1 Introduction SP

1
What Is Information Systems

Analysis and Design?
A method to create and maintain
information systems that perform basic
business functions
The main goal is to improve organizational
systems, typically by applying software
that can help employees accomplish key
business tasks more easily and efficiently.
Dr. Hyunju Kim, Jackson State University 08/2012
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System Analyst
The primary role is to study the problems
and needs of an organization in order to
determine how people, methods, and
information technology can best be
combined to bring about improvements in
the organization.
Should have
An understanding of the organizations
objectives, structure, and processes
Knowledge of how to exploit information
technology for advantage
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System - Definition
An interrelated set of business
procedures, objects, or components used
within one business unit, working together
for some purpose
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System - Components
Application software
Hardware and system software
Documentation and training materials
Specific job roles
Controls and security mechanisms
Users
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System - Characteristics
System components
An irreducible part or aggregation of parts that makes
a system; also called a subsystem
Interrelationships
Dependence of one part of the system on one or
more other system parts
Boundary
The line that marks the inside and outside of a system
and that sets off one system from other systems in
the organization
Purpose
The overall goal or function of a system
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System Characteristics (cont.)
Environment
Everything external to a system that interacts with the
system
System interfaces
Point of contact where a system meets its
environment or where subsystems meet each other
Input
Output
Constraints
A limit to what a system can accomplish
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Systems Concepts
Decomposition is the process of breaking down
a system into smaller constitutions, which may
be subsystems or terminal units.
Modularity is a direct result of decomposition. It
refers to dividing a system into smaller chunks or
modules.
Coupling means that subsystems are dependent
on each other.
Cohesion is the extent to which a subsystem
performs a single function.
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10
Steps in Systems Development
Systems Planning
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Systems Implementation and
Management
Systems Testing
Specification
Design and
Implementation
Validation
Evolution
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Systems Planning
Identifies the need for a new or enhanced
system
Results: a written plan and a schedule for
developing new major systems
Feasibility tests
Investigates the system and determines
the proposed systems scope
Results: a baseline project plan and a formal
definition of the project
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Systems Analysis
Studies the organizations current
procedures and the information systems
Identifies each task
Employs a use case, which is a
description of a set of sequences of
actions that a system performs
Develops test plans
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Steps in Systems Analysis
Determine requirements of the system
Study the requirements and structure them
according to their interrelationships, eliminating
any redundancies
Generate alternative initial designs to match the
requirements
The final output of the analysis is a description of
one of the alternative solutions.
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Systems Design
Specifies how the recommended alternative
solution is translated into detailed logical and
physical systems specification
Logical design is not tied to any specific
hardware and software.
In physical design, the logical design is
translated into technical specifications.
The final output of the design is the physical
systems specifications.
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Systems Implementation
Coding
Documentation
Developing training programs and user
manuals
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Systems Testing and Management
Tests subsystems
Tests systems integration
Tests the whole system according to the
test plans
Installs the system
Evaluates the system
Maintains the system
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Characteristics of Successful
Teams
Diversity in background, skills, and goals
Tolerance of diversity, uncertainty, and
ambiguity
Clear and complete communication
Trust
Mutual respect and putting ones own
views second to the team
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Software Process
A structured set of activities required to develop a
software system
Specification
Design and implementation
Validation
Evolution
Software process model
An abstract representation of a process
A description of a process from some particular
perspective
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Plan-driven and Agile
Processes
Plan-driven processes
Process activities are planned in advance and
progress is measured against this plan.
Agile processes
Planning is incremental and it is easier to
change the process to reflect changing
customer requirements.
In practice, most practical processes
include elements of both plan-driven and
agile approaches.
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Software Process Models
Waterfall model (plan-driven)
Separate and distinct phases of specification
and development.
Incremental development (plan-driven or agile)
Specification, development and validation are
interleaved.
Reuse-oriented SE (plan-driven or agile)
The system is assembled from existing
components.
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The Rational Unified Process
(RUP)
A modern generic process derived from
the work on the UML and associated
process
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RUP Phases
Inception
Establishes the business case for the system
Elaboration
Develops an understanding of the problem domain and
the system architecture
Construction
Includes system design, programming and testing
Transition
Deploys the system in its operating environment
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RUP Good Practice
Develop software iteratively
Plan increments based on customer priorities and
deliver highest priority increments first.
Manage requirements
Explicitly document customer requirements and keep
track of changes to these requirements.
Use component-based architectures
Organize the system architecture as a set of reusable
components.
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RUP Good Practice (cont.)
Visually model software
Use graphical UML models to present static
and dynamic views of the software.
Verify software quality
Ensure that the software meets organizational
quality standards.
Control changes to software
Manage software changes using a change
management system and configuration
management tools.

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What Is Information Systems

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