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THE CELTIC LIBRARY

PRESENTED BY

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP

CLASS OF 1893

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no' bo,ar, y and ,he evolution of

3 1924 012 284 414

Cornell University Library

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in
text.

the United States on the use of the

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Unb-seAticus,
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IRISH

ETHNO-BOTANY
AND THE

Evolution of Medicine in Ireland.

BY

MICHAEL
B.A. (Hon.), R.U.I.
,

F.

MOLONEY,

M.B., Ch.B., N.U.I., L.A.H. (DUBLIN).

DUBLIN:
M. H, GILL & SON,
Upper O'Connell
1919,
Ltd.
Street.

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PREFACE.

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY

AND THE EVOLUTION

OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.
This book aims to give
in Ireland
Irish
in outline the evolution of Medicine

and

to indicate the comprehensive character of

Ethno-Botany.

of medical science

The names of impressed on the annals

represent the Irish so

Our country's share in the development unknown, and, therefore, unrecognised. Graves, Stokes, and Corrigan are undoubtedly
is

of Medicine.

Yet these men do not

much

as the Anglo-Celtic school.

The medical profession

in this country suffers like the rest

of the race from England's pedagogy.

Somebody has criticised

life

the educational system because the subject with which

history, but
it

it

ignores the

history of

Not only does it ignore the The exotic educational tree which the Irish child must climb bears but one fruit worth having. That fruit grows on a graft so carefully
it deals.
life

hides the race history.

placed that

it

hides the poisonous nature of the tree

is,

itself.

Education without Nationality

however, no

less

absurd

than Education without Religion.

In this book I have endeavoured to indicate the wealth

now lying hidden

companion

in the Gaelic nature creeds, and look forward with hope to the day when " Nature, the sombre and veiled of the children of unfaith," will

become " the

revealed and laughing nurse of the children of belief."

a2

The character

many
and

sources.

work necessarily means obligation to Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to all,

of this

especially to 'Liam

O'Meehan

for his valuable aid in

elucidating the Irish nomenclature.

mire,
TTliceal.

m^otoorhnAij;.

n"06ifit5

ttlurhAn,

1919.

(Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY
AND

THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.

Part

I.

Irish
:

Ethno -Botany.

Sections
(I.)

Introduction.

(II.)

The Native Materia Medica of Vegetable (a) The Land Flora. (6) The Marine Flora.

Origin,

Part

II.

The Evolution of Medicine

:

in Ireland.

Sections
(I.)

Pre-Christian or Druidic Period.

(II.)

Early Christian.

(III.)

The Hereditary Physicians

The Rise

of the Septs or Clans.

(IV.)

of a Medical Profession in Europe.

Introduction of Continental Methods.

(V.)

Mediaeval Guilds, Corporations, and Chartered

Bodies.

(VI.) Private Medical Schools.

(VII.) Obstetrics in Ireland.

(VIII.) "Trinity,"

"The

Colleges,"

and

"The

Universities of the present day."

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY.
INTRODUCTION.
Out of the shades of history and from the babel of tradition we must collect the fragments that will serve to build the
Ethno -Botany The religion
worship.
of the Celts. of early Ireland consisted largely of nature

The primitive Celt sought everywhere for An Ti Ta (He is). As a follower of the Druids, he worshipped groves, and held in veneration the oak and the mistletoe. The mountains, rivers and seas claimed his attention, and were objects

who

which called forth his greater Naturism. These again he peopled with Naiads, Dryads, Fauns and Fairies. His pantheon extended " to the seas around and to the skies above." These pagans were not barbarians, and Christianity crystalised rapidly out of the flux. The Druids taught them the immortality and transmigration of the soul, but animism mainly formed their naive, philosophy. The religion of the country, then, was an indefinite mysticism, and with natureworship as the dominant devotion, the transition to Chris-

was accomplished with ease. These pagan " listeners in the woods " had actually blazed the trail for their more dogmatic yet very similar followers.
tianity

The

first

Irish Christians lived their lives

and loved

their

Coitfvoe i\&

nX)Aome (Lord of Folk) at the feet of nature. St. Columban, like his predecessors, sensed the Sabbath of the woods and fields, and tells us that his profession was " to be always on the alert to find God in nature."

The early
of the times,
in the

literature of the country, reflecting the

is

naturism

largely a nature hymnal.

lure

wood had a

Marbhan 's shieling and a charm greater for him than the
In the swineherd's
:

palace of his princely brother Guaire.

reply to the prince's surprised demand " Oh, Marbhan, Oh, hermit, why dost thou sleep abroad,

thy head upon a " quilted couch ?

floor of pine rather

than upon a

we

get the true note of sylvan ascetism.

(This

poem

is

said to

have been written in the tenth century and refers to seventh

century practice).
of nature, brought forth material

The anchorite and monk, having penetrated the fastnesses and spiritual wealth. The

traditional knowledge of the hereditary physicians of the

and uses of our native have no less an authority We than Van Helmont for the wonderful results accomplished by these hereditary healers, who Were acquainted with and used the materia medica of their own country. The Irish herbalists of to-day are, in the vernacular, " knowledgable persona,' mostly women, who possess a smattering of our folk botany. The vicissitudes of the nation have retarded the transmission of this knowledge until it is well nigh lost in the wilderness whence it was gained. Oui nature heritage is rich. We are modern mystics despite our dogmatic religion. We believe that we are well within our rights when we protest against the attitude of some who would throw contempt on all learning that does not emanate directly from the laboratory. Science, they say, has shaken off the trammels of tradition, and it is the fashion to deride Empiricism. The triumphs of empiricism, however, cannot be gainsepts or clans concerning the actions

herbs is a portion of this wealth.

said. Our concern here is not to glorify the herbalist or the homoeopath, and certainly not to decry orthodox medicine.

But somehow

it

seems that the ethno -botany of the Red-

Indian and
peutists

Romany tribes

claims the attention of our thera-

and pharmacologists, while that of the Celt is neglected and unknown. Is it not possible that autocratic
science has caused us to over-look an Irish Mendel, or relegated
to oblivion

many

a herb with virtues just as magical as those

? At all events it is not too much hope that a study of the Ethno -Botany of the Celts allied with the Pharmacology of to-day may win back some of the fame of the Irish Physicians of the long ago, and help at the same time the common cause of humanity. Some would perhaps think that the English and Cymric folk botany provides all the material that is necessary in this

possessed
to

by the Lusmore

particular field of research.

And

it is

true that the flora of

on the whole a reduced British flora. Yet we have a number of species very rare or altogether unknown in Great
Ireland
is

Britain.

Besides, just as

we

are a distinct national entity,

so

we

possess a specific herb lore, and one which will bear

comparison with that of any other country. There are many reasons why the study of these Celtic nature creeds should prove interesting. Ireland has acted missionary to many lands, and early medicine and religion

went hand in hand. From the economic view point alone Irish folk botany is worthy of attention. The knowledge of vegetable dyes is proved by the variety and richness of colour schemes exhibited in articles of apparel, and above all in the
illumination of manuscripts.

Again,

if

considered from the educational standpoint, this

naturism

is

a spiritual inheritance which should not be denied.

flora in

study of this native

Ms own

tongue will enable the

student to inherit some of the

scientific, literary, aesthetic,

and

religious possessions of the race.

Recent world events the prominence which

curriculum.

have
it

given

to
in

natural

science

deserves

any educational

10

The system adopted as the

basis of the following account

of Irish herbs is in accordance with

modern

scientific practice.

The herbs are arranged

in their natural orders, the botanic

name

being placed

first,

then follow the English and Irish

equivalents.

For the convenience

with
scientific

of readers

who may not be conversant

terminology, in addition to the botanic index,

English and Irish indices are provided.

The work as it now stands is necessarily incomplete, and the author would feel grateful to any reader who would furnish him with the Irish names of herbs not now included in this book. It is therefore to be hoped that should a further edition be called for, the book will then represent, in full, the culture and wealth of our native herb-lore.

11

THE NATIVE MATERIA MEDIC A OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN.

THE LAND FLORA.
RANUNCULACEAE.
Thalictrum Alpinum. Alpine "meadow rue. KuiO (KuBa) AitpeAc. Thalictrum collinum. Lesser meadow rue. HtnB tteAg. Thalictrum flavum. Meadow rue. TluiB LeAriA. Internally antispasmodic, and were given in " falling
sickness."

Anemone Nemorosa.
"OeAps
;

Wood Anemone,

ttif tia

gAoite C05AL
;

TleA-o CoiVle.

Recommended for a

" cold " in the chest

water passages,

and as a stimulating application to indolent sores. Ranunculus aquatilis vel circinnatus. Water Crowfoot. fU'b
pteAnn thy ce; tlon tia liABAnn. tlif ce Ranunculus Flammula. Lesser Spearwort. Lat aij\ teAtiA. Ranunculus Lingua. Great spearwort. g^T^F t-feAtiA. Both of these, the lesser and the greater spearwort, are
;

occasionally the cause of poisoning in cattle the latter was formerly used as a cure for swine fever. Ranunculus Auricomus. Goldilocks. gjwAij; Tiluif\e 5 A 1*tur
; ;

tia THotia.

Ranunculus Acris. Meadow Crowfoot. CeAjibAn e<5if Ranunculus repens. Sitfast. peAfbAn. Ranunculus Bulbosus. Bulbous Crowfoot or Butter-cup.
UAtrhATi
;

puit Ctnte CAtrfiAn. The previous three, Acris, Repens, Bulbosus, are recommended for " stitches " and St. Anthony's fire.
Ficaria.

Ranunculus

Lesser Celandine.

SeApf\Aig

5f* A1n

Apc&vn.

An

ointment was made from the plant for use in the treatment of piles.

12

Caltha Palustris.
ptubAif\fiti
;

Marsh Marigold.
tuf
..

t>eAfttiAti
;

t)urt>e t)eAlcAine

t)eAlxAine ; "RiAfc-DLAt Ojvoa.

Associated more of the May Day festival. Garwith divination and magic than therapeutics. lands were made of it to protect the cattle and produce from the evil influence of fairies and witches. Columbine. Aquilegia Vulgaris. tuf An CoUmn CjwbA

The herb

'

teiflti.

"Oacada T)ud. Aconitum Napellus. Monkshood. The Monkshood and Columbine are not true natives. The Monkshood is very poisonous and very rare. The Columbine is frequently found " wild."

NYMPHAEACEAE.
Nuphar Luteum.
CABAn
Yellow Water-lily,

thteog BAroce ouvoe

AX) Ann.
"Ot.11l.te65

Nymphaea
t)Ati

Alba. White Water-lily.

;

(baeog) OAi-oce

Cuijvmin X)An.

PAPAVERACEAE.
Papaver Somniferum. Opium Poppy. Co'oVAi'oin CftotnUij* pAipin tf An CcoaiL Has established itself in some parts as a "native." The juice coming from incisions made in the capsule when dried constitutes opium. Papaver Rhaeas. Com Poppy. CAitteAC 'OeA^g t)lAt ha
;
;

CaiUciti. m'bo'OAC The petals are used as a colouring agent. A syrup made from the petals is useful as an anodyne expectorant. Glaucium Mavum. Yellow horned Poppy. t)A^fv6j; 'Rua'6. Chelidonium majus. Celandine. Iaca teAnnfUA-o Aon-p cot. an ingredient in cancer Is a purgative and diuretic
; ; ;

cures,

and recommended

for corns.

Fumaria officinalis. CAmAn SeAfHAig

Given

FUMARIACEAE. Common Fumitory.

;

"DeACAd CAUiiAn

"OeA-ps UAttfiAn ; gTOifiiAtn. as a decoction in skin affections, especially to

infants with scalp trouble.

13

CRUCIFEBAE.
Cheiranthus Cheiri. Wall Flower, luf An t>Al\,& Utf te&t An cSArhftAi'O. The flowers were used (a) steeped in oil as an anodyne and stimulating liniment, (b) As an infusion (one oz. to one pint of water) for nervous troubles. The flowers contain eugenic acid and caryophyllin.
;

THE CRESSES.
Nasturtium Officinale. Watercress. DioLa^ t>iofAf\. Nasturtium Sylvestre. Woodcress. tholAjv CoiUeA-6. Nasturtium Palustre. Marshcress. thotAf Cufifung. Nasturtium Amphibium. Water Radish. 1T1e.dc.An ^agium
;

tiifce.

Barbara vulgaris

"")

intermedia > Winter Cress. praecox ,, J Arabis petraea "1

CjveAtiAc.

hirsuta cihata

> Rock Cress.

gAf An

CaiIXij

(n<s

CAiUige

?)-

J
SeA^ti.

Cardamine Amara. Bitter Cress. t)iolAfi See Cardamine Pratensis below.

All the Cresses possess antiscorbutic properties and were in great favour in the complaints scurvy and scrofula. They contain potash and calcium salts, iodine and the valuable sulphocyanide of allyl, as well as iron. The cultivated varieties of Nasturtium were introduced from France into Ireland, as is indicated by the names given to those herbs. The garden cress was known as 5a1X oiolAft and t)iolAf\ Saivoa, and the " town " cress, as t)iotAt\ t* anntAC, " town " being an English corruption for the French tonne, or enclosure. The Cresshas lost favour in the Ireland of to-day owing to the introduction of the other varieties of vegetables. The Nasturtium is still used as a table decoration for the a sprig or blanc mange made from Carrageen Moss flower being used much as the holly is in the Christmas, pudding. The combination of the Nasturtium with Carrageen Moss is certainly excellent from the scientific view point. No better article could be placed in the
;

14

dietary of the consumptive than the Carrageen, which is nutritious, demulcent, and has an iodine content. The sulphocyanide of allyl in the nasturtium is again coming into vogue in the treatment of phthisis. Ladies Smock,* Cuckoo Flower, or Cardamine Pratensis. Bitter Cress, lewe ttlui^e Seitin CuAice 5 teflon. The flowering tops were used as an antispasmodic remedy It flowers on in St. Vitus dance, falling sickness, etc.
; ;

or about Lady Day. Scurvy Grass, Spoonwort. Cochlearia Officinalis.

t)lOtAfl CflAgA.

Cu^An

The remedy formerly used by all mariners to prevent scurvy on long voyages. Is said to be useful in the treatment of spongy gums. The habitat of this herb is maritime and sub-maritime, i.e., it is found on the coast and along the banks of estuaries.
Erophila Vulgaris.

Sisymbrium

Officinale.

Whitlow Grass. t)iotAfi 5r>eA5Aiti. HedgcMustard. t,uf An Oir<; tTleiti^e.

Was used for hoarseness, throat and chest complaints. Sisj'mbrium Sophia. Flixweed. pneAL Tfluirie. Formerly used for dysentery or flix, hence the name. Sisymbrium Alliaria. Jack-by-the-hedge, or Garlic Mustard. t)6 CumneAtL. gAifteog CoitteAt) Brassica Nigra. Black Mustard.\ ft ^ U1t)e Brassica Alba. White Mustard. f
;

PfvAifeAe $Atrt> ; tur- tia St'it H6inin t)ui*e. Both are official in the B.P. The seeds of both collected from cultivated plants form the mustard of commerce when mixed and pulverised. Capsella Bursa Pastoris. Shepherd's Purse, tup ati SpAtv\m Lu-p Corc.A-6 tiA '(TotA SpAvoin 1_vnlj tia nAofAn. Was used in hcemorrhages, also as diuretic and emmenagogue. Is said to contain an alkaloid " bursine." Swine's Cress. Senebiera Coronopus. Sl&niur tia ttluc

Brassica Sinapis.

Charlock.

mtluroe

Cu|\tv&Ti t)ui-6e

foClA CUvocac t)uit>e. Lepidium Latifolium. Dittander. \ 1 , a A1 ^" Lepidium Campestre. Pepperwort. f Thlaspi Arvense. Pennycress. ptwufeAc TiAgCAotiAc; PfUMfeAC
;
'

flAVO.

15

Crambe Maritima. Sea-Kale, pp A-if eAc tia C^Aja THf An. Raphanus Raphanisturm. Wild Radish.
;

triA^A

p^Aif eAc
;

tTleACAn Hatois

Curiam "OeAfj.

Raphanus Maritimus. Sea Radish. ttleACAn HIa^a. One herbalist whom I have met uses one variety of

radish in an ointment as a cure for " evil," and as it is collected from a stream this is probably the Water Radish N. amphibium, vide supra. Cochlearia armoracia. Horse Radish. ttleACAti e^c ; TTleACAn

"RAguim

thf ce t)eatA ma mt)f AtAfi.

Used

internally in the form of sauce made with milk, as a condiment externally applied as a counterirritant.

RESEDACEAE.
Reseda Lutea. Wild Mignonette. DurOe Reseda Luteola. Dyers' Weed. KuA-Ot&n
TT)6fv.
;

IxUA-ocAti tiunoe.

BERBERIDEJE.
Barberry. t>Afvbjvd5. Berberis Vulgaris. decoction of Sulphur and Barberry bark in Stout is used with good effect for Jaundice, both in veterinary and human subjects.

CISTINEAE.
-

Helianthemum Guttatum.
Spotted Rock Rose.

"!

Hehanthemum Vmeale.

pu

nA 5r e 1ne

tto r

nACAAi 5 e.

Hoary Rock Rose. J Both of these are said to have been used

in the treatment of shingles or wild fire (Herpes Zoster).

VIOLACEAE.
Viola Viola Viola Viola Viola
Palustris.

Marsh
Sweet

Violet.

Odorata.

Violet.

Hirta. Hairy Violet. Arvensis. Field Violet. Sylvatica. Wood Violet.

} SaIcuac

C05AI 50pm.

16

Viola Canina. Viola Tricolor.

Dog

Violet.

^AtiA^f e

t>iot)

Wild Pansy.

go^mAn SeA^Ais
1

a teitero. Soifmin
;

SaLcuac (?). Viola Lutea. Mountain Pansy.

The general rendering

"1 '11 SteiOe. J^ 01 ! for Violet in Irish is

;

SaLcuac

gofmiAn goipmin, nttil. other terms are CogAt jofmi The explanation of how this flower was named Sa1.cuac Some suggest that the literal translation is in doubt. This leads us to the is Cuckoo's Heel, or stocking. extraordinary resemblance to a miniature bird which can be contrived by removing the calyx and corolla The stigma then forms a head and off the flower. neck, the anthers a golden flecked breast with their tongues protruding like green wings. Another interpretation is that the spur of the violet This resembles the old Irish drinking horn (Cuac). modest little flower is rarely used medicinally nowadays It was formerly used as an ingredient in cancer cures, and was in great repute for skin affections, especially those of childhood. A laxative syrup was made from the whole herb and given
;

internally.

FOLYGALACEAE.
Polygala vulgaris. 1 Ui r A triune gunned TIa Milkwort (genus). } ei r fi<ii t HTii\ Polygala serpyllacea. J Was used by nursing women to increase the flow of milk.
;
;

CARY0PHYLLACE2E.
Saponaria
Officinalis.
;

Soapwort.
ticuA.

tuf An

cSiAbuinti

gAfrtDAn

CfieA5.dc

lur

Saponin

is the active principle of the herb and exists in all parts of the plant, root, leaves, and flowers. The herb was used on the Continent for syphilis. The chief use to which the herb was put in Ireland was the treatment of inflammation of the lungs, hence the name

Luf Ucca, herb

cants.

of the chest.

It

was the soap

of

mendi-

17
Silene Cucubalus. Bladder Campion. Silene Maritima. Sea Campion. Silene Anglica. English Catchfly,
,~)
I

Coifeati

>
j

(C01U5

?)

CoilleAC Ci>eAn
;

Lychnis Vespertina. White Campion, C01I15. Lychnis Diurna. Red Campion. J Lychnis Flos-cuculi. Ragged Robin, luf Siotda; pui|\nACuAice. Lychnis Githago. Corn Cockle. Luio LaoitteAC C05AL. Is a common weed in com fields, since its seeds are poisonous their mixture with grain may have serious results, Cerastium Glomeratum. Mouse Ear. CUiAf liAt CUi^r Triviale. > tucoige Ctu-df tuc tvtf Arvense, mroe Luf t\a IDiot. J Stellaria Media. Chickweed. fUo'd. Contains Potash Salts. Was formerly given for rheumatism. Is now given only to moulting cage birds.
;
"")
;

Stellaria Holostea. Stellaria

Greater Stitchwort. CuifvpeAc; Cu-|vp.Af\ivAiti, Lesser Stitchwort. Cu-pf AifVfunin. Both contain silica, and, as the name indicates, were used for " stitches " and the pains of muscular rheumatism. Spergula Arvensis. Corn Spurrey. CUiaw lin ; CtiffUti tin ;

Graminea.

CtuGAn.

HYPERICINEAE.
There are several varieties of Hypericum native in Ireland. The varieties given below occor most frequently. Hypericum Androsaemum. Tutsan, trie-df Cuipc ALtca. The reason why this flower received the title " Rose of
It is known to all herbalists, Sharon " is obscure. and is used by them internally and externally in a variety of affections. The chief use in the past for this herb was as a cleanser of punctured wounds. The herb
is

Hypericum perforatum.

,,

given internally as a diuretic. ~| St John's Wort, two e-oin t)Aifce; pulchrum. tf CoUiirnciU.e ALluf Tf)uif\e
] ; ;

dubium.
tetrapterum.
St. John's

>
I

,,

X)eAtnuAX> t>oine.dnn (Common) t>eAtnuA?> (Square pfeann

;

The

stemmed) England is in Ireland associated with the Blessed Virgin and St. Coluimcille as well as The herb is recommended by the chief St. John. B
J

Wort

of

18
herbalist in County Waterford as an excellent remedy for " an airy fit," i.e., to dispel the clouds of melancholia and other forms of insanity.

MALVACEAE.
Althaea
Officinalis.

Marsh Mallow.

Malva

Sylvestris.

Common
;

Mallow.

teArfiAc rhuige. TThttfieACAn ;

Luf ha

tlcAf (Ocof) ; tlc^r fiA&Am. Malva Rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow. tlcAf fAnncAc. The herbs are used internally as demulcent remedies for coughs and hoarseness. An ointment made from the root is still in demand as an emollient for rubbing into painful and stiff joints.

miol mo|\

LINEAE.
Linum Catharticum.
Purging Flax, Fairy

miof ac

CaoIac.
;

Dwarf
This
is

,,

tion t\A mt)An Si-be lion beAj;.

TTIiomiUAC.

the indigenous variety which occurs in abundance It is said that when uppermost the infusion prepared will promote vomiting. When the flo er end is placed in the water with stem uppermost purging is produced by the infusion. If purging and vomiting are the desired effects the herb is placed accordingly. This herb, boiled in beer, has been given with good effect in Jaundice. Linum Usitatissimum. Flax. tion.
in all divisions of Ireland. boiled with the flower end
v

The Flax grown

for linseed and linen manufacture. FlaxSeed, SwlRmr; Tlor-tion. Used in Menorrhagia. Tow or Coarse Flax. t)tmAc t>uAj\ac. Is used with white and yolk of egg by bone setters and makes excellent splinting material when supported with leather.
;

GERANIACEAE.
Geranium Sanguineum.
Bloody Crane's
Bill.

^
I

CtveAccAc

tDe^s

Geranium Molle.
[

Soft Crane's Bill.

e^bAU ttiog (Stinking 6C

Cpob PfveACAin
)
.

19

Geranium Dissectum. Dove's Foot. Cf\oo CoUntn CpeA5i\Ac. Geranium Robertianum. Herb Robert, CfK>6 T)eAj\5 ftuiceAt
; ;

XU&w Tlioj. Known to every farmer in Ireland as Cf\oo "OeA^s and said to be an infallible remedy for red-water in cattle. An intelligent diabetic was recommended to take an infusion made of Cpott "OeAps (a handful of the herb to one pint of water) in wineglassful doses night and morning, and tells me that it has put new life into him. He has tried many a doctor's bottle previous to this, and was always a rigid adherent to the recognised
;

Uiog

dietary.

Oxalis Acetosella.
CoitXe.A'b
;

Wood

Sorrel.

S&m&t) CoilleA-o
;

SeAmnog

SeAttiog 'Pio'oa

tDit-eog x\a x\&ax\.

ILICINEAE.
Ilex Aquifolium.
Holly.

CtnteAnn.

CELASTRINEAE.
Euonymus Europaeus.

Spindle Tree, feof Af ; Oi^-e. characteristic shrub of the limestone pavements in Ireland. Euonymin, the resinous principle of the berry, The bark is purgative, emetic, and a liver stimulant. also contains euonymin and has been used to destroy
lice in children's hair.

RHAMNEAE.
Rhamnus Rhamnus
Catharticus.

Purging Buckthorn.

ftAtii-bnAijeAti

tTlATOe t>f\eAn. Is rare in Ireland.

The berries are powerfully purgative. Alder Buckthorn. 'RArfvonAigeAn Ttlin. Frangula. Is still rarer in Ireland than Rh. Catharticus. The cascara of the shops is a preparation made from an American
Buckthorn (Rhamnus Persiana). An efficient substitute can be made from our native Rhamnus Frangula bark, but this latter has the disadvantage of griping.

LEGUMNOSAE.
Ulex Europaeus. Gorse, Whin. AiceAnn. The flowers were used to produce a yellow dye.

20
Gytisus Scoparius. Broom. JioIcac 5 t- C(5 5The active principles Scoparin and Spartein are powerful diuretics and are contained in the " tops " or terminal twigs. The remedy is given in dropsy of all kinds, sometimes alone and sometimes combined with other herbs. The usual plan is to boil down a handful (one ounce) of the tops in a pint of water, until the quantity pint. Strain, and give a wineglassful is reduced to three times daily. In the old days the 510 Lcac held the place of the modern disinfectant, the process was a fumigation of the premises by burning the broom twigs in the centre of the affected area. pneACA Rest-harrow. S^eAtis t)ogA Ononis Repens. ptieurh (PfeAtfi) CA^iiAinste. (PpeACA) CAipngte Wild Liquorice. tioc6iunr CAfifiA TtleAlA Ca^a Ttlitif. The juice expressed from the leaves was employed as an emollient application for chapped and rough hands. The juice of the root is sweet and viscid'. Melilot. meAto-DAc Melilotus Officinalis. Cfifiibini Ctnc ;
;

SeAngAn. A homoeopathic remedy for epilepsy and nervous headache. Red Clover. SeAmAfv CapaiIX. Trifolium Pratense. An ingredient in mixtures to " clear " the blood. Trifolium Arvense. Hare's Foot Trefoil. Co-p riiAToeAc.. White or Dutch Clover. SeAtnAtx tiAn. Trifolium Repens. Shamrock, SeAtnfog. Trifolium Dubium. The vexed questions as to which of the Clover tribes is the Shamrock, and the claim of Oxalis Acetosella (Wood Sorrel) to the title, is by no means settled. There are just a dozen varieties of clover native to two of these dispute the title of national Ireland emblem. The claimants are Trifolium Repens and Trifolium Dubium vel Minus. Both share the honour of being worn on St. Patrick's Day, but as the leaves of T. Repens are marked with a white spot and the smaller forms are preferred, T. Dubium is undoubtedly
pttiifvin
:

the Shamrock of to-day. Despite the statement, " there appears to be absolutely no evidence that this species was at any time used by the Irish as their national badge " (Cybele Hibernica,

21
ii.), some authorities still hold that the Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella) is the true Shamrock (see Geraniaceae). The three, Trifolium Repens, Dubium, and Oxalis Acetosella, are found in all countries from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle. Anthyllis Vulneraria. Lady's Finger, tneoi^ Tfluifve ; CofAn

Ed.

tlAin.

Ornithopus Perpusillus. Bird's-foot. CpubA Hn. Lotus Corniculatus. Bird's Foot Trefoil. t)Afifi An rhift6m. Astragalus Hypoglottis. Purple Milk Vetch. tDUoccpifeAin. Said to increase the milk supply in goats.
Vicia Hirsuta. Hairy Tare. peAf aij\ An AjvOAip. Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch. peAfAi^ nA tuc peA-pAip tC riA CoitXe pif eAriAC Cij. Bush Vetch. peAfAi^ pA^Ain. Vicia Sepium.
;
,'

Lathyrus Pratensis. Meadow Vetchling. peAf ai|\ tiuvbe pif t>ur6e. Lathyrus Mstcrorrhizus. Heath Pea. pif SieitJe. The tubers of this are eaten, and in Scotland used to
flavour whiskey.

ROSACEAE.
Prunus Spinosa.
Blackthorn. X>t\AigeAn. Sloe. Aijvne. Sloes are considered unwholesome by all herbalists of the present day. They are powerfully astringent. Wild Cherry. Smir Seitin pA-bAin. Prunus Avium. Prunus Cerasus. Dwarf Cherry. Seain. Meadow Sweet. A^eAX) tuAcpA tuf Spiraea Ulmaria. CrieAf ; Cjuor ConcutAinn, (S: Oalicifolia.) Was used as a " sweetener " for scouring milk churns. The root was mixed with copperas (sulphate of iron)
;
;

for producing a black dye. Spiraea Elipendula. Dropwort. tuf bjiAonAC ; JneAttAti. Rubus Idaeus. Raspberry. Sugcp aoO. SmeAj\ T)tiB (Fruit). Blackberry. Rubus Fructicosus. Bramble, "Opireog "Ofir SceAC (Plant). The roots were used to furnish a black dye. Rubus Chamaemorus. Cloudberry. eit^eOg; tf nAn-eicfveog. Rubus Caesius.- Dewberry. S ^" '"freAjic. Rubus saxatilis. Stone Bramble: SCig nA tnt)An ttlin.
;
,"

22

Dryas

Octopetala. LeAtin

Mountain
Avens.

Awns.

ITlACAt

St6it>e

Geum Urbanum.
Fragaria Vesca.

Wood

TTIacaI CoiUeA-o.

Is given for " chills. ">

Strawberry. Suj-tAtrhAn ; ClACtfug. W*^d Strawberry. Sug-tAifi ; Oigfieog. Suj-trAlrhAn Potentilla Pragariastrum. Barren Strawberry.

SeAfc.
Potentilla Reptans. Creeping Cinquefoil. Ctiig ItleAjt Ttluipe. teAnAjtcAC ; 'bene'oin Potentilla Tormentilla. Tormentil. neAtfinAi-o ; ttif tia Co"oIaca ; tU^f t)fiAonAn tia gCon. This, in conjunction with Yellow Pimpernel, is used as a hypnotic for Insomnia. Potentilla Anserina. Silverweed. V>^ofcl.&n. Potentilla Palustris. Marsh Cinquefoil. Cuig t)iteAC Uipce
;
,

SeAmfuSg CC115 tdteAC. Alchemilla Vulgaris. Lady's Mantle. t)j\Ac65 ttluifie; fAUAinj; teAtAC Ttluijve Coca p-peAf aC "OeAfwiA ttltnpe ; tDwde. This herb, like Saxifrage and Knawell, is also called miotiAti itltn^e from its supposed curative properties in urinary calculus. It is also an astringent, owing to its tannin content. Alchemilla Alpina. Alpine Lady's Mantle. UfiufSAn, Agremonia Eupatpria. Agrimony, meiju'n tia ITIaj JeittfnleAC AifseATiAn. Was used in preparation of a lotion for wounds. Poterium Sanguisorba. Salad Burnet. t)iteAC torcAin tf An thLLe. Pyrus Aucuparfa. Mountain Ash ; Rowan. Cao^ tAnn*;
; ;
; ;

fuHinfeOs

Coil-l.eA'o

Lui|\

The

contrary to popular belief, are edible. The leaves contain prussic acid and are, therefore, poisonous. An infusion of the leaves is, a popular remedy for rheumatism (an oz. to one pint) dose, one
berries,
;

wineglassful. The leaves, when are said to be useful in asthma.

burned and inhaled,

fiAttAin
;

Pyrus Malus.

Crab,
,

Apple.

tliuu,

.AotACAti

50^05.

Used with buttermilk *A famous

1

for relaxed throat

tree in Irish legend,

and hoarseness.

23
Crataegus Oxycantha. Hawthorn. SceAt %eAt. The native roses are listed below (1) Rosa spinosissima. The Burnet Rose. Common. The Unexpanded Rose. Uncommon. (2) involuta. The Softleaved Rose. Rare. mollis. (3) Hibernica. The Irish Glabrous Rose. Very rare, (4)
:

N.E. only.
(5) (6) (7)

(8) (9)

The Downy Leaved Rose. Frequent. The Sweet Briar Rose. N.E., frequent, micrantha. The Small-flowered Sweetbriar. Cork and Kerry. sepium. The Bush Rose. Canina. The Dog Rose. Common.
tomentosa.
rubiginosa.

Rock Roseptfif
"

glauca. Rare. arvensis. The Trailing Rose. Fairly frequent. sabina. Sabine Rose. (12) ,, Rose. The various Irish renderings are Tlof ; Con^of ; CocAn ; piuijmi, -jmU fifvOfUf (Wild Rose Tree). Corn Rose CAiLicin CAiUeac "Oe^s ; hl&t nA mDo'o.dc ; ItnUSneAC "OeA^j. Damask Rose Coci,ti tiAt ; tt6f teACDAn. Wild Rose ttof Pac-aw ; ttor ThAWf a ftuAitt.
(10)

(11)

tiA 5|\eine.

The Rosa Rubiginosa, or Sweet

Rose of Jerusalem, Tlof
r\A

Briar, t>Am\uo%r\A

is

1Tlui-pe of

probably the which

Men saw

the thorns on Jesus' brow,

roses."

But angels saw the

SAXIFRAGEAE.
London Pride. ^doSi-fce (CAbAif ce) "OAome TTlAite 5 Ab ^r ce ITlA'opAi TIuato. Chrysosplenium Oppustifolium. Golden Saxifrage, gtoifif.
Saxifraga Umbrosa.
;

Parnassia Palustris. Grass of .Parnassus, 'pioiiriAn t)An. Saxifraga Granulata. 1 Meadow Saxifrage ; and mGfVAn. Saxifraga Aizoides. > .IttibtiAti Ttltiife Yellow Mountain
;
j

Saxifrage. J Ribes Grossiilaria. Gooseberry.

SpuititiAfi

SpionAn

SpofAro

'

Spiondg.

24

Eibes

Rubrum.
tleAns
;
'

Red Currant.
Black Currant.

TUorAp T>eAf5
ttAOf Afi "O^ 6
>

SfiotiAti
T)utt

"OeAfvcog "OeAfS-

Ribes Nigrum.

SfionAn
StuoiUn

"Oe^cOg *0 Y>. Ribes Album. White Currant.

"OeAftcos t)An.

TUorAf

t)An

t>Ati

CRASSULACEAE.
Cotyledon TJmbilicus-Veneris.
CojtnAri

C/Mfit

tuf

tiA

Pennywort. puisne.
;

CofinAri

teAc&in

Sedum Telephium. Orpine, tuf tia Ldog Sedum Acre. Wall Pepper or Biting Stone Crop.
5CL0C t-UfAijie r\A SeAtigAn. Produces vomiting. Sempervivum Tectorum. House Leek. Cp/ifpin UOiceAn Ojvp Sincin. 5tAn-eA5lA. Formerly grown on roofs as a charm against
;
;

5fApAn nA
ah

t-of

fires.

DROSERACEAE.
Drosera Rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sundew. "OeAtxpuAiiD ; Ltif ha peAftiAije. Drosera Anglica. Great Sundew. "Onuiccin ITIonA ; Kof An cSoluiy Gdilif Thuifve. This plant is characteristic of the peat bogs, where it is found in abundance.
;

HALORAGEAE.
Hippuris Vulgaris.

Mare's Tail. Caici CottAgAri. Myriphyllum Verticillatum. Water Milfoil. 'ptio'O Sn^ite biiTOce ; 1_inneAiAAC.

tJif ce

LYTHRARIEAE.
Lythrum
,

Salicaria.
;

Purple Loosestrife.
t)fieAj
{

CneAccAc
SioctAtiA
;

toeAlAn
;

L^atia

t)niAti

tup

flA

ConAi^e

AfibAtt Cuicin. The title CjteAccAC (wound~plant) would suggest its use as a wound remedy. I have not met any herbalists who use it internally or externally at the present day.

25

ONAGRARIEAE.
Angustifolium. Rose-bay Willow Herb, ftor SAiteog riA mthteog CfirhAns. Circaea Lutetiana. Enchanter's Nightshade. uitifeA6
;

Epilobium

puinnfeAjjAt.

UMBELLIFERAE.
Hydrocotyle Vulgaris.
(Cut^Aig).

Marsh

Pennywort.

tup

pmgne

Eryngium Maritimum. Sea Holly. CuiteAnn C^AgA. Sanicula Europaea. Wood Sanicle. ttoTJAn Content). Is employed as a haemostatic internally and externally. Conium Maculaturn. Hemlock. mtnnrheAH ; CotiAn Ait ; t) Avnn e-Cio c-6ah An excellent anodyne poultice is made by mixing the leaves with linseed meal. Is used also for the cure of "evil." It is given internally, never alone, but in combination with other herbs in a variety of diseases. Smyrnium Olusatrum. Alexanders, tup tiA rigr-An "Outs t-UfApAM 51^" "OufOne of the vegetables formerly cultivated, but now
.

unknown

Apium dcuta

Graveolens.
Virosa.

Wild Celery, Water Hemlock.

tur ha SmAiteog. Cn&AnUir feAltAtiog

;

X) At AX) A X)At\.

to be the poison that killed Socrates. Like the true Hemlock it is used as a curative poultice in glandular swellings which have suppurated. Petroselinum Sativum. Parsley, peifvpt; iontiAr 5-A Tv VA, oe Naturalized on old buildings. Used as a garnish. Carum Carui. Caraway. Cahaduao CeAptiur tur ttlic
'

Thought

Cuitnin

Amir
rare.

Seems naturalised in parts of Ireland, but is Sium Latifolium. Water Parsnip. IDeACAn tlifce.
Is used for scrofulous swellings in the with garlic and butter.

neck in combination
;

Aegopodium Podagraiia.

Goutweed. tur An Juca tur An eAfbtng. The leaves are boiled and made into a poultice, which is applied to the painful parts. Is used also for sciatica.
(

26
Pimpinella Saxifraga. Burnet Saxifrage. CL&OpurPimpinella Magna. Greater Burnet Saxifrage. CLAtijtuf mop. Both of these grow on chalky ground, and are said to increase the milk of cows. Conopodium Denndatam. Pig -nut, or Common Earth Nut. CoiceApAn CnutdpLan ; Cut&pl&n ; Cno CdtrhAti
;

TYluice

Pf\Aicini CtutAfACAtti.

The roots are roasted and eaten by boys, to are known as " Fairy Potatoes." Myrrhis odorata. Sweet Cicely, tuf AinteOige.

whom

they

A garden escape naturalized in a few parts. Chaerophyllum Temulum. Rough Chervil, tuf nA TIiocaC
CAtniti gAtt.

Scandix Pecten-Veneris.
Anthriscus Sylvestris.

Cow

Foeniculum Officinale. cSaol Crithmum Maritimum. Samphire, tup tiA gCnAtfi CnAtfiUif. Oenanthe Fistulosa. Water Dropwort. CffeAnUif t)fiaotiac. Oenanthe Crocata. Hemlock Water Dropwort. Uf&Anluf
;
;

Shepherd's Needle. CfeAgAc. Parsley. Cof Uifce. Fennel. pneAl. Itluice tuf ah

t)f AOT1AC

An CufVpAlg.

Oenanthe Phellandrium. Horsebane. niTfiCApAtt;5fieAtiATimrn. Aethusa Cynapium. Fool's Parsley, peifpiL Am&fo. Iigusticum Scoticum. Scottish Lavage. SunAif ttif ati
;

t.iA5Aipe

Angelica

t-f An l.ti5Ai|\e. Sylvestris. Wild Angelica.

;
;

^AUuAnAn pAt>Am

Cuwneoj Ithge C. Itluipe. Psucedenum Sativum. Wild Parsnip.

;
;

TTleACAn TI105 'piA'OAin.

Heracleum Sphondylium. Cdw Parsnip ; Hogweed. Cuijv TOin t>An Ot)Af\An peAtipAn J?uAnAn pieAfCAn "pteAtifAti. Daucus Carota. Wild Carrot. tDufgomAn mugoniAn
;
;
;

1T)io'6U!CAn.

ARALIACEAE.
Hedera Helix.
eroneAn ^eroneAn enieAnn. Recommended in a bath as an astringent for " soft "
Ivy.
; ;

or perspiring feet.

qORNACEAE.
Cornus Sanguinea. Dogwood. CjtAnn
Cbij\n6it;

CpAnn muco^A.

27

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
Sambucus Nigra. Elder. Cfom tStiAtcfVAi* tluif,-e. The flowers were formerly official in the British Pharmacopoea. An ointment made from the leaves was a popular Dublin remedy for piles. Elderberry wine has been lately recommended for sciatica. Sambucus Ebulus. Dwarf Elder or Banewort. p&it peit $05
; ; ;

X>a\xa ; t)AU^Mifc luf 11^11*0^11^. Said to grow where battles were fought against the Danes. Viburnum Opulus. Guelder Rose. An ftof tlotoiroAc. Originally introduced from Gnelduland in Holland.
&r\
;

moUnpc;

Fuo-b

Lonicera Periclymenum. Woodbine ; Honeysuckle. peitteog ; tuf nA rtleAlA. f eiteAnn

;

C4it-

BUBIACEAE.
Rubia Peregrina. Madder, VDa-oa^ The root contains a red dye, but does not seem to have been employed for this purpose. The plant is not common in Ireland, and is always found near the coast. Galium Verum. Lady's Bedstraw. ftu Thtnfve X)aIa*> Cnif. Galium Saxatile. Heath Bedstraw. tuf wa efeAj\ mt)eA5 tuio tia ftpedji ngoncd X(\axia^ 'PfW.oig. Galium Palustre. Marsh Bedstraw. Uv An CupjuMg. Gahum Aparine. Goosegrass, Robin-run-the-hedge. gAf&Luf
.

There are several other varieties of Gahum native to Ireland, but they are rare and difficult to identify. The title " Herb of the little men " is given to both
Saxatile (Heath Bedstraw) and Gahum Palustre (Marsh Bedstraw). Perhaps to other varieties also. The Gahum Aparine was used as an application to ulcers, and was especially used for cancerous growths that had ulcerated surfaces. It was cut up and apphed en masse to the affected surface. The juice was given internally at the same time. Asperula Odorata. Wood-Ruff, tur ttlotAC TTIoteAf
;

Gahum

in flavouring wine. Sherardia Arvensis. Field Madder. "Deafly p^itte.

Used

>'

tMttd Cmp (SoncuLAinn

Used as a dye.

28

VALERIANEAE.
Valeriana Officinalis. Wild Valerian, tur nA oCpi mt)itte; Cdoptdtin Cunfldlg. tf tiA "oCfi vnt)AllAn. The volatile oil contained in the rhizome and root is an excellent remedyfor " nervy " and hypersensitive folk.
It is

used internally and externally.

DIPSACEAE.
Dipsacus Sylvestris. Teasel. leA-oAn bofCA tur " A teat) An LeAOAn An ticAiye ; 1_uf An ucA-o6in. Devil's Bit. S^eim An "OiadaiI, OttAfVAC Scabiosa Succisa.
; ; ;

ITluUArg. Scabiosa Arvensis.

Field Scabious,

Idcoac goftn

Cloigne

gOfWIA.

COMPOSITAE.
Eupatorium eannibinum.
ITlAfto'bfAigeAn.

Hemp

Agrimony.

CnAib Uifce
;

StAc Oifv "Itnti An Golden Rod. Solidago Virgo-aurea. Luio riAoirfi SeAn. 'pAtlfAo^A ;* l,uitt An Qax'A * The " herb of the palsy " is a well known remedy amongst herbalists for what doctors call neurasthenia. It is said to have worked wonders in cases of general apathy and depression. There is a certain ritual to be gone through, however, whilst taking the remedy. But as some who have benefited by the treatment say, " These things {i.e., the .ceremonies prescribed besides the actual ingestion of the medicine) are only pishogues.' Daisy. Tlomin. Bellis perennis. Aster tripolium. Sea Starwort. tuib t)t6itie t,uf JtocAin. Blue Fleabane. tup 5t,rn nA n'Oe.an At Aiftti Erigeron acre.
; ;

fOf\eAncAiT>).

Common Cudweed. CAtttuio gnAtituf. Filago germanica. Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Upright Cudweed. "LiAttuf t)eAj; LoCAVl CaoI. Inula Helenium. Elecampane. AitleAn rtleACAn AUrnn. According to Praeger, an obvious relic of cultivation to be found in the neighbourhood of the ancient monastic establishments.
;
; ;

29
Inula
salicina.

Willow-leaved Inula.

tur

T)feimfve.Ac x\a

" Confined in the British Isles to the shores of Lough Derg. Praeger Inula Crithmoides. Golden Samphire. Jeipgin ; gfuoLoigiti. Puhcaria Dysenterica. Fleabane. Luf t>urde na nX)eAr\AtAi|\ci ; t.uf tiA gCofCAfvc "OneAticdit) "Oibe.dfvc.dc. Calendula Officinalis. Garden Marigold. t)lAi Tfluifve XAAtSn Ofi tfluifie. Is an escape from cultivation. Was used to impart a Externally it is used in the deep colour to butter. form of a lotion for wounds, sprains, and bruises. Internally it is recommended as a uterine tonic Yarrow, Milfoil. Achillaea Millefolium. Acaiji CdlrhAti tur r\A fo\.A. tuf r\A gCiuAf. Was powdered and used as a snuff in congestive headache, to draw blood from the nose. Was also recommended as a cure for toothache, the patient being advised to Boyle is said to have worn a chew the leaves. little muslin bag of it as a protective charm against ague. Sneezewort. "Roioe ; CfWA-ottir Achillaea Ptarmica. Anthemis Nobilis. Chamomile. piogA'o.dn other varietieties CAnidn TTIiotiLa; ptifeAl, THa-o^a. -\m1. The flowers on analysis show nine definite compounds. The synthetic chemistry of Nature is still able to point the finger of scorn at the products of the laboratories. Internally the flowers are used as anodyne stupes. Internally chamomile tea is excellent for the windy dyspepsia of old people. Corn Marigold. t>uAiAlAr\ Chrysanthemum Sergetum. t)iLe iDuitte Icoldt Ojvc-d. (t)ApAriATi) toui'oe Is said to diminish sweating. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Ox Eye Daisy ; Dog Daisy. Tloinin mofi eAfbosAti. Suit T).dirfi meA-0--otiAC Scentless Fever Few. Matricaria Inodora.
' '

1Tle.<y6 'Ofiua'b

tuf "Demean.

Used

in uterine irregularities.

As a preventative

of

insect bites.

Tanacetum Vulgare, Tansy. Luf na oT^Anncae; Fiwmclur; (Black) tr t\a o^eAcos.

30
Is said to be useful in expelling intestinal

worms. Was a remedy for gout. Is a popular flavouring ingredient in "drisheen." The latter is an excellent table delicacy made from sheep's blood and milk, enclosed in a casing

of sheep gut. Artemisia Absinthium. Worm Wood, ffloftmoncA; t)oiwi6ncA. One of the cures for falling sickness. Also used as an
insecticide.

Artemisia Vulgaris.
(ti-dt)

Mugwort.

TttusAjvo

LiAttuf ; t)uACAtAti

TTIonsAC-ttieAfjA. Also used as an anti -epileptic.

;

t>An

Artemisia Abrotanum. Southern Wood. t,uf An cSeAtiouine; SupfiAOAri. Tussilago Farfara. Coltsfoot. Sponnc; "OuitleADAii Spuintic biteos Sptnnnc S-^lAn 5f* eArl,ncA1 T ^u1 1 ti-AgAi'o CofACCAC. The leaves are used for asthma and spasmodic bronchial affections. Extract of Coltsfoot is an ingredient in some modern bronchial lozenges. Petasites Fragrans. Winter Heliotrope, ptup nA 5p eme 5f6inreiceAC.
;

>

Petasites Officinalis. Butterbur. t>ot^An. Senecio Vulgaris. Groundsel. SponnUir SfimiUir t>tiACAU,n r\A nAfCAfVAn. Said to be a vermifuge. Before Castor Oil had attained its popularity as a safe and efficient purgative for children it was the practice in Ireland to add a sprig or two (according to age) of groundsel to the milk, which was then boiled, strained, and given to constipated babies. Senecio Jacobaea. Ragwort, or St. James's Wort. IDuacaLaii t)ur6e feATi CAtriiAti botCAti buroe Cuifeog
; ; ; ; ;

t)ur6e.

The leaves were applied to foul wounds and sores of animals in the form of a poultice. Was not used in

human

therapeutics except as an ingredient in applica-

tion for cancer.

Senecio Aquaticus.

Marsh Ragwort.

{Fairies' Broomstick).

SAfflA-O CllfVpAlg.

The pounded leaves were applied as poultice

purating wounds.

to sup-

31 Carlina Vulgaris. Carline Thistle.

'Feoc.A'OAn miti.
;

Arctium Lappa. Burdock. Cocoit; CfiA-OAti (CtiA'oi.ri) ItleACAti ~CoX)At ; VOeACAn "OojA Capos CuAitH. There are three varieties to be found everywhere in This division Ireland, majus, intermedium, minus.
;

relates only to size. Plant contains Inulin, Carbonate of Potash and Nitre.

Recommended

as a blood purifier. applied to glandular swellings.

Externally was
"potAnniin.

Cnicus Lanceolatus.

Spear

Thistle.

1e6CAT>An

Cnicus Palustris.

Marsh Thistle. "peoCA-OAti CupfiAij. Bog Thistle. Ct,ucj\Ari t^AnA. Cnicus Pratenses. Silybum Marianum. Milk Thistle. tieAfinAn t)f\eAC.
Centaurea Nigra.
;

Said to stimulate the flow of milk in nurses. Black Knapweed. CtiApAti "Outi TliArifcot. "OuO
>
1 -

TTIuIIac

Centaurea Cyanus. Corn Blue Bottle, 5tw,Arl ^ u f 5 t* tT, ^ ,rl Coifce Jor" Cichorium Intybus. Chicory, tup An cSiucdifve; tlArpuAn
>

mof.
Said to be a waif of cultivation, evidently used coffee was the prevailing drink.

when

Nipple Wort. Lapsana Communis. "OuiUeos TtlAie. t)fi5"oe

;

"Ouateog
CeAtigA t)6
;

(tdleog)
tlostur.

Picris Echioides.

Bristly

Ox Tongue.
"1
f

Picris Hieracioides.

Hawk
Hieracium

Weed.

Pilosella.
|

t-uf r\A SeA&AC ffluc.

SeAffoAn

Mouse Ear Hawk Weed.) Taraxacum Officinale. Dandelion. CAifeAjvoAn (CAifCfeAftUn); C Cor "OeApg. CaoI. T)eAvs C The root contains Taraxcin, Taraxacerin, Inulin, and

Potash.

It is best collected in

autumn.
t)Ainne
ttluice
;

Sonchus

Oleraceus.
;

Sow-Thistle.
Goat's
r\A

teicif

5eitv^fiAt)

Dtiocc feocA-OAti.
pin-Dig

Tragopogon Pratensis.
5At>Af.ul,CA
;

Beard. TDmc.

FeAfog $AttAm

32

CAMPANULACEAE.
Lobelia Dortmanna. Water Lobelia, ptuft An LocAin. Jasione Montana. Sheep's 'Scabious. Cab An "OeAfAm ; C&X> An ^AfAm. Campanula Rotundifolia. Hare-bell. tf tiA gCoinnte gCA-pAt
.

vneApAC&n gopm.

VACCINIEAE.
Vaccinium Vitus-Idaea. Cowberry. tDoiieAfic t)fiAicle65. Vaccinium Myrtillus. Bilberry or Whortleberry. PfVAocAn
;

pirAoCog.

Vaccinium

Oxycoccus.
;

Cranberry.

CofvnAn

Ttttnteoj;

iThonoj;

Cf\uibin.

ERICACEAE.
Strawberry Tree. Cfuvnn Sug-CAtrhAw, Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi. Bearberry. Luf x\a ScaIoj. Andromeda Polifolia. Marsh Andromeda. ppAoc Cu^pAig. Calluna Vulgaris. Ling. PfiAoc. Erica Tetralix. Crossleaved Heath. j\aoc An tltnnnfe ; PfVAoc
TlAOfCAige.

Arbutus Unedo.

Erica Cinerea. Bell Heather. fpAo6 pijveAnn. Erica Mediterranea. Mediterranean Heath. j\aoc CAmogAC. Dabeocia Polifolia. St. Dabeoc's Heath. fiAoc ^ail-da "Pfvdoc nA n-Aom-Coire.
;

PLUMBAGINEAE.
Statice Rariflora.
ITIa^a.

Looseflowered Sea Lavender,

l/up Li At riA

Armeria Maritima.

tlomin An CuvoAig

Sea Pink or Thrift. Conn An CtAT>Aig Cip UfUgA. Prob. cibc.

;

PRIMULACEAE.
Primula Vulgaris
Primrose.
y

t)ur6e

t)ui'6eACAn

\l nately styled t>Amne-t)6-t)leAcc"; 1 t)Ainne-t>6-t>uv6e ;

j

Primula Officina
lis.

t)Ainne-t)6 -t)Aine peACAn totM-be Cowslip.^ pteAfc 1 mbeAt bo. TTIuifeAn, -|mt. Is said to be narcotic. Cowslips were given in insomnia

33

Lysimachia Vulgaris.
(t)uroe).

Yellow Loosestrife,

Luf

tiA

SiotCAtiA

Lysimachia Nummularia. Moneywort ; Creeping Jenny. tf An "Da pingm. Lysimachia Nemorum. Yellow Pimpernel, turColtnmciUe SeAtnA]ATtlui^e; turAipenArrUncoroe; t-urnAmAigoeAnA
TT1it\e.

Anagallis Arvensis.
Glass.

Scarlet Pimpernel
;

Shepherd's Weather
;

pacAipe TpvA^ JTAlCAipe piA-bAin Lui> tia TTIuc. Anagallis Tenella. Bog Pimpernel. TfAicA^e CuppAig. Samolus Valerandi. Brook Weed. ^AlCA^e An Uirce.

OLE ACE AE.

;

'

Fraximus Excelsior. Ash. puinnreog num. The bark is recommended in the form of a foot bath for
tender feet.

Ligustrum Vulgare.

Privet.

puimeA-o

Cop tuAtpAf.

GENTIANEAE.
Erythraea Centaurium.
ttluipe
;

Centaury. CeA'o-'ouiUeAc
tJuitte.

"Opeimipe

"O^imipe
;

Used as a tonic
rheumatism. Gentiana Amarella.

also given internally for muscular

Felwort.

muilCeAtin.
;

Menyanthes

Trifoliata.

Bog Bean. pcnAi^e Calami

;

CupjiAig ; X)eA\mAn Lacaiti bitter tonic and cathartic.

Pa6a\\at\

p<5p An

ponAipe CapaHX.
for

Has been recommended

rheumatism.

BORAGINEAE.
Symphytum
Officinale.

Comfrey.

tup

tiA

gCnAtfi mt)fifce

TTle.dCAn "OuB.

Is said to be of use in knitting fractures in bones if taken internally ; it was also bound round the site of fracture. Said to have been formerly used for fattening pigs.

Myosotis Palustris. Forget-me-not. Suit An Cuic

tup minl.e
;

Luf
TIA

TTHoLd.

Echium Vulgare.
Borago
TlAtf\AC ; Officinalis.

Viper's Bugloss. tup tia CeAtigAti Luf T1A TlAtfAC. Borage. tJopriAirce goftn.

CeAtvgA

34

CONVOLVULACEAE.
Calystegia Sepium. Great Bind Weed. Cuf\j\Ati Cd-pcd ; \a~o\mx Convolvulus Arvensis. Small Bind Weed. "OuiU.rne.dl,. Dodder. CtutWn (-oeAris). Cuscuta Epithymum.
.

SOLANACEAE.
Se^^ttog 1tlitif ; tf ha 6ce, SLac gojwi ; puAtjopm. Its name Is narcotic like most herbs of this order. (luf v\a ti-Oroe) would suggest that it was formerly used to promote sleep. None of the present-day herbalists use it. Hyoscyamus Niger. Henbane. CaoC tia gCe^iic ; X)eot>A g-d-pAnn ; Cf\Ann gApAinn. Occurs sparsely but throughout the country. It is of immense importance in modern medicine its leaves are a source of the powerful alkaloids Hyoscine and

Solanum Dulcamara.
ri-Oi
,

Bitter Sweet.

Hyoscyamine. Atropa Belladonna.

Deadly Nightshade.

miocoj

t)uit)e

t-up TTlort CoiU.eA'6.

Has

established itself as a native on the shores of Coney Island, in the river Fergus, and on the shores of Lough Mask, near Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo. Was known, as is

evident from the Irish rendering, in ancient times.

SCROPHULARINEAE.
Verbascum Thapsus.
trior*.

Great Mullein.

Coinneal rhuitve

tur

In the past this plant bore a great reputation for curing consumption an ounce of the dried leaves was boiled in a pint of milk, which was then strained and given to the patient at intervals during the day. Modem herbalists use the same decoction for the cure of diarrhoea. A poultice of the leaves was applied as a cure for " running sores." Digitalis Purpurea. Foxglove, tuf mop t)AitieATin ; me.drvAC.Ati
;

nA
It is

mtMn

Sroe.

Sio-oAn Sl&tte.

hard to determine why the title "Great Herb" should be conferred on this plant except on the

t,u r r\A rnt).dn Si-oe.

35

assumption that
sonally

know

its virtues were recognised. I per* of only one instance in which the herb

was used by the unorthodox practitioner in recent times. The old men and women " with the charms " will always deny their use of it in internal medicine. They admit its use as an ingredient in ointments for scrofulous swellings. A modern clinician, referring to
the use of Digitalis in cardiac disease, states " Digitalis deserves no reproach when it fails in many of these cases, for it always will and must fail until some drug is found which can develop new tissue for old ; and when such a drug is found, to use a Biblical expression, there will be no sorrow, neither will there be any more pain,' and possibly, I may add, neither will there be death." Toad Flax. tofCAn-iioti DuToe. Linaria Vulgaris. Was not used medicinally. Linum catharticum, q.v., also called Fairy Flax, is the herb used by the herbalists. Fluellin. Linaria Elatine. SeAtnAp. CpiAt) (C^e) tuf Cpe.
'
;

(See Speedwell). The first form of the Irish rendering denotes the " male," the second the " female " herb. One cannot explain this system of sex morphology on any other than There are only two genders the grammatical basis. in Irish, masculine and feminine, there being no neuter. One can easily conjure up the reason -why a plant in fruit would be relegated to the female sex and earlier in its life history, before pollination occurs, to the

male

sex.
;

Water Figwort Water Betony. Scrophularia Aquatica. "Ountuf Uifce. Suj peAfnA. t>iA-ocAf> three. One of the many herbs used as a cleanser of Wounds by local application and internal medication. Knotted Figwort. Scrophularia Nodosa. tf ha gCnApAti "Ountuf pot^um ; t^Af-AC *Ouo While Digitalis is known as the queen of herbs, S. nodosa An ointment was made from is said to be the king. the knots or knobs powdered and mixed with lard. This ointment was applied to relieve piles and skin A similar preparation is used by lesions of all kinds. farmers in the treatment of farcy in horses.
;

36
Veronica.
Speedwell, tup x\a t)AiiAlcf(A (also SeAtnAfv C-pe and tuf Cpe.) As the name implies, was used by nursing mothers for
',
1

sore breasts. There are fourteen varieties of Veronica found native to Ireland. Veronica anagallis aquatica. Water Speedwell. puAtACCAijv Veronica Beecabunga. Brooklime. total ttlotAin tholAn
. ;

1tlui|\e

LocAt.

All the varieties of Veronica besides V. officinalis were used in coughs proceeding from chest trouble of any kind. The V. serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaved Speedwell)
is to-day the classic remedy for whoopingThis herb is known in Irish as tuf nA Cp eAtA. Euphrasia officinalis. Eyebright. Uon Ua^a^c ; Soittf e na Sul; t,uf r\A 1-eAc. Is an astringent. Was used in respiratory and eye trouble, and especially in measles where both occur. A special variety is peculiar to the West, viz., E. Salisburgensis. It flowers in July and August, with white medium sized blossoms and rich dark coppery brown

was and

cough.

foliage.

Pedicularis

Palustris,

Pedicularis
tocoAti

Christi-galli.

Lousewort or Rattle.
TliAtt.dc
;

gioltA

tf

Rhinanthus ma-$A&Aifi tuf An Cioigni ; milfeAti motiA;

Sylvatica,
;

ttlAOtlAn ttlonA.

OROBANCHEAE.
Orobanche Rubra. Bed Broom Rape. \ Siof\ SionlAc Orobanche Hederae. Ivy Broome Rape, mucoj;. f Orobanche Major. Greater Broom Rape. SpAtmAn. Orobanche Major is rare the Red Broom Rape is found only in the West and North, and the Ivy Broom Rape
;

chiefly in the South. Lathraea Squamaria. Tooth Wort,

ttir iia eriACAi.

LENTIBULARIEAE.
Utricularia Vulgaris. Bladderwort. tur ah t)ofmAi Pinguicula Vulgaris. Butterwort. tiAit; Uit-tn ce; meAfCAtir t)o DAti-meAfCAiti ; t^ogA ha curiiAig.
,

37
t_eit-uifce denotes the disease of Liver

and
herb

is
is

Fluke in Sheep, always contracted on moist lands where this also found. The leaves possess the property

of curdling milk.

VERBENACEAE.
Verbena Officinalis. Vervain. C^ubA LeorhAin t>ur6eAC. It was worn round the neck for scrofula. Is found in the limestone districts in the South is rare in the North.
;
;

LABIATAE.
Mentha Rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint. meAnctif Wionc;
;

TnioncAf.

Mentha Mentha

piperita.

hirsuta.

Peppermint, tup ah piobAip. Watermint. pifimlti C&i^ceAi; inifimifi

;

TTIiptnin T)eAf\5.

Mentha arvensis. Cornmint. tnioncAf Af\t5Aif\. Mentha Pulegium. Pennyroyal. Aj\ ati gtA-p t>opoj;Ac. The mints are said to have been introduced, and are spreading, especially in the South. The above species and Mentha sativa are now classed as natives. Lycopus europaeus. Gipsywort. peo-p.an CujvpAig. An ingredient in cough cures. Said to be used by gipsies
;

on the complexion. Marjoram. O^As&n mAi^ciri pA"6Airi< Has the botanic title originated from the Irish appel laThe oil extracted from the plant is used as an tion ? application for rheumatic joints. Thymus Serpyllum. Wild Thyme, tur rfiic tlig tlfveACAiti. is antiUsed in the treatment of whooping-cough spasmodic and carminative. CeAtin CinncoHle Clary or Wild Sage. Salvia Verbenaca. AtAif tiAt. SAifce Crmic SAi^ce f lAttAin CotwiAti Wood Sage. SAifce CoilleA-b. Teucrium scorodonia. These are the only native sages. Sage is recommended There is an old Irish saying for intestinal colic.
for colour effect

Origanum vulgare.

-\ An SAifce Ap ah jcnoc." 1f tnAi^s ooigeottA'o t)Af is on the mountain no one should die). Nepeta Glechoma. Ground Ivy. AtAif-tr ; eittneAti tAVtti&n. It was given in the form of an infusion for bronchitis. It is also recommended as a tonic and diuretic.

"

(While the sage

38
CeAtitiAtWn Prunella Vulgaris. Self-heal, tur an Cfoie X)voAn CeArnicAfAC X)eAs ; T)ut)mvr\ An cSeAncuif
;
;

Ufe i\a rigd-pivodncd.

used to make " Cailleach's Tea," recommended for a " weak " heart. Marrubium Vulgare. White Horehound. gt^t^ ^ati. A household remedy in the form of tea or candy for colds and coughs. It is not a true native. t)f6Antuf. Ballota Nigra. Black Horehound. gjvdpdn T)uX> The leaves are used in the form of a poultice for ulcera-

Was

Stachys Betonica.

tion of the skin. Betony. Is rare in Ireland.

tuf .t3e.dt.di5

tuf

Ttlic

t)eAtAig.

Stachys palustris. Marsh Woundwort, "Ouateog riA Sao\i. Stachys sylvatica. Hedge Woundwort. OpaaecUir. Both of the above were used as applications to fresh wounds.
Galeopsis Tetrahit. Common Hemp Nettle, g.dt t)ui'oe. Lamium amplexicaule. Henbit. Tle^nncos thui^e. Lamium purpureum. Bed Dead Nettle, Tle-dnncoj "Oedjtj;
Tledtincos

Caoc

TtlA^tt.

Lamium album.
Ajuga reptans.

White Dead

Nettle,

ffe.dTinco5 X)&n.

Common

Bugle.

VfleACAn

'Duo

iAt>.diri

Jt-dfAiii Coittedt).

Vulnerary and general healing application.

PLANTAGINEAE.
Plantago

Waybread, Plaintain. Copoj p-d-opAis CfW pd'OtlA'g C-pu.dc p.d'OfV.dlj;. Connected with the life of St. Patrick, legendary and
major.
;

traditional.

Plantago lanceolata. Bibwort. Stdntuf. The leaves of both P. major and P. lanceolata were
applied to

wounds and

sores of all kinds.

ILLECEBRACEAE.
Scleranthus

annuus. Knawell. CdttAifi rhuijve rtliondti ttlui^e tuf.OftA. Is given in urin ary complaints Is a favourite herb with the herbalists of the present day. It is given by them in all diseases accompanied by a disordered urinary function.
; ;
.

39

CHENOPODIACEAE.
Chenopodium album. White Ooosefoot. tuf Coife 56 (b&n) PriAif eA6 f lAttAin. Chenopodium rubrum. Red Ooosefoot. tuf Coife ge (-oeArvg). Chenopodium murale. Nettle-leaved Ooosefoot. pjvAif eAC tia
mt)AllA
;

An

.411.4.

Chenopodium Bonus Henricus.

PflAlpeAC iDHAtAf.

All
;

Good,

Wild Spinach.

Beta maritima.

Sea Beet.

t>iA-ocAf

tJein-e ia-6aiti.

POLYGONACEAE.
Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bindweed. JtumeAC t)u>. Polygonum Aviculare. Knot Grass. gtfiineAc. fteAg. Polygonum Hydropiper. Water Pepper. JiumeAC rhori jVumeAC teit. Polygonum Persicaria. Persicaria. glumeAc "OeAfyg. Polygonum Bistorta. Snakeweed. Copog Tlittie Scomfe. Rumex obtusifolius. Broad-leaved Dock. Copog StvAi'de
;

'

t)it.e65 S-pAi"oe.

Rumex Hydro lapathum. Great Water Dock. Copoj; Ttl6f\tlifce. Rumex Conglomerate. Sharp Pointed Dock. Copog $e\Afi. Rumex acetosa. Sorrel Dock ; Sorrel. SAttiA* TliuteACAn
;

puinneog. Formerly used as a mordant in dyeing garments.

Rumex

acetosella. Sheep's Sorrel. SArfiA-o Caojvac. The leaves of All the above furnish chrysophanic acid. R. acetosella are said to have been used in former The danger attendant on the use of times with fish.

these herbs as a vegetable is evident when one bears in mind the extremely poisonous nature of their contents. Rumex acetosella is sometimes given for its diuretic
effect.

EUPHORBIACEAE.
Euphorbia Hiberna.
Irish Spurge.

Euphorbia Helioscopia.

..

Sun Spurge.
Euphorbia Peplus.
Petty Spurge.

t>Atnne Caoid ; luf An t-eAfArt ; Spuifif e ; buroe tia nlnJeAn ; TYIeACAn t>urbe An cSlfrioe "OeAtv5&4rmAti ; erbeAjuiA > t)Ainne nA ,5tAoic (Bog S.) ;
;

Euphorbia Exigua.

n^An.

Dwarf Spurge.

40

The

Irish Spurge has been used in Kerry and other parts small creel filled with the bruised to stupefy fish. plants is placed in the river, and for several miles down stream its effects are noticeable. The juice is used as an application for warts.

Mercurialis Perennis. Bog's Mercury. Mercurialis Annua. French Mercury.

PfAife.dc t)t\AtAf. PfiAifeAC lAt\L&.

URTICACEAE.
LeAi-h. Ulmus Montana. Wych Elm. teAtfiAn Humulus Lupulus. Hop. SAit-rjt\Aic tionntuiti SeAj* tuf
; ;
;

tup ah

LeAnriA.

Urtica Dioica. Great Nettle. Urtica Urens.

neAtincog; fleAtincA

CAotfAil.

Small

Nettle.

Parietaria Officinalis. WallPellitory. peAttfAovo; lur- Atit)AllA; mioncAf (TTleAncuf) CAi-pt. All the members of this order are diuretics. Parietaria Officinalis is given for its laxative effect and as a safe
diuretic.

MYRICACEAE.
Myrica Gale. Bog Myrtle. fUroteog
;

rUTDeog.

CUPULIFERAE.
Betula verrucosa. Dwarf or Knotty Birch. Deit CAttpAiseAC. Betula Pubescens. Common Birch. t)eit.

Alnus glutinosa.

Alder. peAtmog -peAtm-A. Coryllus Avellana. Hazel. Colt. Quercus Robur. Oak. "Oai|\ (Tli rw CoiUe). The fruits of the oak, acorns (meAftiA "OAtxAiJe, "DeAticAn, etc.), are said to produce wasting in cattle. Irish literature contains frequent references to the swine fattened on acorns in the forests. The mistletoe (Viscum album) OT\uA'6Uir>, or Uite-lce, and the oak are intimately connected with Druidism.
; >

41

SALICINEAE.
Salix alba. White Willow. S^iteac Saileos. The leaves are recommended for the disease known as pip in chickens. Salix cinera. Common Sallow. Cp Atin SitfotntA C^Ann SniorhtA. Salix Viminalis. Osier. JaUf Allege mAot&n. Populus tremula. Aspen. eMAf) CfAnn CficeAc. Salicin, a crystalline glucoside, is obtained from the bark of the various species of Salix and Populus.
; ; ; ;

EMPETRACEAE.
Empetrum nigrum.
pionnorge.

Crowberry.

tuf

tia

ponnoige

Caop

Juniperus communis.
1ttA|\
;

CONIFERAE. Common Juniper.

Xie&xm&n tDfiswe

t)emne tho-pa l.e.dcf a, -|mt. Taxus Baccata. Yew. \ e Taxus fastigiata. Irish Yew. j 1u5 The Irish or Florence Court yew is now commonly cultivated, and had its origin at Florence Court demesne County Fermanagh, whence its name. The seedling from which the tree (to be still seen at Florence Court) was produced was found " wild " by George Willis in

1767.
is female, consequently all trees produced by The seeds- produced by cuttings are also female. crossing the Irish Yew with the common Yew almost invariably reproduce the typical form, and not the This fact provides an interesting Mendelian variety. study. The leaves and seeds are poisonous, the berries are not. The aril or berry induces birds to distribute the seed.

-he tree

HYDROCHARIDEAE.
Elodea Canadensis.
Uifce.

Canadian Weed

Water Thyme.
;

Cim

Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae. Frog-bit. tuf torcain biof-f of

42

ORCfflDEAE.
Malaxis Paludosa.
Cu-p-pAig.

Bog Orchid

(or

Orchis).

mAgAitain

An

Neottia Nidus Avis. Bird's Nest Orchid. mAgAitain TIit) 6in. 'OA-'ouiUeos Heart-leaved Tway Blade. Listera Cordata.
(ah cpovoe). Listera Ovata. Tway Blade. 'OA-'ouitleoj; (An tho). Fragrant Lady's Tresses. Spiranthes Autumnalis.
Tfluifve.

CuiLin

TTlAsA^tin Broad-leaved Helleborine. Epipactis Latifolia. Cj\uA'6-Luf leAtAn. tnAgAifain C-puAt)Epipactis Palustris. Marsh Helleborine.

tUf
Orchis

Atl

Cuff\A1g.

nA Pyramidal Orchid. TTlAgAijain Pyramidalis. ScuAice. Orchis Morio. Green Winged Orchid. 1tlA;gAif\tin An SciAtAin
Orchis Mascula. .EaW?/ Purple Orchid. lYlASAijvtin TTlerofieAc. reputed aphrodisiac and referred to as such in Brian Merriman's famous Irish poem, " Mediae Noctis Consilium " (Cuijvc An TfleA'oon Orocs). Orchis incarnata. Common Marsh Orchid. mASAijain tt16f An Cuf>f>Alg. Orchis Latifolia. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchid. IDAgAifain

teACAn
Spotted Orchid. Uf\AC t)AUAc ; CeAj\c t)^eAc. Ophrys Apifera. Bee Orchid. 1TlAj;Aifain nA t)eice. Fly Orchid. mASAiplm nA Cuiteoige. Ophrys Muscifera. Habenaria Conopsea. Fragrant Orchid, Luf CAgtA Luf
;

Orchis Maculata.

UAigce. Habenaria Intacta. Close-flowered Orchid. An rtlAjAinlin Cmj. Habenaria Albida. White Mountain Orchid. fflAjjAifiLin t)An An cSt6i>e.

Habenaria

Viridis.

Frog Orchid.

mAgAitain An

tofCAin

CuTgeAt. An 'LofCAm.

Habenaria Bifoha.

Lesser Butterfly Orchid.

mAgAi^Un t)eAg
TnAgAifvtin

An eitiocAin.

Habenaria Chloraleuca.
ITIon An 'peitiocAin.

Greater Butterfly Orchid.

43

IRIDEAE.
Iris

Pseud-acorus. Yellow Flag. peiteAfC|\om SoileAfCA^ CuficAif SeitifCfom. The roots were used in the production of a black dye.
; ;

LILIACEAE.
Asparagus
Is
Officinalis.

Asparagus,

Lur SugAc

tur pnAicitt

CfveArn tTluc "piA-OAm.

found in, Ireland on, the Waterford and Wexford coasts, but is more prickly than the cultivated variety. Asparagus was known as a table vegetable in the days of Swift, and is said to have been introduced from Holland by his patron, Sir Wm. Temple. It was known to the Greeks and Romans in pre-Christian times. The third Irish rendering (Wild Pig's Garlic) shows that in former times, as at present, it was not esteemed a delicacy. It is an excellent kidney stimulant, and is recommended for gout and rheumatism. Allium Ursinum. Ransoms or Wild Garlic. CpeAifi CneArh gAijaeog 'piA'OAin. 5^i-pLe65 Tflui^e Allium Sativum. g^i-pteog. Cultivated Garlic, Flower of Garlic. tu-pACAn.
; ;

Clove of Garlic.

I0115A jAijiteOige.

Allium Schaenoprasum.
peu-fVAn.

Chives.

SiadaI

SiotiAf

SAitrtMn

The virtues

of garlic were appreciated in former times. Occasionally medical men of the present day laud it It is undoubtedly of value in in particular cases. tuberculous lesions internally and externally, and deserves attention both in human and veterinary

therapeutics.
Scilla

Nutans.
rtluc
;

t)utA Wild Hyacinth or Blue-bell. t)ugA uac mtnce also called Connie CoppA. (See
;

Harebell).

The exudation from stem and roots was used as a gum or

paste.

Colchicum Autumnale. Meadow Saffron. Cjwc teAnA. Is found near Carlow and Kilkenny. (The corms are used
to

make the

official tincture of

Colchicum).

44
Crocus Sativa, the true saffron (Cpoc) was used for dyeing It is used by the country linen sheets and garments. people to-day " to bring out the rash " of measles. Sheep's dropping (Faeces) (Cfioc ha mtMncd) is also a common remedy for measles throughout the country.

JUNCACEAE.
The rushes listed below are common all over the country. Many and varied were the uses to which these were put. Not many years ago we had rush candles, thatch for houses and corn stacks, matting for human dwellings, litter, hats, toys, and ropes.
Juncus Bufonius (Toad Rush) J. Squarosus (Heath Rush) J. Glaucus (Hard J. Gerardi (Round fruited Rush) Rush); J. Effusus (Loose flowered Rush); J. ConglomeJ. rates (Common Rush) J. Supinus (Bog Rush) Obtusiflorus (Blunt flowered Rush) J. Lamprocarpus (Shining fruited Rush) J. Acutiflorus (Sharp fruited Luzula Rush) Luzula Maxima (Great Wood Rush) Campestris (Field Wood Rush) Luzula Erecta (Many
; ; ; ; ; ;
;

Rush). rendered in Irish by the following tucAifi tifi-buACAit\ tooj&tunne mi. t)foO The peeled Rush ready for candle making is

headed

Wood
is

The Rush
;

-|

geACAifie

p^S

(a).

The Rush
-dVoArm
;

light

:
;

xVOAnn 1teAfvn.dc

CfiiU/peAn

pAroeog.

TYPHACEAE.
Typha
Latifolia.
t>0"OAt1

Great Reedmace. "Out) AfVbAll, Cuic.

;

CuigeAl aa mt)An
Bur-Reed.

Srf>e,"

Sparganium Ramosum.
(CpAottAc).

Branched

ftij-feifc

Sparganium Simplex. Unbranched Bur-Reed, mg-feifc (bom). Sparganium Affine. Floating Bur-Reed. Rig-feifc (Afv f^rti)Sparganium Minimum. Small Bur-Reed. Ttig-feirc rhin.

AROIDEAE.

Arum Maculatum.
;

CtuAf Caoiti The roots contain starch.

Cuckoo Pint or Wake Robin. 5 A01ci n CutAij geAtAjv.

;

t>o-o geAfi

45

LEMNACEAE.
Lemna
Trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.

Lemna Minor. Common Duckweed.

ALISMACEAE.
Alisma Plantago-aquatica. 1 Great Water Plantain. Alisma Ranuncaloid.es. Lesser Water Plantain. J
I

tDio^f'L^n'Lu-r

Coficopog (mop).

NAIADACEAE.
Triglochin Palustre. Marsh Arrow Grass. Triglochin Maritimum. Sea Arrow Grass.
"|
.
I

f
J

Va W
,

An iU.cig.

Potamogeton. Pondweed. T)uiteAT cri,dn,AtUriri;'Ouilleo;;'F&ite. Sea Grasswrack. ma-f&utvAC. Zostera Marina

CYPERACEAE.
The commoner members
those listed below
:

of the order are the sedges

and

Carex Pulicaris.
C. Echinata.

Flea Sedge. Lesser Prickly Sedge. Distant Spiked Sedge. C. Remota. Lesser Tuft Sedge. C. Vulgaris. Smooth Heath Sedge. C. Glauca. Pink Sedge. Se^fc ; CMb ; C. Panicea. ^ Seir Green Bibbed Sedge. Cib. C. Binervis. Vernal Sedge. C. Praecox. Yellow Sedge. C. Flava. Hairy Sedge. C. Hirta. Bottle Sedge. C. Ampullacea. Cladium Mariscus. Twig Rush. Cots^ofc ; CotsjvSc. Creeping Spike Rush. Xju&tMy. Since. Eleocharis Palustris. Scirpus Caespitosus. Scaly Spike Rush. Uiacaiji rheircneAc. Scirpus Lacustris. Bull Rush. tJos-ttumne ; C|\cAif ; peiteACA
piAt>Aine.

Eriophorum Angustifolium.
t)Lat po^cAiJ.

Narrow-leaved

Cotton

Grass.

46

GRAMINEAE.
The grasses listed below are those members which are used or have some bearing on medicine and economic botany. A complete list is out of the question when one is dealing with such a multitude of species as the grasses afford.

Anthoxanthum Odoratum. Vernal Grass, The reputed cause of Hay Fever. The

Phalaris Arundinacea. Reed Grass. tdopfiAc LdCAti SiofgALdc. euf CurhjiA. grass is frequent It is this grass which in all parts. Hay Fever is rare. gives the odour to new mown hay. It is said to contain Coumarin and benzoic acid. Milium effusum. Millet Grass, muite^t) ; meAtitl>pfve.dj\dit\. Phleum Pratense. Timothy Grass. bcoAn 'etifi CapaiU.. Agrostis Vulgaris. Fine-leaved Bent. tHfmie.dc ; thigineAc; thnineAC.
; ;

Arrhenatherum Avenaceum. Oat Grass. Phragmites Communis. Reed. t>iofif\Ac.

Sesleria Caerulea^

Coif\ce i.<v6Ain.
t>eice.ari.
;

Moor-grass.

Sio-oa triors

Cynosurus Cristatus. Dog-tail Grass. CjUicnin Comf 6uj\. Dactylis Glomerata. Cock's-foot Grass, 'peufv 5-dfitt. Briza Media. Quaking Grass. pufv go-pcac. Poa Annua. Meadow Grass (genus). gt^r t&AriA ffioinfeufi
;

CeAntiA "OuCa

X>\<oX)

"oC6in.

Glyceria Aquatica. Reed Meadow Grass, peujv Festuca Ovina. Sheep's Fescue, peuf GdofiAc. Lolium perenne. Rye Grass. Coijice Pf\e.dCAin. Lolium Temulentum. Darnel. ftpeAliAn; tUoroeAiAti; ThteAn; Roitte, Known to produce drunkenness. Said to be an adulterant in malt and other liquors. Agropyrum Caninum. Wheat Grass (genus). pofuUn. Agropyrum Repens vel Triticum Repens. Couch, Scutch, Switch Grass. t>iuntnf;eufL One of the most difficult weeds to eradicate on account ,of its long jointed root stock. Each joint is capable of producing a new plant. There is a considerable demand for this root stock in medicine owing to its introduction into the B.P. It is a demulcent and is said to relieve irritative conditions of the bladder. Its use in medicine is not new by any means, but is on the increase. Irish

mmf

47
farmers

bum the " weed " or throw it over the cliffs into the sea when working on the coast line. It is " saved " by the people of the poorer districts and used as fodder for the donkeys in the winter. The difficulty in economically preparing the root, in washing, drying, cutting, and cleaning the product for the drug market is, so far, insurmountable.
Strictu.

Nardus

Matweed.

LuAtdifi ^adai^.
eofitiA.

Hordeum Secalinum.

Barley (genus).

FILICES.

Ireland, owing to the moisture of its climate, is the Fern's Paradise. More varieties and more elegant fronds are found here than in Great Britain.

Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense.

Tunbridge Filmy Fern. RAittieAC ScAnAnAC. Trichomanes Radicans. Killarney or Bristle Fern. R.AitneAC RuAinneAc. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris. Maiden Hair. "OuBCof ac ;

ScAitpeAc pAitxeAnn ponn. Sometimes used as an expectorant.

;

Bracken. TtAitneAC. Pteris Aquilina. Hard Fern. CeAnnAtoAn Blechnum Spicant.

Tl.41tne.AC C-puAfO.

"OuticofAC

Asplenium Adiantum Nigrum.

UAtrfiAn
;

Black Spleen Wort.

t-uf An

1uoaj\

1_u-p r\A

Seitge.

CofpAm

("Out)).

Asplenium Trichomanes.
Co-p^Ain. Lastrea Oreo pteris.

Maiden Hair Spleen Wort,

tup An

Sweet Mountain Fern.- TtAitneAC Ttlitif An cSl&iOe Cfim-fAitneAC. Male Fern. TTlApc fUitneAC Lastrea Aspidium Filix-mas. Important medicinally is a remedy for intestinal worm, particularly the Tape Worm. Polypodium Vulgare. Polypody. SceAifi nAgClxxi 1TleAj\lAj;. The root was used for (1) Rheumatism as an infusion,
;
;

(2)

as a snuff

Polypodium Dryopteris.
T)At\AC.

when powdered. Oak Fern.

SceArii "Oa^ac

Scim
t)ioj\-

Osmunda

Regalis.
;

f AitneAC

Royal Fern. ^All TlAitneAC

TlAitneAc An TCiog 1nnium-1TI6m.

48
Opioglossum Vulgatum.
Adder's Tongue,

Lur ha CeAnsAn
;

Botrychium Lunaria. Moon Wort, tuf tia miofA LuAtiluf "OeAtcUir ^Afstuf Asplenium Viride. Green Spleen Wort. Luf An CojifAin (gtAf). Asplenium Ruta-muraria. Wall Rue. Itutt tia SeACc ngA-OA. TUicneAC filtn^e Athyrium Filix-foemina. Lady Fern.
>'

TtAitneAC TtlATDfA
;

TVIaic.

Scolopendrium Vulgare. Hart's Tongue. piAit> UeAngA pAro.

Ceterach Officinarum.
Scale Fern.

CpeArii tia ttluice

TlAitneAC TfleifCfveA<l.

TlAitneAC Ctntmn. Aspidium Lonchitis. Holly Fern. Aspidium Aculiatum. Prickly Shield Fern. ItSeAg 5 A t*Aspidium Angulare. Soft Shield Fern. lOeAg Thin.

EQUISETACEAE.
Equisetum maximum.
"PeA-oog.

Great Horse Tail.

BAfbAtt CapaiU,

Equisetum Palustre. Marsh Horse Tail. Cui-pifcui. Equisetum Nudum. Naked Horse Tail. CuAijvroir). Equisetum Hyemale. Dutch Bush. tDio^og.

LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium
Selago. Fir Club Moss. Cpuibini SionnAlg.

Saji&osac (1of6ipe)

Lycopodium inundatum. Marsh Club Moss. SAptiogAC &n Cu^Aig. Lycopodium Clavatum. Common Club Moss. gAfoogAC. Lycopodium Alpinum. Mountain Club Moss. Ja^Bosac An
cStertDe.

49

THE MARINE FLORA.

OLIVE COLOURED SEA WEEDS.
MELANOSPERMEAE.
(A) Fucaceae.

Bladder Wrack. Fucus Vesioulosus. wa CjviorcAf* "OuB "peArriAin tltntgineAC eAmAin CAitineAC. SCtog Fucus Nodosus. Knobbed Wrack. Cjuor caji T)utJ nA TtuA-oog. Fucus Serratus. Serrated Wrack. CjviofCAf "Outi lA'OAfitAC. Fucus Canaliculatus. Channelled Wrack. T>uAlAm&n. The Bladder Wrack has been used for fattening pigs in Some modern therapeutists the North of Ireland.
; ;

recommend

it.

as a cure for obesity.

(B) Sporochnaceae.

Desmarestia Aculeata.
(C)

5f\uAig CfiAgA.

Laminariaceae.

Laminariae (various). Sea Tang, Tangle, Girdles, etc. CjviofCAp, SLac tttAjtA ScAtfi t^uip C^iof can An Aitcinn ttA^tog "peAmnAC peAm ITIuuac ml. t>uj\fvrcAirh The dried stems are used as dilating agents in surgery. The Laminariae, owing to the high percentage of iodine which they contain, are used in the " kelp " industry.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; -|

THE RED SEA WEEDS.

(a)

Cryptonemiaceae.

Dilisk, Dulse. Iridea Edulis, also styled Schizymonia Edulis. "DuiteAfc 1T)in. Chondrus Crispus and Gigartina Mammilosa. CAfitAisin ; CofAiniii CA^Aige ; ITlAtAi^ ah "OuiUrc CeAnn 'Oonti. Both of these Algae are gathered indiscriminately as " Carrageen Moss." The dried product is known as " Lichen Hiberniae " to the chemist, who sells it under the name of " Irish Moss " for making demulcent
;

cough mixtures.

50

They belong

to the

as Florideae.
,

group of Eed Algae, otherwise known They contain a red pigment called

Phycoerythrin combined with the usual green colouring matter Chlorophyll, Floridean starch, oil drops, and

Owing

Iodine. to the low content of heat-producing elements, Carrageen provides an excellent summer food in the form of blanc-mange. For this reason also, and for its demulcent properties and iodine content, it is useful in the dietary of the consumptive.
(b) Corallinaceae.

Corallina officinalis.

Curiae CriAgA.
(c)

Rhodymeniaceae.
T)uii,eAr-c

Rhodymenia Palmata.
(d)

gAr*.

Laurenciaceae.

Laurencia

(various).
Cru5.j;.d.

Pepper Dulse,

Tufted,

and Obtuse.

milfeAn

(e)

Rhodomelaceae.
CtiriAC UriiorcAip.

Polysiphonia Fastigiata.

GREEN SEAWEEDS.
CHLOROSPERMEAE. ULVACEAE.
Porphyra Lanciniata.
SlATJAC.
Is stewed for hours until tender,

Laver or Sloke.

SleAbACAn

SteAfiAc

and when dressed with

butter, vinegar and pepper, it is served as a vegetable. Ulva Latissima. Green Laver. 5 Lap An. Is sometimes sold as " Sloucawn." It is usually employed as packing for oysters and lobsters.

Enteromorpha

Intestinalis.

LiotiAin VlAitne,

bneAH, tUitne.

51

Part

II.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Section

IN IRELAND.

I.

PRE-CHRISTIAN OR DRUIDIC PERIOD.

Druids and Druidesses.

Their

Role as Healers.

Next to

the kings in Ireland, this class ranked in importance.

They were priest-physicians and teachers. They had a monopoly of learning. The etymological derivation of the Though some derive it from the word Druid is obscure. Greek, we must look to our own language for its origin and significance. As Druidism is intimately connected with the
oak, learning, and magic, the following words Dair and Drus,

Darmhaigh (pronounced Drew), meaning oak and Druidh or Draoi, meaning wise-man, charmer, or magician, seem to provide a very natural derivation. It is beyond doubt that Druidism is Celtic and. existed in its pure state among the tribes of ancient Britain. The evidence
signifying Oak,
plain,
is contained in the Tripartite Life, in which a special garment for wizards is referred to, called the Tonach Druadh or Vestis Magica. There is also St. Patricks hymn entreating Christ's aid against In the " Feast of the spells of women, smiths, and druids. Bricriu " Cathbhadh appears in the role of a Filidh (seer or poet), though elsewhere he is mentioned as the Druid of Concubhar's court. Further evidence of a Druidic regime in Ireland presents itself in a Cork and Kerry version of the Lord's " prayer, in which we find " na lig sinn i n-draoidheachd

as to the existence of Druids in Ireland

(allow us not into Druidism or WizaTdry), instead of the usual " lead us not into temptation." These, to my mind, present

52

fact

Druids held sway in Ireland which some deny but those people who are acquainted with the folk-lore and customs in connection with Halloween, Hogmanay, and May-day will not need any further evidence. Amcngst the deities worshipped by the Druids was a god
sufficient evidence that the

To him was dedicated the of medicine named Rictenus. herb Belinimica, said to be a species of henbane. Pliny says that nothing was so sacred to the Druids as the mistletoe and the oak. Whenever the mistletoe was discovered growing on the oak it was the occasion of great ceremony. The Druids on the sixth day of the moon ascended the oak with a golden knife, gathered the all-healing mistletoe and placed it on the altar under the parent tree. Here, at least, in the early days of Druidism, were offered human sacrifices the victims included prisoners, criminals, and at times even
;

their (the druids)

own

children.

As a sanitary precaution somewhat similar to our modern quarantine, but more drastic, was the practice of offering in sacrifice all persons suffering from dangerous and contagious diseases by placing them within a circle of osier twigs, to which fire was applied, thereby reducing the unfortunate mortals to ashes, but at the same time preventing the spread
of disease.

While we have evidence that the sufferers from contagious diseases were put to death, we also hear of more humane treatment for the sick and feeble. Even in the remote pagan times Princess Macha, B.C. 300, founded the Broin Bhearg (house of sorrow). This is one of the earliest hospitals on record.
It was used by the Red Branch Knights, and served as the royal residence in Ulster until its destruction in A.D. 332. (Seanchus Mor). In the Genealogies of MacPirbis we get a glimpse of the ancient Irish masters of medicine. O'Curry's translation reads thus " Thus saith the ancient authority the first doctor, the first builder, and the first fisherman that ever were'
:

in Erin

Capa, foremost healer of the sick in his time, was

all

powerful. Eaba, the female physician, who accompanied the lady Ceasair, was the second doctor.

53
Slangha, the son of Partholan, was the third doctor that came into Ireland and Feargna.the grandson of Cridhinbheal, was the fourth, " The doctors of the Firbolgs were Dubhda Dubhlosach, Condan Corinchisnech, and Finghin Pisiocdha Maina, the son of Gressach, and Aongus Anternmach. " The doctors of the Tuatha De Danann were Dianchecht, Airmedh, Miach, etc. Dianchecht lived in the reign of Bong Nuadha Airgeadlamh (of the silver hand) his name signifies vehement power. His skill enabled Nuadha, who had lost his arm in the battle fought between .his tribe, the Tuatha, and the Firbolgs, to return to his throne, from which he was debarred, having lost his hand. Creidhne, the metal worker, made and fitted the artificial hand when Dianchecht had cured the
; ;

wound

in

a bath of herbs.

The

skill of

Dianchecht was

again instanced in the battle with the Fomorians, when the wounded Tuatha were brought to the lus magh or plain of herbs where a bath was prepared, presided over

by Dianchecht with his daughter Ochtrinil, and his two sons, Airmedh and Miach. From the herbal bath the warriors returned to the fight refreshed and made whole by this efficient field medical organization." In the Book of Leinster we find a reference to Finghin
Faithliagh, physician to Conchubhar MacNeasa, king of Ulster A.D. 33. Finghin was called to Conchubhar, whose skull was penetrated by a missile from the sling of an enemy in battle. The Ultonians besought Finghin to save Conchubhar 's life. Finghin proceeded to tell them that if the missile were removed the king would die. But again, if allowed to remain a The Ultonians replied, blemish would be upon their king. " Is fearr linn ar ri do bheith ainmheach iona a eag " (We had rather that our king should have a blemish than that he

should die).

Conchubhar was restored to life, but was restricted in his " He was to be cautious, not to get into a movements. passion, to avoid sexual intercourse, to avoid riding en horseback, to abstain from violent exertion, otherwise that by the repelling motion of his own brain he would hurl the ball from his head and die."

54
instance of cosmetic surgery, as performed by Finghin, found in the suture of the scalp wound with threads of gold to blend with the golden locks of the royal patient. The story of Conchubar's death, as popularly told, bears out the excellent advice and skilled prognosis of his physician. The story runs thusConchubar asked his druid what was the cause of the change in the heavens, and the druid replied, " Jesus Christ is being put to death by the Jews." " That is a pity," replied Conchubar, " and if I were present, I would And with that he slay all that are putting him to death." drew forth his sword and went into an oak wood, and set to felling the trees, saying that if he were amongst the Jews he would treat them in the same way and through the strength of the fury that seized him the ball bounded from his head and a portion of his brain followed it, and with that he died. The female Druids, or Druidesses, were divided into three classes. The first lived together in sisterhood, having vowed perpetual virginity. They possessed supposed powers of divination, healing and sorcery. The second were married women, who, however, cohabited only for a short time or occasionally with their husbands. They lived mostly with the Druids. The third, the lowest in rank and estimation, performed the menial duties in connection with all Druidic rites. As Druidism is intimately connected with the oak, it is easy to understand that the mistletoe was a favourite remedy. The shrub, they believed, gave fertility to man and beast, and was used by them as a specific against all kinds of poison. The Vervane was another plant in their pharmacology. It was gathered on a moonless night at the commencement of the dog days. From it they made an ointment which was considered efficacious not only in preventing and curing diseases, but also in conciliating friendship. They used the herb Selago, a species of Savin, for diseases of the eye. This plant was used by burning and allowing the smoke to ascend to the

An

is

eyes.

Just as our modern surgeons are clothed in white when performing operations, so the Druids were robed in white when performing their rites. All other classes were forbidden to

wear

this colour.

55

Section

IT.

Early Christian or Monastic Period.

The

spirit of

monasticism

is

the dominant feature charac-

terising the early Christian period in Ireland. It was in the fifth century that St. Patrick introduced the Christian religion. Paganism had disappeared in the seventh century. Under monastic influence there grew up a number of schools. Students, attracted by the fame of the Irish schools attached to these monastic institutions, came from all parts. Medicine was taught and practised by the monks in these schools. One has only to glance through the numerous

manuscripts now to be found in the great libraries of Britain and the Continent to see that the monks were diligent students
of medicine. Prom the schools of the West, such as Clonmacnois, Lismore, Glendalough, the torch of civilization was brought forth to the barbarous populations in Britain and on the Continent. This might well be called the sacerdotal stage of medicine in Europe, for a somewhat similar condition existed in all the

now being civilized by the monks of the West. The only country, however, which can bear as high repute The as Ireland is southern Italy, the old Magna Graecia. famous medical school of Salerno flourished from the eighth
countries

to the thirteenth century. Its work, including that of its women professors, is well known. It is very difficult to get authentic and specific information concerning the practice and methods of these sacerdotal practitioners, but it is beyond doubt that the monks exercised the calling of physicians and surgeons. Nobody denies that the nursing of the sick, especially during epidemics, was well organised by the early Christian communities. We have ample evidence to prove that hospitals and leper houses were established in Ireland at a very early period in connection with the monastic institutions. On the continent there were established in the sixth century by the Irish monks institutions known as hospitalia scothorum. read later an order by the Council of Meaux, A.D. 845, for the restoration of these institutions, which had fallen into decay. Perhaps these hospitalia scothorum were only a refuge

We

56

The terms hospitium, and Xenodochium applied in the early periods to such refuges or hospices for the numerous pilgrims of that time. The first hospitals, in the modern sense of the word, existed in the monasteries under the name of infirmitoria. Within the clausura was an infirmary for members of the community, and outside an infirmary for the ordinary individual. Just as medical science found a refuge in the monasteries, so in their infirmitoria were housed the sick and infirm. Another source of information concerning the early Irish Liagh, or leech, is the Seanchus Mor, or great code of Brehon Laws. These laws operated in early pagan times, but were modified in the fifth century when Christianity was introduced. They contain regulations to protect the people from unlawful practitioners and malpraxes. We read of
for the Irish in those alien countries.

domus

hospitalis,

probe. Uoi^eA-ooif, feAi-6 bloodletting. puiLiugA'6 popup UuAite territory house or hospital.

running stream, and was protected from fools, dogs, and women scolds. From the quotation below it will be seen that medical knowledge was possessed by women at an early period, and we must assume that such knowledge was gained in the monastic
built over a

The hospital was

schools.

" In the time of Alfred, King of the West Saxons, 872, as Fabian and Cooper have noted, there was a grievous malady reigning among the people called the evil ficus, which also took the king, so that, say mine authors, an Irish maid came out of Ireland called Modwen, whose monastery in time of rebellion was destroyed, and cured the king." Hanmer's Chronicles.

Anno

Some would have us believe that the part played by the monks in the progress of medicine was insignificant. "This much is true, however, that as teaching centres the monasteries were active they provided homes for students and afforded a safe repository for manuscripts. Bearing in mind
;

the numerous edicts issued from time to time forbidding the practice of medicine or surgery by ecclesiastics, we should

57

wonder
in

our own religious were not seduced from the cloister their continental brethren to the unfortunates languishing under disease outside, and were thus involved in one of the many admonitions and rulings of their superiors on this matter.
if

common with

Various Decrees forbidding Priests and Monks to practise Medicine and Surgery.

Council of Rheims, 1131, forbade law and medicine. Innocent III., Fourth Synod of Lateran, 1215, forbade surgery. Alexander III., Council of Tours, 1163, forbade study of surgery after ordination. Boniface VI., end of 13th century 1 Medicine and surgery were Clement V., at Avignon, early in )- forbidden under pain of 14th century excommunication. J

It is interesting to note that it

was Pope Alexander

III.

revived the clerical tonsure, and from this circumstance, coupled with the fact that he had forbidden religious to leave the cloister in pursuit of the practice of medicine or surgery, history first learns of the barber craft. In cases of external diseases, blood-letting and other manual operations it was the custom of the priests to send their own servants, who were also their barbers, to perform the operation Concerning the barber craft in Ireland, we shall learn more when treating of the guilds. The Bishops in Ireland, at the time of Charles II. and James I. possessed the power to grant licence to practice physic, surgery, and midwifery. They do not seem to have A quarto manuscript belonging to the used this power. Diocese of Down and Connor, entitled a " Book of Presedents for the Ecclesiastical Court,'' contains the form " Licentia Concessa A.B. ad practicand Artem Chirurgicam."
.

who

58

Section

III.

The Hereditary Physicians of the Septs or Clans.

Rise of a Medical Profession in Europe,

Introduction of Continental Methods.

Irish chieftains always possessed, even during the earlyChristian or monastic period, their own hereditary physicians, for whose maintenance they allotted large tracts of land. The territory so allotted was regarded as sacred, both in times of are not told, but surmise, that portion of peace and war. the land was devoted to the cultivation of medicinal herbs. The medical works of the period under review are for the most part translations from the Latin of Avicenna the aphorisms of Hippocrates, Galen, Razes and other fathers of Some of the names of these hereditary the healing art. physicians have been transmitted through their works. The O'Cassidys were physicians to the Maguires of Fertract entitled managh for fully two centuries 1320-1504. " Nature and Cure of the different diseases incident to the human frame " was written by Thomas O'Cassidy, one of the Another work in the fifteenth hereditary practitioners. century was written by O'Lee in Latin and Irish. The O'Lees were physicians to the O'Flahertys of West Connaught. Murrough O'Lee was looked upon as a magician, and was supposed to have received all his knowledge from the genii of the enchanted island of Hy-Brassil. The O'Hickeys were physicians to the O'Briens of Thomond and other heads of septs. They possessed a copy of " The Lily of Medicine." The " Lily of Medicine " was the work of

The

We

Bernardus De Gordon, professor of the Montpelier School, who died in the year 1305. Nicholas O'Hickey, a member of the same family, translated " The Rosa Anglica," a manual of medicine celebrated in its time. This was written by Gaddesden, who flourished in 1305, and O'Hickey's translation into Irish was made in 1400. The O'Callaghans of Cork were hereditary physicians to the McCarthys of Carbery the O'Nellans and O'Quinns were also
;

noted practitioners.

59
TJie O'Mearas, physicians to the Butlers of Ormond, were the' first to publish medical works in Latin. Dermot O'Meara

has

left us a book entitled Pathologica Hereditaria Oeneralis; which was printed in Dublin in 1619. A tract entitled " Hippocraticam Febrium Etiologium et Prognosim " has also been attributed to him. His son Edmond was the author of " Examen diatribae, Thome Wilisii," London, 1665, a work on fever written against the theories of Willis. The "Book of the O'Sheils," now in the Royal Irish Academy, contains the aphorisms of Hippocrates, commentaries on Galen, Avicenna and Vesalius, besides a dissertation on the therapeutics of our native flora. The date of the manuscript is unknown, but so great was its repute that it was

transcribed in 1657. reference to Murtough O'Sheil is found in the Annals of the Four Masters. He was mortally wounded in the petty revolution in the principality of the MacLoughlins. His death he is styled in the Annals as the best took place in 1548 The O'Sheils were physicians to the physician of his age. Macmahons of Oriel, and held the estate of Ballysheil, on the

banks of Brosna, in King's County. We may rest assured that the wars with Elizabeth entailed plenty of surgical work, but on the accession of James I. these hereditary practitioners were stripped of their holdings and
followed their liege lords to foreign lands. Owen O'Sheil was the first of the Irish physicians who set out for the Continent to acquire a more extensive knowledge than could be obtained at home. With this object he went to Paris in 1604. He studied there, but did not feel justified in taking out his diploma because, as he observed, the Parisian faculty was " somewhat lax at and favourable in the con-

He therefore proceeded to Louvain ferring of graduation." to study under Vanderhayden, Vangaret and Vieringhen. Here he took out his diploma after three years' study. Thence he came to Padua, then "the nursery of Gallian Phisick, prime angular stone of anatomy, the only phoenix in Europe of He medical science in speculative as well as theorick." remained there a year, and having passed his examination he received the degree of doctor " to the high repute of all
present." O'Shiel then spent half a year in Rome, whence he returned to Flanders, where he was appointed chirurgeon

60
doctor to the army of Albert and Isabella, joint sovereigns of the Low Countries. There he became chief of the medical faculty in the Royal Hospital of Malines, where he worked until 1620. In that year he returned to Ireland and settled in Dublin. After some years he earned the sobriquet of the " Eagle of Doctors." Later at the siege of Duncannon he was surgeon in chief of the Leinster Forces under Preston. Here he had ample field for his resources of leech craft. In the autumn of 1646, having lost confidence in the treacherous Preston, he thenceforth devoted his skill to the service of the troops commanded by Owen Roe. Before quitting the camp of his former chief O'Shiel sent him the following letter, which proves that he did not cease to take an interest in Preston's bodily health " My Right Honorable Lord,
1
:

" Having
while,

and

I have your honour should abstain from all sorts of wine, only Vin de pays and Rhenish wine,' excess in which direction was altogether excluded then and now also, my Lord, according to my obligations I do once again forbid the same. " Assuring your honour that no other end can be expected than to shorten your own days, whereby you will be an executioner of yourself if you follow the contrary. This much to discharge myself and my duty towards you I thought fit to certify, and so do rest and will ever remain
' ' ' ;

known the condition of your body this long calling to memory also how some years since given directions in the Low Countries whereby

"

Your true

servant,

"

Owen

O'Sheil."

O'Sheil died under the O'Neill banner,

amongst the
leaving

slain

and was found between Letterkenny and Schearsaullis,

his loss.

many men and women bemoaning

;

: " For I remember that the Chieftains of Ireland used each to give a piece of land to a healer who
his Confessio Authoris

Richard Arthur, M.D., was a distinguished contemporary and rival of O'Sheil his " fee book " is published in Kilkenny Archaeological Journal. John Baptist van Helmont, born 1577, died 1644, writes in

61
lived with them ; not one who came universities but one who could really

back trained from the

make sick people well. Each such healer has a book crammed with specific remedies bequeathed to him by his forefathers. Accordingly he who
book inherits also the piece of land. The book symptoms and ailments and the country remedies used for each, and the people of Ireland are cured more successfully when ill, and have generally far better
inherits the

describes the

health than the people of Italy."

62

Section IV.

The Rise of a Medical Profession.

Introduction

or

Continental Methods.
Valentine Greatrakes, of Afiane, Co. Waterford, affected in various diseases, He was so famous that he is said to have restored health. was eventually ordered to England by Charles II. Id the memoirs of the Earl of Orrery by Love we learn that " the Royal Society and other modern philosophers," not able to dispute the result which he obtained, found words to define it, and called those strange effects " a sanative contagion in his body which had an antipathy to some particular disease and not to others." Some instances of the cures performed by Greatrakes are given in the " Philosophical Transactions " by a Mr. Thoresby. Greatrakes was one of the first to develop this method of healing, which, we believe, emanated from the doctrine propounded by Paracelsus in De Peste this was the beginning of

About 1628

by passing his hand over the part

animal magnetism. A similar method, in conjunction with exorcism, was used by an Irish priest named Jas. Eeenachty about the period of the restoration. Both Greatrakes and Feenachty eventually lost their fame. Greatrakes died in Dublin in obscurity. The " Philosophical Society of Dublin " was founded in 1683 by Wm. Molyneux, who was a lawyer with a leaning towards science. This society was the only means by which Irish medical men could announce anything new or make known their opinions, previous to the foundation of the Medical School of Trinity College in 1710. One of the subjects discussed by Molyneux was the microscopic examination of the blood. His paper read before the Society would suggest that even at this early date medical jurisprudence was studied on a scientific basis in this country. A younger brother Thomas Molyneux, was a physician, botanist, and classical scholar. He has written papers on " Stone in the Bladder," "Epidemic Influenza" and the " Vesiculae Seminales."'

modem hypnotism and

63
It is interesting to note that Molyneux records for the first time Saxifraga Umbrosa as a Kerry plant in 1697, and, as he states, " vulgarly called by the gardeners London Pride," it must have been already familiar in cultivation. Allen Mullen, whose work on the comparative anatomy of the eye and his attempt to calculate the amount of blood in the human body have received the approbation of Sprengel and Von Haller, was one of the most original members of the Dublin Society. He died in Barbadoes, it is said, from a surfeit of the wine of that country. Many Irishmen never returned to their native land but gained fame in the country of their adoption. Amongst these may be mentioned Doctor Thady Dunn, who in 1538, shortly after the publication of Kenny's Catechism (the first book printed in Ireland) published his Epistolae Medicinales. He was domiciled at Locarno, Switzerland. In his De Morbis Mulieribus he advocates the warm bath in tedious labour. Neil O'Ciacan, a native of Donegal was appointed physician to the King of France and was privy councillor of that kingdom he was successively professor of physic at the universities of Toulouse and Bologne. His principal writings are Tractus De Peste, 1629, and Cursus Medicus, 1655. Bernard O'Connor, a Kerryman, studied at Mont Pelier he was later a physician to John Sobieski, King of Poland. His works are De Hwmani Hypogastri Sarcomatei, Dissertations Medicophysicae and the Evangelium Medici, in which he advances the opinion that fecundation is possible without At the age of thirty-two the actual contact of the sexes. O'Connor died in London, 1698. The subject matter of a work, Ireland's Natural History, by Arnold Boate, a Dutchman, practising in Dublin in 1649,
; ;

entitles it to

mention here.

64

Section

V.

Medieval Guilds and Chartered Bodies.

first medieval corporation of which we have any record was the Guild of the Art of Barbers or Guild of St. Mary Magdalene of the City of Dublin. This guild was established by a qharter of Henry VI. in 1446 for the promotion and exercise of the art of Chirurgery. Men and women were members until the union of the Barbers with the Chirurgeons who had sprung up in the meantime in 1576 by charter of Elizabeth. In 1687 the guild was further enlarged by the entry of the Apothecaries and Periwig makers. This latter guild was constituted the Corporation of the Apothecaries Hall by Act pf Parliament in 1792, and still

The

exists as sueh.

of the guilds appear to have kept strictly to particular branch from the beginning of the 18th century. The operation of bleeding and the extraction of the teeth were practised by the barbers. Dentistry as a profession had not yet arrived. All other surgical operations were performed by the Chirurgeons, The origin of the barber craft was seen when treating of the clerical or monastic physicians. These latter, owing to various decrees forbidding the priests to practice, were compelled to hand over this part of their work to their barbers, who were their servants. These barbers performed, previous to the papal decrees, all indelicate operations, especially for women folk, and applied remedies for external diseases as well as their tonsorial work. The collection of natural discharges for examination by their masters within the cloister was also part of the work performed by the barber. When the College of Physicians was founded in 1692, the members of the College came into conflict with Barbers,

The members

their

own

Chirurgeons and Apothecaries. An attempt was made by the college to prevent them from administering internal medicine, but without avail.

65
It would seem that surgeons other than members of the guild of Barber Chirurgeons existed and practised during the, period when these companies nourished these included Army
;

Surgeons, University Graduates, and men who had served an apprenticeship of five to seven years with surgeons of repute. There is a pamphlet in the Thorpe collection written during the reign of Queen Anne, which sets out " that there is not the least affinity between Surgery, Peruke-making, and the Feat or Craft of Barbery," " the barbarous and inhumane practices of impudent and ignorant Pretenders," and that " the Guild was a refuge for Empericks, Quacks, Women and other idle persons." The secession of the Apothecaries, together with the movement on foot at the time to regulate the practice of surgery, weakened the power of the guild. In the provincial towns, e.g., Cork and Limerick, in each of which a company of BarberSurgeons flourished, the same process of disintegration went on.

66

Section

VI.

The Private Schools.

The

earliest private school of which we have any record was Brennan's, on Arran Quay. An advertisement of this school appeared in the Dublin Weekly Journal, 1728, as follows
:

"

A course of Anatomy in all branches

is

(viz.)

Osteology,

Myology, Neurology, Adenology, and Enterology will be given by James Brennan, M.D., etc. The charge of this
course

two

Pistoles."

This school was in existence before the foundation of the school in connection with the College of Surgeons, and in all likelihood many others existed even before the foundation of the School of Physic in 1710, but of these there are no records
available.

The principal private schools of the nineteenth century in Dublin were Crampton's, Jervis Street Hospital School, Kirby's, The Theatre of Anatomy, the Park Street, Carmichael, Hargreaves, Peter's Street, Ledwich, Stephen's Hospital Medical School, and the School of Medicine of the Apothecaries Hall, which latter became the Cecilia Street School of Medicine of the Catholic University.
In 1812 Woodroffe's School of

Anatomy

where Hogan, the

sculptor, studied.

existed in Cork, Caesar's " recognized

School of Medicine " was established in Cork in 1828, and existed until the foundation of the Queen's College. Warren's Place School of Anatomy, Medicine and Surgery in the same city flourished 1835 to 1844.

67

Section

VII'.

Obstetrics in Ireland.

women formally, rejected the assistance of male praci titioners in their labour, progress in the art of midwifery was difficult. have progressed wonderfully since the days of Agnodice of Athens. Yet this Grecian lady can still be held
Since
1
;

'

We

as a model to our present day midwife despite the fact that the modern Trotula is much in evidence. The hereditary physicians of the clans are not known to have specially practised this branch of the profession. But it is not at all unlikely that a better system prevailed than that obtaining in the years that followed: As late as 1753 the College of Physicians refused to license anybody in physic who was concerned in the practise of midwifery. can therefore readily imagine what a barrier to progress existed when the art remained absolutely in the hands of the uneducated: Although in the charter granted to the College of Physicians in 1692 was given "full power and' authority to examine all' midwives," no use was made of the privilege. Previous to 1740 iour persons were examined by the College of Physicians for License in Midwifery Mrs. Cormack, 1696-7, was the first womanthus licensed. have undoubted evidence that the hereditary physicians were acquainted with the Hippooratic writings, which include reference to version, position and dismemberment of foetus and table for facilitating delivery. All the achievements of ancient times seem to have been forgotten by the physicians and surgeons of the later centuries. To Fielding Ould credit must be given for calling attention to the fact that no means existed in Ireland by whioh medical men could obtain instruction in midwifery. In 1740 he stated in a preface to his Manual of Midwifery that he was indebted to the Paris school for his practical knowledge. His description of the mechanism of labour, although incomplete, is the He first attempt to put this subject' on a scientific footing. advocated turning and extraction by the feet in cases of' slight contraction of the pelvis. He was the inventorof a contrivance

up

We

We

68
called the " terebra occulta," long since obsolete, but he will be remembered chiefly for the dictum "meddlesome mid-

wifery

is

bad."

Bartholomew Mosse saw the need for a lying-in hospital that would serve the double purpose of charity and instruction. He set about the task, and with unflagging energy, aided by his intense gambling spirit, brought into being the worldrenowned Kotunda Hospital. The embryonic stage began in 1745 when Mosse took over a house in George's Lane, now South Great George's Street, which he converted into a lyingin hospital of twelve beds at his

own

expense.

The good work done at the hospital in George's Lane led, through many vicissitudes, to the Rotunda Hospital proper. With the aid of parliamentary grants and the proceeds of lotteries and public amusements, all organised by Mosse himself, the foundation stone of the Rotunda building was laid in 1751 and the charter of incorporation from George II. was
granted in 1756. The Coombe Lying-in Hospital was also started as a private effort. It was part of Kirby's famous school and was carried on as such in 1822, providing clinical training for the students. It was taken over as a public charity in 1829 for the people of the Liberties. The problems of the early days were puerperal fever and Trismus Nasentium. The groping in the dark is dull reading, but the zeal exhibited by these pioneers in advancing their theories, if not admirable, is amusing. Joseph Clarke is noted for his researches in Trismus Nasentium and the application of statistics to the study of midwifery. He improved the conditions of the hospital by his insistence on thorough ventilation. Doctor Douglas' essay on spontaneous evolution is often quoted. The College of Physicians had progressed sufficiently in 1827 to appoint a professor of Midwifery at the School of Physic. William F. Montgomery, who filled the chair, is noted for his treatise on the signs and symptoms of pregnancy. In 1838 Evory Kennedy, one of the masters of the Rotunda Hospital, founded the Dublin Obstetric Society. As elsewhere, Semmelweiss' discovery of the cause of puerperal fever was taken up slowly. It was an uphill fight,

69
for the old school was well entrenched. It is impossible to assign credit to anyone in particular, but Macan's rule of 1882 proved the death-knell of the terrible epidemic and the endless discussions to which these epidemics led. This rule ran somewhat as follows All persons who examine a patient in this hospital (Rotunda) must previous to the examination sign the patient's bed chart, wash thoroughly the hands with a nail brush, and then immerse the hands in carbolic solution. This rule not only guarded against infection, but also enabled it to be traced. Macan also interviewed all students before entering the hospital, and took special care that no student who was working at dissections obtained admission to the hospital.
:

70

Section
"Trinity,"

VIII.

"The Colleges," and the

Universities.

Although the University of Dublin and Trinity College were established by Charter of Elizabeth in 1591, and ;the foundation stone of the College building was laid in the same year by Thomas Smith, Apothecary, we do not see any evidence of the study of medicine within its walls for many years after
the foundation. For the initiation of a medical faculty the College is indebted to John Steame, born at Ardbraccan, Co. Meath, in 1624. He spent part of his student days at Trinity College, and left He next the country at the time of the Rebellion (1641). went to Sidney College, Cambridge, and thence to Wadham On his return to Dublin he proceeded to College, Oxford. carry out his plan to establish a Fraternity of Physicians. In 1662 he was elected Professor of Medicine in the University of Dublin, when he had succeeded in establishing Trinity Hall for " the advancement of the study of Physick in Ireland. Shortly afterwards Stearne established the College of Physicians, in 1668, by obtaining a Charter and the settlement of Trinity Hall and the lands belonging thereto on the newly incorporated College. This was the beginning of the College of Physicians, which has since maintained its connection with the University of Dublin. Trinity Hall was restored to the University in 1880, and the articles drawn up include an agreement that the President of the College of Physicians shall be a Protestant of the Church of Ireland. The attempts of King James in 1686 to appoint Arthur Green, " one of the king's converts," who was a graduate of Physics of the University, to the Lectureship in Irish, and to appoint Bernard Doyle of Drogheda as Fellow, met with no success. Dr. Crosby, although elected to the Presidency of the College about this time, the appointment would not be sanctioned by Trinity because he was a Roman
'

'

Catholic.

71

It

The College of Physicians in 1692' obtained a new Charter. was now constituted as the King's and Queen's College of
,

Physicians, with 'Sir Patrick .Dunn as President. The foundation of the Medical School of Trinity College Teally dates- from 1710, in which year a laboratory, anatomieal theatre, and physic garden were provided. The Eoyal College of Surgeons was founded by Charter granted in 1784 to the Dublin Society of Sugeons formed in 1780 by men who were dissatisfied with their brethren the Barbers and Periwig makers of the Barber Surgeons guild. Various supplemental Charters have since been granted. curious controversy between the Colleges occurred in 1837, when the physicians endeavoured to secure some of the appointments which were in the hands of the surgeons. The County Infirmaries, for which the appointments were sought by the Physicians, were attended solely by the Surgeons until the inequality was removed by the Medical Act of 1876. In 1850 the School of Physic in Trinity required a concession from the College of Surgeons, namely that all candidates for the M.B. degree of the University should spend one annus medicus in Trinity; in return they asked the College to recognise the lecturers in the School of Physic. Their refusal of this request led to the granting of a Diploma in Surgery by the University of Dublin in 1857. In 1862 the -Irish Poor Law Board issued an Order requiring candidates >for the PooriLaw Dispensaries to possess diplomas in Medicine and Surgery. The College of Surgeons immediately began to issue diplomas in Medicine as a result, but these were not recognised, and soon fell into disuse. The University of Dublin first opened its doors to Catholics in 1793, but would give them no share in its emoluments, and did not abolish religious tests until 1873. The Queen's Colleges, three in number, one at Galway, Cork and Belfast, were the constituent Colleges of the Queen's University of 1849. These Colleges were meant to provide the higher

education demanded by Catholics, and each had a Medical

faculty.

They did not meet with the approval of the Catholic Bishops, as they made no provision for religious teaching. In 1850, at the Synod of Thurles, it was resolved, on the advice

72

up a Catholic University in Dublin. Cardinal Work was brought over and made Rector. started in 1854, a Charter was sought but not granted. Students were few the famine, with its accompanying diseases, had taken off many of our youth. Newman, like all Englishmen, forgot that he was dealing with men of a different nationality, although of the same religion. Irishmen took as their model Louvain. Newman would insist on his Oxford and Cambridge ideas. The only school of the Catholic University which struggled on was the Medical school. The Cecilia Street School of the Catholic School of Medicine (which had previously been the school of the Apothecaries' Hall) was bought over for the Catholic University in 1854, and continues to exist to the present day, being now the dissecting room of the faculty of Medicine in the National University. When the first Medical Act was passed in 1858 the qualifications obtainable and registrable in Ireland were the Licence and Fellowship of both Colleges (Physicians and Surgeons), the Licence of the Apothecaries' Hall, the Licence in Medicine and M.S. of the University of Dublin, the M.D. and M.S. of the Queen's
of
to set

Rome,

Newman was

University. In 1876 the B.Ch. became registrable, and the Register

was

open

to

women.

In 1879 Queen's University was abolished. The Royal University took its place, and was empowered to give degrees to all who passed its examination. In 1908 Mr. Birrell's Irish Universities Act set up two new Universities, the Queen's University at Belfast, with its own College the National University at Dublin, with its constituent Colleges at Cork, Galway and Dublin.
;

73

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A.

74
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75
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77
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14
31

gAllAtl SpeATlTlCAip. 5AU-tJ10lAp. 13 -pAitneAC. 47

30

pni-oig tia

-f-AiteAC.

41

plOgA-OATI. 29 piontiAti toAti.

SAltllATlAn pA-OAITl.

26
16
11

23 25

gApfJATI CpeA5AC.

pionTiAf gAtvpATOe.

iopiAn.
JM-jrtpi-p.

pleAft|iATi

46 23 26

27 ha moriA. gAptJOgAC. 48
gAoiciti CtScAis-

gAprJlur.

JMeAnn Uipce. 11 pleAfc 1 tnbeAl. t)6. 32

pUoi>. 17
ATI

44, JjAp-An-CAilUj. 13 JJac Ourae. 38 S^AptiAtj. 39

t)All.A.

Uipce.

27 11,24

geAcAtpe. 44 5eACAp. 44
5eip-1bileAC.

^octA.
poipum.

14
.1.

22
12

poCATItlAtl

eOCAT>ATl.

getpsm.
5iT>ipiAm.

29

35

irpAtiticl-up.

29

pAoc.
i?pAOCAtl

32

.i. fpAoc65. 32 pAOC ah Ttumnpe. 32 CATT165AC. 32

510ICAC .1. 510IC05. 20 5lAn-eA5lA. 24 5lAfAip CoilleA'o. 38

glApAti.
1/eATlA.

11

50
46
14

CuppAij. 32 fipeATm. 32 SaU-oa. 32 ha ti-Aon Coipe.

glAf
32

L6AT1A.

gleopAti. gloipif.

23 glumeAC. 16
t>eA5.

riAopcAije. pilAlACCAip. 36

32

OeAp 5

pwApAfl.

26 puAtjjopm. 34
IDtiice. CAltriAti.

puAC

43
gtiAtjl-up.

39 39 6ud. 39 Thop. 39 teit. 39

.

11 p-uil. 25 puinfeAC. 25 "puinnpeASAl..

28
16

pmrmpeos. 33 CoiUeA-6.
ptup.

22

49

5oipimin. 16 SUitie. 16, 31 SopniAti. SeAppAig. 5opm-"0eApc. 21

16

Sopcos.

22
t>Ati.

SpApAn

T>ub.

38 38

SAbAifre "OAOine

ITlAite.

23

tiA jjCloc. 5pAin ApcAiti. 11 5pAti C0TH165. 45

24

TDAXipAl RtlAlX).

23

5peAt)Ati.

21
miti.

gAbAputcA. 31 34 SApAtltl.

26

5peim

Ati

X)iAtjAil.

28

78
SpeinfeiceAC.

30

Uon

RATJAtic.

36

29 23 5ttofAiT>. Snonntuf. 30
5t"ol6isin.

LionnLmfc. 40 36 tocAll. 28 CaoI.

11'

gfuiAra rflmne. CnAgA.

49

^nunl-up

.1.

5tonnttit*.

lAT>Uir.

34

48 1tlin. 48 1nnitiin-m6in. 47 longA 5Ai^te6i5e. 43 IcbtAC OfVOA. 29 1t1%A{t. 41 t)emne. 41 CAltiiATi. 47 ,,

$Aiift.

loeAg

motAif, 36 LofCAn-Lion t>trni>e. 35 Luacain. 44 S^^'f- 4 7 45 TheifcpeAC. Since. 45 LuAnLuf. 48 Ltub .1. Lup. LlHf) 1 n-AJATO COfACCAC. 28 An eAfA -fAllfAOtlA. 28 t>leme. 28

30

eom t)Aifce. 17 L&oibeAC. 1 nA b^TeAn ngoncA.

tiA tia

27

muc.
nAofAn.

33
14

tlAOiiti

SeAn.

28
48

t.

nA SeACc ngAiDA. LmnsneAc "OeAfts. 23

Linf.

22
43

l/ACA CeAtin^tiA'6. 12 11 tArAifi teAnA.

1/ujiACAn.

LeA'OAn VlOfCA. 28 An tJCAine. 28 LeAicin. 22

teAm. 40
teAtiiAC tfluige.
teAiiiATi.

Lur .1. Ltiib. Luf Amleoige. 26 Vup Aifie nA htlficoroe. nA SeAnsAn. tf An t)Amne. 16
t)AllA.
ttotipAij.
13,

33
24'

18

40 22

40 36

"LeATiA-prAC.

,,

Cot)Al1..

teACAC t>ur6e. 22 V6itie ThiM^ie. 14

teirff seitinpiAX).
t-6ic-tiifce.

Coltrnn.

12 12
Otio.

CopnAm.
31

36

tiAit.

liACAn.

36 29 tiAtVu-p. 30 28

t)eA5. 24 tinneAftAC. tin .1. Lion. LineAil UAicne. 20 Lioc6tmip.

Lion.

50
,,

18 50 LionAin UAitne. 18 Lfon t)eA5. 11 nA hABAnn. nA mt)An Sroe 18

47 47 5lAr. 48, Cnonie. 38 T>A ftmsmn. 33 eAfpuig. 25 'fiJCA'ooiti. 28 SioUa. 36 $uca. 25 LeAnnA. 40 1-eAfAni). 39 tiAgAitte. 26 tti5Aine. 26 Gin. 14 14, 37 -piobAift. SpApAm. 14. 37

79
Vuf An c6iceAm. 24
cSaoi. 26 cSeAnmnne. 30
16'

t,ur

tiA

gCn-Ain mtlnif-ce. gOriApATi. 35

33

CSlAbtllTlTl.

sCofCAiTtt.

rSivJCAtne. 3.1' UiUe. 22 tUfAtlAtl St1*'11 * u 6. 25 t-up rjeACAig. 38 tj^AOtlAC. 21 t>uroe tJeAtcAme. 12 tiA n"OeAnAcAinci. 21 CneAf. 39 Coire 56.

CoViiticiUe.

,,

gCoinnle sCa^ac. 29 IvOroce. 34 Vao5. 24 teAc. 36 28 l-eAX)An.

32

1TlAi5T)eAnA TYitnne. mt)ATi Si-rje. 34

33

29

17, 33 CofCA-6 tiA -polA. 14 Crte. 35 "OeAncAn. 29 *Op6im^eACHAn"OeAnAtAiiici.

27 miol. 17 itioti. 18 miofA. 48 TIactiac. 33, 48 27 n"OAnAfi.

meAl.A.
neicTieos.
TlgTlATl
"OiiVj.

,,.

21

25

5AT1

5 Ano.
5011m
t,eAC

AcAin 27

SAtl ttlACAip.

29 45

pnrgne. Riocac.

24 26

glocAin. gopniAin.
ATI

28
31

SeAVJAC. 31 Settle. 47 SiotCATIA. 24 ,, 28

37
(burae).

tiA n"OeAtiACAiiit:i.

33

Uac
ttlic

tSAThriAra. tia rriAHA. 32

13

tofCAin.

41

25 32 ScAl.65. SiSt rnburoe.

SmAiledg.

14

t)eAtAi5. 38 Cvrnnrn. 25 TI105 t>j<eAtAm. tDife 17

CeATi5Ati.

33,

48

mfnle. mfolA.

33,

molAC.

m6ri. t)oineAnn. CoiUeA-6.

TIA t)ATlAlCTIA.

33 27 34

CpeACA. 36 OncA. 38 25 piTisne. ppAicTO. 43 RiAbAC. 36

SicroA.

17

CotiIaca. fjpeACOg.
Vj-peATi

34 34 36 22 29
27

SvigAC. CA5I.A.

43
42'

CAigce.

Ucca.

42 16

m.
niACAt CotUe. Sl&be.
tTlA-OAti

Tnt)eA5.

22
1

rjpACAl.

36
29

b-pt>AiiTicAC.

1:^015.
Ati

27

oCni mtjiUe.

28 mtJAlUn. 28 41 -pionTi6i5e. roU. 29 24 peAiniAije. 11 S^oite. 5 CluAr. 29' 26 5CnATh.

masAi-pUn

42 An SciACAm glAir- 42 An tofCAin. 42 42 t)An An cSleirje. t>eA5 An f eiliocAin. 42 CirHAoltir An e-urc|iAi5.

CviTifAis.

42'

teACAn.

42

80
mAgAijilin LeACATi. 42 mop ah Cu^Aig. 42 'peiiiocAiTi. 42
,,

mionos.
IDIOTIC
.1.

32 miOTICAT .
1

37

mioncAf

CAifil.
ATlfJAlTI.

40
37

ttlerojieAC.

,,

nA

toeice.

42 42 42 42

CDile6i5e.

ITlAiiiciri

ScAice. tli-o em. 42 Ciuj. 42

19 37
piA'OAiTi.

18 TTI10C65 t)m-6e. tnifiTnm "OeAfij;.

TnoiTi-T-eufi.

miofAC.

34
37

46

moleAf.

27
30

TTlAi-oe t>tieAti.

27 tnoUnTic. tnoTi5AC-TneAf5A.

mAOCAti. 41 mAOtlATI motiA.

mAtttrottAijeAn. mA|ic-iiAitneAC.

36

28 47

ITlAtAltl ATI TUll'llT'C.

meACAn

Ailirm.

49 28 tluvoe An cSleibe.
31 33

39

23 tnopmoTicA. 30 mucog. 36 1TlU5Ati-o. 30 26 mtJsomATi. muileAX). 46 mtnleos. 32

tnuilceATin.

mopAn.

Ooja.
Otib.

mum me
38

Aft.

piATJAin.

muifeATi.

33 25 32
31

,,

eAc. 15 15 mAtiA. TlA5Viini. 15 Uifce. RA1TJ15. 15

tnuUAC
TTIutiAC.
mtV]iATi.

Tvitj.

49
15

13

1^05 piAX)Ain. CobAC. 31 25 Uifce. 29 meA-6 "OriUA-6 29 --Ouac. meAlo-oAC. 20 TneArrBptieApAiti. 46 meAnctif .1. m1ontAT.
1TleAtiACATi-5otini.

26

11.

32 34

ha

mtjAti Sroe.

neA-o CoilleAX). 11 22 neATiTic .1. tleATmcog. neAnnc65 tSAti. 38 OeAtig. * 38 Caoc. 38 rflAttVj. 38 rhuipe. 38
lleATtinATO.
tllATlfCOt.

40

meAtil.A5. 47 Arc An. 36 TTleAf nA X)AtiAi5e.

me

31

40
17

ntTh CapaU. tloinm. 28

26
32

Ctiiric

AHca

tneitife.
m6itiiTi

14

11um.

ATI

ClATJAli;.

t)tiiTJe.

22 21 mil-petiT(Ac. 45 ma-jArJAirt. 36 18 mit-meACAn. 36 rmifeATi m6nA. 50 Ctiaja. 26 colli c ATI.

tia IT1A5.

me6Ti

rhtii-pe.

m6ti. 33

14 29

O.

OCOf

.1.

ttCAT\

18

mioTiATi rhuitie.

23, 38

miormtiAC.

18

mullAis. O-oajiati. 26 22 01511665.

O-DAttAc

28

81
Oirie.

19

OtiA5Ati.

37
29

On

rhtnpe.

PtteATh .i. pneurh. 33 PtmiieA-o. puinTie65. 39

rt.

20

Opp.

24
p.

33 Pacajiati. pA'OCATl t>TJ1TJe.

pAiT>eo5.
pAipiti.

32

40 TtAraleog. 40 TlAitneAC. 47
TiAixieds.
ATI

44
12

R105.

CprjAn!).
Cvjilitin.

peACAti 13111-66. 32 21 peAfAi| An AprJAiri. Tmrbe. 21 iat>aiti. 21 i-c tiA Coille. TIA t-tic. 21
peirtfil.

47 47 48 48 47

ItlA-opA rflAic.
ttlilif

rheifCTieAC. 48 ah rSleibe.

21

rhuiTie.

48
47 47

TtuAiriTieAC.

25

peit.

Amiro.
27
t>o 5
. .

26

SCATIATIAC. RATTTOflAISeATl. 19

27
V-'-

TtAOfAft t)ATI.

lr 1 pij-eAtiAC

peAfAin.

Cmj.
pifimin
.1.

min. 19 24 24 "DeAps. "Dub. 24

19

21 mifimin.
21

R1AT1 R105,

37

pifSleirje.

pteATCAn.
pluirtin.

plubAittf"1 23
-

26 12

SeAn5An.

pVurt An t-ocAin. tia CuAice. tia 56ine.

20 32
17
15, 23,

30

pneACA

CAtt<Ain5te.

pneurh tAtvpAingce.
ponAi|te CapaiI.1.

go

33 33 CurirtAij. 33 port An CapaiIA. ppAif eAC An -pAllA. 39

,,

ttnACAn. 39, 40 14 t)TOe.

piA'OAin.
flATO.
SatiVJ.

39
14
14

lATllA.

40

Uiat>c-Mac 0)v6a. 12 RibleACATi. 39 Rij-f-eipc. 44 Roibe. 29 UoiUe. 46 Hop 23 ah cSoluif. 24 fA-OAin. 23 11oI6ti-oac. 27 1/ACATI. 45 ,, teAtrJATi. 2 j Lion. 18 ltlAX>11A RV4ATD. 23 TIA t)A1TITI105TIA tTluiTie. 15 TIA CApf1A15e. SAile65. 25 Rvj. 27 ATI CuftpAij. 27 27 rhuitie. till AT) AC ATI. 15 t>uroe. 15
.

23

14 15 39 TIA mttAlU.. 15 CpAJA.

TIA j;CAOTiAC. TIA TT1AT1A.

UurJA

.1.

RuiVj.

Rutrj AitpeAC. t>eA5. 11

11 11

t-eATIA.

11

PftAlcftll Cl-tAt1ACA11l.

26
20

Rmf.

27
19

ppeACA

.1.

pnevjCA.

RrjiteAl. R.105.

82
sIac idapa.

SATOoin.
<5in.
.1.

49
28 50

43
.1.

SleAOAc
41

sleAbACAn
21

SAileAC

SAileos.

SmeAp
SnAite

"Duo.

40 SAifce Crime. 37 CoilleAT). 37 -piA-bAin. 37 SaIcuac. 15, 16 Sattia-6. 39 Caotiac. 39 CoitleAX). 19 31 CufitiAis SArnAlftcin. 32 21 See ac geAl. 23 SceArh "Oajiac. 47 tia gCloc. 47 Scim "Oa^ac. 47
SAit-oriAic.

t)Ai-6ce.

24 36
23 23

SoileAr'tAri.
SpioriAti
.1.

43
SP10T165.

Soillfe nA sul.

Sponnc. SppiunAn
Spuirire. SpAinin.

30
.1.

SpionAn.

-39 14

SfiAimAn.

36 SneAns t)05A.

19

SnionAn t)An.

24

OeA)i5. 24 24 "Dub.
ScArh.

49
39 35 22

Stomre.

,,

SeAlbog
SeAmA-p

-pio-DA.
.1.

19

Suja peAtmA.
-tAiri.

SeAm-[i65.

SeAmAH

t)An.
CfiiA-o.

20 20 35 33

-CAlrriAn.

22

CApAlU.
rhuifie.

SeAm-fios. 20 Coi1AeAT>.

19 Curs-DileAC. 22 31 SeAfiOAn tia trine.

Searc. 22 21 CfiAob. tia mt>An in!n. 21 Stnl An Ctnr. 33 TDAirh. 29

SunAi-p.

26
30

SUftftArJAn.

SeAff&ltir.

40
34
1

SeAr*65
SeAfiftAij;.

rhili-p.

SeAfc

.1.

Seine.

45
14 21

SeiUn. 21 CtiAice.
'PlATJAin. 43 Seilirrfiom. SiAbAl. 43 Sincin. 24

CAicpeileAnn. 27 CeAirgA t>6. 31 -ptATO. 48 TIA tlArflAC.

SiorJAf.

43

Ce
d'm

tia

nJjAtirTOAncA.

33 38

Siot>A monA. 46 Sio-oAn Sleibe. 34 Siol Ruif. 18 Siop. 36

SCAitpeAc. 41 ttifce. ClAcc-pug. 22

Coi|ipin.

47

24
CIa'Oaij;.

SionlAC. 36 46 SlOfgAlAC. Sirii'r. 21

Conn An
CormiAn. CnAitnin.
CfieAOAc.

32

Co^i ttiAcpAf.

33

StAOAC

.1.

SlArilvif.

SteAOAC. 38
tTloc.

37 46
13

nA

14

CfieAntvif.

25
t>tiAonAC.

SIac goftm.

34

26

83
trullfeAn.
CriiofCAti.

44 49
ati

U.

Aitctnn.
T1A
rii

49 49
22 -FiA-OAin. UCAf. 18 -piATbAin. 18 18 -pnAnncAC. 40 Uile-lce.

"Dub

\,&-6&.fi&c.

UrJAU

49 5CI05. RuA'605. 49

27 22 CHf5Ari. 11 Cuile CAtrhAn 17 Ctuft-reAC. 17 CutirAipf"1 11 17 CutvpAt, t,&ln

Cuom.

UiT ce-t)eACA
,

tia

mbfAtA^.

15

tiftAC

t)AUAC.

'

Olt-ttlACAItl-

42 44

84

ENGLISH INDEX.
Adder's-tongue.

48
28

Agrimony. 22

Hemp.
Alder.

40

Alexanders. 25 Allgood. 39 Andromeda, Marsh.

32

36 Bladderwort. Bluebell. 43 Corn. Bluebottle, Bog-bean. 33 Bog Myrtle. 40 Borage. 33 Bracken. 47 Bramble. 21
,,

31

Anemone.

Stone.

21

Wood.

11

26 Angelica. Wild. Apple, Crab. 22 Arrow Grass, Marsh. 45 45 Sea.

Brook Lime. 36 Brook Weed. 33 Broom. 20 Broomrape. 36

Buckthorn.
19 19 Alder. Purging. 19

33 22 Mountain. Asparagus. 43 Aspen. 41 Avens. 22 Mountain. 22 Wood. 22 Ash.

B.
15 Barberry. 47 Barley. 32 Bear-berry. 27 Bedstraw.

Bugle. 38 33 Bugloss, Viper's. 45 Bulrush. Burdock. 31 22 Burnet, Salad. 44 Bur-reed. 30 Butterbur. Butterwort. 36
C.

Heath.
Lady's.

Marsh. 39 Beet, Sea. Bent. 46 38 Betony. Water. 35 32 Bilberry. Bindweed. 34, 39 Black. 39 Great. 34
Small.
Birch.

27 27 27

Campion, Bladder. 17 Red. 17

Sea.

17

Caraway.

White. 25
31

17

Carline Thistle.

Carrageen Moss.

13,

49

Carrot, Wild. 26 Catch Fly, English. 17 Celandine, 12 Lesser. 11 ,, Celery, Wild. 25

34

Centaury.

40 Dwarf.

Chamomile.
40
21
Trefoil.

Bird's-foot.

21

Charlock. Cherry, Dwarf. 21 Wild. 21

Chervil,

33 29 14

Biting Stone Crop.

24 13. 14 Bitter Cress. 34 Sweet. 21 Blackberry. 21 Blackthorn.

Rough.
17

26

Chickweed.
Chicory. Chives.
Cicely.

31
13

26

85
Cinquefoil, Creeping.

22 22

Marsh.
Clary.

Dock, Broad-leaved. Great Water.

Sorrel.

39 39

37 Cloudberry.

21 Clover, Dutch. 20

Water. Dodder. 34

39 39

Red. 20 Club-moss. 48
Coek's-foot, Grass. Coltsfoot. 30 12 Columbine.

Dog's-tail, Grass.

46

Dogwood.
48
Dove's-foot.

26
19

Dropwort.

21

Water.

26

Comfrey.

33
1

Corn-cockle. Couchgrass.

46 Cowberry. 32 32 Cowslip. 22 Crabapple. Cranberry 32 Crane's-bill, Bloody.

18 Creeping Jenny. 33 13, 14 Cress, Bitter. 13 Marsh. Rock. 13 Water. 13 13 Winter. Wood. 13
Soft.

Hemlock. 26 Duckweed, Common. 45 45 Ivy-leaved. Dulse. 49

18

Obtuse. Pepper. Tufted.

Dutch Rush.
Dyer's -weed.

50 50 50 48
15

E.

Earth Nut,
Elder, Dwarf.

26
27

Crowberry. 41 Crowfoot, Bulbous.

28 40 Enchanter's Night Shade. Eyebright. 26

Elecampane. Elm, Wych.

25

Meadow.
Water.
14

11 11 11

Cuckoo Flower.

pint. 44 Cudweed, Upright.

28
28

Mountain. Currant, Black. 24 24 Red. White. 24

Daisy.

28

29 Eye. 29 Danewort. 27 31 Dandelion. Darnel. 46 Deadnettle, Red. 38 White. 38 28 Devil's-bit. Dewberry. 21 49 Dilisk. 14 Dittander.

Dog.

33 Felwort. Fennel. 26 Fern, Filmy. 47 Hard. 47 Holly. 48 Killarney. 47 ,, Lady. 48 Maidenhair. 47 ,, Male. 47 Oak. 47 Royal. 47 48 Scale. 48 Shield. Sweet Mountain. 47 Fescue, Sheep's. 46 Feverfew, Scentless. 29 Figwort, Knotted. 35 Water. 35 Filmy Fern. 47 43 Flag, Yellow. 18 Flax, Dwarf. 18, 35 Fairy.

Ox

86
Flax Purging. Fleabane. 29

Flixweed.
Fluellin.
1

Blue. 14

28

Heath Mediterranean. 32 Heath, St. Dabeoc's. 32 Heather. 32

Bell.

32

35

Hedge Mustard.
26 33

Fool's Parsley.

Forget-me-not. Foxglove. 34 Frog-bit. 41 Fumitory. 12

14 30 Heliotrope, Winter. Helleborine, Broad-leaved.

42

G.
Garlic, Cultivated.

43

Wild. 43 Gipsywort. 37
Goat's-beard.
31

Golden Rod.
Goldilocks.

28
11

Marsh. 42 Hemlock. 25 Dropwort. 26 Water, 25 Hemp -Agrimony. 2 8 Hemp-Nettle. 38 Henbane. 34 Henbit. 38 19 Herb-Robert. Hogweed. 26

19 Holly. Sea. 25 Holly Fern. 48

Gooseberry. 23 Goosefoot. 39
Goose-grass. Gorse. 19

27 25
46 45 46 46

Honeysuckle. Hop. 40

27

Goutweed.

Grass, Cock's-foot.

Cotton.

Dog's-tail.

Meadow.
Millet.

Moor.

46 46 23

38 White. 38 Horse-bane. 26 Horsetail. 48 House-leek. 24 Hyacinth, Wild. 43

Horehound, Black.

Oat. 46 of Parnassus.

Quaking. 46' Reed. 46

Inula, Willow-leaved. 26 Ivy.

29

Ground. 46

37

Reed Meadow.
Rye.
46 46 46 Vernal. 46 Grass-wrack. 45
Switch.

Timothy.

Jack-by-the-hedge. Juniper. 41

14

K.

Ground Ivy.
Groundsel.

37 30

Knapweed, Black.
Knawel.
38,

31

Knot-grass.

22 39
L.

H.

Hard
Hare

Fern.
Bell.

47

32 Hart's-tongue. 48

Lady
31

Hawkweed. 31. Mouse Ear.

Hawthorn.
Hazel.

Fern. 48 Lady's Finger. 21 Mantle. 22 Smock. 14

,,

23 32

Tresses.

42 50

40

Laver.
,,

Heath, Cross-leaved.

50 Green.

87
Lavender, Sea. 32 Leek, House. 24 Lily, Water. 12 Ling. 32 Liquorice, Wild. 20 Lobelia, Water. 32

Mountain Ash.
Mouse-ear.
17

22

Mugwort.
Mullein.

30 34
Garlic.

Mustard, Black."

London

Pride. 23 Loosestrife, Purple.

24 Yellow. 33 Lovage, Scottish.* 26 Lousewort. 36

Myrtle, Bog.

White. 40

14 14 14

N.
Nettle.
38, 40

M.
Madder. 27 Field.
27 Maidenhair. 47 Male Fern. 47 Mallow, Common. 18 Dwarf. 18 Marsh. 18 Mare's-tail. 24 Marigold, Corn. 29 Garden. 29 12 Marsh. Marjoram. 37 Marsh Cress. 13 Matweed. 47

38 38 40 Great. 40 Small. Nightshade, Deadly. 34 Enchanters. Nipplewort. 31

Dead.

Hemp.

25

O.

Oak.

40

46 Oat-grass. Orchid, Bee. 42 Bird's-nest.

Bog.
,,

42

42

Meadow
Melilot.

Grass.

46
21

Meadow-sweet.
20

42 Butterfly. 42 Close-flowered. Early -Purple. 42 42 Fly.

Fragrant. Frog. 42

, ,

42

Mercury, Dog's. 40 French. 40 15 Mignonette, Wild. 29 Milfoil. Water. 24 1 Milkwort. 46 Millet -grass. Mint. 37
Pepper. 37 Round-leaved. 37 Water. 37 40 Mistletoe. Moneywort. 33 Monkshood. 12 Moonwort. 48 Moorgrass. 46 Moss, Carrageen. 13, 49 Club. 48 49 Irish.
.

Greenwinged. 42 Marsh. 42 Spotted. 42 White Mountain. 42 ,, Orpine. 24

Osier.

41
31
P.

Ox-tongue.

Com.

37
16 Pansy, Mountain. 16 Wild. 25 Parsley. Cow. 26 Fool's. 26 Parsnip, Cow. 26 Water. 25 Wild. 26 Pea, heath. 21 40 Pellitory, Wall.

88
Pennycress. Pennyroyal.
14

Rush

37 Pennywort. 24 Marsh. 25 Pepper, Water. 39 Pepperwort. 14

Persicaria,

Spika.

Flowering. 44

44

Toad. 44 Twig. 44 44 Wood. 46 Ryegrass.

39
33
Saffron,

26 Pimpernel, Bog.
Pig-nut.

33 Yellow. 33 Plantain. 38. 45 Polypody. 47 Pondweed. 45 Poppy, Corn. 12 Homed. 12 Opium. 12 ,, Primrose. 32 Privet 33.
Scarlet.

Meadow.
37 37

43

Sage, Wild. Wood.

St.
St.

James's Wort.

30

17 John's-wort. 22 Salad Burnet. 41 Sallow.

Quaking Grass.

46
R.

Radish, Horse.
Sea.

15 15 Wild. 15
]

Water.

26 Golden. 29 25 Sanicle, Wood. 26 Saxifrage, Burnet. Golden. 23 Meadow. 23 ,, Mountain. 23 ,, Scabious, Field. 28 32 Sheep's. Fern. 48 Scale Scurvy Grass. 14 Scutch Grass. 46 49 Sea Girdles.
Samphire.
Seakale. 1 Sea Pink. 32 Tang. 49 45 Sedge.

Ragged Robin.
Ragwort.

17

30 Marsh. 31 Ramsons. 43 Raspberry. 21 Rattle. 36 Reed. 46 Reedgrass. 46 Reedmace. 44 Rest-harrow. 20 Ribwort. 38 Robin-run-the-hedge. 27 Rockoress. 1 Rockrose. 15, 23 Roses. 23, 27, 17 Rosebay, Willow. 25 Rowan. 22
11 Rue, Meadow. Wall. 48 45 Rush. 44, Bog. 44 Dutch. 44

38 20 Sheep's Scabious. 32 Shepherd's Needle. 26 14 Purse. ,,

Self-heal.

Shamrock.

,,

Weather

Glass.

33

Shield Fern. 48 Silverweed. 22

Sitfast. 11 Sloe. 21

39 Sneezewort. 29 Soapwort. 1 Sorrel. 39 39 Sheep's. Southern-Wood. 30 Sowthistle. 31

Sloke. 50 Snakeweed.

89
Spearwort, Great.
11 11

Vetch.

Speedwell. Spinach. 39 Spindle Tree. 19 Spleenwort. 47

Lesser. 36, 35

21 Milk. 21 Tufted. 21 Vetchling, Meadow.

21 Bush.

21

Vervain.
Violet.

37
15

Spoonwort. 1 Spurge, Dwarf. Irish. Petty.

39

'

Dog.
Field.

16
15 15

39 39 Sea. 39 Spuny, Corn. 17 Starwort, Sea. 28 Stitchwort, Greater.

,,

Hairy. Marsh. Sweet.

15
1

Wood.
17 17

15

Lesser.

22, 32 Barren. 22 Wild. 22 Sundew, Great. 24 Round-leaved. Swine's-cre6s. 14 Sweet Cicely. 26 Briar. 23

Strawberry.

W.

Wake
24

Robin.

44
13

Wallflower. Wall Pepper.

24

Wall Rue.

T.

Tang, Sea. 49 Tansy. 29 Tare Hairy. 21

28 Teasel. 31 Thistle, Bog. Carline. 31 31 Marsh. Milk. 31 Spear. 31 Thrift. 32

48 13 Watercress. Water Pepper. 39 Radish. 13 Way-bread. 38 Weed, Canadian. 41 Wheat-grass. 43 Whin. '19 Whitlow Grass. 14 Whortleberry. 32 41 Willow, White. Winter Cress. 13 Woodbine. 27 Woodcress. 13 Woodruff. 27

Thyme, Water.
Wild.

41 37

Wood

Sorrel.

19, 20,

21

Wormwood.
Woundwort.

Timothy Grass. Toad Flax. 35

Toothwort. Tormentil.
36 22

46

30 38

Trefoil, Bird's-foot.

21

Hare's-foot. Tutsan. 17 Tway blade. 42

20

Hedge. 38 Marsh. 38 Wrack, Bladder. 49 49 Channelled. Knobb3d. 49

Serrated.

49

Heart-leaved.
V.

42
Yarrow.
29
41

28 Valerian, Wild. Vernal Grass. 46

Yew. Yew,

41
Irish.

90

SCIENTIFIC INDEX.
A.

Aroideae.

44
46

29 Achillaea millefolium. ptarmica. 29

Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Artemisia abrotanum. 30

Aconitum napellus. 12 Adiantum capillus Veneris. 47 Aegopodium podagraria. 25

Aethusa oynapium. 26 Agrimonia eupatoria. 22

absinthium, 30 vulgaris. 30

Arum maculatum.
Asparagus

44

Agropyrum

repens. 46 46 Agrostis vulgaris. Ajuga reptans. 38 22 Alchemilla alpina. vulgaris. 22 Alisma plantago. 45 ranunculoides. 45 ,, Alismaeeae. 45 Allium sativum. 43 schaenoprasum. 43 ursinum. 43 ,,

43 Asperula odorata. 27 Aspidium aculeatum. 48 angulare. 48 ,, 48 lonchitis. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum. 48 ruta-muraria. ,, trichomanes. 47 ,, viride. 48 Aster tripolium. 28 21 Astragulus hypoglottis. Athyrium filix-foemina. 48 Atropa belladonna. 34
officinalis.

47

Alnus glutinosa. 40 Althaea officinalis. 18 Anagallis arvensis. 33 tenella. 33

B.
Ballota nigra. 38 Barbarea intermedia. 13 praecox. 13 vulgaris. 13 Bellis perennis. 28 Berberideae. 1 Berberis vulgaris. 15 Beta maritima. 39 Betula pubescens. 40 verrucosa. 40 Blechunm spieant. 47 Boragineae. 33 Borago officinalis. 33

Andromeda polifolia. Anemone nemorosa.

Angelica sylvestris.

32
11

26

Anthemis

nobilis. 29 Anthoxanthum odoratum. Anthriscus sylvestris. 26

46

21 Anthyllis vulneraria. Apium graveolens. 25 12 Aquilegia vulgaris.

Arabis ciliata. hirsuta.

petraea. Araliaceae. 26

13 13 13

Botrychium
32
32
,,
,,

lunaria.

48

Arbutus unedo. Arctium lappa.

Brassica alba.
nigra. sinapis.

31 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Armeria maritima. 32

14 14
1

Briza media.

46

91
Cnicus lanceolatus. 3 Coohlearia armoracia. 15 officinalis. 14 Colchicum autumnale. 43 Compositae. 28 Coniferae. 41 Conium maculatum. 25

Calendula officinalis. 29 Calluna vulgaris. 32 Caltha palustris. 12 Calystegia sepium. 34

Campanula

rotundifolia.

32

Campanulaceae.

32

Conopodium denudatum.
Convolvulaceae. 34 Convolvulus arvensis. Corallinaceae. 50
34

26

Caprifoliaceae. 27 Capsella bursa-pastoris. 14 Cardamine amara. 13 pratensis. 14

Carex ampullacea. 45 vinervis. 45

echinata
flava:

45.

,,

45 glauca. 45 hirta. 45 panicea. 45 praeeox. 45 pulicaris. 45

remota.

Corallina officinalis. 50 Cornaceae. 26 Cornus sanguinea. 26 Corylus avellana. 40 Cotyledon umbilicus. 24 Crambe maritima. 15 Crassulaceae. 24

Crataegus oxyacantha.

Crithmum maritimum.
Crocus sativa.
Cruciferae.

23 26

44

vulgaris. Carlina vulgaris.

45 45
31 16

13

Carum

carui.

25
19

Caryophylleae.
Celastrineae.
.,

Cryptonemiaceae. 49 Cupuliferae. 40 Cuscuta epithymum. 34 Cynosurus cristatus. 46 45 Cyperaceae.

Cytisus scoparius. 20

Centaurea eyanus.

31

nigra. 31 17 Cerastium arvense.

,,

glomeratum.
triviale.

D.

17

Ceterach officinarum.
Cheiranthus
cheiri.

48

Dabeocia
26

polifolia.

Chaerophyllum tsmulum.
13

Dactylis glomerata. Daucus Carota. 26

32 46

Chelidonium majus. 12 Chenopodiaceaa. 39 Chenopodium album. 39 bonus-Henricus. 39

,,

Desmarestia aculeata. 49 34 Digitalis purpurea.

Dipsaceae. 28 Dipsacus sylvestris. 28 Drosera anglica. 24 24 rotundifolia.

murale.

rubrum. Chlorospermeae. 50 Chondrus crispus. 49

39 39

Droseraceae.

24

Dryas octopetala.

22

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 29
segetum. 29 Cbrysosplenium Oppustifolium 23 Ciehorium intybus. 31 Cicuta virosa. 5 25 Circaea lutetiana.
Cistineae.

E.

Echium

vulgaria.

33

Eleocharis palustris.

45

dadium

15 mariscus.

Enteromorpha
45

intestinalis.

50

Elodea canadensis.

41

92
Empetraceae. 41 Empetrum nigrum. 41 Epilobium angustifolium. Epipactus latifolia. 42 palustris. 42 ,,
48 Equisetum hyemale.
Equisetaceae.
,,

25

Gentiana amarella. 33 33 Gentianae. 1 Geraniaceae. 19 dissectum. Geranium

molle. 18

48.

palustre. 48 ,, Erica cinera. 32 mediterranea. 32 ,, 32 tetralix. Ericaceae. 32 Erigeron acre. 28 Eriophorum Augustifolium. Erophila vulgaris. 14 Eryngium maritimum. 25 Erythraea centaureum. 33 Euonymus europaeus. 19
>

maximum. 48 nudum. 48

robertianum. 19 sanguineum. 18 Geum Urbanum 22 49 Gigartina mammilosa. Glaucium flavum. 12

46 Glyceria aquatica. Gnaphalium sylvaticum.

Gramineae.

28

46

45

H.

Habenaria albida.
bifolia.

42 42
42

Eupatorium cannabinum. Euphorbia exigua. 39

,,

28

chloroleuca.

conopsea.
intacta.
viridis.

hiberna. 39 helioscopia. 39 peplus. 39 Euphorbiaceae. 39 Euphrasia officinalis. 36 salisburgensis. 36

42 42 42

Halorageae.

24
15
15

Hedera helix. 26 Helianthemum guttatum.

vineale.

Festuca ovina. 46 Filago germinaca. 28

Filices.

47

Foeniculum

officinale. 26 Fragaria vesca. 22 Fraxinus excelsior. 33 Fucaeeae. 49 Fucus canaliculars. 49 nodosus. 49 serratus. 49 ,, vesiculosus. 49
officinalis.

Heracleum sphondylium. 26 Hieracium pilosella. 3 Hippuris vulgaris. 24 Hordeum secalinum. 47 Humulus lupulus. 40 Hydrocharideae. 4 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae. 41 Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 25

Hymenophyllum tunbridgense. 47 Hyoscyamus niger. 34

Hypericineae.
,,

Hypericum androsaemum.
dubium.
]

17

Fumaria

12

,, ,,

Fumariaceae.

12 G.

perforatum. 17 pulchrum. 17 tetrapterum. 17

Galeopsis tetrahit. 38 Galium aparine. 27 palustre. 27 Baxitile. 27 verum. 27 ,,

Ilex aquifolium 19 Ilicineaa. 19 Illecebraceae. 38

93
Inula crithmoides. 29 heleirium. 28 salicina. 29 Irideae. 43 Iridea edulis. 49 Iris pseud-acorus. 43
Linaria elatine. 35 vulgaris. 35 Lineae. 18 Linum catharticum. 18, 35 usitatissimum. 18 Listera cordata. 42 ovata. 42 Lobelia dortmanna. 32 Lolium perenne. 46 temulentum. 46 Lonicera periclymenum. 27

J.

Jasione montana. Junoaceae. 44

32

Junous

acutiflorus.

44 44 conglomeratus. 44 effusus. 44 gerardi. 44 glaucus. 44 lamproearpus. 44 obtusiflorus. 44

bufonius.

Lotus cornieulatus. 21 Luzula campestris. 44 erecta. 44 maxima. 44 Lychnis diurna. 17

-

,,

17 githago. 17 vespertina. 17
flos-euculi.

squarrosus. 44 supinus. 44 Juniperus communis. 41

L.

Labiatae. 37 Laminariaceae. 49 Laminariae. 49

Lycopodiaceae. 48 Lycopodium alpinum. 48 clavatum. 48 ,, inundatum. 48 selago. 48 Lycopus europaeus. 37 Lysimaehia nemorum. 33 nummularia. 33 ,, vulgaris. 33 ,,
Lythrarieae.

24
24

Lamium

38 amplexioaule.

album.

Lythrum
38 38

salicaria.

purpureum. ,, Lapsana communis. 31

M.
Malaxis paludosa.
42
rotundifolia. 18 sylvestris. 18 Malvaceae. 18 Marrubium vulgare. 38

Lastrea filix-mas. 47 oreopteris. 47 Lathraea squamaria. 36 Lathyrus macrorrhizus. 21 pratensis. 21 Laurenciaceae. 50 Laurencia. 50

Malva

Leguminosae. Lemna minor.

trisulca.

19

45

45
36
14 14

Lemnaceae.

45

Lentibularieae.

Lepidium campestre.

latifolium.

Lichen Hiberniae. 49 Ligusticum scoticum. 26 Ligustrum vulgare. 33 43 Liliaceae.

Matricaria inodora. 29 Melanospermeae. 49 Melilotus officinalis. 20 Mentha arvensis. 37 hirsuta. 37 piperita. 37 pulegium. 37 rotundifolia. 37 Menyanthes trifoliata. 33 Mercurialis annua. 40

perennis.

40
33

Milium efiusum.
Myosotis palustris.

46

94
Myrica
gale.

.40

Myricaceae.

40

Parnassia palustris. 23 36 Pedicularis palustris.

Myriophyllum verticillatum. Myrrhis odorata. 26

N.
Naiadaceas.

24

sylvatica. 36 ,, 39 Persicaria. 30 Petasites fragrans.

officinalis. 30 ,, Petroselinum sativum. 25 Peucedanum sativum. 26 Phalaris arundinacea. 46 Phleum pratense. 46 Phragmites communis. 46

45
13 13

Nardus stricta. 47 Nasturtium amphibium.

officinale.

palustre. 13 sylvestre. 13 Neottia nidus-avis. 42 Nepeta glechoma. 37 Nuphar luteum. 12

31 Picris echioides. hieracioides. 31 ,,

Nymphaea

alba.

12

Nymphaeaceae.
O.

12

26 26 phellandrium. Oleaceae. 33 Onagrarieae. 25 Ononis repens. 20 Ophioglossum vulgatum. Ophrys apifera. 42 42 museifera. 42 Orchideae. Orchis incarnata. 42 latifolia. 42 maculata. 42 mascula. 42 morio. 42 pyramidalis. 42 Origanum vulgare. 37
,,

Oenanthe crocata.

fistulosa.

26

26 Pimpinella magna. saxifraga. 26 Pinguicula vulgaris. 36 Plantagineae. 38 Plantago lanceolata. 38 major. 38 ,, Plumbagineae. 32 Poa annua. 46 Polygala serp yllacea. 1 vulgaris. 16
Polygaleae.
1

Polygonaceae.

39

Polygonum
48

aviculare. 39 bistorta. 39

Ornithopus perpusillus. 21 Orobanche hederae. 36

,,

major.
rubra.

36 36

Orobancheae.

36 47
19

Osmunda

regalis.

Oxalis acetosella.

Papaver rhoeas.

12 12
,

somniferum. Papaveraceae. 12
Parietaria officinalis.

40

convolvulus. 39 hydropiper. 39 persicaria. 39 Polypodium dryopteris. 47 vulgare. 47 Polysiphonia. 50 fastigiata. 50 ,, Populus tremula. 41 Porphyra. 50 lanciniata. 50 Potamogeton. 45 Potentilla anserina. 22 fragariastrum. 22 palustris. 22 reptans. 22 tormentilla, 22 Poterium sanguisorba. 22 Primula officinalis. 32 vulgaris. 32 Primulaceae. 32 Prunella vulgaris. 38 Prunus avium. 21 cerasus. 2 spinosa. 21

,,

'

95
Pteris aquilina. 47 Pulicaria dysenterica. Pyrus aucuparia. 22

Rubia peregrina.
29

27
21
21

Rubiaceae.

27

Rubus

,,

caesius.

malus.

22

chamaemorus.
fruticosus. idaeus. 2
saxatilis.

21
L

Rumex
Quercus robur.
40

acetosa.

21 39

,,

acetosella. 39 conglomeratus.

hydrolapathum.
obtusifolius.

39 39

39

R.

Ranuneulaceae.

Ranunculus

aquatilis.
acris.
1

S.
1
1

auricomus.
bulbosus.
ficaria.
1 1

flammula.
lingua. repens.
1
1

Salicinae. 4 Salix alba. 41 cinerea. 41 viminalis. 41

Salvia verbenaca. Sambuous ebulus.

Raphanus maratimus.
Raphanistrum. 15 Reseda lutea. 15 luteola. 15
Resedaceae.
1

15

Rhamneae.

Rhamnus

19 eatharticus. 19 frangula. 19

Rhinanthus crista-galli. Rhodomelaceae. 50 Rhodymeniaceae. 50

36

Rhodymenia palmata.
Ribes album. 24 23 grossularia. nigrum. 24 rubrum. 24

50

Rosa
,,

,,

arvensis. 23 23 canina. 23 glauoa. 23 hibernica. involuta. 23

micrantha. mollis. 23
rubiginosa.

23 23
23 23

sepium.

23

spinosissima.

tomentosa. Rosaceae. 21

37 27 nigra. 27 ,, Samolus valerandi. 33 Sanicula europaea. 25 Saponaria officinalis. 16 Saxifraga aizoides. 23 granulata. 23 umbrosa. 23 Saxifrageae. 23 Soabiosa arvensis. 28 succisa. 28 Scandix pecten-veneris. 26 Schizymenia edulis. 49 43 Soilla nutans. Scirpus caespitosus. 45 laoustris. 45 Scleranthus annuus. 38 Soolopendrium vulgare. 48 Scrophularia aquatica. 35 nudosa. 35 ,, Sorophularineae. 34 Sedum acre. 24 telephium. 24 Sempervivum tectorum. 24 Senebiera coronopus. 14 Seneoio aquatieus. 31 jacobea. 30 vulgaris. 30 Sesleria oaerulea. 46

96
Sherardia arvensis. 27 Silene anglica. 17 cucubalus. 1 maritima. 17 Tussilago farfara.

Typha

angustifolia.

30 44

Typhaceae.

44

Silybum marianum. 31 Sisymbrium alliaria. 14 officinale. 14

sophia.

U.

14

Ulex europaeus.

Sium latifolium. 25 Smyrnium olusatrum. 25 Solanum dulcamara. 34

Solidago virgaurea.

Ulmus montana.
Umbeliferae. 25 50 Ulvaceae.

40

28
31

Ulva

latissima.

Sonchus oleraceus. Sparganium affine.

,, ,, ,,

Urtica dioica. 44 44 44

44

minimum. ramosum.

urens. ,, 40 Urticaceae. Utricularia vulgaris.

50 40 40

36

simplex. Spergula arvensis. 17 21 Spiraea filipendula. ulmaria. 21 ,, Spiranthes autumnalis. 42 Sporochnaceae. 49 Stachys betonica. 38 palustris. 38

V.
Vaccinieae.
,,

32
oxycoccus.

Vaccinium myrtillus.

38 sylvatica. ,, 32 Statice rariflora. 17 Stellaria graminea. 17 holostea. media. 17

32 32 32 vitis-idaea. Valeriana officinalis. 28

Valerianeas. 28 Verbascum thapsus.

Verbena
33

officinalis.

34 37

Symphytum

officinale.

Tanacetum vulgare. 29 Taraxacum officinale. 31 41 Taxus baccata.

41 Teucrium scorodonia. 37 11 Thalictrum alpinum. 1 collinum. 11 flavum. 14 Thlaspi arvense. Thymus serpyllum. 37

Verbenaceae. 37 Veronica anagallis. 36 beccabunga. 36 officinalis. 36 serpyllifolia. 36 Viburnum opulus. 27 Vicia crassa. 21
, ,

hirsuta.

fastigiata.

Tragopogon pratensis. Trichomanes radicans.

Trifolium arvense. dubium.
,,

47

20

Tiigloc'hin
,,

2C 20 pratense. 20 repens.

sepium. 21 Viola arvensis. 15 canina. 1 hirta. 15 lutea. 16 odorata. 15 palustris. 15 sylvatica. 15 tricolor. 16 Violaceae. 15 Viseum album, 40
Z.

maritimum.
palustre.

45 Zostera marina.

45

45