SWBOK V3 Appendix On Standards

|ease note that th|s append|x rema|ns to be copyed|ted.
Append|x comm|ss|oned by the SWL8Ck Gu|de V3 Ld|tors.

Copyr|ght 2012 and 2013, Iames W. Moore. erm|ss|on |s granted to make cop|es for purpose of rev|ew and comment.
1

!""" $%& !'()!"* '+$%&$,&- './/0,+1%2 +34 '05+6$,4 "%21%44,1%2 70&8 1
05 9%06:4&24 ;'<"7(9= 2
!ames W. Moore, !ames.W.Moore[leee.org 3
Some mlghL say LhaL Lhe supply of sofLware englneerlng sLandards far exceeds Lhe demand. Cne seldom 4
llsLens Lo a brleflng on Lhe sub[ecL wlLhouL sufferlng some apparenLly obllgaLory [oke LhaL Lhere are Loo 3
many of Lhem. Powever, Lhe exlsLence of sLandards Lakes a very large (posslbly lnflnlLe) Lrade space of 6
alLernaLlves and reduces LhaL space Lo a smaller seL of cholces-a huge advanLage for users. 7
neverLheless, lL can sLlll be dlfflculL Lo choose from dozens of alLernaLlves, so supplemenLary guldance, 8
llke Lhls appendlx, can be helpful. A summary llsL of Lhe sLandards menLloned ln Lhls appendlx appears aL 9
Lhe end. 10
1o reduce Ledlum ln readlng, a few slmpllflcaLlons and abrldgemenLs are made ln Lhls appendlx: 11
lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 malnLalns nearly Lwo hundred sLandards on Lhe sub[ecL. lLLL malnLalns abouL 12
flfLy. 1he Lwo organlzaLlons are ln Lhe LenLh year of a sysLemaLlc program Lo coordlnaLe and 13
lnLegraLe Lhelr collecLlons. ln general, Lhls arLlcle wlll focus on Lhe sLandards LhaL are recognlzed 14
by boLh organlzaLlons, Laklng Lhls condlLlon as evldence LhaL wlde agreemenL has been 13
obLalned. CLher sLandards wlll be menLloned brlefly. 16
SLandards Lend Lo have long, Laxonomlcal LlLles. lf Lhere were a slngle sLandard for bulldlng an 17
auLomoblle, Lhe one for your Camry probably would be LlLled someLhlng llke, vehlcle, lnLernal 18
combusLlon, four-wheel, passenger, sedan". Also, modern sLandards organlzaLlons provlde Lhelr 19
sLandards from daLabases. Llke any daLabase, Lhese someLlmes conLaln errors, parLlcularly for 20
Lhe LlLles. So Lhls arLlcle wlll ofLen paraphrase Lhe LlLle of Lhe sLandard or slmply use lLs number. 21
ln obLalnlng a sLandard of lnLeresL, Lhe reader should rely on Lhe number, noL Lhe LlLle, glven ln 22
Lhls arLlcle. lor reasons of conslsLency, Lhe arLlcle wlll use a unlform convenLlon for Lhe 23
caplLallzaLlon of LlLles-lmporLanL words have an lnlLlal caplLal leLLer-desplLe Lhe facL LhaL lLLL 24
and lSC/lLC use dlfferlng convenLlons. 23
8ecause Lhese sLandards are belng conLlnually revlsed Lo Lake accounL of new Lechnologles and 26
usage paLLerns, Lhls arLlcle wlll be obsolescenL before lL ls publlshed. 1herefore, lL wlll 27
occaslonally dlscuss sLandards whlch have noL yeL been publlshed, lf Lhey are llkely Lo assume 28
slgnlflcanL lmporLance. 29
LxpllclL Lrademarks are omlLLed. Sufflce lL Lo say LhaL lLLL places a Lrademark on all of lLs 30
sLandards' deslgnaLlons. 31
1here are some oLher convenLlons of lnLeresL: 32
ln boLh lLLL and lSC/lLC, sLandards for !"!#$%! englneerlng are malnLalned by Lhe same 33
commlLLee as Lhose for !&'#()*$ englneerlng. Many of Lhe sLandards apply Lo boLh. So, lnsLead 34
of maklng flne dlsLlncLlons, Lhls arLlcle wlll deal wlLh boLh. 33
2

Cn Lhe oLher hand, boLh S2LSC and SC 7 are responslble for sLandards LhaL don'L quallfy as 36
englneerlng". ln Lhe uS and many oLher counLrles, Lhe servlces of a llcensed englneer are 37
requlred when a producL mlghL affecL publlc safeLy, healLh and welfare, as opposed Lo affecLlng 38
merely Lhe pockeLbook of Lhe cllenL. 1hls appendlx wlll respecL LhaL dlsLlncLlon and lgnore 39
sLandards LhaL appear Lo be merely economlc ln consequence. 40
user documenLaLlon ls assumed Lo be developed slmllarly Lo sofLware. lor example, a sLandard 41
concernlng Lhe deslgn of user documenLaLlon ls descrlbed ln Lhe ueslgn kA. 42
Some [olnLly developed sLandards are expllclLly labeled as [olnL developmenLs, e.g. lSC/lLC/lLLL 43
24763. ln oLher cases, Lhe sLandards have dlfferenL deslgnaLlons ln Lhe Lwo organlzaLlons. 44
Lxamples lnclude: 43
o lLLL SLd 12207:2008 (aka lSC/lLC 12207:2008), where aka" (also known as") ls Lhls 46
arLlcle's abbrevlaLlon Lo noLe Lhe deslgnaLlon ln Lhe oLher organlzaLlon, 47
o lLLL SLd 13939:2008 SLandard AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 13939:2007, an adopLlon by lLLL of a 48
sLandard developed ln lSC/lLC, 49
o lLLL SLd 1220:2003 (aka lSC/lLC 26702:2007), a fasL-Lrack" by lSC/lLC of a sLandard 30
developed ln lLLL. 31
ln each of Lhese cases, Lhe sLandards are subsLanLlvely ldenLlcal ln Lhe Lwo organlzaLlons, 32
dlfferlng only ln fronL maLLer, and, occaslonally, added lnformaLlonal maLerlal. 33
A summary llsL of all of Lhe menLloned sLandards ls provlded aL Lhe end of Lhls appendlx. 34
!'()!"* >?* @)'* AB '05+6$,4 $%& '8-+4C- "%21%44,1%2 33
lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 ls Lhe ma[or source of lnLernaLlonal sLandards on sofLware and sysLems englneerlng. 36
lLs name ls formed Laxonomlcally. !olnL 1echnlcal CommlLLee 1 (!1C 1) ls a chlld of Lhe lnLernaLlonal 37
CrganlzaLlon for SLandardlzaLlon (lSC) and Lhe lnLernaLlonal LlecLroLechnlcal Commlsslon (lLC), lL has 38
Lhe scope of lnformaLlon Lechnology" and subdlvldes lLs work among a number of subcommlLLees, 39
SubcommlLLee 7 (SC 7) ls Lhe one responslble for sofLware and sysLems englneerlng. SC 7, and lLs 60
worklng groups, meeLs Lwlce a year, aLLracLlng delegaLlons represenLlng Lhe naLlonal sLandards bodles 61
of parLlclpaLlng naLlons. Lach naLlon follows lLs own procedures for deLermlnlng naLlonal poslLlons and 62
each naLlon has Lhe responslblllLy of deLermlnlng wheLher an lSC/lLC sLandard should be adopLed as a 63
naLlonal sLandard. 64
SC 7 creaLes Lhree Lypes of documenLs: 63
lnLernaLlonal SLandards 66
1echnlcal SpeclflcaLlons (formerly called 1echnlcal 8eporLs, Lype 1 and Lype 2): uocumenLs 67
publlshed ln a prellmlnary manner whlle work conLlnues. 68
1echnlcal 8eporLs (formerly called 1echnlcal 8eporLs, Lype 3): uocumenLs lnherenLly unsulLed Lo 69
be sLandards, usually because Lhey are descrlpLlve raLher Lhan prescrlpLlve 70
3

1he key Lhlng Lo remember ls LhaL only Lhe flrsL caLegory counLs as a consensus sLandard. 1he reader can 71
easlly recognlze Lhe oLhers by Lhe sufflx 1S or 18 pre-pended Lo Lhe number of Lhe documenL. 72
!""" '05+6$,4 $%& '8-+4C- "%21%44,1%2 '+$%&$,&- *0CC1++44 ;'D"'*= 73
lLLL ls Lhe world's largesL organlzaLlon of Lechnlcal professlonals wlLh abouL 400,000 members ln more 74
Lhan 160 counLrles. 1he publlcaLlon of sLandards ls performed by Lhe lLLL SLandards AssoclaLlon (lLLL- 73
SA), buL Lhe commlLLees LhaL drafL and sponsor Lhe sLandards are ln Lhe varlous SocleLles of lLLL, S2LSC 76
ls a parL of Lhe lLLL CompuLer SocleLy. lLLL ls a global sLandards maker because lLs sLandards are used ln 77
many dlfferenL counLrles. uesplLe lLs lnLernaLlonal membershlp (abouL 30 non-uS), Lhough, Lhe lLLL- 78
SA rouLlnely submlLs lLs sLandards Lo Lhe Amerlcan naLlonal SLandards lnsLlLuLe (AnSl) for endorsemenL 79
as Amerlcan naLlonal SLandards". Some S2LSC sLandards are developed wlLhln S2LSC, some [olnLly wlLh 80
SC 7 and some are adopLed afLer belng developed by SC 7. 81
lLLL-SA publlshes Lhree Lypes of sLandards": 82
SLandards, wlLh a preponderance of Lhe verb shall" 83
8ecommended racLlces, wlLh a preponderance of Lhe verb should" 84
Culdes, wlLh a preponderance of Lhe verb may" 83
All Lhree of Lhese compare Lo lSC/lLC sLandards. lLLL-SA does have Lhe concepL of a 1rlal-use" 86
sLandard whlch ls roughly comparable Lo an lSC/lLC 1echnlcal SpeclflcaLlon. Powever, lL has noLhlng 87
comparable Lo an lSC/lLC 1echnlcal 8eporL. Cne would look elsewhere ln lLLL for documenLs of Lhls llk. 88
?34 '+$%&$,&- 89
1he remalnder of Lhls arLlcle allocaLes Lhe selecLed sLandards Lo relevanL knowledge areas of Lhe 90
SWL8Ck Culde. 1here ls a secLlon for each kA. WlLhln each secLlon, Lhe relevanL sLandards are llsLed- 91
Lhe ones LhaL prlnclpally apply Lo Lhe kA, as well as oLhers LhaL prlnclpally apply Lo oLher kAs, buL whlch 92
are relaLed Lo Lhe currenL one. lollowlng each sLandard ls a brlef summary. ln mosL cases, Lhe summary 93
ls a quoLaLlon or paraphrase of Lhe absLracL or oLher lnLroducLory maLerlal from Lhe LexL of Lhe sLandard. 94
MosL of Lhe sLandards easlly flL lnLo one knowledge area. Some flL lnLo more Lhan one, ln such cases a 93
cross-reference ls provlded. 1wo sLandards applled Lo all knowledge areas, so Lhey were puL ln a 96
caLegory called Ceneral." All of Lhe sLandards relaLed Lo CASL Lools and envlronmenLs were placed ln 97
Lhe SofLware Lnglneerlng Models and MeLhods kA. 98
E4%4,$: 99
1he flrsL Lwo sLandards are so cenLral LhaL Lhey could be sloLLed lnLo all of Lhe knowledge areas. 1wo 100
more are descrlbed ln Lhe SofLware Lnglneerlng rocess kA, buL are menLloned here because Lhey 101
provlde a helpful framework and because Lhe descrlpLlons of several oLher sLandards refer Lo Lhem. 102
lSC/lLC 18 19739 ls Lhe SWL8Ck Culde lLself. lL's noL an lLLL sLandard because, lacklng prescrlpLlve 103
verbs, lL doesn'L saLlsfy Lhe crlLerla for any of Lhe lLLL caLegorles. ln lSC/lLC, lL ls a Lechnlcal reporL"- 104
deflned as a documenL lnherenLly unsulLed Lo be a sLandard. 1he 2004 lLLL SWL8Ck Culde was adopLed 103
4

by lSC/lLC wlLhouL change. resumably, lSC/lLC wlll adopL Lhe revlsed SWL8Ck Culde when lL ls 106
compleLed. 107
ISC]ILC 1k 197S9:200S Software Lng|neer|ng--Gu|de to the Software
Lng|neer|ng 8ody of know|edge (SWL8Ck)
Applles Lo all kAs
lSC/lLC 19739:2003, a gulde Lo Lhe sofLware englneerlng body of knowledge (SWL8Ck), ldenLlfles and
descrlbes LhaL subseL of Lhe body of knowledge LhaL ls generally accepLed, even Lhough sofLware
englneers musL be knowledgeable noL only ln sofLware englneerlng, buL also, of course, ln oLher
relaLed dlsclpllnes. SWL8Ck ls an all-lncluslve Lerm LhaL descrlbes Lhe sum of knowledge wlLhln Lhe
professlon of sofLware englneerlng.
108
1he P1ML form of Lhe SWL8Ck Culde ls freely avallable aL hLLp://www.swebok.org/. 1he lSC/lLC 109
adopLlon of Lhe Culde ls freely avallable aL 110
hLLp://sLandards.lso.org/lLLf/ubllclyAvallableSLandards/lndex.hLml. 111
lSC/lLC/lLLL 24763 provldes a shared vocabulary for Lhe sysLems and sofLware englneerlng sLandards of 112
boLh SC 7 and S2LSC. 113
ISC]ILC]ILLL 2476S:2010 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--Vocabu|ary Applles Lo all kAs
lSC/lLC/lLLL 24763:2010 provldes a common vocabulary appllcable Lo all sysLems and sofLware
englneerlng work. lL was prepared Lo collecL and supporL Lhe sLandardlzaLlon of Lermlnology.
lSC/lLC/lLLL 24763:2010 ls lnLended Lo serve as a useful reference for Lhose ln Lhe lnformaLlon
Lechnology fleld, and Lo encourage Lhe use of sysLems and sofLware englneerlng sLandards prepared by
lSC and llalson organlzaLlons lLLL CompuLer SocleLy and ro[ecL ManagemenL lnsLlLuLe. lSC/lLC/lLLL
24763:2010 lncludes references Lo Lhe acLlve source sLandards for each deflnlLlon so LhaL Lhe use of
Lhe Lerm can be furLher explored.
114
1he vocabulary ls descrlpLlve, raLher Lhan prescrlpLlve, lL gaLhers up all of Lhe deflnlLlons from all of Lhe 113
relevanL sLandards, as well as a few oLher sources, raLher Lhan chooslng among compeLlng deflnlLlons. 116
1he conLenL of Lhe 24763 sLandard ls freely accesslble onllne aL www.compuLer.org/sevocab . 117
1wo sLandards, 12207 and 13288, provlde a compleLe seL of processes for Lhe enLlre llfecycle of a 118
sysLem or a sofLware producL. 1he Lwo sLandards are allgned for concurrenL use on a slngle pro[ecL or ln 119
a slngle organlzaLlon. 1hey are menLloned here because Lhey are ofLen used as a framework for 120
explalnlng or locallzlng Lhe role of oLher sLandards ln Lhe llfe cycle. 121
ILLL Std 12207:2008 (aka ISC]ILC 12207:2008) Standard for Systems and
software eng|neer|ng--Software ||fe cyc|e processes
See SofLware Lnglneerlng
rocess kA
ILLL Std 1S288:2008 (aka ISC]ILC 1S288:2008) Standard for Systems and
software eng|neer|ng--System ||fe cyc|e processes
rocess kA
3

'05+6$,4 F4G.1,4C4%+- 122
1he prlmary sLandard for sofLware and sysLems requlremenLs englneerlng ls a new one LhaL replaced 123
several exlsLlng lLLL sLandards. lL provldes a broad vlew of requlremenLs englneerlng across Lhe enLlre 124
llfe cycle. 123
ISC]ILC]ILLL 29148:2011 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--kequ|rements
Lng|neer|ng
lSC/lLC/lLLL 29148:2011 conLalns provlslons for Lhe processes and producLs relaLed Lo Lhe englneerlng
of requlremenLs for sysLems and sofLware producLs and servlces LhroughouL Lhe llfe cycle. lL deflnes
Lhe consLrucL of a good requlremenL, provldes aLLrlbuLes and characLerlsLlcs of requlremenLs, and
dlscusses Lhe lLeraLlve and recurslve appllcaLlon of requlremenLs processes LhroughouL Lhe llfe cycle.
lSC/lLC/lLLL 29148:2011 provldes addlLlonal guldance ln Lhe appllcaLlon of requlremenLs englneerlng
and managemenL processes for requlremenLs-relaLed acLlvlLles ln lSC/lLC 12207:2008 and lSC/lLC
13288:2008. lnformaLlon lLems appllcable Lo Lhe englneerlng of requlremenLs and Lhelr conLenL are
deflned. 1he conLenL of lSC/lLC/lLLL 29148:2011 can be added Lo Lhe exlsLlng seL of requlremenLs-
relaLed llfe cycle processes deflned by lSC/lLC 12207:2008 or lSC/lLC 13288:2008, or can be used
lndependenLly.
126
A mulLl-parL lSC/lLC sLandard provldes prlnclples and meLhods for slzlng" sofLware based on lLs 127
requlremenLs. 1he funcLlonal slze ls ofLen useful ln Lhe denomlnaLor of measuremenLs of quallLy and 128
producLlvlLy ln sofLware developmenL. lL may also play a role ln conLracLlng for servlce level agreemenLs. 129
ISC]ILC 14143 [s|x parts] Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Software Measurement--Iunct|ona| S|ze
Measurement
lSC/lLC 14143 descrlbes lSM (luncLlonal Slze MeasuremenL). 1he concepLs of luncLlonal Slze
MeasuremenL (lSM) are deslgned Lo overcome Lhe llmlLaLlons of earller meLhods of slzlng sofLware by
shlfLlng Lhe focus away from measurlng how Lhe sofLware ls lmplemenLed Lo measurlng slze ln Lerms of
Lhe funcLlons requlred by Lhe user.
130
luncLlonal Slze MeasuremenL ls ofLen known as funcLlon polnL counLlng". 1he four sLandards llsLed 131
below are alLernaLlve meLhods for funcLlon polnL counLlng-all meeLlng Lhe requlremenLs of lSC/lLC 132
14143. 1he domlnanL meLhod, ln Lerms of markeL share, ls Lhe lluC meLhod, descrlbed ln lSC/lLC 133
20926. CLher meLhods are varlaLlons lnLended Lo lmprove Lhe valldlLy of Lhe counL ln varlous 134
clrcumsLances. lor example, lSC/lLC 19761, CCSMlC, ls lnLended Lo be used on sysLems wlLh a real-Llme 133
componenL. 136
ISC]ILC 19761:2011 Software eng|neer|ng--CCSMIC: A Iunct|ona| S|ze Measurement Method
ISC]ILC 20926:2009 Software and Systems Lng|neer|ng--Software Measurement--IIUG Iunct|ona|
S|ze Measurement Method
ISC]ILC 20968:2002 Software eng|neer|ng--Mk II Iunct|on o|nt Ana|ys|s--Count|ng ract|ces Manua|
ISC]ILC 24S70:200S Software Lng|neer|ng--NLSMA Iunct|ona| S|ze Measurement Method Vers|on
2.1--Def|n|t|ons and Count|ng Gu|de||nes for the App||cat|on of Iunct|on o|nt Ana|ys|s
137
6

SomeLlmes requlremenLs are descrlbed ln naLural language, buL someLlmes Lhey are descrlbed ln formal 138
or seml-formal noLaLlons. 1he ob[ecLlve of Lhe unlfled Modellng Language (uML) ls Lo provlde sysLem 139
archlLecLs, sofLware englneers, and sofLware developers wlLh Lools for analysls, deslgn, and 140
lmplemenLaLlon of sofLware-based sysLems as well as for modellng buslness and slmllar processes. 1he 141
Lwo parLs of lSC/lLC 19303 deflne uML, revlslon 2. 1he older lSC/lLC 19301 ls an earller verslon of uML. 142
1hey are menLloned here because Lhey are ofLen used Lo model requlremenLs. 143
ISC]ILC 19S01:200S Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cpen D|str|buted
rocess|ng--Un|f|ed Mode||ng Language (UML) Vers|on 1.4.2
Models and MeLhods kA
ISC]ILC 19S0S:2012 [two parts] Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cb[ect
Management Group Un|f|ed Mode||ng Language (CMG UML)
'05+6$,4 H4-12% 144
1he deslgn knowledge area lncludes boLh sofLware archlLecLural deslgn, for deLermlnlng Lhe 143
relaLlonshlps among Lhe lLems of Lhe sofLware sysLem, and deLalled deslgn, for descrlblng Lhe lndlvldual 146
lLems. lSC/lLC/lLLL 42010 concerns Lhe descrlpLlon of archlLecLure for sysLems and sofLware. 147
ISC]ILC]ILLL 42010:2011 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--Arch|tecture descr|pt|on
lSC/lLC/lLLL 42010:2011 addresses Lhe creaLlon, analysls and susLalnmenL of archlLecLures of sysLems
Lhrough Lhe use of archlLecLure descrlpLlons. A concepLual model of archlLecLure descrlpLlon ls
esLabllshed. 1he requlred conLenLs of an archlLecLure descrlpLlon are speclfled. ArchlLecLure
vlewpolnLs, archlLecLure frameworks and archlLecLure descrlpLlon languages are lnLroduced for
codlfylng convenLlons and common pracLlces of archlLecLure descrlpLlon. 1he requlred conLenL of
archlLecLure vlewpolnLs, archlLecLure frameworks and archlLecLure descrlpLlon languages ls speclfled.
Annexes provlde Lhe moLlvaLlon and background for key concepLs and Lermlnology and examples of
applylng lSC/lLC/lLLL 42010:2011.
148
Llke lSC/lLC/lLLL 42010, Lhe nexL sLandard LreaLs sofLware deslgn" as an absLracLlon, lndependenL of 149
lLs represenLaLlon ln a documenL. Accordlngly, Lhe sLandard places provlslons on Lhe descrlpLlon of 130
deslgn, raLher Lhan deslgn lLself. 131
ILLL Std 1016:2009 Standard for Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Systems Des|gn--Software Des|gn
Descr|pt|ons
1hls sLandard descrlbes sofLware deslgns and esLabllshes Lhe lnformaLlon conLenL and organlzaLlon of a
sofLware deslgn descrlpLlon (Suu). An Suu ls a represenLaLlon of a sofLware deslgn Lo be used for
recordlng deslgn lnformaLlon and communlcaLlng LhaL deslgn lnformaLlon Lo key deslgn sLakeholders.
1hls sLandard ls lnLended for use ln deslgn slLuaLlons ln whlch an expllclL sofLware deslgn descrlpLlon ls
Lo be prepared. 1hese slLuaLlons lnclude LradlLlonal sofLware consLrucLlon acLlvlLles, when deslgn leads
Lo code, and reverse englneerlng slLuaLlons when a deslgn descrlpLlon ls recovered from an exlsLlng
lmplemenLaLlon. 1hls sLandard can be applled Lo commerclal, sclenLlflc, or mlllLary sofLware LhaL runs
on dlglLal compuLers. AppllcablllLy ls noL resLrlcLed by Lhe slze, complexlLy, or crlLlcallLy of Lhe sofLware.
7

1hls sLandard can be applled Lo Lhe descrlpLlon of hlgh-level and deLalled deslgns. 1hls sLandard does
noL prescrlbe speclflc meLhodologles for deslgn, conflguraLlon managemenL, or quallLy assurance. 1hls
sLandard does noL requlre Lhe use of any parLlcular deslgn languages, buL esLabllshes requlremenLs on
Lhe selecLlon of deslgn languages for use ln an Suu. 1hls sLandard can be applled Lo Lhe preparaLlon of
Suus capLured as paper documenLs, auLomaLed daLabases, sofLware developmenL Lools or oLher
medla.
132
8y convenLlon, Lhls appendlx LreaLs user documenLaLlon as a parL of a sofLware sysLem. 1herefore, Lhe 133
varlous aspecLs of user documenLaLlon-lLs deslgn, lLs LesLlng, and so forLh-- are allocaLed Lo dlfferenL 134
knowledge areas. 1he nexL sLandard deals wlLh Lhe deslgn of user documenLaLlon. 133
ILLL Std 26S14:2010 Standard Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 26S14:2008 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--
kequ|rements for Des|gners and Deve|opers of User Documentat|on
1hls sLandard provldes requlremenLs for Lhe deslgn and developmenL of sofLware user documenLaLlon
as parL of Lhe llfe cycle processes. lL deflnes Lhe documenLaLlon process from Lhe vlewpolnL of Lhe
documenLaLlon developer and also covers Lhe documenLaLlon producL. lL speclfles Lhe sLrucLure,
conLenL, and formaL for user documenLaLlon, and also provldes lnformaLlve guldance for user
documenLaLlon sLyle. lL ls lndependenL of Lhe sofLware Lools LhaL may be used Lo produce
documenLaLlon, and applles Lo boLh prlnLed documenLaLlon and on-screen documenLaLlon. Much of
Lhls sLandard ls also appllcable Lo user documenLaLlon for sysLems lncludlng hardware.
'05+6$,4 *0%-+,.I+10% 136
1he Lerm sofLware consLrucLlon" refers Lo Lhe deLalled creaLlon of worklng meanlngful sofLware 137
Lhrough a comblnaLlon of codlng, verlflcaLlon, unlL LesLlng, lnLegraLlon LesLlng, and debugglng." 138
1here are few sLandards on Lhe deLalls of sofLware codlng. lL has been found Lhrough (mosLly bad) 139
experlence LhaL codlng convenLlons are noL approprlaLe for sLandardlzaLlon, because, ln mosL cases, Lhe 160
real beneflL comes from Lhe conslsLency of applylng an arblLrary convenLlon raLher Lhan Lhe convenLlon 161
lLself. So, alLhough codlng convenLlons are a good ldea, lL ls generally lefL Lo Lhe organlzaLlon or Lhe 162
pro[ecL Lo develop such a sLandard. 163
neverLheless, Lhe sub[ecL of secure codlng has aLLracLed aLLenLlon ln recenL years because some codlng 164
ldloms are lnsecure ln Lhe face of aLLack. A 1echnlcal 8eporL prepared by lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 22 163
(programmlng languages) descrlbes vulnerablllLles ln programmlng languages and how Lhey can be 166
avolded. 167
ISC]ILC 1k 24772:2013 Informat|on techno|ogy -- rogramm|ng |anguages -- Gu|dance to avo|d|ng
vu|nerab|||t|es |n programm|ng |anguages through |anguage se|ect|on and use
lSC/lLC 18 24772:2013 speclfles sofLware programmlng language vulnerablllLles Lo be avolded ln Lhe
developmenL of sysLems where assured behavlor ls requlred for securlLy, safeLy, mlsslon-crlLlcal and
buslness-crlLlcal sofLware. ln general, Lhls guldance ls appllcable Lo Lhe sofLware developed, revlewed,
8

or malnLalned for any appllcaLlon.
vulnerablllLles are descrlbed ln a generlc manner LhaL ls appllcable Lo a broad range of programmlng
languages. Annexes relaLe Lhe generlc guldance Lo a selecLlon of speclflc programmlng languages.
1he 1echnlcal 8eporL ls freely avallable aL 168
hLLp://sLandards.lso.org/lLLf/ubllclyAvallableSLandards/lndex.hLml. 169
1wo sLandards are menLloned here because unlL LesLlng ls ofLen regarded as an acLlvlLy of sofLware 170
consLrucLlon. lLLL and lSC/lLC are cooperaLlng ln Lhe developmenL of a four-parL [olnL sLandard, 29119, 171
LhaL wlll provlde a comprehenslve LreaLmenL of LesLlng and supplanL lLLL SLd 1008. 172
ILLL Std 1008:1987 Standard for Software Un|t 1est|ng See SofLware 1esLlng kA
ISC]ILC]ILLL 29119 [four parts] (Draft) Software and Systems
Lng|neer|ng--Software 1est|ng
See SofLware 1esLlng kA
173
1he nexL sLandard provldes for Lhe developmenL of user documenLaLlon durlng an aglle developmenL 174
process. lL ls menLloned here because aglle developmenL ls someLlmes regarded as consLrucLlon. 173
ISC]ILC]ILLL 26S1S:2012 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--Deve|op|ng
user documentat|on |n an ag||e env|ronment
176
Codlng ls noL Lhe only way Lo creaLe a sofLware producL. CfLen code (as well as requlremenLs and 177
deslgn) ls reused from prevlous pro[ecLs, or englneered for reuse ln fuLure pro[ecLs. lLLL SLd 1317 ls 178
menLloned here because lL provldes a common framework for exLendlng Lhe sysLem and sofLware llfe 179
cycle processes of lLLL SLd 12207-2008 Lo lnclude Lhe sysLemaLlc pracLlce of reuse. 180
ILLL Std 1S17:2010 Standard for Informat|on 1echno|ogy--System and
Software L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--keuse rocesses
rocess kA
'05+6$,4 ?4-+1%2 181
Cddly, Lhere are few sLandards for LesLlng. lLLL SLd 829 ls Lhe mosL comprehenslve. 182
ILLL Std 829:2008 Standard for Software and System 1est Documentat|on
1esL processes deLermlne wheLher Lhe developmenL producLs of a glven acLlvlLy conform Lo Lhe
requlremenLs of LhaL acLlvlLy and wheLher Lhe sysLem and/or sofLware saLlsfles lLs lnLended use and
user needs. 1esLlng process Lasks are speclfled for dlfferenL lnLegrlLy levels. 1hese process Lasks
deLermlne Lhe approprlaLe breadLh and depLh of LesL documenLaLlon. 1he documenLaLlon elemenLs for
each Lype of LesL documenLaLlon can Lhen be selecLed. 1he scope of LesLlng encompasses sofLware-
based sysLems, compuLer sofLware, hardware, and Lhelr lnLerfaces. 1hls sLandard applles Lo sofLware-
based sysLems belng developed, malnLalned, or reused (legacy, commerclal off-Lhe-shelf, non-
uevelopmenLal lLems). 1he Lerm "sofLware" also lncludes flrmware, mlcrocode, and documenLaLlon.
1esL processes can lnclude lnspecLlon, analysls, demonsLraLlon, verlflcaLlon, and valldaLlon of sofLware
and sofLware-based sysLem producLs.
9

183
lLLL SLd 1008 focuses on unlL LesLlng. 184
ILLL Std 1008:1987 Standard for Software Un|t 1est|ng
1he prlmary ob[ecLlve ls Lo speclfy a sLandard approach Lo sofLware unlL LesLlng LhaL can be used as a
basls for sound sofLware englneerlng pracLlce. A second ob[ecLlve ls Lo descrlbe Lhe sofLware
englneerlng concepLs and LesLlng assumpLlons on whlch Lhe sLandard approach ls based. A Lhlrd
ob[ecLlve ls Lo provlde guldance and resource lnformaLlon Lo asslsL wlLh Lhe lmplemenLaLlon and usage
of Lhe sLandard unlL LesLlng approach.

183
lLLL and lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 are cooperaLlng ln a pro[ecL Lo develop a slngle, comprehenslve sLandard 186
LhaL covers all aspecLs of LesLlng. Cne can hope for publlcaLlon of Lhe four-parL sLandard by 2014. 187
orLlons of Lhe conLenL remaln conLroverslal. Cne Laxonomlcal lssue ls wheLher sLaLlc meLhods," such 188
as lnspecLlon, revlew, and sLaLlc analysls, should fall wlLhln Lhe scope of LesLlng" or should be 189
dlsLlngulshed as verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon." AlLhough Lhe resoluLlon of Lhe lssue ls probably of llLLle 190
lmporLance Lo users of Lhe sLandard, lL assumes greaL lmporLance Lo Lhe sLandards-wrlLers who musL 191
manage an lnLegraLed sulLe of lnLeroperaLlng sLandards. 192
ISC]ILC]ILLL 29119 [four parts] (Draft) Software and Systems Lng|neer|ng--Software 1est|ng
1he purpose of lSC/lLC 29119 SofLware 1esLlng ls Lo deflne an lnLernaLlonally-agreed sLandard for
sofLware LesLlng LhaL can be used by any organlzaLlon when performlng any form of sofLware LesLlng.
193
1esLlng of user documenLaLlon ls descrlbed ln Lhe nexL sLandard, provldlng requlremenLs for Lhe LesL and 194
revlew of sofLware user documenLaLlon as parL of Lhe llfe cycle processes. lL deflnes Lhe documenLaLlon 193
process from Lhe vlewpolnL of Lhe documenLaLlon LesLer and revlewer. lL ls relevanL Lo roles lnvolved ln 196
LesLlng and developmenL of sofLware and user documenLaLlon, lncludlng pro[ecL managers, usablllLy 197
experLs and lnformaLlon developers, ln addlLlon Lo LesLers and revlewers. 198
kequ|rements for 1esters and kev|ewers of Documentat|on
lSC/lLC 26313:2009 provldes Lhe mlnlmum requlremenLs for Lhe LesLlng and revlewlng of user
documenLaLlon, lncludlng boLh prlnLed and on-screen documenLs used ln Lhe work envlronmenL by Lhe
users of sysLems sofLware. lL applles Lo prlnLed user manuals, onllne help, LuLorlals, and user reference
documenLaLlon.
lL speclfles processes for use ln LesLlng and revlewlng of user documenLaLlon. lL ls noL llmlLed Lo Lhe
LesL and revlew phase of Lhe llfe cycle, buL lncludes acLlvlLles LhroughouL Lhe lnformaLlon ManagemenL
and uocumenLaLlon ManagemenL processes.

199
10

1wo sLandards are menLloned here because some sources conslder sofLware verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon 200
Lo be Laxonomlcally lncluded ln LesLlng. 201
ILLL Std 1012:2004 Standard for Software Ver|f|cat|on and Va||dat|on See SofLware CuallLy kA
ILLL Std 1044:2009 Standard for C|ass|f|cat|on for Software Anoma||es See SofLware CuallLy kA
'05+6$,4 J$1%+4%$%I4 202
1hls sLandard-Lhe resulL of harmonlzlng dlsLlncL lLLL and lSC/lLC sLandards on Lhe sub[ecL-descrlbes a 203
slngle comprehenslve process for Lhe managemenL and execuLlon of sofLware malnLenance. lL expands 204
on Lhe provlslons of Lhe sofLware malnLenance process provlded ln lSC/lLC/lLLL 12207. 203
ILLL Std 14764:2006 (aka ISC]ILC 14764:2006) Standard for Software Lng|neer|ng--Software L|fe
Cyc|e rocessesMa|ntenance
lSC/lLC 14764:2006 descrlbes ln greaLer deLall managemenL of Lhe MalnLenance rocess descrlbed ln
lSC/lLC 12207, lncludlng AmendmenLs. lL also esLabllshes deflnlLlons for Lhe varlous Lypes of
malnLenance. lSC/lLC 14764:2006 provldes guldance LhaL applles Lo plannlng, execuLlon and conLrol,
revlew and evaluaLlon, and closure of Lhe MalnLenance rocess. 1he scope of lSC/lLC 14764:2006
lncludes malnLenance for mulLlple sofLware producLs wlLh Lhe same malnLenance resources.
"MalnLenance" ln lSC/lLC 14764:2006 means sofLware malnLenance unless oLherwlse sLaLed.
lSC/lLC 14764:2006 provldes Lhe framework wlLhln whlch generlc and speclflc sofLware malnLenance
plans may be execuLed, evaluaLed, and Lallored Lo Lhe malnLenance scope and magnlLude of glven
sofLware producLs. lL provldes Lhe framework, preclse Lermlnology and processes Lo allow Lhe
conslsLenL appllcaLlon of Lechnology (Lools, Lechnlques and meLhods) Lo sofLware malnLenance.
lL does noL address Lhe operaLlon of sofLware and Lhe operaLlonal funcLlons, e.g. backup, recovery and
sysLem admlnlsLraLlon, whlch are normally performed by Lhose who operaLe Lhe sofLware.
lSC/lLC 14764:2006 ls wrlLLen prlmarlly for malnLalners of sofLware and addlLlonally for Lhose
responslble for developmenL and quallLy assurance. lL may also be used by acqulrers and users of
sysLems conLalnlng sofLware who may provlde lnpuLs Lo Lhe malnLenance plan.
206
'05+6$,4 *0%512.,$+10% J$%$24C4%+ 207
1here ls one sLandard for conflguraLlon managemenL. 208
ILLL Std 828:2012 Standard for Conf|gurat|on Management |n Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng
1hls sLandard esLabllshes Lhe mlnlmum requlremenLs for processes for ConflguraLlon ManagemenL
(CM) ln sysLems and sofLware englneerlng. 1he appllcaLlon of Lhls sLandard applles Lo any form, class,
or Lype of sofLware or sysLem. 1hls revlslon of Lhe sLandard expands Lhe prevlous verslon Lo explaln
CM, lncludlng ldenLlfylng and acqulrlng conflguraLlon lLems, conLrolllng changes, reporLlng Lhe sLaLus of
conflguraLlon lLems, as well as sofLware bullds and release englneerlng. lLs predecessor deflned only
Lhe conLenLs of a sofLware conflguraLlon managemenL plan. 1hls sLandard addresses whaL CM acLlvlLles
are Lo be done, when Lhey are Lo happen ln Lhe llfe cycle, and whaL plannlng and resources are
requlred. lL also descrlbes Lhe conLenL areas for a CM lan. 1he sLandard supporLs lSC/lLC/lLLL
12207:2008 and lSC/lLC/lLLL 13288:2008 and adheres Lo Lhe Lermlnology ln lSC/lLC/lLLL SLd 24763
and Lhe lnformaLlon lLem requlremenLs of lLLL SLd 13939.
11

lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 has noL yeL deLermlned whaL acLlon lL should Lake regardlng Lhls new lLLL sLandard. 209
1here are lssues concernlng Lhe exLenL of compaLlblllLy wlLh lSC/lLC/lLLL 12207 and oLher sLandards ln 210
Lhe SC 7 sulLe. lL should be noLed, Lhough, LhaL SC 7 does noL have a compeLlng sLandard. 211
'05+6$,4 "%21%44,1%2 J$%$24C4%+ 212
MosL readers wlll lnLerpreL Lhe phrase sofLware englneerlng managemenL" Lo mean Lhe managemenL 213
of a !"#$%&' LhaL concerns sofLware. 1here are aL leasL Lwo posslble exLenslons Lo Lhls generallzaLlon, 214
Lhough. Some sofLware acLlvlLles are managed accordlng Lo a servlce level agreemenL. SLAs do noL meeL 213
Lhe crlLerla for pro[ecL" accordlng Lo some deflnlLlons. Also, lL has become generally agreed LhaL some 216
managemenL of sofLware should occur ln Lhe organlzaLlon aL a level above Lhe pro[ecL, so LhaL all 217
pro[ecLs can beneflL from a common lnvesLmenL. A commonly clLed example ls Lhe provlslon of sofLware 218
processes and Loollng by Lhe organlzaLlon. 219
SofLware pro[ecL managemenL can be regarded as a speclallzaLlon of pro[ecL managemenL"-ofLen 220
regarded as a dlsLlncL dlsclpllne. 1he ro[ecL ManagemenL lnsLlLuLe's Culde Lo Lhe ro[ecL ManagemenL 221
8ody of knowledge (M8Ck Culde) ls ofLen regarded as Lhe auLhorlLaLlve source for Lhls knowledge. 222
lrom Llme Lo Llme, lLLL adopLs Lhe mosL recenL verslon of Lhe M8Ck Culde as an lLLL sLandard. 223
ILLL Std 1490:2011 Gu|de--Adopt|on of the ro[ect Management Inst|tute (MI(k)) Standard, A Gu|de
to the ro[ect Management 8ody of know|edge (M8Ck(k) Gu|de)--Iourth Ld|t|on
1he M8Ck Culde ldenLlfles LhaL subseL of Lhe pro[ecL managemenL body of knowledge generally
recognlzed as good pracLlce. Cenerally recognlzed" means Lhe knowledge and pracLlces descrlbed are
appllcable Lo mosL pro[ecLs mosL of Lhe Llme, and Lhere ls consensus abouL Lhelr value and usefulness.
Cood pracLlce" means Lhere ls general agreemenL LhaL Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhese skllls, Lools, and
Lechnlques can enhance Lhe chances of success over a wlde range of pro[ecLs. Cood pracLlce does noL
mean Lhe knowledge descrlbed should always be applled unlformly Lo all pro[ecLs, Lhe organlzaLlon
and/or pro[ecL managemenL Leam ls responslble for deLermlnlng whaL ls approprlaLe for any glven
pro[ecL. 1he M8Ck Culde also provldes and promoLes a common vocabulary wlLhln Lhe pro[ecL
managemenL professlon for dlscusslng, wrlLlng, and applylng pro[ecL managemenL concepLs. Such a
sLandard vocabulary ls an essenLlal elemenL of a professlonal dlsclpllne. 1he ro[ecL ManagemenL
lnsLlLuLe (Ml) vlews Lhls sLandard as a foundaLlonal pro[ecL managemenL reference for lLs professlonal
developmenL programs and cerLlflcaLlons.
224
1he 2008 revlslons of lSC/lLC/lLLL 12207 and 13288 provlde pro[ecL managemenL processes for 223
sofLware and sysLems and relaLe Lhem Lo organlzaLlon-level processes as well as Lechnlcal processes. 226
1he [olnLly developed 16326 sLandard, replaclng Lwo older sLandards, expands Lhose provlslons wlLh 227
guldance for appllcaLlon. 228
ISC]ILC]ILLL 16326:2009 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--ro[ect
Management
lSC/lLC/lLLL 16326:2009 provldes normaLlve conLenL speclflcaLlons for pro[ecL managemenL plans
12

coverlng sofLware pro[ecLs, and sofLware-lnLenslve sysLem pro[ecLs. lL also provldes deLalled dlscusslon
and advlce on applylng a seL of pro[ecL processes LhaL are common Lo boLh Lhe sofLware and sysLem
llfe cycle as covered by lSC/l LC 12207:2008 (lLLL SLd 12207-2008) and lSC/lLC 13288:2008 (lLLL SLd
13288-2008), respecLlvely. 1he dlscusslon and advlce are lnLended Lo ald ln Lhe preparaLlon of Lhe
normaLlve conLenL of pro[ecL managemenL plans. lSC/lLC/lLLL 16326:2009 ls Lhe resulL of Lhe
harmonlzaLlon of lSC/lLC 18 16326:1999 and lLLL SLd 1038-1998.
229
arLlcularly ln hlgh-Lechnology appllcaLlons and hlgh-consequence pro[ecLs, Lhe managemenL of rlsk ls 230
an lmporLanL aspecL of Lhe overall pro[ecL managemenL responslblllLles. 1hls sLandard deals wlLh LhaL 231
sub[ecL. 232
ILLL Std 1608S:2006 (aka ISC]ILC 1608S:2006) Standard for Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--
Software L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--k|sk Management
lSC/lLC 16083:2006 deflnes a process for Lhe managemenL of rlsk ln Lhe llfe cycle. lL can be added Lo
Lhe exlsLlng seL of sysLem and sofLware llfe cycle processes deflned by lSC/lLC 13288 and lSC/lLC
12207, or lL can be used lndependenLly.
lSC/lLC 16083:2006 can be applled equally Lo sysLems and sofLware.
1he purpose of rlsk managemenL ls Lo ldenLlfy poLenLlal managerlal and Lechnlcal problems before Lhey
occur so LhaL acLlons can be Laken LhaL reduce or ellmlnaLe Lhe probablllLy and/or lmpacL of Lhese
problems should Lhey occur. lL ls a crlLlcal Lool for conLlnuously deLermlnlng Lhe feaslblllLy of pro[ecL
plans, for lmprovlng Lhe search for and ldenLlflcaLlon of poLenLlal problems LhaL can affecL llfe cycle
acLlvlLles and Lhe quallLy and performance of producLs, and for lmprovlng Lhe acLlve managemenL of
pro[ecLs.
233
1he analysls of rlsk and rlsk mlLlgaLlon depends cruclally upon measuremenL. 1hls lnLernaLlonal SLandard 234
provldes an elaboraLlon of Lhe measuremenL process from lSC/lLC/lLLL 13288:2008 and lSC/lLC/lLLL 233
12207:2008. 236
Measurement rocess
lSC/lLC 13939:2007 deflnes a measuremenL process appllcable Lo sysLem and sofLware englneerlng
and managemenL dlsclpllnes. 1he process ls descrlbed Lhrough a model LhaL deflnes Lhe acLlvlLles of
Lhe measuremenL process LhaL are requlred Lo adequaLely speclfy whaL measuremenL lnformaLlon ls
requlred, how Lhe measures and analysls resulLs are Lo be applled, and how Lo deLermlne lf Lhe analysls
resulLs are valld. 1he measuremenL process ls flexlble, Lallorable, and adapLable Lo Lhe needs of
dlfferenL users.
lSC/lLC 13939:2007 ldenLlfles a process LhaL supporLs deflnlng a sulLable seL of measures LhaL address
speclflc lnformaLlon needs. lL ldenLlfles Lhe acLlvlLles and Lasks LhaL are necessary Lo successfully
ldenLlfy, deflne, selecL, apply and lmprove measuremenL wlLhln an overall pro[ecL or organlzaLlonal
measuremenL sLrucLure. lL also provldes deflnlLlons for measuremenL Lerms commonly used wlLhln Lhe
sysLem and sofLware lndusLrles.
237
13

SofLware pro[ecLs ofLen requlre Lhe developmenL of user documenLaLlon. ManagemenL of Lhe pro[ecL, 238
Lherefore, lncludes managemenL of Lhe documenLaLlon efforL. 239
ISC]ILC]ILLL 26S11:2012 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--kequ|rements for managers of user
documentat|on
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26311:2012 speclfles procedures for managlng user documenLaLlon LhroughouL Lhe
sofLware llfe cycle. lL applles Lo people or organlzaLlons produclng sulLes of documenLaLlon, Lo Lhose
underLaklng a slngle documenLaLlon pro[ecL, and Lo documenLaLlon produced lnLernally, as well as Lo
documenLaLlon conLracLed Lo ouLslde servlce organlzaLlons. lL provldes an overvlew of Lhe sofLware
documenLaLlon and lnformaLlon managemenL processes, and also presenLs aspecLs of porLfollo
plannlng and conLenL managemenL LhaL user documenLaLlon managers apply.lL covers managemenL
acLlvlLles ln sLarLlng a pro[ecL, lncludlng seLLlng up procedures and speclflcaLlons, esLabllshlng
lnfrasLrucLure, and bulldlng a Leam. lL lncludes examples of roles needed on a user documenLaLlon
Leam. lL addresses measuremenLs and esLlmaLes needed for managemenL conLrol, and Lhe use of
supporLlng processes such as change managemenL, schedule and cosL conLrol, resource managemenL,
and quallLy managemenL and process lmprovemenL. lL lncludes requlremenLs for key documenLs
produced for user documenLaLlon managemenL, lncludlng documenLaLlon plans and documenLaLlon
managemenL plans. lSC/lLC/lLLL 26311:2012 ls lndependenL of Lhe sofLware Lools LhaL may be used Lo
produce or manage documenLaLlon, and applles Lo boLh prlnLed documenLaLlon and on-screen
documenLaLlon. Much of lLs guldance ls appllcable Lo user documenLaLlon for sysLems lncludlng
hardware as well as sofLware.
240
SomeLlmes sofLware or sysLem componenLs are acqulred raLher Lhan developed. 241
ILLL Std 1062:1998 Ld|t|on, kecommended ract|ce for Software Acqu|s|t|on
A seL of useful quallLy pracLlces LhaL can be selecLed and applled durlng one or more sLeps ln a
sofLware acqulslLlon process ls descrlbed. 1hls recommended pracLlce can be applled Lo sofLware LhaL
runs on any compuLer sysLem regardless of Lhe slze, complexlLy, or crlLlcallLy of Lhe sofLware, buL ls
more sulLed for use on modlfled-off-Lhe-shelf sofLware and fully developed sofLware.
242
SomeLlmes user documenLaLlon ls acqulred regardless of wheLher Lhe sofLware lL descrlbes was 243
acqulred. 1he followlng sLandard deals wlLh Lhe sub[ecL. 244
ISC]ILC]ILLL 26S12:2011 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--kequ|rements for acqu|rers and
supp||ers of user documentat|on
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26312:2011 was developed Lo asslsL users of lSC/lLC/lLLL 13288:2008 or lSC/lLC/lLLL
12207:2008 Lo acqulre or supply sofLware user documenLaLlon as parL of Lhe sofLware llfe cycle
processes. lL deflnes Lhe documenLaLlon process from Lhe acqulrer's sLandpolnL and Lhe suppller's
sLandpolnL. lSC/lLC/lLLL 26312:2011 covers Lhe requlremenLs for lnformaLlon lLems used ln Lhe
acqulslLlon of user documenLaLlon producLs: Lhe AcqulslLlon lan, uocumenL SpeclflcaLlon, SLaLemenL
of Work, 8equesL for roposals, and Lhe proposal. lL provldes an overvlew of Lhe sofLware user
documenLaLlon and lnformaLlon managemenL processes whlch may requlre acqulslLlon and supply of
sofLware user documenLaLlon producLs and servlces. lL addresses Lhe preparaLlon of requlremenLs for
sofLware user documenLaLlon. 1hese requlremenLs are cenLral Lo Lhe user documenLaLlon speclflcaLlon
14

and SLaLemenL of Work. lL lncludes requlremenLs for prlmary documenL ouLpuLs of Lhe acqulslLlon and
supply process: Lhe 8equesL for roposal and Lhe roposal for user documenLaLlon producLs and
servlces. lL also dlscusses Lhe use of a uocumenLaLlon ManagemenL lan and a uocumenL lan as Lhey
arlse ln Lhe acqulslLlon and supply processes. lSC/lLC/lLLL 26312:2011 ls lndependenL of Lhe sofLware
Lools LhaL may be used Lo produce documenLaLlon, and applles Lo boLh prlnLed documenLaLlon and on-
screen documenLaLlon. Much of lLs guldance ls appllcable Lo user documenLaLlon for sysLems lncludlng
hardware as well as sofLware.
243
1he nexL Lwo sLandards are menLloned here because Lhey supply lnformaLlon used ln managemenL 246
declslon-maklng. 247
ILLL Std 1028:2008 Standard for Software kev|ews and Aud|ts See SofLware CuallLy kC
ILLL Std 1061:1998 Standard for Software ua||ty Metr|cs Methodo|ogy See SofLware CuallLy kA
248
1he nexL sLandard ls menLloned because lL lncludes Lhe manager's role ln developlng user 249
documenLaLlon ln an aglle pro[ecL. 230
ISC]ILC]ILLL 26S1S:2012 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--Deve|op|ng
user documentat|on |n an ag||e env|ronment
'05+6$,4 "%21%44,1%2 K,0I4-- 231
SofLware and sysLems englneerlng processes are cenLral Lo Lhe sLandardlzaLlon of Lhose Lwo 232
dlsclpllnes-noL [usL because many are lnLeresLed ln process lmprovemenL-buL because processes are 233
effecLlve for Lhe descrlpLlon of lmproved pracLlces. lor example, one mlghL propose an lmproved 234
pracLlce for sofLware requlremenLs analysls. A naive LreaLmenL mlghL relaLe Lhe descrlpLlon Lo an early 233
sLage of Lhe llfe cycle model. A superlor approach ls Lo descrlbe Lhe pracLlce ln Lhe conLexL of a process 236
LhaL can be applled aL any sLage of Lhe llfe cycle. 8equlremenLs analysls, for example, ls necessary for 237
Lhe developmenL sLage, for malnLenance, and ofLen for reLlremenL. 1he Lwo key sLandards are 238
lSC/lLC/lLLL 12207, SofLware Llfe Cycle rocesses, and lSC/lLC/lLLL 13288, SysLem Llfe Cycle rocesses. 239
1he Lwo sLandards have dlsLlncL hlsLorles, buL Lhey were boLh revlsed ln 2008 Lo allgn Lhelr processes, 260
permlLLlng Lhelr lnLeroperable use across a wlde specLrum of pro[ecLs ranglng from a sLand-alone 261
sofLware componenL Lo a sysLem wlLh negllglble sofLware conLenL. 8oLh are belng revlsed agaln wlLh Lhe 262
lnLenL of conLalnlng an ldenLlcal llsL of processes, buL wlLh provlslons speclallzed for Lhe respecLlve 263
dlsclpllnes. 264
ILLL Std 12207:2008 (aka ISC]ILC 12207:2008) Standard for Systems and software eng|neer|ng--
Software ||fe cyc|e processes
lSC/lLC 12207:2008 esLabllshes a common framework for sofLware llfe cycle processes, wlLh well-
deflned Lermlnology, LhaL can be referenced by Lhe sofLware lndusLry.
lSC/lLC 12207:2008 applles Lo Lhe acqulslLlon of sysLems and sofLware producLs and servlces, Lo Lhe
supply, developmenL, operaLlon, malnLenance, and dlsposal of sofLware producLs and Lhe sofLware
porLlon of a sysLem, wheLher performed lnLernally or exLernally Lo an organlzaLlon. 1hose aspecLs of
sysLem deflnlLlon needed Lo provlde Lhe conLexL for sofLware producLs and servlces are lncluded.
13

lSC/lLC 12207:2008 also provldes a process LhaL can be employed for deflnlng, conLrolllng, and
lmprovlng sofLware llfe cycle processes.
1he processes, acLlvlLles and Lasks of lSC/lLC 12207:2008 - elLher alone or ln con[uncLlon wlLh lSC/lLC
13288 - may also be applled durlng Lhe acqulslLlon of a sysLem LhaL conLalns sofLware.
263
ILLL Std 1S288:2008 (aka ISC]ILC 1S288:2008) Standard for Systems and software eng|neer|ng--
System ||fe cyc|e processes
lSC/lLC 13288:2008 esLabllshes a common framework for descrlblng Lhe llfe cycle of sysLems creaLed
by humans. lL deflnes a seL of processes and assoclaLed Lermlnology. 1hese processes can be applled
aL any level ln Lhe hlerarchy of a sysLem's sLrucLure. SelecLed seLs of Lhese processes can be applled
LhroughouL Lhe llfe cycle for managlng and performlng Lhe sLages of a sysLem's llfe cycle. 1hls ls
accompllshed Lhrough Lhe lnvolvemenL of all lnLeresLed parLles, wlLh Lhe ulLlmaLe goal of achlevlng
cusLomer saLlsfacLlon.
lSC/lLC 13288:2008 also provldes processes LhaL supporL Lhe deflnlLlon, conLrol and lmprovemenL of
Lhe llfe cycle processes used wlLhln an organlzaLlon or a pro[ecL. CrganlzaLlons and pro[ecLs can use
Lhese llfe cycle processes when acqulrlng and supplylng sysLems.
lSC/lLC 13288:2008 concerns Lhose sysLems LhaL are man-made and may be conflgured wlLh one or
more of Lhe followlng: hardware, sofLware, daLa, humans, processes (e.g., processes for provldlng
servlce Lo users), procedures (e.g., operaLor lnsLrucLlons), faclllLles, maLerlals and naLurally occurrlng
enLlLles. When a sysLem elemenL ls sofLware, Lhe sofLware llfe cycle processes documenLed ln lSC/lLC
12207:2008 may be used Lo lmplemenL LhaL sysLem elemenL.
lSC/lLC 13288:2008 and lSC/lLC 12207:2008 are harmonlzed for concurrenL use on a slngle pro[ecL or
ln a slngle organlzaLlon.
266
1hose Lwo sLandards speclfy LhaL processes may produce lLems of lnformaLlon buL do noL prescrlbe Lhelr 267
conLenL or formaL. 1he nexL sLandard provldes help wlLh LhaL. 268
ISC]ILC]ILLL 1S289:2011 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--Content of ||fe-cyc|e |nformat|on
products (documentat|on)
lSC/lLC/lLLL 13289:2011 provldes requlremenLs for ldenLlfylng and plannlng Lhe speclflc lnformaLlon
lLems (lnformaLlon producLs, documenLaLlon) Lo be developed and revlsed durlng sysLems and
sofLware llfe cycles and servlce managemenL processes. lL speclfles Lhe purpose and conLenL of all
ldenLlfled sysLems and sofLware daLa records and llfe cycle lnformaLlon lLems, as well as records and
lnformaLlon lLems for lnformaLlon Lechnology servlce managemenL. 1he lnformaLlon lLem conLenLs
are deflned accordlng Lo generlc documenL Lypes (descrlpLlon, plan, pollcy, procedure, reporL,
requesL, and speclflcaLlon) and Lhe speclflc purpose of Lhe documenL. lor slmpllclLy of reference, each
lnformaLlon lLem ls descrlbed as lf lL were publlshed as a separaLe documenL. Powever, lnformaLlon
lLems may be unpubllshed buL avallable ln a reposlLory for reference, dlvlded lnLo separaLe
documenLs or volumes, or comblned wlLh oLher lnformaLlon lLems lnLo one documenL. lSC/lLC/lLLL
13289:2011 ls based on Lhe llfe cycle processes speclfled ln lSC/lLC 12207:2008 (lLLL SLd 12207-2008)
and lSC/lLC 13288:2008 (lLLL SLd 13288-2008), and Lhe servlce managemenL processes speclfled ln
lSC/lLC 20000-1:2003 and lSC/lLC 20000-2:2003 [whlch ls noL LreaLed ln Lhls annex because lL ls noL
16

an englneerlng sLandard].
269
1he nexL Lwo guldes provlde supplemenLary lnformaLlon helpful ln applylng 12207 and 13288. 270
ILLL Std 24748-2:2012 Gu|de Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 24748-2:2011 Systems and Software
Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e Management--art 2: Gu|de to the App||cat|on of ISC]ILC 1S288 (System L|fe
Cyc|e rocesses)
lSC/lLC 18 24748-2:2011 ls a gulde for Lhe appllcaLlon of lSC/lLC 13288:2008. lL addresses sysLem, llfe
cycle, process, organlzaLlonal, pro[ecL, and adapLaLlon concepLs, prlnclpally Lhrough reference Lo
lSC/lLC 18 24748-1 and lSC/lLC 13288:2008. lL Lhen glves guldance on applylng lSC/lLC 13288:2008
from Lhe aspecLs of sLraLegy, plannlng, appllcaLlon ln organlzaLlons, and appllcaLlon on pro[ecLs.
ILLL Std 24748-3:2012 Gu|de Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 24748-3:2011 Systems and software
eng|neer|ng--L|fe cyc|e management--art 3: Gu|de to the app||cat|on of ISC]ILC 12207 (Software
||fe cyc|e processes)
lSC/lLC 18 24748-3:2011 ls a gulde for Lhe appllcaLlon of lSC/lLC 12207:2008. lL addresses sysLem, llfe
cycle, process, organlzaLlonal, pro[ecL, and adapLaLlon concepLs, prlnclpally Lhrough reference Lo
lSC/lLC 18 24748-1 and lSC/lLC 12207:2008. lL glves guldance on applylng lSC/lLC 12207:2008 from
Lhe aspecLs of sLraLegy, plannlng, appllcaLlon ln organlzaLlons, and appllcaLlon on pro[ecLs.
271
1he 12207 and 13288 sLandards provlde processes coverlng Lhe llfe cycle, buL Lhey do noL provlde a 272
sLandard llfe cycle model (waLerfall, lncremenLal dellvery, proLoLype-drlven, eLc). SelecLlng an 273
approprlaLe llfe cycle model for a pro[ecL ls a ma[or concern of lSC/lLC 24748-1. 274
ILLL Std 24748-1:2011 Gu|de Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 24748-1:2010 Systems and Software
Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e Management--art 1: Gu|de for L|fe Cyc|e Management
lSC/lLC 18 24748-1:2010 provldes lnformaLlon on llfe cycle concepLs and descrlpLlons of Lhe purposes
and ouLcomes of represenLaLlve llfe cycle sLages. lL also lllusLraLes Lhe use of a llfe cycle model for
sysLems ln Lhe conLexL of lSC/lLC 13288 and provldes a correspondlng lllusLraLlon of Lhe use of a llfe
cycle model for sofLware ln Lhe conLexL of lSC/lLC 12207. lSC/lLC 18 24748-1:2010 addlLlonally
provldes deLalled dlscusslon and advlce on adapLlng a llfe cycle model for use ln a speclflc pro[ecL and
organlzaLlonal envlronmenL. lL furLher provldes guldance on llfe cycle model use by domalns,
dlsclpllnes and speclalLles. lSC/lLC 18 24748-1:2010 glves a deLalled comparlson beLween prlor and
currenL verslons of lSC/lLC 12207 and lSC/lLC 13288, as well as advlce on LranslLlonlng from prlor Lo
currenL verslons and on uslng Lhelr appllcaLlon guldes. 1he dlscusslon and advlce are lnLended Lo
provlde a reference model for llfe cycle models, faclllLaLe use of Lhe updaLed lSC/lLC 13288 and
lSC/lLC 12207, and provlde a framework for Lhe developmenL of updaLed appllcaLlon guldes for Lhose
lnLernaLlonal SLandards. lSC/lLC 18 24748-1:2010 ls a resulL of Lhe allgnmenL sLage of Lhe
harmonlzaLlon of lSC/lLC 12207 and lSC/lLC 13288.
273
1he nexL sLandard exLends Lhe provlslons of lSC/lLC/lLLL 12207 Lo deal wlLh sysLemaLlc sofLware reuse. 276
17

ILLL Std 1S17:2010 Standard for Informat|on 1echno|ogy--System and Software L|fe Cyc|e rocesses-
-keuse rocesses
A common framework for exLendlng Lhe sysLem and sofLware llfe cycle processes of lLLL SLd 12207-
2008 Lo lnclude Lhe sysLemaLlc pracLlce of reuse ls provlded. 1he processes, acLlvlLles, and Lasks Lo be
applled durlng each llfe cycle process Lo enable a sysLem and/or producL Lo be consLrucLed from
reusable asseLs are speclfled. 1he processes, acLlvlLles, and Lasks Lo enable Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon,
consLrucLlon, malnLenance, and managemenL of asseLs supplled are also speclfled.
277
lLLL SLd 1220 has been wldely applled as a sysLems englneerlng process and was adopLed by lSC/lLC 278
wlLh Lhe number 26702. unforLunaLely, Lhe sLandard ls noL compleLely compaLlble wlLh lSC/lLC/lLLL 279
13288 and ls belng revlsed Lo solve LhaL problem. 1he resulL wlll be publlshed as lSC/lLC/lLLL 24748-4. 280
ILLL Std 1220:200S (aka ISC]ILC 26702:2007) Standard for App||cat|on and Management of the
Systems Lng|neer|ng rocess
lSC/lLC 26702:2007 deflnes Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary Lasks whlch are requlred LhroughouL a sysLem's llfe
cycle Lo Lransform cusLomer needs, requlremenLs and consLralnLs lnLo a sysLem soluLlon. ln addlLlon,
lL speclfles Lhe requlremenLs for Lhe sysLems englneerlng process and lLs appllcaLlon LhroughouL Lhe
producL llfe cycle. lSC/lLC 26702:2007 focuses on englneerlng acLlvlLles necessary Lo gulde producL
developmenL, whlle ensurlng LhaL Lhe producL ls properly deslgned Lo make lL affordable Lo produce,
own, operaLe, malnLaln and evenLually dlspose of wlLhouL undue rlsk Lo healLh or Lhe envlronmenL.
Slnce SC 7 and lLLL have wrlLLen so many process sLandards, one may noL be surprlsed Lo learn LhaL 281
Lhelr model for process descrlpLlon ls recorded ln a 1echnlcal 8eporL. 282
ILLL Std 24774:2012 Gu|de Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 24474:2010 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--
L|fe Cyc|e Management--Gu|de||nes for rocess Descr|pt|on
An lncreaslng number of lnLernaLlonal, naLlonal and lndusLry sLandards descrlbe process models.
1hese models are developed for a range of purposes lncludlng process lmplemenLaLlon and
assessmenL. 1he Lerms and descrlpLlons used ln such models vary ln formaL, conLenL and level of
prescrlpLlon. lSC/lLC 18 24774:2010 presenLs guldellnes for Lhe elemenLs used mosL frequenLly ln
descrlblng a process: Lhe LlLle, purpose, ouLcomes, acLlvlLles, Lask and lnformaLlon lLem. WhllsL Lhe
prlmary purpose of lSC/lLC 18 24774:2010 ls Lo encourage conslsLency ln sLandard process reference
models, Lhe guldellnes lL provldes can be applled Lo any process model developed for any purpose.
283
Some argue LhaL very small enLerprlses would be beLLer served by process sLandards LhaL are smaller 284
and slmpler Lhan 12207 and 13288. 1he 29110 serles proflles" Lhe large sLandards lnLo smaller ones for 283
slmpler appllcaLlon. 1he sheer number of parLs ln Lhe serles may cause some Lo quesLlon Lhe usablllLy of 286
Lhe serles, buL lL ls planned LhaL Lhe flnal parLs wlll provlde succlncL provlslons for appllcaLlon. Cne parL 287
ls descrlbed as an example. 288
ISC]ILC 1k 29110-S-1-2:2011 Software eng|neer|ng -- L|fecyc|e prof||es for Very Sma|| Lnt|t|es (VSLs)
-- art S-1-2: Management and eng|neer|ng gu|de: Gener|c prof||e group: 8as|c prof||e
lSC/lLC 18 29110-3-1-2:2011 ls appllcable Lo very Small LnLlLles (vSLs). A vSL ls deflned as an
18

enLerprlse, organlzaLlon, deparLmenL or pro[ecL havlng up Lo 23 people. A seL of sLandards and guldes
have been developed accordlng Lo a seL of vSLs' characLerlsLlcs and needs. 1he guldes are based on
subseLs of approprlaLe sLandards elemenLs, referred Lo as vSL roflles. 1he purpose of a vSL roflle ls
Lo deflne a subseL of lSC/lLC lnLernaLlonal SLandards relevanL Lo Lhe vSLs' conLexL.
lSC/lLC 18 29110-3-1-2:2011 provldes Lhe managemenL and englneerlng gulde Lo Lhe 8aslc vSL roflle
appllcable Lo vSLs LhaL do noL develop crlLlcal sofLware. 1he Cenerlc proflle group does noL lmply any
speclflc appllcaLlon domaln.
289
1he nexL sLandard may be vlewed as an alLernaLlve Lo 12207 for lndlvldual pro[ecLs. 1he 1074 sLandard 290
explalns how Lo deflne processes for use on a glven pro[ecL. 1he 12207 and 13288 sLandards, however, 291
focus on deflnlng processes for organlzaLlonal adopLlon and repeaLed use on many pro[ecLs. 1he currenL 292
1074 ls Lhe updaLe of a sLandard LhaL was a predecessor of 12207. 293
ILLL Std 1074:2006 Standard for Deve|op|ng a Software ro[ect L|fe Cyc|e rocess
1hls sLandard provldes a process for creaLlng a sofLware pro[ecL llfe cycle process (SLC). lL ls
prlmarlly dlrecLed aL Lhe process archlLecL for a glven sofLware pro[ecL.
294
All of Lhe sLandards descrlbed so far ln Lhls secLlon provlde a basls for (%)*+*+, processes. Some users 293
are lnLeresLed ln -..%..*+, and lmprovlng Lhelr processes afLer lmplemenLaLlon. 1he 13304 serles 296
provldes for process assessmenL, lL ls currenLly belng revlsed and renumbered 330xx. 297
ISC]ILC 1SS04 [ten parts] Informat|on 1echno|ogy--rocess Assessment
lSC/lLC 13304-2:2003 deflnes Lhe requlremenLs for performlng process assessmenL as a basls for use
ln process lmprovemenL and capablllLy deLermlnaLlon.
rocess assessmenL ls based on a Lwo dlmenslonal model conLalnlng a process dlmenslon and a
capablllLy dlmenslon. 1he process dlmenslon ls provlded by an exLernal process reference model (such
as 12207 or 13288), whlch deflnes a seL of processes characLerlzed by sLaLemenLs of process purpose
and process ouLcomes. 1he capablllLy dlmenslon conslsLs of a measuremenL framework comprlslng slx
process capablllLy levels and Lhelr assoclaLed process aLLrlbuLes.
1he assessmenL ouLpuL conslsLs of a seL of process aLLrlbuLe raLlngs for each process assessed, Lermed
Lhe process proflle, and may also lnclude Lhe capablllLy level achleved by LhaL process.
lSC/lLC 13304-2:2003 ldenLlfles Lhe measuremenL framework for process capablllLy and Lhe
requlremenLs for:
performlng an assessmenL,
process reference models,
process assessmenL models,
verlfylng conformlLy of process assessmenL.
1he requlremenLs for process assessmenL deflned ln lSC/lLC 13304-2:2003 form a sLrucLure whlch:
faclllLaLes self-assessmenL,
provldes a basls for use ln process lmprovemenL and capablllLy deLermlnaLlon,
Lakes lnLo accounL Lhe conLexL ln whlch Lhe assessed process ls lmplemenLed,
produces a process raLlng,
addresses Lhe ablllLy of Lhe process Lo achleve lLs purpose,
19

ls appllcable across all appllcaLlon domalns and slzes of organlzaLlon, and
may provlde an ob[ecLlve benchmark beLween organlzaLlons.
1he mlnlmum seL of requlremenLs deflned ln lSC/lLC 13304-2:2003 ensures LhaL assessmenL resulLs
are ob[ecLlve, lmparLlal, conslsLenL, repeaLable and represenLaLlve of Lhe assessed processes. 8esulLs
of conformanL process assessmenLs may be compared when Lhe scopes of Lhe assessmenLs are
consldered Lo be slmllar, for guldance on Lhls maLLer, refer Lo lSC/lLC 13304-4.

298
Several oLher sLandards are menLloned here because Lhey are wrlLLen as elaboraLlons of Lhe processes 299
of 12207 or 13288. 1hey are allocaLed Lo oLher knowledge Areas because each one deals wlLh Loplcs 300
descrlbed ln Lhose oLher kAs. 301
ILLL Std 828:2012 Standard for Conf|gurat|on Management |n Systems
and Software Lng|neer|ng
See SofLware
ConflguraLlon
ManagemenL kA
ILLL Std 14764:2006 (aka ISC]ILC 14764:2006) Standard for Software
Lng|neer|ng--Software L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--Ma|ntenance
See SofLware
MalnLenance kA
ISC]ILC 1S026-4 (Draft) Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--Systems and
Software Assurance--art 4: Assurance |n the L|fe Cyc|e
See SofLware CuallLy kA
ILLL Std 1S939:2008 Standard Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1S939:2007 Systems
and Software Lng|neer|ng--Measurement rocess
See SofLware
Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL kA
ISC]ILC 1S940:2006 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Software Lng|neer|ng
Lnv|ronment Serv|ces
See SofLware
Lnglneerlng Models and
MeLhods kA
ILLL Std 1608S:2006 (aka ISC]ILC 1608S:2006) Standard for Systems and
Software Lng|neer|ng--Software L|fe Cyc|e rocesses--k|sk Management
See SofLware
Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL kA
ISC]ILC]ILLL 16326:2009 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e
rocesses--ro[ect Management
See SofLware
Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL kA
ISC]ILC]ILLL 29148:2011 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--L|fe Cyc|e
rocesses--kequ|rements Lng|neer|ng
See SofLware
8equlremenLs kA
'05+6$,4 "%21%44,1%2 J0&4:- $%& J4+30&- 302
Some approaches Lo sofLware englneerlng use meLhods LhaL cuL across large parLs of Lhe llfe cycle, 303
raLher Lhan focuslng on speclflc processes. Chlef rogrammer" was one LradlLlonal example. Aglle 304
developmenL" (acLually an example of LradlLlonal lncremenLal dellvery) ls a currenL example. nelLher 303
S2LSC nor SC 7 has a sLandard for aglle developmenL, buL Lhere ls a sLandard for developlng user 306
documenLaLlon ln an aglle pro[ecL. 307
ISC]ILC]ILLL 26S1S:2012 Systems and software eng|neer|ng--Deve|op|ng user documentat|on |n an
ag||e env|ronment
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26313:2012 speclfles Lhe way ln whlch user documenLaLlon can be developed ln aglle
developmenL pro[ecLs. lL ls lnLended for use ln all organlzaLlons LhaL are uslng aglle developmenL, or
20

are conslderlng lmplemenLlng Lhelr pro[ecLs uslng Lhese Lechnlques. lL applles Lo people or
organlzaLlons produclng sulLes of documenLaLlon, Lo Lhose underLaklng a slngle documenLaLlon
pro[ecL, and Lo documenLaLlon produced lnLernally, as well as Lo documenLaLlon conLracLed Lo ouLslde
servlce organlzaLlons. lSC/lLC/lLLL 26313:2012 addresses Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe user
documenLaLlon process and Lhe llfe cycle documenLaLlon process ln aglle developmenL. lL descrlbes
how Lhe lnformaLlon developer or pro[ecL manager may plan and manage Lhe user documenLaLlon
developmenL ln an aglle envlronmenL. lL ls lnLended nelLher Lo encourage nor Lo dlscourage Lhe use of
any parLlcular aglle developmenL Lools or meLhods.
308
Many meLhodologles are based on seml-formal descrlpLlons of Lhe sofLware Lo be consLrucLed. 1hese 309
range from slmple descrlpLlve noLaLlons Lo models LhaL can be manlpulaLed, LesLed, and, ln some cases, 310
generaLe code. 1wo relaLlvely old Lechnlques sLarL Lhe llsL, Lhe flrsL has been wldely applled for modellng 311
processes and workflows. 312
ILLL Std 1320.1:1998 Standard for Iunct|ona| Mode||ng Language--Syntax and Semant|cs for IDLI0
luLl0 funcLlon modellng ls deslgned Lo represenL Lhe declslons, acLlons and acLlvlLles of an exlsLlng or
prospecLlve organlzaLlon or sysLem. luLl0 graphlcs and accompanylng LexLs are presenLed ln an
organlzed and sysLemaLlc way Lo galn undersLandlng, supporL analysls, provlde loglc for poLenLlal
changes, speclfy requlremenLs and supporL sysLem-level deslgn and lnLegraLlon acLlvlLles. luLl0 may
be used Lo model a wlde varleLy of sysLems, composed of people, machlnes, maLerlals, compuLers and
lnformaLlon of all varleLles, and sLrucLured by Lhe relaLlonshlps among Lhem, boLh auLomaLed and
non-auLomaLed. lor new sysLems, luLl0 may be used flrsL Lo deflne requlremenLs and Lo speclfy Lhe
funcLlons Lo be carrled ouL by Lhe fuLure sysLem. As Lhe basls of Lhls archlLecLure, luLl0 may Lhen be
used Lo deslgn an lmplemenLaLlon LhaL meeLs Lhese requlremenLs and performs Lhese funcLlons. lor
exlsLlng sysLems, luLl0 can be used Lo analyze Lhe funcLlons LhaL Lhe sysLem performs and Lo record
Lhe means by whlch Lhese are done.
ILLL Std 1320.2:1998 Standard for Conceptua| Mode||ng Language--Syntax and Semant|cs for
IDLI1k97 (IDLIob[ect)
luLl1x 97 conslsLs of Lwo concepLual modellng languages. 1he key-sLyle language supporLs
daLa/lnformaLlon modellng and ls downward compaLlble wlLh Lhe uS governmenL's 1993 sLandard,
llS u8 184. 1he ldenLlLy-sLyle language ls based on Lhe ob[ecL model wlLh declaraLlve rules and
consLralnLs. luLl1x 97 ldenLlLy sLyle lncludes consLrucLs for Lhe dlsLlncL buL relaLed componenLs of
ob[ecL absLracLlon: lnLerface, requesLs, and reallzaLlon, uLlllzes graphlcs Lo sLaLe Lhe lnLerface, and
deflnes a declaraLlve, dlrecLly execuLable 8ule and ConsLralnL Language for requesLs and reallzaLlons.
luLl1x 97 concepLual modellng supporLs lmplemenLaLlon by relaLlonal daLabases, exLended relaLlonal
daLabases, ob[ecL daLabases, and ob[ecL programmlng languages. luLl1x 97 ls formally deflned ln
Lerms of flrsL order loglc. A procedure ls glven whereby any valld luLl1x 97 model can be Lransformed
lnLo an equlvalenL Lheory ln flrsL order loglc. 1haL procedure ls Lhen applled Lo a meLa-model of
luLl1x 97 Lo deflne Lhe valld seL of luLl1x 97 models.
313
ln recenL years, Lhe uML noLaLlon has become popular for modellng sofLware-lnLenslve sysLems. 1he 314
nexL Lwo sLandards provlde Lwo verslons of Lhe uML language: 313
21

ISC]ILC 19S01:200S Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cpen D|str|buted rocess|ng--Un|f|ed Mode||ng
Language (UML) Vers|on 1.4.2
lSC/lLC 19301:2004 descrlbes Lhe unlfled Modellng Language (uML), a graphlcal language for
vlsuallzlng, speclfylng, consLrucLlng and documenLlng Lhe arLlfacLs of a sofLware-lnLenslve sysLem. 1he
uML offers a sLandard way Lo wrlLe a sysLem's blueprlnLs, lncludlng concepLual Lhlngs such as buslness
processes and sysLem funcLlons, as well as concreLe Lhlngs such as programmlng language sLaLemenLs,
daLabase schemas, and reusable sofLware componenLs.
ISC]ILC 19S0S:2012 [two parts] Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cb[ect Management Group Un|f|ed
Mode||ng Language (CMG UML)
lSC/lLC 19303 deflnes Lhe unlfled Modellng Language (uML), revlslon 2. 1he ob[ecLlve of uML ls Lo
provlde sysLem archlLecLs, sofLware englneers, and sofLware developers wlLh Lools for analysls,
deslgn, and lmplemenLaLlon of sofLware-based sysLems as well as for modellng buslness and slmllar
processes.
316
1wo more sLandards bulld on Lhe base of uML Lo provlde addlLlonal modellng capablllLles: 317
ISC]ILC 19S06:2012 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cb[ect Management Group Arch|tecture-Dr|ven
Modern|zat|on (ADM)--know|edge D|scovery Meta-Mode| (kDM)
lSC/lLC 19306:2012 deflnes a meLa-model for represenLlng exlsLlng sofLware asseLs, Lhelr
assoclaLlons, and operaLlonal envlronmenLs, referred Lo as Lhe knowledge ulscovery MeLa-model
(kuM). 1hls ls Lhe flrsL ln Lhe serles of speclflcaLlons relaLed Lo SofLware Assurance (SwA) and
ArchlLecLure-urlven ModernlzaLlon (AuM) acLlvlLles. kuM faclllLaLes pro[ecLs LhaL lnvolve exlsLlng
sofLware sysLems by lnsurlng lnLeroperablllLy and exchange of daLa beLween Lools provlded by
dlfferenL vendors.
ISC]ILC 19S07:2012 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Cb[ect Management Group Cb[ect Constra|nt
Language (CCL)
lSC/lLC 19307:2012 deflnes Lhe Cb[ecL ConsLralnL Language (CCL), verslon 2.3.1. CCL verslon 2.3.1 ls
Lhe verslon of CCL LhaL ls allgned wlLh uML 2.3 and MCl 2.0.
318
Some organlzaLlons lnvesL ln sofLware englneerlng envlronmenLs (SLL) Lo asslsL ln Lhe consLrucLlon of 319
sofLware. An SLL, per se, ls noL a replacemenL for sound processes. Powever, a sulLable SLL musL 320
supporL Lhe processes LhaL have been chosen by Lhe organlzaLlon. 321
ISC]ILC 1S940:2006 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Software Lng|neer|ng Lnv|ronment Serv|ces
lSC/lLC 13940:2006 deflnes sofLware englneerlng envlronmenL (SLL) servlces concepLually ln a
reference model LhaL can be adapLed Lo any SLLs Lo auLomaLe one or more sofLware englneerlng
acLlvlLles. lL descrlbes servlces LhaL supporL Lhe process deflnlLlons as ln lSC/lLC 12207 so LhaL Lhe seL
of SLL Servlces are compaLlble wlLh lSC/lLC 12207. lSC/lLC 13940:2006 can be used elLher as a general
reference, or Lo deflne an auLomaLed sofLware process.
322
1he selecLlon of Loollng for a sofLware englneerlng envlronmenL ls lLself a dlfflculL Lask. 1wo sLandards 323
provlde some asslsLance. lSC/lLC 14102:2008 deflnes boLh a seL of processes and a sLrucLured seL of 324
22

compuLer-alded sofLware englneerlng (CASL) Lool characLerlsLlcs for use ln Lhe Lechnlcal evaluaLlon and 323
Lhe ulLlmaLe selecLlon of a CASL Lool. 326
ILLL Std 14102:2010 Standard--Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 14102:2008 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Gu|de||ne
for the Lva|uat|on and Se|ect|on of CASL 1oo|s
WlLhln sysLems and sofLware englneerlng, CompuLer-Alded SofLware Lnglneerlng (CASL) Lools
represenL a ma[or parL of Lhe supporLlng Lechnologles used Lo develop and malnLaln lnformaLlon
Lechnology sysLems. 1helr selecLlon musL be carrled ouL wlLh careful conslderaLlon of boLh Lhe
Lechnlcal and managemenL requlremenLs.
lSC/lLC 14102:2008 deflnes boLh a seL of processes and a sLrucLured seL of CASL Lool characLerlsLlcs for
use ln Lhe Lechnlcal evaluaLlon and Lhe ulLlmaLe selecLlon of a CASL Lool. lL follows Lhe sofLware
producL evaluaLlon model deflned ln lSC/lLC 14398-3:1998.
lSC/lLC 14102:2008 adopLs Lhe general model of sofLware producL quallLy characLerlsLlcs and
subcharacLerlsLlcs deflned ln lSC/lLC 9126-1:2001 and exLends Lhese when Lhe sofLware producL ls a
CASL Lool, lL provldes producL characLerlsLlcs unlque Lo CASL Lools.
327
1he nexL documenL provldes guldance on how Lo adopL CASL Lools, once selecLed. 328
ILLL Std 14471:2010 Gu|de--Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 14471:2007 Informat|on 1echno|ogy--Software
Lng|neer|ng--Gu|de||nes for the Adopt|on of CASL 1oo|s
1he purpose of lSC/lLC 18 14471:2007 ls Lo provlde a recommended pracLlce for CASL adopLlon. lL
provldes guldance ln esLabllshlng processes and acLlvlLles LhaL are Lo be applled for Lhe successful
adopLlon of CASL Lechnology. 1he use of lSC/lLC 18 14471:2007 wlll help Lo maxlmlze Lhe reLurn and
mlnlmlze Lhe rlsk of lnvesLlng ln CASL Lechnology. Powever, lSC/lLC 18 14471:2007 does noL esLabllsh
compllance crlLerla.
lL ls besL used ln con[uncLlon wlLh lSC/lLC 14102 for CASL Lool evaluaLlon and selecLlon. lL nelLher
dlcLaLes nor advocaLes parLlcular developmenL sLandards, sofLware processes, deslgn meLhods,
meLhodologles, Lechnlques, programmlng languages, or llfe-cycle paradlgms.
329
WlLhln a sofLware englneerlng envlronmenL, lL ls lmporLanL for Lhe varlous Lools Lo lnLeroperaLe. 1he 330
followlng sLandards provlde a scheme for lnLerconnecLlon. 331
ILLL Std 117S.1:2002 Gu|de for CASL 1oo| Interconnect|ons--C|ass|f|cat|on and Descr|pt|on
ILLL Std 117S.2:2006 kecommended ract|ce for CASL 1oo| Interconnect|on--Character|zat|on of
Interconnect|ons
ILLL Std 117S.3:2004 Standard for CASL 1oo| Interconnect|ons--keference Mode| for Spec|fy|ng
Software 8ehav|or
23

ILLL Std 117S.4:2008 Standard for CASL 1oo| Interconnect|ons--keference Mode| for Spec|fy|ng
System 8ehav|or
1he purpose of Lhls famlly of sLandards ls Lo speclfy a common seL of modellng concepLs based on
Lhose found ln commerclal CASL Lools for descrlblng Lhe operaLlonal behavlor of a sofLware sysLem.
1hese sLandards esLabllsh a unlform, lnLegraLed model of sofLware concepLs relaLed Lo sofLware
funcLlonallLy. 1hey also provlde a LexLual synLax for expresslng Lhe common properLles (aLLrlbuLes and
relaLlonshlps) of Lhose concepLs as Lhey have been used Lo model sofLware behavlor.
332
333
'05+6$,4 L.$:1+8 334
Cne vlewpolnL of sofLware quallLy sLarLs wlLh lSC 9001, CuallLy ManagemenL 8equlremenLs, deallng 333
wlLh quallLy pollcy LhroughouL an organlzaLlon. 1he Lermlnology of LhaL sLandard may be unfamlllar Lo 336
sofLware professlonals, and quallLy managemenL audlLors may be unfamlllar wlLh sofLware [argon. 1he 337
followlng sLandard descrlbes Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween lSC 9001 and lSC/lLC 12207. unforLunaLely, Lhe 338
currenL verslon refers Lo obsoleLe edlLlons of boLh, a replacemenL ls ln progress: 339
ILLL Std 90003:2008 Gu|de Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 90003:2004 Software Lng|neer|ng--Gu|de||nes for
the App||cat|on of ISC 9001:2000 to Computer Software
lSC/lLC 90003:2004 provldes guldance for organlzaLlons ln Lhe appllcaLlon of lSC 9001:2000 Lo Lhe
acqulslLlon, supply, developmenL, operaLlon and malnLenance of compuLer sofLware and relaLed
supporL servlces. lSC/lLC 90003:2004 does noL add Lo or oLherwlse change Lhe requlremenLs of lSC
9001:2000.
1he guldellnes provlded ln lSC/lLC 90003:2004 are noL lnLended Lo be used as assessmenL crlLerla ln
quallLy managemenL sysLem reglsLraLlon/cerLlflcaLlon.
1he appllcaLlon of lSC/lLC 90003:2004 ls approprlaLe Lo sofLware LhaL ls
parL of a commerclal conLracL wlLh anoLher organlzaLlon,
a producL avallable for a markeL secLor,
used Lo supporL Lhe processes of an organlzaLlon,
embedded ln a hardware producL, or
relaLed Lo sofLware servlces.
Some organlzaLlons may be lnvolved ln all Lhe above acLlvlLles, oLhers may speclallze ln one area.
WhaLever Lhe slLuaLlon, Lhe organlzaLlon's quallLy managemenL sysLem should cover all aspecLs
(sofLware relaLed and non-sofLware relaLed) of Lhe buslness.
lSC/lLC 90003:2004 ldenLlfles Lhe lssues whlch should be addressed and ls lndependenL of Lhe
Lechnology, llfe cycle models, developmenL processes, sequence of acLlvlLles and organlzaLlonal
24

sLrucLure used by an organlzaLlon. AddlLlonal guldance and frequenL references Lo Lhe lSC/lLC !1C
1/SC 7 sofLware englneerlng sLandards are provlded Lo asslsL ln Lhe appllcaLlon of lSC 9001:2000: ln
parLlcular lSC/lLC 12207, lSC/lLC 18 9126, lSC/lLC 14398, lSC/lLC 13939 and lSC/lLC 18 13304.
340
1he lSC 9001 approach poslLs an organlzaLlon-level quallLy managemenL process palred wlLh pro[ecL- 341
level quallLy assurance plannlng Lo achleve Lhe organlzaLlonal goals. lLLL 730 descrlbes pro[ecL-level 342
quallLy plannlng. lL ls currenLly allgned wlLh an obsoleLe edlLlon of 12207, buL a revlslon ls belng 343
prepared: 344
ILLL Std 730:2002 Standard for Software ua||ty Assurance |ans
1he sLandard speclfles Lhe formaL and conLenL of sofLware quallLy assurance plans.
343
AnoLher vlewpolnL of sofLware quallLy beglns wlLh enumeraLlng Lhe deslred characLerlsLlcs of a sofLware 346
producL, and selecLlng measures or oLher evaluaLlons Lo deLermlned lf Lhe deslred level of Lhe 347
characLerlsLlcs has been achleved. 1he so-called SCua8L (SofLware producL CuallLy 8equlremenLs and 348
LvaluaLlon) serles of SC 7 sLandards covers Lhls approach ln greaL deLall: 349
ISC]ILC 2S000 thru 2S099 Software Lng|neer|ng--Software product ua||ty kequ|rements and
Lva|uat|on (SuakL)
330
A few of Lhe SCua8L sLandards are selecLed below for parLlcular aLLenLlon. 1he flrsL one ls Lhe overall 331
gulde Lo Lhe serles: 332
ISC]ILC 2S000:200S Software Lng|neer|ng--Software roduct ua||ty kequ|rements and Lva|uat|on
(SuakL)--Gu|de to SuakL
lSC/lLC 23000:2003 provldes guldance for Lhe use of Lhe new serles of lnLernaLlonal SLandards named
SofLware producL CuallLy 8equlremenLs and LvaluaLlon (SCua8L). 1he purpose of Lhls gulde ls Lo
provlde a general overvlew of SCua8L conLenLs, common reference models and deflnlLlons, as well as
Lhe relaLlonshlp among Lhe documenLs, allowlng users of Lhls gulde a good undersLandlng of Lhose
lnLernaLlonal SLandards. 1hls documenL conLalns an explanaLlon of Lhe LranslLlon process beLween Lhe
old lSC/lLC 9126 and Lhe 14398 serles and SCua8L, and also presenLs lnformaLlon on how Lo use Lhe
lSC/lLC 9126 and 14398 serles ln Lhelr prevlous form.
SCua8L provldes:
1erms and deflnlLlons,
8eference models,
Culdes
SLandards for requlremenLs speclflcaLlon, plannlng and managemenL, measuremenL and
23

evaluaLlon purposes.

333
1he nexL one provldes a Laxonomy of sofLware quallLy characLerlsLlcs LhaL may be useful ln selecLlng 334
characLerlsLlcs relevanL Lo a speclflc pro[ecL: 333
ISC]ILC 2S010:2011 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--Systems and Software ua||ty
kequ|rements and Lva|uat|on (SuakL)--System and Software ua||ty Mode|s
lSC/lLC 23010:2011 deflnes:
1. A quallLy ln use model composed of flve characLerlsLlcs (some of whlch are furLher subdlvlded
lnLo subcharacLerlsLlcs) LhaL relaLe Lo Lhe ouLcome of lnLeracLlon when a producL ls used ln a
parLlcular conLexL of use. 1hls sysLem model ls appllcable Lo Lhe compleLe human-compuLer
sysLem, lncludlng boLh compuLer sysLems ln use and sofLware producLs ln use.
2. A producL quallLy model composed of elghL characLerlsLlcs (whlch are furLher subdlvlded lnLo
subcharacLerlsLlcs) LhaL relaLe Lo sLaLlc properLles of sofLware and dynamlc properLles of Lhe
compuLer sysLem. 1he model ls appllcable Lo boLh compuLer sysLems and sofLware producLs.
1he characLerlsLlcs deflned by boLh models are relevanL Lo all sofLware producLs and compuLer
sysLems. 1he characLerlsLlcs and subcharacLerlsLlcs provlde conslsLenL Lermlnology for speclfylng,
measurlng and evaluaLlng sysLem and sofLware producL quallLy. 1hey also provlde a seL of quallLy
characLerlsLlcs agalnsL whlch sLaLed quallLy requlremenLs can be compared for compleLeness.
AlLhough Lhe scope of Lhe producL quallLy model ls lnLended Lo be sofLware and compuLer sysLems,
many of Lhe characLerlsLlcs are also relevanL Lo wlder sysLems and servlces.
lSC/lLC 23012 conLalns a model for daLa quallLy LhaL ls complemenLary Lo Lhls model.
1he scope of Lhe models excludes purely funcLlonal properLles, buL lL does lnclude funcLlonal
sulLablllLy.
1he scope of appllcaLlon of Lhe quallLy models lncludes supporLlng speclflcaLlon and evaluaLlon of
sofLware and sofLware-lnLenslve compuLer sysLems from dlfferenL perspecLlves by Lhose who are
assoclaLed wlLh Lhelr acqulslLlon, requlremenLs, developmenL, use, evaluaLlon, supporL, malnLenance,
quallLy assurance and conLrol, and audlL. 1he models can, for example, be used by developers,
acqulrers, quallLy assurance and conLrol sLaff and lndependenL evaluaLors, parLlcularly Lhose
responslble for speclfylng and evaluaLlng sofLware producL quallLy. AcLlvlLles durlng producL
developmenL LhaL can beneflL from Lhe use of Lhe quallLy models lnclude:
ldenLlfylng sofLware and sysLem requlremenLs,
valldaLlng Lhe comprehenslveness of a requlremenLs deflnlLlon,
ldenLlfylng sofLware and sysLem deslgn ob[ecLlves,
26

ldenLlfylng sofLware and sysLem LesLlng ob[ecLlves,
ldenLlfylng quallLy conLrol crlLerla as parL of quallLy assurance,
ldenLlfylng accepLance crlLerla for a sofLware producL and/or sofLware-lnLenslve compuLer
sysLem,
esLabllshlng measures of quallLy characLerlsLlcs ln supporL of Lhese acLlvlLles.
336
Some documenLs ln Lhe SCua8L serles deal speclflcally wlLh Lhe characLerlsLlc of usablllLy. 1he Common 337
lndusLry lormaL (Cll) for usablllLy reporLlng began aL Lhe uS naLlonal lnsLlLuLe for SLandards and 338
1echnology (nlS1) and was moved lnLo lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 for purposes of sLandardlzaLlon 339
ISC]ILC 2S060 thru 2S064 Software Lng|neer|ng--Software product ua||ty kequ|rements and
Lva|uat|on (SuakL)--Common Industry Iormat (CII) for Usab|||ty
A famlly of lnLernaLlonal SLandards, named Lhe Common lndusLry lormaLs (Cll), documenLs Lhe
speclflcaLlon and evaluaLlon of Lhe usablllLy of lnLeracLlve sysLems. lL provldes a general overvlew of
Lhe Cll framework and conLenLs, deflnlLlons, and Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhe framework elemenLs. 1he
lnLended users of Lhe framework are ldenLlfled, as well as Lhe slLuaLlons ln whlch Lhe framework may
be applled. 1he assumpLlons and consLralnLs of Lhe framework are also enumeraLed.
1he framework conLenL lncludes Lhe followlng:
conslsLenL Lermlnology and classlflcaLlon of speclflcaLlon, evaluaLlon and reporLlng,
a deflnlLlon of Lhe Lype and scope of formaLs and Lhe hlgh-level sLrucLure Lo be used for
documenLlng requlred lnformaLlon and Lhe resulLs of evaluaLlon.
1he Cll famlly of sLandards ls appllcable Lo sofLware and hardware producLs used for predeflned
Lasks. 1he lnformaLlon lLems are lnLended Lo be used as parL of sysLem-level documenLaLlon resulLlng
from developmenL processes such as Lhose ln lSC 9241-210, and lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 process
sLandards.
1he Cll famlly focuses on documenLlng Lhose elemenLs needed for deslgn and developmenL of usable
sysLems, raLher Lhan prescrlblng a speclflc process. lL ls lnLended Lo be used ln con[uncLlon wlLh
exlsLlng lnLernaLlonal SLandards, lncludlng lSC 9241, lSC 20282, lSC/lLC 9126 and Lhe SCua8L serles
(lSC/lLC 23000 Lo lSC/lLC 23099).
1he Cll famlly of sLandards does noL prescrlbe any klnd of meLhod, llfe cycle or process
360
noL everyone agrees wlLh Lhe Laxonomy of quallLy characLerlsLlcs ln lSC/lLC 23010. 1haL sLandard has a 361
quallLy facLor called rellablllLy" LhaL has sub-facLors of maLurlLy, avallablllLy, faulL Lolerance, and 362
recoverablllLy. lLC 1C 63, whlch has responslblllLy for sLandards on dependablllLy", deflnes LhaL Lerm as 363
a non-quanLlLaLlve composlLe of rellablllLy, malnLalnablllLy, and malnLenance supporL. CLhers use Lhe 364
27

Lerm rellablllLy" Lo denoLe a measure deflned by a maLhemaLlcal equaLlon. 1he dlsagreemenL over Lhe 363
use of Lhese words means LhaL Lhe sLandards on Lhe sub[ecL are lnherenLly unallgned. A few wlll be 366
noLed below, buL Lhe words llke Lhose noLed above may mean dlfferenL Lhlngs ln dlfferenL sLandards. 367
ILLL Std 982.1:200S Standard for D|ct|onary of Measures of the Software Aspects of Dependab|||ty
A sLandard dlcLlonary of measures of Lhe sofLware aspecLs of dependablllLy for assesslng and
predlcLlng Lhe rellablllLy, malnLalnablllLy, and avallablllLy of any sofLware sysLem, ln parLlcular, lL
applles Lo mlsslon crlLlcal sofLware sysLems.
ILLL Std 1633:2008 kecommended ract|ce for Software ke||ab|||ty
1he meLhods for assesslng and predlcLlng Lhe rellablllLy of sofLware, based on a llfe-cycle approach Lo
sofLware rellablllLy englneerlng, are prescrlbed ln Lhls recommended pracLlce. lL provldes lnformaLlon
necessary for Lhe appllcaLlon of sofLware rellablllLy (S8) measuremenL Lo a pro[ecL, lays a foundaLlon
for bulldlng conslsLenL meLhods, and esLabllshes Lhe baslc prlnclple for collecLlng Lhe daLa needed Lo
assess and predlcL Lhe rellablllLy of sofLware. 1he recommended pracLlce prescrlbes how any user can
parLlclpaLe ln S8 assessmenLs and predlcLlons.
368
lLLL has an overall sLandard for sofLware producL quallLy LhaL has a scope slmllar Lo Lhe lSC/lLC 230xx 369
serles descrlbed prevlously. lLs Lermlnology dlffers from Lhe lSC/lLC serles, buL lL ls subsLanLlally more 370
compacL. 371
ILLL Std 1061:1998 Standard for Software ua||ty Metr|cs Methodo|ogy
A meLhodology for esLabllshlng quallLy requlremenLs and ldenLlfylng, lmplemenLlng, analyzlng and
valldaLlng Lhe process and producL sofLware quallLy meLrlcs ls deflned. 1he meLhodology spans Lhe
enLlre sofLware llfe-cycle.
372
Cne approach Lo achlevlng sofLware quallLy ls Lo perform an exLenslve program of verlflcaLlon and 373
valldaLlon. lLLL SLd 1012 ls probably Lhe world's mosL wldely applled sLandard on Lhls sub[ecL. A revlslon 374
was recenLly publlshed. 373
ILLL Std 1012:2012 Standard for System and Software Ver|f|cat|on and Va||dat|on
verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon (v&v) processes are used Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhe developmenL producLs
of a glven acLlvlLy conform Lo Lhe requlremenLs of LhaL acLlvlLy and wheLher Lhe producL saLlsfles lLs
lnLended use and user needs. v&v llfe cycle process requlremenLs are speclfled for dlfferenL lnLegrlLy
levels. 1he scope of v&v processes encompasses sysLems, sofLware, and hardware, and lL lncludes
Lhelr lnLerfaces. 1hls sLandard applles Lo sysLems, sofLware, and hardware belng developed,
malnLalned, or reused [legacy, commerclal off-Lhe-shelf (CC1S), nondevelopmenLal lLems]. 1he Lerm
sofLware also lncludes flrmware and mlcrocode, and each of Lhe Lerms sysLem, sofLware, and
hardware lncludes documenLaLlon. v&v processes lnclude Lhe analysls, evaluaLlon, revlew, lnspecLlon,
assessmenL, and LesLlng of producLs.
376
1here are oLher sLandards LhaL supporL Lhe verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon processes. Cne descrlbes 377
Lechnlques for performlng revlews and audlLs durlng a sofLware pro[ecL. 378
28

ILLL Std 1028:2008 Standard for Software kev|ews and Aud|ts
llve Lypes of sofLware revlews and audlLs, LogeLher wlLh procedures requlred for Lhe execuLlon of
each Lype, are deflned ln Lhls sLandard. 1hls sLandard ls concerned only wlLh Lhe revlews and audlLs,
procedures for deLermlnlng Lhe necesslLy of a revlew or audlL are noL deflned, and Lhe dlsposlLlon of
Lhe resulLs of Lhe revlew or audlL ls noL speclfled. 1ypes lncluded are managemenL revlews, Lechnlcal
revlews, lnspecLlons, walk-Lhroughs, and audlLs.
379
ln many cases, a daLabase of sofLware anomalles ls used Lo supporL verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon acLlvlLles. 380
1he followlng sLandard suggesLs how anomalles should be classlfled: 381
ILLL Std 1044:2009 Standard for C|ass|f|cat|on for Software Anoma||es
1hls sLandard provldes a unlform approach Lo Lhe classlflcaLlon of sofLware anomalles, regardless of
when Lhey orlglnaLe or when Lhey are encounLered wlLhln Lhe pro[ecL, producL, or sysLem llfecycle.
ClasslflcaLlon daLa can be used for a varleLy of purposes, lncludlng defecL causal analysls, pro[ecL
managemenL, and sofLware process lmprovemenL (e.g., Lo reduce Lhe llkellhood of defecL lnserLlon
and/or lncrease Lhe llkellhood of early defecL deLecLlon).
382
ln some sysLems, one parLlcular properLy of Lhe sofLware ls so lmporLanL LhaL lL requlres speclal 383
LreaLmenL beyond LhaL provlded by a convenLlonal verlflcaLlon and valldaLlon program. 1he emerglng 384
Lerm for Lhls sorL of LreaLmenL ls sysLems and sofLware assurance." Lxamples lnclude safeLy, prlvacy, 383
hlgh-securlLy and ulLra-rellablllLy. 1he 13026 sLandard ls under developmenL Lo deal wlLh such 386
slLuaLlons. 1he flrsL parL of Lhe four-parL sLandard provldes Lermlnology and concepLs used ln Lhe 387
remalnlng parLs. lL was flrsL wrlLLen before Lhe oLher parLs and ls now belng revlsed for compleLe 388
agreemenL wlLh Lhe oLhers. 389
ILLL Std 1S026-1:2011 1r|a|-Use Standard Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1k 1S026-1:2010 Systems and
Software Lng|neer|ng--Systems and Software Assurance--art 1: Concepts and Vocabu|ary
1hls Lrlal-use sLandard adopLs lSC/lLC 18 13026-1:2010, whlch deflnes Lerms and esLabllshes an
exLenslve and organlzed seL of concepLs and Lhelr relaLlonshlps for sofLware and sysLems assurance,
Lhereby esLabllshlng a basls for shared undersLandlng of Lhe concepLs and prlnclples cenLral Lo lSC/l
LC 13026 across lLs user communlLles. lL provldes lnformaLlon Lo users of Lhe subsequenL parLs of
lSC/lLC 13026, lncludlng Lhe use of each parL and Lhe comblned use of mulLlple parLs. Coverage of
assurance for a servlce belng operaLed and managed on an ongolng basls ls noL covered ln lSC/l LC
13026.
390
1he second parL of Lhe sLandard descrlbes Lhe sLrucLure of an assurance case" LhaL ls lnLended as a 391
sLrucLured argumenL LhaL Lhe crlLlcal properLy has been achleved. lL ls a generallzaLlon of varlous 392
domaln-speclflc consLrucLs llke safeLy cases". 393
ILLL Std 1S026-2:2011 Standard Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 1S026-2:2011 Systems and Software
Lng|neer|ng--Systems and Software Assurance--art 2: Assurance Case
29

lSC/lLC 13026-2:2011 ls adopLed by Lhls sLandard. lSC/lLC 13026-2:2011 speclfles mlnlmum
requlremenLs for Lhe sLrucLure and conLenLs of an assurance case Lo lmprove Lhe conslsLency and
comparablllLy of assurance cases and Lo faclllLaLe sLakeholder communlcaLlons, englneerlng declslons,
and oLher uses of assurance cases. An assurance case lncludes a Lop-level clalm for a properLy of a
sysLem or producL (or seL of clalms), sysLemaLlc argumenLaLlon regardlng Lhls clalm, and Lhe evldence
and expllclL assumpLlons LhaL underlle Lhls argumenLaLlon. Argulng Lhrough mulLlple levels of
subordlnaLe clalms, Lhls sLrucLured argumenLaLlon connecLs Lhe Lop-level clalm Lo Lhe evldence and
assumpLlons. Assurance cases are generally developed Lo supporL clalms ln areas such as safeLy,
rellablllLy, malnLalnablllLy, human facLors, operablllLy, and securlLy, alLhough Lhese assurance cases
are ofLen called by more speclflc names, e.g. safeLy case or rellablllLy and malnLalnablllLy (8&M) case.
lSC/lLC 13026-2:2011 does noL place requlremenLs on Lhe quallLy of Lhe conLenLs of an assurance
case and does noL requlre Lhe use of a parLlcular Lermlnology or graphlcal represenLaLlon. Llkewlse, lL
places no requlremenLs on Lhe means of physlcal lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe daLa, lncludlng no
requlremenLs for redundancy or co-locaLlon.
394
ln many sysLems, some porLlons of lL are crlLlcal Lo achlevlng Lhe deslred properLy whlle oLhers are only 393
lncldenLal. lor example, Lhe fllghL conLrol sysLem of an alrllner ls crlLlcal Lo safeLy buL Lhe mlcrowave 396
oven ls noL. ConvenLlonally, Lhe varlous porLlons are asslgned crlLlcallLy levels" Lo lndlcaLe Lhelr 397
slgnlflcance Lo Lhe overall achlevemenL of Lhe properLy. 1he Lhlrd parL of lSC/lLC 13026 descrlbes how 398
LhaL ls done. 1hls parL wlll revlsed for beLLer flL wlLh Lhe remalnder of Lhe 13026 sLandard. 399
ISC]ILC 1S026-3 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--Systems and Software Assurance--art 3:
System Integr|ty Leve|s
lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011 speclfles Lhe concepL of lnLegrlLy levels wlLh correspondlng lnLegrlLy level
requlremenLs LhaL are requlred Lo be meL ln order Lo show Lhe achlevemenL of Lhe lnLegrlLy level. lL
places requlremenLs on and recommends meLhods for deflnlng and uslng lnLegrlLy levels and Lhelr
lnLegrlLy level requlremenLs, lncludlng Lhe asslgnmenL of lnLegrlLy levels Lo sysLems, sofLware
producLs, Lhelr elemenLs, and relevanL exLernal dependences.
lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011 ls appllcable Lo sysLems and sofLware and ls lnLended for use by:
! deflners of lnLegrlLy levels such as lndusLry and professlonal organlzaLlons, sLandards
organlzaLlons, and governmenL agencles,
! users of lnLegrlLy levels such as developers and malnLalners, suppllers and acqulrers, users,
and assessors of sysLems or sofLware and for Lhe admlnlsLraLlve and Lechnlcal supporL of
sysLems and/or sofLware producLs.
Cne lmporLanL use of lnLegrlLy levels ls by suppllers and acqulrers ln agreemenLs, for example, Lo ald
ln assurlng safeLy, economlc, or securlLy characLerlsLlcs of a dellvered sysLem or producL.
lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011 does noL prescrlbe a speclflc seL of lnLegrlLy levels or Lhelr lnLegrlLy level
requlremenLs. ln addlLlon, lL does noL prescrlbe Lhe way ln whlch lnLegrlLy level use ls lnLegraLed wlLh
Lhe overall sysLem or sofLware englneerlng llfe cycle processes.
lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011 can be used alone or wlLh oLher parLs of lSC/lLC 13026. lL can be used wlLh a
varleLy of Lechnlcal and speclallzed rlsk analysls and developmenL approaches. lSC/lLC 18 13026-1
provldes addlLlonal lnformaLlon and references Lo ald users of lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011.
30

lSC/lLC 13026-3:2011 does noL requlre Lhe use of Lhe assurance cases descrlbed by lSC/lLC 13026-2
buL descrlbes how lnLegrlLy levels and assurance cases can work LogeLher, especlally ln Lhe deflnlLlon
of speclflcaLlons for lnLegrlLy levels or by uslng lnLegrlLy levels wlLhln a porLlon of an assurance case.
400
1he flnal parL of 13026 provldes addlLlonal guldance for execuLlng Lhe llfe cycle processes of 12207 and 401
13288 when a sysLem or sofLware ls requlred Lo achleve an lmporLanL properLy. 402
ISC]ILC 1S026-4:2012 Systems and Software Lng|neer|ng--Systems and Software Assurance--art 4:
Assurance |n the L|fe Cyc|e
1hls parL of lSC/lLC 13026 glves guldance and recommendaLlons for conducLlng selecLed processes,
acLlvlLles and Lasks for sysLems and sofLware producLs requlrlng assurance clalms for properLles
selecLed for speclal aLLenLlon, called crlLlcal properLles. 1hls parL of lSC/lLC 13026 speclfles a
properLy-lndependenL llsL of processes, acLlvlLles and Lasks Lo achleve Lhe clalm and show Lhe
achlevemenL of Lhe clalm. 1hls parL of lSC/lLC 13026 esLabllshes Lhe processes, acLlvlLles, Lasks,
guldance and recommendaLlons ln Lhe conLexL of a deflned llfe cycle model and seL of llfe cycle
processes for sysLem and/or sofLware llfe cycle managemenL.
403
1he nexL sLandard deals wlLh a properLy, safeLy, whlch ls ofLen ldenLlfled as crlLlcal. lL was orlglnally 404
developed ln cooperaLlon wlLh Lhe uS nuclear power lndusLry. 403
ILLL Std 1228:1994 Standard for Software Safety |ans
1he mlnlmum accepLable requlremenLs for Lhe conLenL of a sofLware safeLy plan are esLabllshed. 1hls
sLandard applles Lo Lhe sofLware safeLy plan used for Lhe developmenL, procuremenL, malnLenance,
and reLlremenL of safeLy-crlLlcal sofLware. 1hls sLandard requlres LhaL Lhe plan be prepared wlLhln Lhe
conLexL of Lhe sysLem safeLy program. Cnly Lhe safeLy aspecLs of Lhe sofLware are lncluded. 1hls
sLandard does noL conLaln speclal provlslons requlred for sofLware used ln dlsLrlbuLed sysLems or ln
parallel processors.
406
Classlcal LreaLmenLs suggesL LhaL verlflcaLlon" deals wlLh sLaLlc evaluaLlon meLhods and LhaL LesLlng" 407
deals wlLh dynamlc evaluaLlon meLhods. 8ecenL LreaLmenLs, lncludlng lSC/lLC drafL 29119, are blurrlng 408
Lhls dlsLlncLlon, Lhough, so LesLlng sLandards are menLloned here. 409
ILLL Std 829:2008 Standard for Software and System 1est Documentat|on See SofLware 1esLlng kA
ILLL Std 1008:1987 Standard for Software Un|t 1est|ng See SofLware 1esLlng kA
ILLL Std 26S13:2010 Standard Adopt|on of ISC]ILC 26S13:2009 Systems
and Software Lng|neer|ng--kequ|rements for 1esters and kev|ewers of
Documentat|on
ISC]ILC]ILLL 29119 [four parts] (Draft) Software and Systems
Lng|neer|ng--Software 1est|ng
410
31

'05+6$,4 "%21%44,1%2 K,054--10%$: K,$I+1I4 411
lLLL ls a provlder of Lwo cerLlflcaLlons relaLed Lo professlonal pracLlLloners of sofLware englneerlng. SC 7 412
has a number of sLandards relaLed Lo cerLlflcaLlon of professlonals. 1he flrsL has already been descrlbed, 413
Lhe Culde Lo Lhe SofLware Lnglneerlng 8ody of knowledge. 1he SWL8Ck Culde ls adopLed by lSC/lLC as 414
Lhe ouLllne of Lhe knowledge LhaL professlonal sofLware englneers should have. 413
ISC]ILC 1k 197S9:200S Software Lng|neer|ng--Gu|de to the Software
Lng|neer|ng 8ody of know|edge (SWL8Ck)
See Ceneral
416
SC7 has a sLandard provldlng a framework for comparlsons among cerLlflcaLlons of sofLware englneerlng 417
professlonals. lL sLaLes LhaL Lhe areas consldered ln cerLlflcaLlon musL be mapped Lo Lhe SWL8Ck Culde. 418
ISC]ILC 24773:2008 Software Lng|neer|ng--Cert|f|cat|on of Software Lng|neer|ng rofess|ona|s
lSC/lLC 24773:2008 esLabllshes a framework for comparlson of schemes for cerLlfylng sofLware
englneerlng professlonals. A cerLlflcaLlon scheme ls a seL of cerLlflcaLlon requlremenLs for sofLware
englneerlng professlonals. lSC/lLC 24773:2008 speclfles Lhe lLems LhaL a scheme ls requlred Lo
conLaln and lndlcaLes whaL should be deflned for each lLem.
lSC/lLC 24773:2008 wlll faclllLaLe Lhe porLablllLy of sofLware englneerlng professlonal cerLlflcaLlons
beLween dlfferenL counLrles or organlzaLlons. AL presenL, dlfferenL counLrles and organlzaLlons have
adopLed dlfferenL approaches on Lhe Loplc LhaL are lmplemenLed by means of regulaLlons and bylaws.
1he lnLenLlon of lSC/lLC 24773:2008 ls Lo be open Lo Lhese lndlvldual approaches by provldlng a
framework for expresslng Lhem ln a common scheme LhaL can lead Lo undersLandlng.
419
SC 7 ls currenLly drafLlng a gulde LhaL wlll supplemenL 24773. 420
"%21%44,1%2 "I0%0C8 M0.%&$+10%- 421
no sLandards are allocaLed Lo Lhls knowledge area. 422
*0C/.+1%2 M0.%&$+10%- 423
J$+34C$+1I$: M0.%&$+10%- 423
"%21%44,1%2 M0.%&$+10%- 427
'+$81%2 *.,,4%+ 429
1hls arLlcle was obsolescenL Lhe momenL lL was drafLed. Some readers wlll need Lo know how Lo geL 430
currenL deslgnaLlons and descrlpLlons of sLandards. 1hls secLlon descrlbes some helpful resources. 431
<34,4 +0 51%& -+$%&$,&- 432
1he llsL of sLandards publlshed for lSC/lLC !1C 1/SC 7 can be found aL: 433
32

hLLp://www.lso.org/lso/lso_caLalogue/caLalogue_Lc/caLalogue_Lc_browse.hLm?commld=43086 434
8ecause Lhe u8L mlghL change, readers mlghL have Lo navlgaLe Lo Lhe llsL. 8egln aL 433
hLLp://www.lso.org/lso/sLore.hLm, Lhen cllck on browse sLandards caLalogue", Lhen browse by 1C", 436
Lhen !1C 1", Lhen SC 7". 437
llndlng Lhe currenL llsL of sLandards for S2LSC ls a blL more dlfflculL. 8egln aL hLLp://sLandards.leee.org/ 438
ln Lhe search box under llnd SLandards", Lype S2LSC". 1hls should produce a llsL of publlshed 439
sLandards for whlch S2LSC ls responslble. 440
keep ln mlnd LhaL Lhe searchable daLabases are compllaLlons. Llke any such daLabase, Lhey can conLaln 441
errors LhaL lead Lo lncompleLe search resulLs. 442
<34,4 +0 0N+$1% +34 -+$%&$,&-O 443
Some readers wlll wanL Lo obLaln sLandards descrlbed ln Lhls arLlcle. 1he flrsL Lhlng Lo know ls LhaL some 444
lnLernaLlonal sLandards are avallable free for lndlvldual use. 1he currenL llsL of lSC/lLC sLandards 443
avallable under Lhese Lerms ls locaLed aL: 446
hLLp://sLandards.lso.org/lLLf/ubllclyAvallableSLandards/lndex.hLml 447
Cne of Lhe publlcly avallable sLandards ls Lhe lSC/lLC adopLlon of Lhe SWL8Ck Culde, lSC/lLC 19739. 448
1he deflnlLlons conLalned ln lSC/lLC/lLLL 24763, SysLem and SofLware vocabulary, are freely avallable aL 449
hLLp://www.compuLer.org/sevocab 430
Powever, Lhe vasL ma[orlLy of sLandards are noL free. lSC/lLC sLandards are generally purchased from 431
Lhe naLlonal sLandards organlzaLlon of Lhe counLry ln whlch one llves. lor example, ln Lhe uS, 432
lnLernaLlonal sLandards can be purchased from Lhe Amerlcan naLlonal SLandards lnsLlLuLe aL 433
hLLp://websLore.ansl.org/. AlLernaLlvely, sLandards can be purchased dlrecLly from lSC/lLC aL: 434
hLLp://www.lso.org/lso/sLore.hLm. lL should be noLed LhaL each lndlvldual naLlon ls free Lo seL lLs own 433
prlces, so lL may be helpful Lo check boLh sources. 436
lLLL sLandards may be avallable Lo you for free lf your employer or llbrary has a subscrlpLlon Lo lLLL 437
xplore: hLLp://leeexplore.leee.org/. Some subscrlpLlons Lo xplore provlde access only Lo Lhe absLracLs of 438
sLandards, Lhe full LexL may Lhen be purchased vla xplore. AlLernaLlvely, sLandards may be purchased vla 439
Lhe lLLL sLandards sLore aL: hLLp://www.LechsLreeL.com/leeegaLe.hLml. lL should be noLed LhaL lLLL-SA 460
someLlmes bundles sLandards lnLo groups avallable aL a subsLanLlal dlscounL. 461
llnally, Lhe reader should noLe LhaL Lhe sLandards LhaL lLLL has adopLed from lSC/lLC, sLandards LhaL 462
lSC/lLC has fasL-Lracked" from lLLL, and sLandards LhaL were [olnLly developed or revlsed are avallable 463
from boLh sources. lor all sLandards descrlbed ln Lhls arLlcle, Lhe lLLL verslon and Lhe lSC/lLC verslon 464
are subsLanLlvely ldenLlcal. 1he respecLlve verslons may have dlfferenL fronL and back maLLer buL Lhe 463
bodles are ldenLlcal. 466
33

<34,4 +0 -44 +34 '<"7(9 E.1&4O 467
1he SWL8Ck Culde ls publlshed under an lLLL copyrlghL LhaL permlLs free access by Lhe publlc. 1he 2004 468
verslon of Lhe SWL8Ck Culde ls avallable aL: http://www.swebok.org/. 1he lSC/lLC adopLlon of Lhe 469
SWL8Ck Culde, lSC/lLC 18 19739, ls one of Lhe freely avallable sLandards. 470
'.CC$,8 P1-+ 05 +34 '+$%&$,&- 471
Number and 1|t|e (||sted |n order of number) Most re|evant kA
lLLL SLd 730:2002 SLandard for SofLware CuallLy Assurance lans SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 828:2012 SLandard for ConflguraLlon ManagemenL ln SysLems and
SofLware Lnglneerlng
SW ConflguraLlon
ManagemenL
lLLL SLd 829:2008 SLandard for SofLware and SysLem 1esL uocumenLaLlon SW 1esLlng
lLLL SLd 982.1:2003 SLandard for ulcLlonary of Measures of Lhe SofLware
AspecLs of uependablllLy
SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1008:1987 SLandard for SofLware unlL 1esLlng SW 1esLlng
lLLL SLd 1012:2012 SLandard for SysLem and SofLware verlflcaLlon and
valldaLlon
SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1016:2009 SLandard for lnformaLlon 1echnology--SysLems ueslgn--
SofLware ueslgn uescrlpLlons
SW ueslgn
lLLL SLd 1028:2008 SLandard for SofLware 8evlews and AudlLs SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1044:2009 SLandard for ClasslflcaLlon for SofLware Anomalles SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1061:1998 SLandard for SofLware CuallLy MeLrlcs MeLhodology SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1062:1998 LdlLlon, 8ecommended racLlce for SofLware
AcqulslLlon
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lLLL SLd 1074:2006 SLandard for ueveloplng a SofLware ro[ecL Llfe Cycle
rocess
SW Lnglneerlng rocess
lLLL SLd 1173.1:2002 Culde for CASL 1ool lnLerconnecLlons--ClasslflcaLlon
and uescrlpLlon
SW Lnglneerlng Models
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1173.2:2006 8ecommended racLlce for CASL 1ool
lnLerconnecLlon--CharacLerlzaLlon of lnLerconnecLlons
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1173.3:2004 SLandard for CASL 1ool lnLerconnecLlons--8eference
Model for Speclfylng SofLware 8ehavlor
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1173.4:2008 SLandard for CASL 1ool lnLerconnecLlons--8eference
Model for Speclfylng SysLem 8ehavlor
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1220:2003 (aka lSC/lLC 26702:2007) SLandard for AppllcaLlon and
ManagemenL of Lhe SysLems Lnglneerlng rocess
lLLL SLd 1228:1994 SLandard for SofLware SafeLy lans SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 1320.1:1998 SLandard for luncLlonal Modellng Language--SynLax
and SemanLlcs for luLl0
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1320.2:1998 SLandard for ConcepLual Modellng Language--SynLax
and SemanLlcs for luLl1x97 (luLlob[ecL)
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 1490:2011 Culde AdopLlon of Lhe ro[ecL ManagemenL lnsLlLuLe
(Ml(8)) SLandard, A Culde Lo Lhe ro[ecL ManagemenL 8ody of knowledge
(M8Ck(8) Culde)--lourLh LdlLlon
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
34

lLLL SLd 1317:2010 SLandard for lnformaLlon 1echnology--SysLem and
SofLware Llfe Cycle rocesses--8euse rocesses
lLLL SLd 1633:2008 8ecommended racLlce for SofLware 8ellablllLy SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 12207:2008 (aka lSC/lLC 12207:2008) SLandard for SysLems and
sofLware englneerlng--SofLware llfe cycle processes
lLLL SLd 14102:2010 SLandard AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 14102:2008 lnformaLlon
1echnology--Culdellne for Lhe LvaluaLlon and SelecLlon of CASL 1ools
and MeLhods
lSC/lLC 14143 [slx parLs] lnformaLlon 1echnology--SofLware MeasuremenL--
luncLlonal Slze MeasuremenL
SW 8equlremenLs
lLLL SLd 14471:2010 Culde AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 18 14471:2007 lnformaLlon
1echnology--SofLware Lnglneerlng--Culdellnes for Lhe AdopLlon of CASL
1ools
and MeLhods
lLLL SLd 14764:2006 (aka lSC/lLC 14764:2006) SLandard for SofLware
Lnglneerlng--SofLware Llfe Cycle rocesses--MalnLenance
SW MalnLenance
lLLL SLd 13026-1:2011 1rlal-use SLandard AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 18 13026-
1:2010 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--SysLems and SofLware
Assurance--arL 1: ConcepLs and vocabulary
SW CuallLy
lLLL SLd 13026-2:2011 SLandard AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 13026-2:2011 SysLems
and SofLware Lnglneerlng--SysLems and SofLware Assurance--arL 2:
Assurance Case
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC 13026-3 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--SysLems and SofLware
Assurance--arL 3: SysLem lnLegrlLy Levels
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC 13026-4:2012 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--SysLems and
SofLware Assurance--arL 4: Assurance ln Lhe Llfe Cycle
SW CuallLy
sofLware englneerlng--SysLem llfe cycle processes
lSC/lLC/lLLL 13289:2011 SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--ConLenL of
llfe-cycle lnformaLlon producLs (documenLaLlon)
lSC/lLC 13304 [Len parLs] lnformaLlon 1echnology--rocess AssessmenL SW Lnglneerlng rocess
lLLL SLd 13939:2008 SLandard AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 13939:2007 SysLems and
SofLware Lnglneerlng--MeasuremenL rocess
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lSC/lLC 13940:2006 lnformaLlon 1echnology--SofLware Lnglneerlng
LnvlronmenL Servlces
and MeLhods
SofLware Lnglneerlng--SofLware Llfe Cycle rocesses--8lsk ManagemenL
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lSC/lLC/lLLL 16326:2009 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfe Cycle
rocesses--ro[ecL ManagemenL
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lSC/lLC 19301:2003 lnformaLlon 1echnology--Cpen ulsLrlbuLed rocesslng--
unlfled Modellng Language (uML) verslon 1.4.2
and MeLhods
lSC/lLC 19303:2012 [Lwo parLs] lnformaLlon 1echnology--Cb[ecL
ManagemenL Croup unlfled Modellng Language (CMC uML)
and MeLhods
lSC/lLC 19306:2012 lnformaLlon 1echnology--Cb[ecL ManagemenL Croup
ArchlLecLure-urlven ModernlzaLlon (AuM)--knowledge ulscovery MeLa-
Model (kuM)
and MeLhods
lSC/lLC 19307:2012 lnformaLlon 1echnology--Cb[ecL ManagemenL Croup
Cb[ecL ConsLralnL Language (CCL)
and MeLhods
33

lSC/lLC 18 19739:2003 SofLware Lnglneerlng--Culde Lo Lhe SofLware
Lnglneerlng 8ody of knowledge (SWL8Ck)
[Ceneral]
lSC/lLC 19761:2011 SofLware englneerlng--CCSMlC: A luncLlonal Slze
MeasuremenL MeLhod
SW 8equlremenLs
lSC/lLC 20926:2009 SofLware and SysLems Lnglneerlng--SofLware
MeasuremenL--lluC luncLlonal Slze MeasuremenL MeLhod
SW 8equlremenLs
lSC/lLC 20968:2002 SofLware englneerlng--Mk ll luncLlon olnL Analysls--
CounLlng racLlces Manual
SW 8equlremenLs
lSC/lLC 24370:2003 SofLware Lnglneerlng--nLSMA luncLlonal Slze
MeasuremenL MeLhod verslon 2.1--ueflnlLlons and CounLlng Culdellnes for
Lhe AppllcaLlon of luncLlon olnL Analysls
SW 8equlremenLs
lLLL SLd 24748-1:2011 Culde--AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 18 24748-1:2010
SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfe Cycle ManagemenL--arL 1: Culde
for Llfe Cycle ManagemenL
SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfe Cycle ManagemenL--arL 2: Culde
Lo Lhe AppllcaLlon of lSC/lLC 13288 (SysLem Llfe Cycle rocesses)
SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--Llfe cycle managemenL--arL 3: Culde Lo
Lhe appllcaLlon of lSC/lLC 12207 (SofLware llfe cycle processes)
lSC/lLC/lLLL 24763:2010 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--vocabulary [Ceneral]
lSC/lLC 18 24772:2013 lnformaLlon Lechnology -- rogrammlng languages --
Culdance Lo avoldlng vulnerablllLles ln programmlng languages Lhrough
language selecLlon and use
SW ConsLrucLlon
lSC/lLC 24773:2008 SofLware Lnglneerlng--CerLlflcaLlon of SofLware
Lnglneerlng rofesslonals
SW Lnglneerlng
rofesslonal racLlce
lLLL SLd 24774:2012 Culde--AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 18 24474:2010 SysLems
and SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfe Cycle ManagemenL--Culdellnes for rocess
uescrlpLlon
lSC/lLC 23000:2003 SofLware Lnglneerlng--SofLware roducL CuallLy
8equlremenLs and LvaluaLlon (SCua8L)--Culde Lo SCua8L
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC 23000 Lhru 23099 SofLware Lnglneerlng--SofLware producL CuallLy
8equlremenLs and LvaluaLlon (SCua8L)
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC 23010:2011 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--SysLems and
SofLware CuallLy 8equlremenLs and LvaluaLlon (SCua8L)--SysLem and
SofLware CuallLy Models
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC 23060 Lhru 23064 SofLware Lnglneerlng--SofLware producL CuallLy
8equlremenLs and LvaluaLlon (SCua8L)--Common lndusLry lormaL (Cll) for
usablllLy
SW CuallLy
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26311:2012 SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--8equlremenLs
for managers of user documenLaLlon
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26312:2011 SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--8equlremenLs
for acqulrers and suppllers of user documenLaLlon
SW Lnglneerlng
ManagemenL
lLLL SLd 26313:2010 SLandard--AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 26313:2009 SysLems
and SofLware Lnglneerlng--8equlremenLs for 1esLers and 8evlewers of
uocumenLaLlon
SW 1esLlng
36

lLLL SLd 26314:2010 SLandard--AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 26314:2008 SysLems
and SofLware Lnglneerlng--8equlremenLs for ueslgners and uevelopers of
user uocumenLaLlon
SW ueslgn
lSC/lLC/lLLL 26313:2012 SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--ueveloplng
user documenLaLlon ln an aglle envlronmenL
and MeLhods
lSC/lLC 29110 [several parLs] SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfecycle roflles for
very Small LnLlLles (vSL)
lSC/lLC/lLLL 29119 [four parLs] (urafL) SofLware and SysLems Lnglneerlng--
SofLware 1esLlng
SW 1esLlng
lSC/lLC/lLLL 29148:2011 SysLems and SofLware Lnglneerlng--Llfe Cycle
rocesses--8equlremenLs Lnglneerlng
SW 8equlremenLs
lSC/lLC/lLLL 42010:2011 SysLems and sofLware englneerlng--ArchlLecLure
descrlpLlon
SW ueslgn
lLLL SLd 90003:2008 Culde--AdopLlon of lSC/lLC 90003:2004 SofLware
Lnglneerlng--Culdellnes for Lhe AppllcaLlon of lSC 9001:2000 Lo CompuLer
SofLware
SW CuallLy
472

SWBOK V3 Appendix On Standards

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SWBOK V3 Appendix On Standards

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|ease note that th|s append|x rema|ns to be copyed|ted.

Append|x comm|ss|oned by the SWL8Ck Gu|de V3 Ld|tors.

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