulting in increased workload for
maintenance. Secondly, strong emulsification resulted in many produced liquid treatment problems
[1,3]
.
(1) Scaling and corrosion damaged the lifting system and the average pump-checking period was shortened accordingly.
It was found in strong alkali ASP flooding industrialization tests that scaling could shorten the pump-checking period greatly
when produced liquid contain alkali with high concentration, which lasted about one year. Though efforts of physics and chemical
scale prevention have been taken to prevent scaling and extend the average pump-checking period from 120 days to 162 days, the
all pump-checking period is still 50% shorter than that in the case of polymer flooding. The pump-checking situations in Eastern
Fault of North 1 region is listed in Table 5.
Table 5 Statistics of pump-checking situations in North-1 East test zone
Classification 2007 2008 2009(Jan.-Sep.)
times Pump-
checking rate
(%)
Pump-
checking
period
(day)
times Pump-
checking
rate
(%)
Pump-
checking
period
(day)
times Pump-
checking
rate
(%)
Pump-
checking
period
(day)
Scaling 13 20.6 155 42 66.7 126 23 36.5 162
Not scaling 49 77.8 349 35 55.6 227 17 27.0 264
Total 62 98.4 308 77 122.2 158 40 63.5 205

(2) Strong emulsification resulted in many produced liquid treatment problems.
Strong emulsification occurred in ASP flooding industrialization tests of South-5 zone and North-1 East zone, and it was hard to
separate oil and water. Electric dehydrator was in unstable state, and the cross electric field frequency was high. Content of
suspended solid in water and water in exported oil exceeded standard in most cases when the concentration of alkali and surfactant
in produced liquid was high, which lasted for three to five months, and the peak time period was about one month. By improving
the electrode of electric dehydrator, injecting demulsifying agents and antifoam agents, increasing water purification agent and
improving water treatment process, the problem can be solved basically, but the cost is high. The running states of produced liquid
test station of ASP flooding in North-1 East zone are listed in Table 6.

6 SPE 151285
Table 6 Running states of produced liquid treatment test station of ASP flooding in North-1 East zone
Stage Date Dehydration system Sewage treatment
system
First 2008.12.18-2009.3.21 Water content before and after dehydration in exported oil reached
the standard. As content of polymer and surfactant and pH value
increased, dehydration electrical field turned unstable with a high
frequency of disabled electrical field,
suspended solid
content exceeded
standard
Second 2009.3.21-2009.5.12 Water content in oil exceeded standard before dehydration, and
could not recover after crossing electrical field. It was dehydrated
using thermal-chemical deposition method. Water content in
exported oil was overproof in most cases
suspended solid
content exceeded
standard
Third 2009.5.12-2009.5.28 Oil, gas and water could not be separated in produced liquid
which was full of foam. Ten wells were shut down. The system
was decompressed manually, but the liquid could not be exported
exceeded standard
seriously
Forth 2009.5.28-2009.12.31 Demulsifying agents and antifoam agents produced by HLX corp.
were added. Oil and water could be separated obviously. The
electrical field was stable. Water content in exported oil reached
the standard.
exceeded standard
little

(3) The liquid production decreased greatly
As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, both liquid injection and production decreased during the injection of ASP slug. Liquid
production was 36% lower than that in the case of water flooding. The test showed that the decrease of liquid production was not
only related to the increase of the viscosity of oil displacement liquid, but also related to emulsification and scaling after the
injection of ASP slug. In the weak alkali ASP flooding test zone with small well spacing, emulsification and scaling were not
obvious, and the liquid production decreased slightly
[8-9]
. But in the strong alkali ASP flooding test zones with larger well spacing,
such as North-1 West zone, Xin-2 Middle region and South-5 zone, emulsification and scaling were serious, and the decrement of
liquid production was large.

3. The development trends and challenges of chemical combination flooding technique
In order to avoid side effects of alkali, its important to develop alkali-free SP combination flooding technology
[10-12]
.
PetroChina has conducted alkali-free SP combination flooding field tests in Liaohe Oilfield, Jilin Oilfield and Xinjiang Oilfield
(Table 7). Such reservoirs are characterized respectively with medium-high permeability, medium-low permeability and
conglomerate formation condition. SP combination flooding has been carried out in Jilin Oilfield since 2008, and from 2009-2010
in Liaohe Oilfield and Xinjiang Oilfield
[13]
. SP combination flooding has also been carried out in fault block reservoir of Gudong
7 Region in Shengli Oilfield, and the incremental oil recovery was improved by 10.3% up to now
[14-16]
.
Feasibility studies of chemical combination flooding technology in reservoirs characterized with high temperature and high
salinity has been carried out, such as in Qinghai Oilfield with a reservoir temperature of 90-115 and salinity of 60,000-
110,000mg/l. Besides, ASP/SP flooding pilot tests have been carried out in some marine deposit reservoirs abroad characterized
with high temperature and high salinity, such as Kaji-Semoga Oilfield of Indonesia with reservoir temperature of 83 and
salinity of 15,000mg/l characterized with carbonate reservoir
[18]
. Feasibility studies of ASP/SP combination flooding have been
developed in Dulang Oilfield in Malaysia whose reservoir is characterized with a temperature of 100-120 and salinity of
36,000mg/l
[19]
.

SPE 151285 7
Table 7 Alkali-free SP flooding field tests and properties of oil reservoirs
Parameters Jilin Oilfield Xinjiang Oilfield Liaohe Oilfield Shengli Oilfield
Viscosity of crude oil, mPa.s 12.9 26 14 45
Temperature of the oil layer, C 55 40 55 68
Permeability, mD 163 56 2859 1320
Salinity of formation water, mg/L 14000 7990 3500 8200
Divalent cation, mg/L 43-55 150-170 42.2 230
Acid number of crude oil, mgKOH/g 0.1404 0.176
0.41.16
2.98
Surfactant Petroleum
sulfonate
KPS+ cosurfactant Zwitterionic
surfactant
WPS+ non-ionic
surfactant
Predicted improved oil recovery, % 13.8 15.5 15.4 12.7

The general development trends in chemical combination flooding technique in PetroChina would be as follows: chemical
combination flooding system would change from strong alkali ASP flooding to weak alkali ASP flooding and alkali-free SP
combination flooding progressively; target reservoirs would expand from sandstone type I layer to type II layer, from integral
sandstone reservoirs to conglomerate reservoirs and to complicated fault block reservoirs, from low salinity and low temperature
reservoirs to high salinity and high temperature reservoirs
With the development of flooding formulation and expension of application reservoirs, chemical combination flooding will
confront with several challenges.
(1) Developing stabe high-performance oil-displacing surfactants
Ultra-low IFT would only be achieved when good surfactant are used solely in SP flooding without alkali. Thus it is urgent to
develop surfactants with excellent interfacial performance. Meanwhile, considering the possibility of increasing surfactant
adsorption on rock surface, surfactants or a chemical formula with low adsorption should be developed. Stable industrialization
products are still insufficient.
(2) Developing oil-displacing agent with good heat and salt resistance ability
In some high-temperature (over 90C) reservoirs, normal polymer product HPAM will degrade and cease to be effective.
Therefore, a novel heat resistance polymer should be developed. In some high-salinity reservoirs with total dissolved salinity of
more than 50,000 mg/L and more than 1,000 mg/L bivalent cation, viscosifying action of normal polymer product HPAM will
decrease dramatically. Thus, a novel polymer with excellent salt tolerance should be developed. Most anion surfactants such as
alkyl benzene sulfonate and petroleum sulfonate will deposit when dissolved in high salinity brine. Some non-ionic or zwitterionic
oil displacement surfactants with excellent salt resistance should be developed.
(3) Developing advanced treatment system for produced liquid
The residual polymer and surfactant in produced liquid of chemical combination flooding will make it more difficult for the
produced liquid treatment as compared to water flooding or polymer flooding. Therefore, low-cost chemical treatment agents such
as demulsifiers, flocculants and water purifying agents, as well as high-efficiency treatment craft should be developed.
(4) Further optimising injection process in field tests
Many oilfields of PetroChina have entered into high water-cut stage, thief layer or preferential flowing path was existed. It is of
great importance to enhance oil recovery by utilizing profile control technologies during chemical combination flooding process.
The injection slug volume and concentration of chemical agents of combination flooding need to be further optimized so as to
improve displacing performance and lower cost. Well pattern and well spacing for different types of reservoirs should also be
further optimized.

Conclusions
(1) ASP flooding pilot tests and industrialization tests have been carried out, and high incremental recovery has been obtained.
Now in Daqing Oilfield ASP flooding has been extended to industrial application.
(2) Analysis of the field tests showed that key factors leading to the success of the tests include: good performance of oil
displacement agents; good profile control and oil displacement ability; reasonable well pattern and well spacing.
(3) Problems occured in the field tests, mainly including two aspects: first, alkali caused scaling and corrosion, which damaged
the lifting system and shortened average pump-checking period which in turn increased the workload for maintenance;
second, strong emulsification resulted in many produced liquid treatment problems.
8 SPE 151285
(4) Now the development trends in chemical combination flooding technique are: the strong alkali ASP flooding should be
replaced by weak alkali ASP flooding or even alkali-free SP combination flooding. The application reservoirs will cover from
sandstone to conglomerate and complicated fault block reservoirs, from low salinity and low temperature reservoirs to high
salinity and high temperature reservoirs.
(5) With the development of chemical combination system and expansion of target application reservoirs, chemical combination
technologies now confront with the following challenges: development of stable high-performance oil-displacing agents with
good heat and salt resistance ability; development of produced liquid treatment system and further optimization of injection
process in field tests.

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SPE133005