Biology Bios Life and Logos knowledge Do you know !!! 1. Introduction to the biology [ 1.1.

1]
Understanding biological variations

Human body and it's functions

Management of natural resources

Sustainable food production

Causes and effects of diseases

1. The life on the earth formed before 3.5 billion years [earth has formed before 4.5 billion years] 2. Consisted of crust, mantel and core

3. The ancient atmosphere is with CO2,H2S, NH2, CH4,N2,H2 4. With the decrease of T water condenses and rain occurs. Therefore those gases mixed with water and formed glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids. 5. 1st organism such formed was BACTERIA [heterotrophic and anaerobic] 6. In the earth there are about 30 million species of animals and plants 7. When CO2 concentration is high - Depletion of ozone layer - Acid rains - Pollution of rivers and underground water supplies leading to dearth of drinking water 8. According to the population growth rate - 3 persons are added to the world in 1 second 9. Current rate of the population is about 6 billion. After 40 years this will doubled Therefore - Production of high yield crops and animal products - Production of diseases resistant crops

- Introduction of developed post harvesting technological ways 10. Main diseased conditions - Malaria over 3 million died in undeveloped countries - AIDS - Cancers - Tuberculosis TB Nature and organizational pattern

Size

Shape

Form

Distribution

11. Size of bacteria = 0.25 -2 micro meters Giant red wood tree= 100m 12. Size of a plant cell is higher than animal cell

13. A cellular virus [made up of protein capsule filled with DNA or RNA] Unique nature of living organisms

Order
Heridity
Metabolism

Growth

Irritability

Reproduction

Adaptation

14. Order and organization

Atom

Organism

Population

Molecules

System

Community

Organells

Organ

Eco system

Cell

Tissue

Biosphere

15. Metabolism- sum of the all chemical activities taken place in an organism - Catabolism- degradation of complex molecules to simple compounds by releasing energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 ==== 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy - Anabolism synthesis of complex molecules from simple compounds by consuming energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ==== C6H12O6 + 6O2 16. Growth and development

- All the organisms originate from single cell called zygote. - The irreversible increase in dry mass of the organisms are called growth - The passage of irreversible stages of life when an organism become multi cellular from single cell is called development 17. Adaptation - Change of structure, physiology, behavior that promotes the livelihood of an organisms survival and reproduction in a particular time. - Camouflage, sunken stomata in xerophytes, viviparity in mangroves, high production of sweat in hot climate, splayed out foot of camel to prevent from sinking. 18. Irritability means the ability to respond to a stimulus from both internal and external environment. - Short term co ordination- nervous system - Long term co ordination- endocrine system The changes taken place in the environment that make responses are known as stimuli

 The connection between the receptor and effecter is called co ordination 19. Reproduction means the ability to produce a new offspring for the continuous existence of species 20. Heredity and evolution - Transmission of characters from one generation to another generation via genes in order to control the structural, morphological and behavioral patterns of organisms is heredity - Ability of organisms to change over time due to genetic variations is evolution 21. Hierarchical levels of organisms.

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems

Organisms

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

22. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Obsrevation

Theory

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Control
Results

Variable

Interpretation

23. Hypothesis an intelligent guess 24. Theory a predictive, generalization scientific phenomena 25. Law when a scientific phenomenon finds universal acceptability and reliability 26. The main functions of water in organisms - Component in protoplasm - Solvent - Reactant - Maintaining turgidity

Property Liquid at room temperature Polarity

Role Medium of protoplasm Powerful solvent

Chemical property High adhesive and cohesive forces

Reactant in some biochemical processes 1. Maintenance of turgor in cell

Example Major component of protoplasm is water Most of the materials of cell dissolve in cell sap or protoplasm 1. Photosynthesis 2. Hydrolysis 1. Enlargement of the cell 2. Mechanical support in herbaceous plants 3. Turgor movements 4. Movement of guard cells 5. Blooming of flowers 1. Translocation 2. Ascent of sap 3. Absorption of water and minerals

2. Transportation and absorption of materials in cell

High surface tension High specific heat capacity

High latent heat of vaporization High latent heat of fusion Anomalous expansion of volume on freezing Transparent

Provide habitats for aquatic animals Water resist to change its temperature when a considerable heat lost or absorbed Cooling the body surface A lot of heat should dissipate to freeze water bodies Water bodies will not freeze solid. Ice forms in top and water in the bottom Allowing penetration of sunlight

Water skates Maintain the body temperature of pokilotherms in a narrow range Transpiration Sweating Water will not freeze easily within cell or water bodies Aquatic animals are capable of living during winter Allows to grow plants algae in a considerable depth in water bodies

Chemical and cellular basis of life There are about 92 naturally occurring elements Among them 20 elements are involve in the formation of living body

They are called essential elements because they are, 1. Involve in the formation of essential components in the body 2. Without them living beings cant complete their life cycle 3. These elements cannot be replace by another elements These elements can be grouped as 1. Macro elements 2. Trace elements - Macro elements The elements which are required more than 0.01% in dry weight - In plants C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg - In animals C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe - Trace elements Elements which are required less than 0.01% in dry weight In plants B, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Si, V, Cu, Na, Fe, Cl In animals B, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, Si, V, Cu,