Structure of the Eye

Simplify Input (light) Image formation Image detection Ignore for now: Image processing

Seeing
To see an object, there must be an image (actual picture) of the object on your retina.

Called a real image

The light that makes up that image interacts with optical sensors (rods and cones) and electrical signals are sent to the neurons in the brain for further processing.
Light from here object real image Light from here hits here

hits here

Seeing
To see an object, there must be an image (actual picture) of the object on your retina.

How to make an image

Important Principles
Light is emitted from every point on an illuminated object. Light is emitted in every direction from an illuminated object. Light travels in straight lines.
screen

Called a real image

The light that makes up that image interacts with optical sensors (rods and cones) and electrical signals are sent to the neurons in the brain for further processing.
Light from here object real image Light from here hits here hits here

How to make an image

Important Principles
Light is emitted from every point on an illuminated object. Light is emitted in every direction from an illuminated object. Light travels in straight lines.
screen

Simplify by only drawing the interesting light paths

screen

object

ray

Light emitted by all parts of the object hits all parts of the screen
Any part of the screen has light from all parts of the object You just see a smear of light.

The light on the screen has no shape. No image.

Simplify by only drawing the interesting light paths

Simplify some more

screen

screen

object object

ray Light emitted by all parts of the object hits all parts of the screen Any part of the screen has light from all parts of the object You just see a smear of light. The light on the screen has no shape.

Light from the bottom hits the screen everywhere between the two rays

No image.

Light from the top hits the screen everywhere between the two rays

Simplify some more

screen

object

Light from the bottom hits the screen everywhere between the two rays

Can we get a shape on the screen?

An image of the object

Block the light from the top so it does not go to the bottom of the screen

Block the light from the bottom so it does not go to the top of the screen
Light from the top hits the screen everywhere between the two rays

Not really an image of the object. Missing the middle

Can we get a shape on the screen?

An image of the object Block the light from the top so it does not go to the bottom of the screen Block the light from the bottom so it does not go to the top of the screen

Try the opposite. Block the light from the top going to the top

Block the light from the bottom going to the bottom

Not really an image of the object. Missing the middle Try the opposite. Block the light from the top going to the top

Takes care of the top and bottom but the middle rays still hit the entire screen

Block the light from the bottom going to the bottom

Need to block them so they only get through to the middle of the screen

Takes care of the top and bottom but the middle rays still hit the entire screen

Now every part of the object is localized on the screen

Check another point on the object

Need to block them so they only get through to the middle of the screen

Now the screen has an image of the object

A hole in a barrier can let you project an image Note that the image is upside down. If the hole is smaller, the image will get sharper

Now every part of the object is localized on the screen

Check another point on the object

Less light will get to the screen so the image is dimmer Trade off sharpness and brightness

ray

screen

object

aperture

image

Now the screen has an image of the object

A hole in a barrier can let you project an image Note that the image is upside down. If the hole is smaller, the image will get sharper Less light will get to the screen so the image is dimmer Trade off sharpness and brightness

Can we adjust the image size? Make it bigger than the object? Make it smaller than the object? Can move Object Aperture Screen Move the screen toward the object

ray

screen

The image gets smaller

object aperture image

It also gets brighter

Can we adjust the image size? Make it bigger than the object? Make it smaller than the object? Can move Object Aperture Screen

Move the screen toward the object

The image gets smaller It also gets brighter

You are on a hike and want to look more closely at an interesting leaf. You need to magnify it by a factor of four but dont have a magnifying glass. From physics you remember that you can change an image size using a small hole punched in a piece of paper. Since you have a pin and some paper, you calculate how close to the hole your eye must be. Visualize the situation as an object, aperture, and screen (your eye)
di

Know hi/ho = 4 qi = qo = q Vertical angles are equal

Target: di
Possibly Useful Equations:
h tan q i di h tan q o do

ho

qo do

qi

hi

Plan: Both hi/di and ho/do are equal to tan q

h i ho d i do

Question in your words. What is the distance between the aperture and the screen for the image to be 4 times larger than the object?

Execute the plan:

hi do d i ho

di = 4 do

Using refraction to form an image. Easy geometry a glass sphere

First look at parallel rays

q1 q2 q2 q1 Smaller index of refraction to larger

A radius is perpendicular to the surface.

If the parallel rays are extended, they go through a single point focal point Other parallel rays do the same Have ignored the other surface.
q1 q2 q3 Larger index of refraction to smaller q4

Light coming in along a radius has Angle of incidence = 0 Angle of refraction = 0 Light coming in along a radius goes through the center of the sphere

Focal point closer to the sphere

How does the eye work?

To see an object, there must be a real image on our retina

To make a real image on the retina, the eye has a lens system that acts like a converging lens.

focal point

We can see objects that are far away.

Distance to retina (image) does not change

When objects are far away, all the rays of The focal point is in front of the retina light from it are approximately parallel. If the object is very far away, all of the rays from it are approximately very small angle parallel. As the distance from the eye to the object All parallel rays come together goes to infinity, the angle between the rays at the focal point. goes to zero (parallel rays). To see far away objects, the focal point is approximately at the retina.

To make a real image on the retina, the eye has a lens system that acts like a converging lens.

As the object moves closer, the focal point must move forward away from the retina to keep the image on the retina focused. To do this something in the eye must change so that the focal length of the lens system changes. How does a lens change focal length? 3 thin lenses all made of the same material
X Y Z

focal point

Distance to retina (image) does not change

The focal point is in front of the retina If the object is very far away, all of the rays from it are approximately parallel. All parallel rays come together at the focal point. To see far away objects, the focal point is approximately at the retina.

Which is true about the focal lengths?

a) b) c) d) fX > f Y > fZ fX < f Y < fZ fX = f Y = fZ Cant tell

As the object moves closer, the focal point must move forward away from the retina to keep the image on the retina focused. To do this something in the eye must change so that the focal length of the lens system changes.

ni sinqi = nr sinqr (ni /nr) sinqi = sinqr ni < n r so qr < qi fX

X

How does a lens change focal length?

fY 3 thin lenses all made of the same material
Y X Y Z

Which is true about the focal lengths? a) b) c) d) fX > fY > fZ fX < fY < fZ fX = fY = fZ Cant tell
Z

fZ

a) fX > fY > fZ To move the focal point forward, the lens must decrease its radius.

ni sinqi = nr sinqr (ni /nr) sinqi = sinqr ni < n r so qr < qi fX

X

Question:
If you have good vision you can recognize someone from far away. 1. In that case, where is the focal point of your eye?

2. As the person walks toward you, and you continue to see them clearly, what happens to your eyes focal point?
3. During this time, what happens to the radius of curvature of your adjustable lens?

fY
Y

Answer:
fZ
Z

a) fX > fY > fZ To move the focal point forward, the lens must decrease its radius.

1. Assuming the person is very far away, the focal point is essentially at the retina. 2. The focal point moves closer to the lens as the person approaches. 3. The radius of curvature gets smaller as the person gets closer.

Eye Facts
Incident light converged by cornea with help of lens Cornea-lens system behaves more like spherical refracting surface than thin lens Ciliary muscle alters shape of lens (i.e., decreases radii of curvature of its surfaces) and decreases its focal length in order to keep focused optical image of approaching object on retina: process known as accommodation Ciliary muscle relaxed when viewing distant objects, maximizing focal length of lens (focal point at retina) Closest point (of object) for which lens can focus image on retina: near point Near point increases with age/lens inflexibility 10 years: 7cm; 60 years: 200cm or more. 25cm standard.

Resolution of Two Objects: Diffraction

Rayleighs Criterion:
Two objects can be resolved if their angular separation is greater than or equal to 1.22 times wavelength over aperture diameter.

Farsightedness

Nearsightedness

Compound Lens System-Intermediate Image

Textbook Example 32-11:

f1 = f2 = f =10cm. Separation between lenses = 15cm. s1 = 15cm.

Compound Lens System-Final Image

Compound Lens Systems: Image Formation Rules

Real image for first lens serves as real object for second lens if this real image is on incident-light side of second lens If the real image for first lens is on refracted-light side of second lens, then rays that form this virtual object (for the second lens!) are used to define principal rays for the second lens that allow formation of final image In each case above, both lenses may be assumed to be wide enough to yield light rays for definition of second lens principal rays. One may extend a lens to intercept principal light rays. Net magnification:

Compound Lens Problem

Compound Lens Problem Solution - I

Compound Lens Problem Solution - II

Exercise for Student

Both focal points r f1
q

Target: R/r Can just solve for R/r.

R

R r f 2 f1 R f2 r f1

f2

f1 = 12.0 cm f2 = 21.0 cm

The units are correct since a ratio has no units Put in numbers.
R 21.0cm = 1.75 r 12.0cm

Question: What is the ratio of the incoming beam radius to the outgoing beam radius?
Approach: Use geometric optics. Look for right triangles.

Exercise for Student: Solve this problem using thin lens equation and associated magnification equation. 1 1 1 y' s' ' and m s s f y s