age | 1

Chapter I
GLNLkAL CCNSIDLkA1ICNS

Nature
Adm|n|strat|ve Law- branch of modern law under whlch Lhe execuLlve deparLmenL of Lhe governmenL, acLlng ln a
quasl-leglslaLlve or quasl-[udlclal capaclLy, lnLerferes wlLh Lhe conducL of Lhe lndlvldual for Lhe purposes of promoLlng
Lhe well-belng of Lhe communlLy, as under laws regulaLlng Lhe followlng:
l. publlc lnLeresL
ll. professlons
lll. Lrades and calllngs
lv. raLes and prlces
v. laws for Lhe proLecLlon of publlc healLh
and safeLy
vl. promoLlon of publlc convenlence
(ound)

- parL of publlc law whlch:
l. flxes Lhe organlzaLlon of Lhe governmenL,
ll. deLermlnes Lhe compeLence of Lhe auLhorlLles, and
lll. lndlcaLes Lhe lndlvldual remedles for vlolaLlon of rlghLs (Coodnow)
- branch of Lhe law whlch deals wlLh Lhe fleld of legal conLrol exerclsed by aw-admlnlsLerlng
agencles oLher Lhan courLs, and Lhe fleld of conLrol exerclsed by courLs over such agencles
(lranfurLer)

Cb[ect and Scope of Adm|n|strat|ve Law
regulaLlon of prlvaLe rlghL for publlc welfare

Cr|g|n and Deve|opment
1. Cr|g|n: leglslaLlon, kat|ona|e: expedlency
2. Doctr|ne of separat|on of powers: All rules and conducL are supposed Lo be lald down by Lhe leglslaLure, sub[ecL
Lo Lhe dlrecL enforcemenL of Lhe execuLlve deparLmenL, and Lhe appllcaLlon or lnLerpreLaLlon by Lhe [udlclary,
kemedy: delegaLlon of powers

Sources
1. !"#$%&%'%&"#() "+ $%(%'%"+, -#(.%/-#%$ .+-(%&#0 (1/&#&$%+(%&2- 3"1&-$
a. ArLlcle lx, ConsLlLuLlon
b. Soclal SecurlLy AcL- esLabllshed Lhe Soclal SecurlLy Commlsslon
c. AdmlnlsLraLlve Code of 1987
2. 4-.&$&"#$ "5 ."'+%$ &#%-+6+-%&#0 %7- .7(+(.%-+$ "5 (1/&#&$%+(%&2- 3"1&-$ (#1 1-5&#&#0 %7-&+ 6"8-+$9 +&07%$9
&#7&3&%&"#$9 (/"#0 "%7-+$9 (#1 %7- -55-.%$ "5 %7-&+ 1-%-+/&#(%&"#$ (#1 +-0')(%&"#$
a. ArLuc v. Commlsslon on LlecLlons
b. Maceda v. L88
3. :')-$ (#1 +-0')(%&"#$ &$$'-1 3, %7- (1/&#&$%+(%&2- 3"1&-$ &# 6'+$'(#.- "5 %7- 6'+6"$-$ 5"+ 87&.7 %7-, 8-+-
.+-(%-1
a. Cmnlbus 8ules lmplemenLlng Lhe Labor Code
b. Clrculars of Lhe CenLral MoneLary AuLhorlLy on lnLeresL raLes
c. 8egulaLlons of Lhe Commlsslon on lmmlgraLlon and ueporLaLlon
d. 8ules promulgaLed by Lhe SLC, 8ureau of aLenLs, 1rademarks and 1echnology 1ransfer
4. 4-%-+/&#(%&"#$ (#1 "+1-+$ "5 %7- (1/&#&$%+(%&2- 3"1&-$ &# %7- $-%%)-/-#% "5 ."#%+"2-+$&-$ (+&$&#0 &# %7-&+
+-$6-.%&2- 5&-)1$
a. 8efers Lo Lhe ad[udlcaLlons of admlnlsLraLlve agencles ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr quasl-[udlclal power




age | 2

Adm|n|strat|on
1wo Senses
1. Inst|tut|on- ;<= 2< 4"++: lL refers Lo Lhe aggregaLe of lndlvlduals ln whose hands Lhe relns of governmenL
are for Lhe Llme belng, lL refers Lo Lhe persons who acLually run Lhe governmenL durlng Lhelr prescrlbed
Lerms of offlce
Government Adm|n|strat|on
- agency or lnsLrumenLallLy Lhrough whlch Lhe wlll of Lhe
SLaLe ls formulaLed expressed and reallzed
- LranslLlonal ln naLure, lL ls a more or less permanenL
flxLure ln every SLaLe
2. Iunct|on- lL means Lhe acLual runnlng of Lhe governmenL by Lhe execuLlve auLhorlLles Lhrough Lhe
enforcemenL of laws and Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of pollcles

As an Act|v|ty
1. Interna|-
a. covers Lhose rules deflnlng Lhe relaLlons of publlc funcLlonarles !"#$% '$
b. embraces Lhe whole range of Lhe law of publlc offlcers
c. conslsLs rules lald down ln parLlcular agency or offlce
2. Lxterna|-
a. deflnes Lhe relaLlons of Lhe publlc offlce wlLh Lhe publlc ln general
b. promulgaLed for observance by Lhose who have deallngs or LransacLlons wlLh sald offlce
c. promulgaLed by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency ln Lhe exerclse of lLs quasl-leglslaLlve auLhorlLy for Lhe
regulaLlon of speclflc maLLers placed under lLs [urlsdlcLlon
Law Adm|n|strat|on
1) lmpersonal command provlded wlLh sancLlons Lo be
applled ln case of vlolaLlon
prevenLlve raLher Lhan punlLlve and ls accepLed Lo be more
personal Lhan law
2) lmpersonal, lL ls concerned only wlLh obedlence Lo lLs
esLabllshed mandaLe or dlrecLlve
has a more sympaLheLlc regard for Lhe lndlvldual and seeks
Lo spare hlm from punlshmenLs of Lhe law by persuadlng
hlm Lo observe lLs commands
may clarlfy cerLaln amblguous provlslons ln sLaLuLes
Lhrough Lhe lssuance of lnLerpreLaLlve regulaLlons meanL
Lo make lL easler for Lhe people Lo undersLand and so obey
Lhe law




















age | 3

Chapter II
ADMINIS1kA1IVL AGLNCILS

Def|n|t|on
Adm|n|strat|ve Agency- a body endowed wlLh quasl-leglslaLlve and quasl-[udlclal powers for Lhe purpose of enabllng
lL Lo carry ouL laws enLrusLed Lo lL for enforcemenL or execuLlon.
o >'/67+-, 2< ;=? appolnLed by law and lnformed by experlence
- Lhey wlll perslsL so long as Lhe general publlc conLlnues Lo rely on Lhe servlces Lhey offer and
are saLlsfled wlLh Lhelr performance of Lhelr prlmordlal Lask

Agency- any 1) deparLmenL, 2) bureau, 3) offlce, 4) commlsslon, 3) auLhorlLy or offlcer of Lhe naLlonal CovernmenL
(d-b-ca) auLhorlzed by law or execuLlve order Lo 1) make rules, 2) lssue llcenses, 3) granL rlghLs or prlvlleges and 4)
ad[usL cases (m|ga), research lnsLlLuLlons wlLh respecL Lo llcenslng funcLlons, governmenL corporaLlons wlLh respecL
Lo funcLlons regulaLlng prlvaLe rlghL, prlvllege, occupaLlon or buslness, and offlclals ln Lhe exerclse of dlsclpllnary
power as provlded by law.
Chartered |nst|tut|on- refers Lo any agency organlzed or operaLlng under a speclal charLer, and vesLed by law wlLh
funcLlons relaLlng Lo speclflc consLlLuLlonal pollcles or ob[ecLlves.

Department- refers Lo an execuLlve deparLmenL creaLed by law.
8ureau- refers Lo any prlnclpal subdlvlslon of any deparLmenL.

Cff|ce- refers, wlLhln Lhe framework of governmenL organlzaLlon, Lo any ma[or funcLlonal unlL of a deparLmenL or
bureau, lncludlng reglonal offlces.
- refers Lo any poslLlon held or occupled by lndlvldual persons, whose funcLlons are deflned by law or
regulaLlon.

Instrumenta||ty- @()(0( 2< A-#(.7"$9 B+<9: a governmenL lnsLrumenLallLy refers Lo any agency of Lhe naLlonal
CovernmenL noL lnLegraLed wlLhln Lhe deparLmenL framework, vesLed wlLh speclal funcLlons or [urlsdlcLlon by law,
endowed wlLh some lf noL all corporaLe powers, admlnlsLerlng speclal funds, and en[oylng operaLlonal auLonomy,
usually Lhrough a charLer.
- lncludes regulaLory agencles. CharLered lnsLlLuLlons and governmenL-owned or conLrolled
corporaLlons
o C-D(9 =+< 2< !E?
3 adm|n|strat|ve re|at|onsh|ps (8ook lv, ChapLer 7 of Lhe AdmlnlsLraLlve Code)
1. supervlslon
2. conLrol
3. aLLachmenL of an agency Lo a deparLmenL
- refers Lo Lhe laLeral relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe deparLmenL or lLs equlvalenL and
aLLached agency or corporaLlon for purposes of pollcy and program coordlnaLlon.
urpose:
1. pollcy
2. program coordlnaLlon

coord|nat|on- may be accompllshed by Lhe followlng:
1. havlng Lhe deparLmenL represenLed ln Lhe governlng board of Lhe aLLached
agency or corporaLlon
how? LlLher as chalrman or as a member, wlLh or wlLhouL voLlng rlghLs,
lf Lhls ls permlLLed by Lhe charLer
2. havlng Lhe aLLached corporaLlon or agency comply wlLh a sysLem of per|od|c
report|ng- shall reflecL Lhe progress of programs and pro[ecLs

age | 4

3. havlng Lhe deparLmenL or lLs equlvalenL provlde genera| po||c|es Lhrough lLs
represenLaLlve ln Lhe board- shall serve as Lhe framework for Lhe lnLernal
pollcles of Lhe aLLached corporaLlon or agency
Author|ty- deslgnaLes boLh lncorporaLed and non-lncorporaLed agencles and lnsLrumenLallLles of Lhe
governmenL.
Government-owned or contro||ed corporat|on- F-,$"# 2< G55&.- "5 %7- G/3'1$/(#? refer Lo any
agency organlzed as a sLock or non-sLock corporaLlon vesLed wlLh funcLlons relaLlng Lo publlc needs wheLher
governmenLal or proprleLary ln naLure, and owned by Lhe governmenL dlrecLly or lndlrecLly or Lhough lLs
lnsLrumenLallLles, elLher wholly or appllcable, as ln Lhe case of sLock of corporaLlons, Lo Lhe exLenL of aL leasL
31 of lLs caplLal sLock
- may be furLher caLegorlzed by Lhe 1) deparLmenL of budgeL, 2) Lhe clvll servlce commlsslon
and 3) Lhe commlsslon on audlL for Lhe purpose of Lhe exerclse and dlscharge of Lhelr
respecLlve powers, funcLlons and responslblllLles wlLh respecL Lo such corporaLlons.
Nature
AdmlnlsLraLlve bodles endowed wlLh quasl-[udlclal prerogaLlves are essenLlally execuLlve agencles.
CourL of 1ax Appeals- speclal courL exerclslng parLlcular experLlse on Lhe sub[ecL of Lax
o H(/(#- 2< CE F-6(#%" !"#1"/&#&'/ !"+6"+(%&"#? kA 9282, Sec. 7(a)(3)- Lhe CourL of 1ax Appeals
exerclses excluslve appellaLe [urlsdlcLlon Lo revlew on appeal declslons, orders or resoluLlons lf Lhe 81C
ln local Lax cases orlglnally dlssolved by Lhem ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr appellaLe [urlsdlcLlon.

Creat|on and Abo||t|on
- may be creaLed by Lhe ConsLlLuLlon or by sLaLuLe
C|v|| Serv|ce Comm|ss|on, Comm|ss|on on L|ect|ons and Comm|ss|on on Aud|t- lndependenL
consLlLuLlonal bodles esLabllshed under ArLlcle 9
Metropo||tan Man||a Author|ty- admlnlsLraLlve body creaLed by law pursuanL Lo SecLlon 11,
ArLlcle 10, ln relaLlon Lo Sec. 8 of Lhe 1ranslLory rovlslons

C|ass|f|cat|on of Adm|n|strat|ve 8od|es
1. Lhose seL up Lo offer some graLulLy, granL or speclal prlvlleges
eg. hlllpplne veLerans AdmlnlsLraLlon
2. Lo carry on cerLaln buslness of governmenL
eg. 8ureau of CusLoms
3. Lo perform some buslness servlce for publlc
eg. 8ureau of osLs
4. Lo regulaLe buslness affecLed wlLh publlc lnLeresL
eg. L1l88
3. Lo regulaLe prlvaLe buslness and lndlvlduals under Lhe pollce power
eg. SLC
6. Lo ad[usL lndlvldual conLroversles because of some sLrong soclal pollcy lnvolved
eg. nL8C
7. Lo make Lhe governmenL a prlvaLe parLy
eg. CSlS

- can be alLered or abollshed only by consLlLuLlonal amendmenL.

- lf creaLed by law, lL may be reorganlzed pursuanL Lo sald law provldlng for lLs esLabllshmenL or anoLher law
auLhorlzlng sald reorgan|zat|on- lf lL does noL lnvolve abollLlon or Lransfer of offlces and ls carrled ouL ln good
falLh by Lhe person, usually Lhe resldenL, auLhorlzed Lo effecL Lhe same, Lhe valldlLy of Lhe same would have Lo
be upheld (C(0("&$(# 2< I(%&"#() J"3(.." E1/&#&$%+(%&"#)


age | 3

Lxerc|se of powers:
() 1&$.+-%&"#(+,
Note: Lhe flndlngs of Lhe body are generally deferred by Lhe oLher deparLmenLs LkCL1 where
Lhey arrlved aL wlLh such obvlous arblLrarlness as Lo consLlLuLe a vlolaLlon of due process
*) /&#&$%-+&()K no [udgmenL or dlscreLlon ls requlred or ls allowed ln Lhelr exerclse
eg. a) duLy of Lhe 8u Lo annoLaLe a lle on a 1orrens cerLlflcaLe
b) of Lhe Commlsslon on LlecLlons Lo glve due course Lo a cerLlflcaLe of candldacy duly
accompllshed and seasonably flled (E3.-1- 2< L/6-+&())
c) of Lhe CCA Lo allow clalms for salarles under cerLaln condlLlons (:&-) 2< M+&07%)
o :!AL 2< IJ!? Lhe [urlsdlcLlon and powers of admlnlsLraLlve agencles are llmlLed Lo Lhose expressly
granLed or necessary lmplled from Lhose granLed ln Lhe leglslaLlon creaLlng such bodles.
-qua||f|ed po||t|ca| agency- Lhe power of Lhe resldenL Lo reorganlze Lhe naLlonal CovernmenL may valldly be
delegaLed Lo hls cablneL members exerclslng conLrol over a parLlcular execuLlve deparLmenL (4NI: 2< 4NI:
:-0&"# OP N/6)",--$)

Advantages
1) experLlse derlved from speclallzed Lralnlng and experlence
2) adapLablllLy Lo change and ease ln reacLlng Lo a new and even emergency slLuaLlons
3) more reslllenL
4) Lhey can lnlLlaLe acLlon and noL slmply walL for Lhelr [urlsdlcLlon Lo be lnvoked
3) Lhey may proceed Lo Lhe soluLlon of Lhe problems conflded Lo Lhelr aLLenLlon wlLh more expedlLlousness
6) Lhey are creaLed by Lhe leglslaLure Lo address new soclal problems and vesL ln sald agencles broad guldellnes for
Lhe resoluLlon of sald problems

ke|at|on to kegu|ar Departments
1. |eg|s|ature
l. acLs as an agenL of Lhe law-maklng body and so ls bound Lo obey and lmplemenL Lhe leglslaLlve wlll
ll. may be abollshed and lLs lncldenLs may be alLered by Lhe leglslaLure
2. execut|ve
l. comes under Lhe consLlLuLlonal contro| of the res|dent- cannoL be wlLhdrawn or llmlLed even by Lhe
leglslaLure
ll. Lhe resldenL may lssue hls own orders Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency and revlew and, lf necessary
reverse lLs declslon
3. [ud|c|a| department]courts
l. Lhey cannoL be deprlved of Lhelr lnherenL power Lo declde all quesLlons of law, parLlcularly lf Lhey have
been lnlLlally resolved by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve bodles only (@-1())( 2< =(,")
ll. can revlew, or even reverse, Lhe admlnlsLraLlve acLs even Lhe Chlef of LxecuLlve
o @"#%-$ 2< !&2&) =-+2&.- C"(+1 "5 E66-()$? Lhe legallLy of Lhe acLs of Lhe resldenL ls under Lhe [udlclal revlew
because Lhe law ls above Lhe resldenL hlmself, and Lhe courLs seek only Lo lnLerpreL, apply or lmplemenL lL.
lll. may also revlew Lhe facLual flndlngs of admlnlsLraLlve offlces by auLhorlLy of law or under due process of
clause lf such deLermlnaLlons have been made arblLrarlly
Note: Lhey may revlew admlnlsLraLlve ad[udlcaLlons only as a lasL resorL and, usually, only when
quesLlons of law are lnvolved








age | 6

Chapter III
CWLkS CI ADMINIS1kA1IVL AGLNCILS

l. quas|-|eg|s|at|ve author|ty or ru|e-mak|ng power
- Lhe power of subordlnaLe leglslaLlon and permlLs Lhe body Lo promulgaLe rules lnLended Lo
carry ouL of Lhe provlslons of parLlcular law
- [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ln applylng for Lhe fuLure
- publlc
- author|ty de|egated by the |aw-mak|ng body to the adm|n|strat|ve body to adopt ru|es and
regu|at|ons |ntended to carry out the prov|s|ons of a |aw and |mp|ement a |eg|s|at|ve
po||cy
Adm|n|strat|ve ku|e - any agency sLaLemenL of general appllcablllLy LhaL lmplemenLs or lnLerpreLs a
law, flxes and descrlbes Lhe procedures ln, or pracLlce requlremenLs of, an agency, lncludlng lLs
regulaLlons.
- lncludes memoranda or sLaLemenLs concernlng Lhe lnLernal admlnlsLraLlon or
managemenL of an agency noL affecLlng Lhe rlghLs or procedure avallable Lo, Lhe publlc.
ku|e-mak|ng- an agency process for Lhe formulaLlon, amendmenL, or repeal of a rule
Adm|n|strat|ve regu|at|ons- lnLended only Lo lmplemenL Lhe law and Lo carry ouL leglslaLlve pollcy
o =/(+% !"//<9 L#.< 2< IJ!
uas|-Leg|s|at|ve or ku|e- Mak|ng ower uas|-[ud|c|a| or Adm|n|strat|ve Ad[ud|catory ower
1. Lhe power Lo make rules and regulaLlons whlch resulLs
ln delegaLed leglslaLlon LhaL ls wlLhln Lhe conflnes of Lhe
granLlng sLaLuLe and Lhe docLrlne of non-delegablllLy and
separablllLy of powers
Lhe power Lo hear and deLermlne quesLlon of facL Lo w/ch
Lhe leglslaLlve pollcy ls Lo apply and Lo declde ln
accordance wlLh Lhe sLandards lald down by Lhe law lLself
ln enforclng and admlnlsLerlng Lhe same law
2. ru|es and regu|at|ons-
a. producLs of a delegaLed leglslaLlve power
b. llLLle laws"
c. may be revlewed and nulllfled by Lhe courLs lf found Lo
have been lssued noL ln compllance wlLh Lhe requlslLes for
Lhelr valldlLy

kequ|s|tes:
l. germane Lo Lhe ob[ecLs and purposes of Lhe law
ll. ln conformlLy wlLh Lhe sLandards prescrlbed by law.

Note: Lhe deLalls and manner of carrylng sLaLuLe ouL are
ofLenLlmes lefL Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency enLrusLed
wlLh Lhelr enforcemenL (!"//&$$&"#-+ "5 L#%-+#()
:-2-#'- 2< =")&13(#Q !"+6"+(%&"#)
when lL performs ln a [udlclal manner an acL whlch ls
essenLlally of an execuLlve or admlnlsLraLlve naLure, where
Lhe power Lo acL ln such manner ls lncldenLal Lo or
reasonably necessary for Lhe performance of Lhe execuLlve
or admlnlsLraLlve duLy enLrusLed Lo lL
3. ln case of confllcL beLween a sLaLuLe and admlnlsLraLlve
order, S1A1U1L prevalls
adm|n|strat|ve off|cers or bod|es- requlred Lo lnvesLlgaLe
facLs or ascerLaln Lhe exlsLence of facLs, hold hearlngs,
welgh evldence, and draw concluslons from Lhem as basls
for Lhelr offlclal acLlon and exerclse of dlscreLlon ln a
[udlclal naLure


o N($%-+# J-)-."//'#&.(%&"#$ A7&)$<9 L#.< 2< L#%-+#(%&"#() !"//< !"+6<? quas|-|eg|s|at|ve power- lssuance of
provlslonal permlLs or auLhorlLy on Lhe basls of lLs deLermlnaLlon on Lhe appllcanL's compllance wlLh Lhe
requlremenLs lL has promulgaLed, quas|-[ud|c|a| power- lf an lssue arlses from sald deLermlnaLlon, a resoluLlon
of sald conLesL would parLake such naLure

age | 7

o =%(< :"$( :-()%, 4-2R% !"+6< 2< E/(#%-? 1WC-ICLD IUkISDIC1ICN CI DAk- 1) -S-.'%&2-K perLalns Lo Lhe
enforcemenL and admlnlsLraLlon of Lhe laws, carrylng Lhem lnLo pracLlcal operaLlon and enforclng Lhelr due
observance, 2) D'1&.&()K lnvolves Lhe deLermlnaLlon of rlghLs and obllgaLlons of Lhe parLles
o F(0'#( F(Q- 4-2R% E'%7"+&%, 2< !E? Lhe leglslaLure cannoL by lLs mere declaraLlon make a prlvaLe buslness or
someLhlng a publlc uLlllLy whlch ls noL ln facL as such

Leg|s|at|ve ower uas|-|eg|s|at|ve ower
1. Lhe dlscreLlon Lo deLermlne whaL Lhe law shall be Lhe dlscreLlon Lo deLermlne how Lhe law shall be enforced
2. lL cannoL be delegaLed no valld ob[ecLlon can be made as Lo delegaLlon
3. governmenL by leglslaLlon CovernmenL by bureaucracy
o J&" 2< T:C? delegaLlon can be made lf lL ls merely a confermenL of auLhorlLy or dlscreLlon as Lo lLs execuLlon,
enforcemenL and lmplemenLaLlon
o AEF L#.<9 2< !&2&) E-+"#('%&.$ C"(+1? a franchlse may be derlved lndlrecLly from Lhe SLaLe Lhrough a duly
deslgnaLed agency even Lo agencles oLher Lhan Lhose leglslaLlve naLure
Note: Lhe prlvlleges conferred by granL of local auLhorlLles as agenLs for Lhe SLaLe consLlLuLe as much as
leglslaLlve franchlse as Lhough Lhe granL had been made by an acL of Lhe LeglslaLure

o E$$".&(%-1 !"//<, U M&+-)-$$ =-+2&.-$K;#&%-1 C+"(1.($%&#0 I-%8"+Q$ 2< IJ!?
Cert|f|cate of ub||c Conven|ence Iranch|se
form of regulaLlon Lhrough Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agencles granL of prlvllege from Lhe soverelgn power

- Source: leglslaLure
Notes: 1) Lhe delegaLlon should be canallzed wlLhln Lhe banks LhaL keep lL from
overflowlng (=.7-.%-+ A"')%+, 2< ;=)
2) a surrender of a leglslaLlve power Lo Lhe delegaLe ls prevenLed
3) Lhe leglslaLure ls noL req'd Lo provlde a deLalled sLandards for admlnlsLraLlve
acLlon
- 1ests of De|egat|on
1. ."/6)-%-#-$$ %-$%
1he law musL:
a. be compleLe ln all lLs Lerms and condlLlons
o ;<= 2< E#0 J(#0 >"? Lhe law does noL speclflcally deflne whaL such Lemporary and emergency measures shall
remaln ln force and effecL, or when Lhey shall Lake effecL.
b. offer a sufflclenL sLandard Lo 1) speclfy Lhe llmlLs of Lhe delegaLe's
auLhorlLy, 2) announce Lhe leglslaLlve pollcy, and 3) speclfy Lhe
condlLlons under whlch lL ls Lo be lmplemenLed
o !()()(#0 2< M&))&(/$? Accepted suff|c|ent standards- 1) publlc lnLeresL, 2) slmpllclLy, 3) economy and
efflclency and 4) publlc welfare
o H#"% 2< LE!? "may see f|t"- conslsLs of a rovlng commlsslon, Lhus lnvalld delegaLlon of leglslaLlve power


2. $'55&.&-#% $%(#1(+1 %-$%K sLandard musL be flxed, Lhe llmlLs of whlch are sufflclenLly
deLermlnaLe or deLermlnable---Lo whlch Lhe delegaLe musL conform ln Lhe performance
of hls funcLlons
Suff|c|ent standard-
a. one whlch deflnes leglslaLlve pollcy,
b. mark lLs llmlLs
c. maps ouL lLs boundarles
d. speclfles Lhe publlc agency Lo apply lL

age | 8

e. lndlcaLes Lhe clrcumsLances under whlch Lhe leglslaLlve command ls Lo
be effecLed

II. quas|-[ud|c|a| power or ad[ud|catory funct|on
- Lhe power of ad[udlcaLlon, enables Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body Lo resolve, ln a manner
essenLlally [udlclal, facLual and someLlmes even legal quesLlons lncldenLal Lo lLs prlmary
power of enforcemenL of Lhe law
- [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ln applylng a rule for Lhe pasL
- prlvaLe ln naLure
- the power of the adm|n|strat|ve author|t|es to make determ|nat|on of facts |n the
performance of the|r off|c|a| dut|es and to app|y the |aw as they construe |t to the facts so
found
- lncldenLal Lo Lhelr maln funcLlon, w/ch ls Lhe enforcemenL of law
o E3(Q(1( V'+" A(+%, F&$% 2< N+/&%(
Iud|c|a| ower uas|-[ud|c|a| ower
1) quesLlon of law flrsL, Lhen quesLlon of facL quesLlon of facL, Lhen quesLlon of law
2) Lhe execuLlve acLs lasL, afLer Lhe [udgmenL ls made and
all Lhe legal quesLlons are seLLled
Lhe execuLlve acLs flrsL, wlLh Lhe courLs acLlng laLer,
whenever warranLed, Lo revlew lLs legal flndlngs

Note: admlnlsLraLlve offlcers can lnLerpreL and apply Lhe
law Lo Lhe facLs ascerLalned by Lhem buL such
deLermlnaLlon ls sub[ecL Lo revlew by courLs

eg. nL8C- lLs declslons are revlewable on +$%#!,%-%! by Lhe
CA, and evenLually by Lhe SC
- Source: 1) lncldenLal Lo Lhe power of regulaLlon vesLed ln Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body, 2)
expressly conferred by Lhe leglslaLure Lhrough speclflc provlslons ln Lhe charLer of agency
- kat|ona|e: Lo enable Lhe admlnlsLraLlve offlcers Lo perform Lhelr execuLlve duLles
- quas|-[ud|c|a|- merely a convenlenL way of approvlng Lhe exerclse of [udlclal power by an
admlnlsLraLlve offlcer
- Determ|nat|ve powers:
1. -#(3)&#0 6"8-+$K Lhose LhaL permlL Lhe dolng of an acL whlch Lhe law underLakes Lo
regulaLe and whlch would be unlawful wlLhouL Lhe governmenL approval
eg. a) lssuance of llcenses Lo engage ln a parLlcular buslness or operaLlon
b) power of Lhe SLC Lo approve Lhe arLlcles of lncorporaLlon and by-laws
of a corporaLlon
c) M18C8 Lo allow Lhe publlc exhlblLlon of a movle
d) flre or munlclpal auLhorlLles Lo permlL Lhe occupancy of a newly-
consLrucLed bulldlng
2. 1&+-.%&#0 6"8-+$K order Lhe dolng or performance of parLlcular acLs Lo ensure
compllance wlLh Lhe law and are ofLen exerclsed for correcLlve purposes
eg. a) uLn8- may requlre facLorles Lo use cerLaln chemlcals Lo proLecL Lhe
envlronmenL
b) uC1- may call on common carrlers Lo lnsLall speclflc safeLy devlces Lo
prevenL accldenLs or speclal seaLs for Lhe handlcapped or dlsabled
c) nL8C- may compel an employer Lo relnsLaLe an lllegally dlsmlssed
employee and pay hlm damages
k|nds:
(1) 1&$6-#$&#0K allows Lhe admlnlsLraLlve order Lo relax Lhe general
operaLlon of a law or exempL from Lhe performance of a general duLy

age | 9

eg. a) a sLudenL excused from .L for healLh reasons
b) when resldenLlal bulldlngs are permlLLed by Lhe
zonlng board Lo remaln ln an area deslgnaLed as
commerclal or lndusLrlal
c) when persons of drafL age are relleved of a combaL
duLy because of Lhelr clvll sLaLus or occupaLlon

o !"//&$$&"# "# N)-.%&"#$ 2< N$6(#")? Lhe Commlsslon has Lhe auLhorlLy Lo granL lmmunlLy from sulL Lo Lhose
who have commlLLed elecLlon offenses buL volunLeered Lo glve lnformaLlon and LesLlfy Lo any vlolaLlon of
elecLlon laws.
(2) $'//(+,K Lhose lnvolvlng Lhe use by admlnlsLraLlve auLhorlLles of force
upon persons or Lhlngs wlLhouL Lhe necesslLy of prevlous [udlclal warranL
eg. a) padlocklng by Lhe mayor's offlce of fllLhy resLauranLs
or movle houses exhlblLlng obscene movles
b) shooLlng down a mad dog on Lhe loose
c) Laklng over by Lhe 8S of mlsmanaged banks
d) conflscaLlon by Lhe cusLoms auLhorlLles of arLlcles
whlch are prohlblLed .$% '$
(3) -S(/&#&#0K enables admlnlsLraLlve body Lo lnspecL Lhe records and
premlses, and lnvesLlgaLe Lhe acLlvlLles, of persons or enLlLles comlng
under lLs [urlsdlcLlon (ISIC-8IW-I)
l. |ssuance of subpoenas
ll. swearlng ln of wlLnesses
lll. |nLerrogaLlon of wlLnesses
lv. calllng for producLlon of books, papers and records
v. requlrlng LhaL books, papers and records be made avallable for
lnspecLlon
vl. |nspecLlon of premlses
vll. requlrlng wrlLLen answers Lo quesLlonnalres
vlll. requlrlng perlodlc or speclal reporLs
lx. requlrlng Lhe flllng of sLaLemenLs
x. requlrlng physlcal and medlcal examlnaLlons ln cerLaln cases
- allows many admlnlsLraLlve agencles Lo acLually 1) conducL
hearlngs, 2) lssue wrlLs of prellmlnary ln[uncLlon and 3) punlsh for conLempL

















age | 10

Chapter 4
UASI-LLGISLA1IVL CWLk

Lffect of the ru|e-mak|ng power of the adm|n|strat|ve body:
- Lhe acLlve power of Lhe SLaLe from lLs source Lo Lhe polnL of appllcaLlon
Mean|ng: Lo apply Lhe law and so fulflll Lhe mandaLe of Lhe leglslaLlon

k|nds of Adm|n|strat|ve kegu|at|ons

Leg|s|at|ve Interpretat|ve
1) deslgned Lo provlde guldellnes Lo Lhe law whlch Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve agency ls ln charge of enforclng
maLLer of subordlnaLe leglslaLlon, deslgned Lo |mp|ement
a pr|mary |eg|s|at|on by provldlng Lhe deLalls Lhereof
2) accorded by Lhe courLs or by express provlslon of
sLaLuLe Lhe force and effecL of law lmmedlaLely golng lnLo
effecL
Lhose whlch purporLs Lo do no more Lhan lnLerpreL Lhe
sLaLuLe belng admlnlsLered, Lo say whaL lL means
3) how:
l. supplemenLlng Lhe sLaLuLe
ll. fllllng ln Lhe deLalls
lll. maklng Lhe law
lv. usually acLlng ln pursuanL Lo a speclflc delegaLlon of
leglslaLlve power
consLlLuLe admlnlsLraLor's consLrucLlon of a sLaLuLe

Note: lL ls Lhe sLaLuLe and noL Lhe regulaLlon whlch Lhe
lndlvldual musL conform
4) lssued by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body pursuanL Lo a valld
delegaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve body pursuanL Lo a valld
delegaLlon of leglslaLlve power
lssued by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body as an lncldenL of lLs
power Lo enforce Lhe law and ls lnLended merely Lo clarlfy
lLs provlslons for proper observance by Lhe people
3) lnLended Lo have Lhe blndlng force and effecL of a law
enacLed by Lhe leglslaLure lLself
merely persuaslve and ls recelved by Lhe courLs wlLh much
respecL buL flnallLy

C|ass|f|cat|ons of Leg|s|at|ve kegu|at|on

Supp|ementary Cont|ngent
1) lnLended Lo flll ln Lhe deLalls of Lhe law and Lo make
expllclL whaL ls only general"
lL ls lssued upon Lhe happenlng of a cerLaln conLlngency
whlch Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls glven Lhe dlscreLlon:
Lo deLermlne or Lo ascerLaln, under and
pursuanL Lo law, some clrcumsLances on
whlch Lhe law, by lLs own Lerms, makes lLs
own acLlon depend, or
Lo flnd facLs or condlLlons properly
prescrlbed under whlch a law as passed wlll
or wlll noL operaLe
Lffect: applylng/suspendlng a law

2) purpose- Lo enlarge upon a sLaLuLe, sub[ecL only Lo Lhe
sLandards flxed Lhereln, Lo ensure lLs effecLlve
enforcemenL ln accordance wlLh Lhe leglslaLlve wlll








age | 11

kequ|s|tes of Va||d Adm|n|strat|ve kegu|at|on (-SAk):
(1) Its promu|gat|on must be author|zed by the |eg|s|ature.

Author|ty to promu|gate the regu|at|on- usually conferred by Lhe followlng:
a) Lhe charLer lLself of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body, or
b) Lhe law lL ls supposed Lo enforce
GLNLkAL kULL: a regulaLlon ls blndlng on Lhe courLs
LkCL1ICN: lf lL ls ln conLravenLlon wlLh Lhe sLandards LhaL Lhe law prescrlbes

o E+(#-%( 2< V(%/(&%(#? 8y vlrLue of hls consLlLuLlonal power of conLrol, Lhe resldenL can exerclse Lhe rule-
maklng power conferred by Lhe above provlslons upon hls subordlnaLes ln Lhe execuLlve deparLmenL
AdmlnlsLraLlve rules and regulaLlons are lnLended Lo carry ouL, noL supplanL or modlfy Lhe law.

(2) It must be w|th|n the scope of the author|ty g|ven by the |eg|s|ature.

o C"&-KJ(Q-1( !7-/&.()$9 L#.< 2< 1-)( =-+#(? Lhe regulaLlon promulgaLed musL noL be /0#%- 1!%$' or beyond
Lhe llmlLs of Lhe auLhorlLy conferred, an admlnlsLraLlve agency cannoL amend an acL of Congress
o !L: 2< T1(< 1- A+&-%"? a regulaLlon LhaL operaLes Lo creaLe a rule ouL of harmony wlLh Lhe sLaLuLe ls a mere
nulllLy.
o A&)&6&#($ W("9 L#.< 2< !E? no engrafLmenL of addlLlonal requlremenLs noL conLemplaLed by Lhe leglslaLure
ln case of confllcL, Lhe law MUS1 prevall.
o :-6'3)&. 2< !E? a sLaLuLe ls superlor Lo an admlnlsLraLlve dlrecLlve and Lhe sLaLuLe cannoL be repealed nor
amended by Lhe laLLer.
o A 2< @(.-+-#? nowhere ln Lhe law was elecLro-flshlng was prohlblLed, hence, Lhe Sec. of AgrlculLure and
Lhe Commlssloner of llsherles were powerless Lo penallze lL.
All LhaL ls requlred ls LhaL Lhe regulaLlon should be germane Lo Lhe ob[ecLs and purposes of Lhe
law and LhaL lL should conform Lo Lhe sLandards LhaL Lhe law prescrlbes.
8ules LhaL subverL Lhe sLaLuLe cannoL be sancLloned.
o @-%+"6")&%(# J+(55&. !"//(#1 M-$% J+(55&. 4&$%+&.% 2< V"#"#0
LCI 43 D 160S
1) deals wlLh Lhe moLor vehlcles LhaL have sLalled on a
publlc road
deals wlLh Lhe moLor vehlcles LhaL have been dellberaLely
parked ln a no-parklng area
2) accldenLal lnLenLlonal
3) purpose- Lo dlscourage Lhe use of publlc sLreeLs by
moLor vehlcles LhaL are llkely Lo break down
Lo penallze Lhe drlver for hls deflance of Lhe Lrafflc laws

Note: lL does noL lnclude Lhe removal of llcense plaLes, or
even Lhe conflscaLlon of Lhe llcense of Lhe offendlng drlver
as a penalLy for lllegal parklng
o F'X"# A"),/-+$ !"+6< 2< !)(2-? an admlnlsLraLlve agency cannoL amend Lhe law lL seeks Lo lmplemenL
o A7&)< C(#Q "5 !"//<9 2< !L:? Lhe non-reLroacLlvlLy of rullngs by Lhe Cl8 ls n/A where Lhe nulllLy of a
8evenue Memorandum Clrcular was declared b Lhe busy courLs and noL by Lhe Cl8.
o A7&)< E$$".< "5 =-+2&.- NS6"+%-+$9 L#.< 2< J"++-$? uCLL clrculars for Laklng over of Lhe buslness of deploylng
domesLlc helpers Lo Pk ls valld.
o !L: 2< !E? admlnlsLraLlve lssuances musL noL overrlde buL musL remaln conslsLenL and ln harmony wlLh Lhe
law Lhey seek Lo apply and lmplemenL.
ueparLmenL zeal may noL be permlLLed Lo ouLrun Lhe auLhorlLy conferred by Lhe sLaLuLe.
o A7&)< L#%-+&$)(#1 =7&66&#0 E$$".< "5 %7- A7&)$< 2< !E? as Lhe resldenL could delegaLe Lhe raLemaklng power
Lo Lhe A, so he could exerclse lL ln speclflc lnsLance wlLhouL Lhereby wlLhdrawlng Lhe power vesLed by
Lhe .C no. 837, Sec. 20(a) ln Lhe A Lo lmpose, flx, prescrlbe, lncrease or decrease such raLes, charges or
fees.for Lhe servlces rendered by Lhe AuLhorlLy or by any prlvaLe organlzaLlon wlLhln a orL ulsLrlcL.

age | 12

determ|nat|ve factors WCN an act |s a |aw or an adm|n|strat|ve |ssuance- 1)naLure, 2)source
1he Congress may lnLervene anyLlme desplLe Lhe exlsLence of admlnlsLraLlve agencles enLrusLed
wlLh wage-flxlng powers, by vlrLue of Lhe former's plenary power of leglslaLlon
o F-0($6& 2< @&#&$%-+ "5 Y&#(#.-? |etters of |nstruct|on- 1) slmply dlrecLlves of Lhe resldenL, lssued ln Lhe
exerclse of hls admlnlsLraLlve power of conLrol, Lo heads of deparLmenLs and/or offlcers under Lhe
execuLlve branch of Lhe governmenL for observance by Lhe offlclals and/or employees Lhereof, 2) cannoL be
a valld source of obllgaLlon
o C&%"K"#(# 2< Y-+#(#1-X? Lhe LlCA, alLhough sLrlcLly noL a LCu, ls sub[ecL Lo Lhe resldenL's power of general
supervlslon but not power of conLrol, kat|ona|e- Lhe power of Lhe ulLC SecreLary Lo lnLerfere wlLh local
affalrs should be resolved ln favor of Lhe greaLer auLonomy of Lhe LCu.
AdmlnlsLraLlve rules and regulaLlons are sub[ecL Lo [udlclal revlew.
o F'X Y(+/$ 2< =-.< "5 E0+(+&(# :-5"+/? llvesLock, swlne and poulLry-ralslng are lndusLrlal acLlvlLles and do
noL fall wlLhln Lhe deflnlLlon of agrlculLure or agrlculLural acLlvlLy.

(3) It must be promu|gated |n accordance w|th the prescr|bed procedure.

GLNLkAL kULL: 1he promulgaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons of general appllcaLlon does noL requlre prevlous
noLlce and hearlng, eg, Lhose promulgaLed Lo govern fuLure conducL ZE3-))(9 B+< 2< !=![
LkCL1ICNS:
l. where Lhe leglslaLure lLself requlres lL and mandaLes LhaL Lhe regulaLlon shall be based on cerLaln facLs
as deLermlned aL an approprlaLe lnvesLlgaLlon,
ll. adm|n|strat|ve ad[ud|cat|on- where Lhe regulaLlon ls ln effecL a seLLlemenL of a conLroversy beL.
speclflc parLles
lll. regulaLlons flxlng raLes or Loll charges, Lxcept- provlslonal raLes Z:-6'3)&. 2< @-1&#([

o @(.-1( 2< N:C? whlle under LC no. 172, a hearlng ls lndlspensable, lL does noL preclude Lhe 8oard from
orderlng, $2 .-%#$3 a provlslonal lncrease
o Y+--1"/ 5+"/ 4-3% !"()&%&"# 2< N:!? L8C's power Lo flx prlces and make raLes musL be conferred by Lhe
sLaLuLory or consLlLuLlonal language LhaL ls free from doubL, and admlLs of no reasonable consLrucLlon.
o :!AL 2< IJ!? courLs do noL lnLerfere wlLh admlnlsLraLlve acLlon prlor Lo lLs compleLlon or flnallLy.
o A7&)< !"#$'/-+$ Y"'#1(%&"#9 L#.< 2< =-.< "5 N1'.(%&"# !')%'+- (#1 =6"+%$?
ower granLed Lo Lhe educaLlon deparLmenL Lo regulaLe Lhe educaLlonal sysLem of Lhe counLry
lncludes Lhe power Lo prescrlbe school fees
|eg|s|at|ve funct|on- Lhe granL of prlor noLlce and hearlng Lo Lhe affecLed parLles ls noL a
requlremenL of due process, quas|-[ud|c|a| funct|on- prlor noLlce and hearlng are essenLlal Lo Lhe
valldlLy of such raLes, eg. where Lhe rules and raLes lmposed apply excluslvely Lo a part|cu|ar party
o J(#(1( 2<J'2-+(?
ubllcaLlon musL be ln full or lL ls no publlcaLlon aL all, kat|ona|e- lLs purpose ls Lo lnform Lhe publlc
of Lhe conLenLs of Lhe law.
l. Lhose general ln appllcaLlon, and
ll. penal ln naLure
LkCL1ICN: lnLerpreLaLlve regulaLlons and Lhose merely lnLernal ln naLure, LhaL ls
regulaLlng only Lhe personnel of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency and noL Lhe publlc, need noL be publlshed.
o !L: 2< !E? lf lL subsLanLlally adds Lo or lncreases Lhe burden of Lhose governed, lL behooves Lhe agency Lo
accord aL leasL Lhose dlrecLly affecLed a chance Lo be heard, and LhereafLer Lo be duly lnformed, before LhaL
new lssuance ls glven Lhe force and effecL of law
o A-$&0(# 2< E#0-)-$? publlcaLlon ls necessary 1) Lo apprlse Lhe publlc of Lhe conLenLs of Lhe regulaLlons and 2)
make Lhe sald penalLles blndlng on Lhe persons affecLed Lhereby.

age | 13

o A7&< L#%R) J+(1&#0 !"+6< 2< !GE? publlcaLlon ls requlred as a condlLlon precedenL Lo Lhe effecLlvlLy of a law Lo
lnform Lhe publlc of Lhe conLenLs of Lhe law or rules and regulaLlons before Lhelr rlghLs and lnLeresLs are
affecLed by Lhe same.
o AAE N/6)",--$ >&+-1 E5%-+ B'), O9 O\\] 2< !GE? Lhe governmenL offlclals and employees concerned should
be apprlsed and alerLed by Lhe publlcaLlon of DDM-CCC No. 10 (whlch compleLely dlsallows Lhe paymenL of
allowances and oLher addlLlonal compensaLlon Lo governmenL offlclals and employees sLarLlng nov. 1, 1989)
ln Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe or ln a newspaper of general clrculaLlon ln Lhe hlllpplnes.
o =-#(%- "5 %7- A7&)$< 2< N+/&%(? publlcaLlon ls necessary lf Lhe sub[ecL of such law ls a maLLer of publlc lnLeresL
whlch any member of Lhe body pollLlc may quesLlon ln pollLlcal forums, or, lf he ls a proper parLy, even ln
courLs of [usLlce, L0 464- has a dlrecL effecL on Lhe rlghLs of Lhe people Lo lnformaLlon on maLLers of publlc
concern, due process- requlres LhaL Lhe people should have been apprlsed of lLs lssuance before lL was
lmplemenLed
o A< 2< ^'- A" F(,? before Lhe publlc ls bound by lLs conLenLs, especlally lLs penal provlslons, a law, regulaLlon
or clrcular musL flrsL be publlshed and Lhe people offlclally lnformed of sald conLenLs and penalLles.
o A< 2< T-+&1&(#"? Lhe usual 13-day perlod requlred for Lhe effecLlvlLy of an admlnlsLraLlve rule or regulaLlon ls
reckoned on Lhe daLe of release for Lhe clrculaLlon of sald edlLlon ln Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe, Lxcept|on- speclal
publlcaLlon
Cther requ|s|tes prov|ded |n Adm|n|strat|ve Code
every agency shall flle w/ Lhe u Law CenLer 3 cerLlfled Lrue coples of every rule adopLed by lL,
prescrlpLlon- 3 mos.
Gen. ku|e: each rule shall become effecLlve 13 days from Lhe daLe of flllng, Lxcept|ons- 1) lf a
dlfferenL daLe ls flxed by law, 2) speclfled ln Lhe rule ln cases of lmmlnenL danger Lo publlc
healLh, safeLy and welfare
musL be flled wlLh Lhe naLlonal AdmlnlsLraLlve 8eglsLer
o A7&)< E$$".< "5 =-+2&.- NS6"+%-+$9 L#.< 2< J"++-$?
1he vesLure of quasl-leglslaLlve and quasl-[udlclal powers ln admlnlsLraLlve bodles ls noL
unconsLlLuLlonal, unreasonable and oppresslve.
1he power Lo resLrlcL and regulaLe conferred by ArL. 36 of Lhe Labor Code lnvolve a granL of pollce
power.
AdmlnlsLraLlve rules and regulaLlons musL be publlshed lf Lhelr purpose ls Lo enforce or lmplemenL
exlsLlng law pursuanL Lo a valld delegaLlon.
o @&$(/&$ G+&-#%() E$$".< "5 !"." J+(1-+$9 L#.< 2< 4-6%< "5 Y&#(#.- =-.<?
U8LIC Ak1ICIA1ICN
l. lf noL oLherwlse requlred by law, an agency shall, as far as pracLlcable, publlsh or clrculaLe
noLlces of proposed rules and afford lnLeresLed parLles Lhe opporLunlLy Lo submlL Lhelr vlews
prlor Lo Lhe adopLlon of any rule.
ll. ln Lhe flxlng of raLes, no rule or flnal order shall be valld UNLLSS Lhe proposed raLes shall have
been publlshed ln a newspaper of general clrculaLlon aL leasL 2 weeks before Lhe flrsL hearlng
Lhereon.
lll. ln case of opposlLlon, Lhe rules on conLesLed cases shall be observed.

(4) It must be reasonab|e.
o J(S&.(3 G6-+(%"+$ "5 @-%+" @(#&)( 2< C"(+1 "5 J+(#$6"+%(%&"#?
1he 8C1 need noL flrsL summon Laxlcab operaLors Lo a conference on publlc hearlng before
lssulng clrculars phaslng-ouL more Lhan 6-year old Laxlcabs.
ulspenslng wlLh a publlc hearlng prlor Lo Lhe lssuance of Lhe Clrculars ls nelLher vlolaLlve of
procedural due process.
llxlng by 8C1 of Lhe llfeLlme celllng of 6 years Lo Laxlcab ls noL unreasonable or arblLrary.
llxlng llfeLlme of Laxlcab Lo 6 years ln MeLro Manlla due Lo heavler Lrafflc, safeLy and comforL of
rldlng publlc ls based on reasonable sLandards.

age | 14

non-appllcablllLy of phase-ouL rule on Laxls Lo oLher vehlcles ls noL vlolaLlve of equal proLecLlon
clause.

ena| kegu|at|ons

Gen. ku|e: vlolaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons cannoL glve rlse Lo crlmlnal prosecuLlon, Lxcept|on: lf Lhe
leglslaLure makes such vlolaLlon punlshable and lmposes Lhe correspondlng sancLlons
1) A 2< =(#%"$? AcL no. 4003 does noL conLaln prohlblLlon punlshlng flshlng w/ln 3km from Lhe shorellne
w/o wrlLLen permlsslon from Lhe Sec. of AgrlculLure, hence lL cannoL be lncorporaLed wlLh Lhe
promulgaLed rules and regulaLlons.

Spec|a| kequ|s|tes of a Va||d Adm|n|strat|ve kegu|at|on w|th a ena| Sanct|on (MI):
(1) 1he |aw |tse|f must make v|o|at|on of the adm|n|strat|ve regu|at|on pun|shab|e.

(2) 1he |aw |tse|f must |mpose and spec|fy the pena|ty for the v|o|at|on of regu|at|on.

(3) 1he regu|at|on must be pub||shed.
o CAL F-($&#0 !"+6< 2< !E? Gen. ku|e- sLaLuLes, lncludlng admlnlsLraLlve rules and regulaLlons, operaLe
prospecLlve only, Lxcept|on- lf Lhe leglslaLlve lnLenL Lo Lhe conLrary ls manlfesL by express Lerms or by
necessary lmpllcaLlon
o A7&)< V)"3() !"//<9 L#.< 2< :-)"2(? oplnlons of Lhe Sec. of !usLlce are maLerlal ln Lhe consLrucLlon of
sLaLuLes of Lhe same maLLer.
o >&1()0" 2< !L:? an admlnlsLraLlve offlcer may revoke, repeal or abrogaLe Lhe acLs or prevlous rullngs of
hls predecessor ln offlce.

Lnforcement

1he power Lo promulgaLe admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons:
1) carrles lL wlLh lL Lhe lmplled power Lo enforce Lhem, or
2) lncludes Lhe power Lo lssue oplnlons and rullngs Lo enable Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency Lo properly execuLe
sald regulaLlons ZA-+()%( 2< !E[
Pow? 1) vla [udlclal acLlon, 2) vla sancLlons
lL ls Lhe sLaLuLe creaLlng Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body LhaL wlll provlde for Lhe means by whlch Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
regulaLlons wlll be enforced.

Amendment or kepe|
1he admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlon made Lhereunder ls sub[ecL Lo amendmenL
or repeal by Lhe auLhorlLes LhaL promulgaLed Lhem ln Lhe flrsL place.













age | 13

Chapter S
1nL UASI-IUDICIAL CWLk

o V'1/&#&1$"# 2< !(+1"))"? lL ls Lhe power of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency Lo deLermlne quesLlons of facLs Lo whlch
Lhe leglslaLlve pollcy ls Lo apply, ln accordance wlLh Lhe sLandards lald down by Lhe law lLself.
o A!VV 2< A-#(? quas|-[ud|c|a|- Lerm applled Lo Lhe acLlon, dlscreLlon of offlcers who are requlred Lo lnvesLlgaLe
facLs, or ascerLaln Lhe exlsLence of facLs and draw concluslons from Lhem as a basls for Lhelr offlclal acLlon, and
Lo exerclse dlscreLlon of a [udlclal naLure.
o N<G I"< PO\P9 =-.< PZ\[? lL ls an agency process for Lhe formulaLlon of a flnal order
o F(#1 C(#Q "5 %7- A7&)$<, 2< I(%&2&1(1? DAk- vesLed wlLh Lhe prlmary [urlsdlcLlon Lo deLermlne ln a prellmlnary
manner Lhe [usL compensaLlon for Lhe lands Laken under Lhe agrarlan reform, k1C- has Lhe orlglnal and excluslve
[urlsdlcLlon over all peLlLlons for Lhe deLermlnaLlon of [usL compensaLlon
o =(#(1" 2< !E? quas|-[ud|c|a| or ad[ud|catory- lf lL ls dependenL upon ascerLalnmenL of facLs by Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve agency, upon whlch a declslon ls Lo be made and rlghLs and llablllLles deLermlned.
o 4E:EC 2< F'3+&.(? Lhe granL of orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon on a quasl-[udlclal agency ls noL lmplled, DAkA8- lLs llmlLed
[urlsdlcLlon does noL lnclude auLhorlLy over peLlLlons for cerLlorarl, ln Lhe absence of an express granL ln 8.A no.
6637, L.C no. 229 and L.C no. 129-A.

kequ|s|tes of quas|-[ud|c|a| power:
1. Iur|sd|ct|on musL be properly acqulred by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body.
IUkISDIC1ICN- compeLence of an offlce or body Lo acL on a glven maLLer or Lo declde a cerLaln quesLlon
|eg|s|ature- has Lhe power Lo confer [urlsdlcLlon upon Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body and so llmlL or
expand lLs auLhorlLy
o A!VV 2< A-#(? ln Lhe exerclse of quasl-[udlclal funcLlons, Lhe Commlsslon ls a co-
equal body wlLh Lhe 81C and co-equal bodles have no power Lo conLrol Lhe oLher
o !(+&#" 2< !>:?
Cnk- have no [urlsdlcLlon ln ad[udlcaLory powers over cerLaln speclflc Lype
of cases llke alleged human rlghLs vlolaLlons lnvolvlng clvll or pollLlcal rlghLs
1he mosL LhaL may be conceded by Lo Lhe CP8 ln Lhe way of ad[udlcaLlve
power ls LhaL lL may lnvesLlgaLe, fact f|nd|ng- noL ad[udlcaLlon
1he ConsLlLuLlon clearly and caLegorlcally granLs Lo Lhe Commlsslon Lhe
power Lo lnvesLlgaLe all forms of human rlghLs vlolaLlons lnvoklng clvll and
pollLlcal rlghLs.
CP8 cannoL Lry and declde cases as courLs of [usLlce or even quasl-[udlclal
bodles do.
1he Commlsslon should noL Lry Lo resolve on Lhe merlLs lnvolve ln SLrlklng
1eachers nkC Cases- wlLhln Lhe orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe SecreLary of
LducaLlon and also wlLhln Lhe appellaLe [urlsdlcLlon of CSC.
o L)"."$ ='+ N)-.%+&. !""6-+(%&2-9 L#.< 2< IF:!? Nat|ona| L|ectr|f|cat|on
Adm|n|strat|on- has no power Lo hear and declde LermlnaLlon cases of employees
ln elecLrlc cooperaLlves.
o N:C 2< !E? Nat|ona| ower Corporat|on- noL Lhe proper auLhorlLy Lo hear and
declde cases lnvolvlng dlrecL power connecLlon, Department of Lnergy- has
[urlsdlcLlon over Lhe regulaLlon of Lhe markeLlng and dlsLrlbuLlon of energy
resources.
o L#%R) C+"(1.($%&#0 !"+6< 2< B()(#1""#? SLC- had [urlsdlcLlon over any lnLra-
corporaLe conLroversy whlch may have arlsen from sald ownershlp.
NLkC- allowed Lo award damages vlrLually Lo Lhe same exLenL as courL of [usLlce, N1C- noL appllcable
o @(#&)( N)-.%+&. !"/6(#, 2< !E? regu|ar court- has Lhe power Lo ad[udlcaLe cases
lnvolvlng vlolaLlons of rlghLs whlch are legally demandable and enforceable.

age | 16

o V)"3() M&+-)-$$ F%1< 2< A=!? Lhe [urlsdlcLlon and powers of admlnlsLraLlve agencles
are llmlLed Lo Lhose expressly granLed or necessarlly lmplled form Lhose granLed ln
Lhe leglslaLlon creaLlng such body, any order wlLhouL or beyond [urlsdlcLlon ls vold
and lneffecLlve.
o AF4J 2< N($%-+# J-)-."//< A7&)$<9? franch|ses- always lnLerpreLed sLrlcLly agalnsL
Lhe franchlse holder.
o F-6(#%" !"#$")&1(%-1 @&#&#0 !"/6#(, 2< M@! :-$"'+.-$ L#%R) A%,< F%1? M|nes and
Geosc|ences 8ureau- has [urlsdlcLlon over a conLroversy perLalnlng Lo mlnlng rlghLs.
o C"&$-+ 2< !E? regu|ar courts- have Lhe power Lo ad[udlcaLe breach of conLracL cases
as well as award moral and exemplary damages.
o A&)&6&#($ =7-)) A-%+")-'/ !"+6< 2< G&) L#1'$%+, !"//&$$&"#? admlnlsLraLlve agencles
are berefL of quasl-[udlclal powers un|ess expressly empowered.
o :-6'3)&. 2< @(+."66-+ @&#&#0 !"+6<? M|nes keg|ona| D|rector- has express and
admlnlsLraLlve and regulaLory powers over mlnlng operaLlons and lnsLallaLlons,
o||ut|on Ad[ud|cat|on 8oard- has ad[udlcaLlve powers for vlolaLlon of polluLlon
conLrol sLaLuLes and regulaLlons.
o 4(2(" I-8 J"8# 4-2R% !"+6< 2< !G=FEA? CCSLA- lLs [urlsdlcLlon ls conflned only Lo
dlspuLes over lands ln whlch Lhe governmenL has proprleLary or regulaLory lnLeresL.
o I(%R) Y-1-+(%&"# "5 F(3"+ 2< N&$/(? |abor arb|ter- had Lhe power Lo award damages
arlslng from plckeLlng
CCMLLLC- vesLed wlLh [urlsdlcLlon over an elecLlon conLesL lnvolvlng a provlnclal governor or a clLy
mayor as well as empowered Lo award acLual or compensaLory damages.
nLUk8- has [urlsdlcLlon over cases lnvolvlng sales of subdlvlslon loLs
o ="'%7-+# !+"$$ !-/-#% !"+6< 2< !-/-#% @(#'5(.%'+-+$ E$$".< "5 %7- A7&)$<? D1I- has
no lnLrlnslc rlghL, absenL sLaLuLory auLhorlLy, Lo reverse Lhe flndlngs of Lhe 1arlff
Commlsslon.
(1) 4/0$' ,5 6%,+$7/%$
o E#0(+( 2< N)-.%"+() !"//&$$&"#? doctr|ne of |mp||cat|on- where an admlnlsLraLlve
body ls expressly granLed Lhe power of ad[udlcaLlon, lL ls deemed also vesLed wlLh
Lhe lmplled power Lo prescrlbe Lhe rules Lo be observed ln Lhe conducL of lLs
proceedlngs.
o A+"2&1-#% J+-- Y(+/$9 L#.< 2< C(%(+&"9 B+? Lhe agency may adopL any reasonable
meLhod Lo carry ouL lLs funcLlons.
o A7&)< F(8,-+$ E$$".< 2< E0+(2(? Lhe rules musL noL vlolaLe fundamenLal rlghLs or
encroach upon consLlLuLlonal prerogaLlves.
o E0'$/&# A+"/"%&"#() N#%-+6+&$-$9 L#.< 2< !E? adm|n|strat|ve ru|es of procedure-
should be consLrued llberally, kat|ona|e- 1) Lo promoLe Lhelr ob[ecL, 2) Lo asslsL Lhe
parLles ln obLalnlng a [usL, speedy and lnexpenslve deLermlnaLlon of Lhelr respecLlve
clalms and defenses.
o =(/()&" 2< !E? Lhe provlslons of Lhe 8ules of CourL may be applled suppleLorlly Lo Lhe
rules of procedure of admlnlsLraLlve bodles exerclslng [udlclal powers un|ess
oLherwlse provlded by law or Lhe rules of procedure of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency
concerned.
o E+%< ]9 =-.< _Z_[? rules of procedure of speclal courLs and quasl-[udlclal bodles shall
remaln effecLlve un|ess dlsapproved by Lhe SC.
o 4E:EC 2< F'3+&.(? Lhe power of admlnlsLraLlve agencles Lo promulgaLe rules of
procedure does noL or cannoL be consLrued as allowlng lL Lo granL lLself
[urlsdlcLlon", kat|ona|e- ru|es of procedure- remedlal ln naLure, cover only rules on
pleadlngs and pracLlce
(2) 89$ :/;.,$"- 6,<$%

age | 17

- noL lnherenL
- may summon wlLnesses and requlre Lhe producLlon of evldence on|y 1) when duly allowed
by law, and 2) always only ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe maLLer Lhey are auLhorlzed Lo lnvesLlgaLe
- may be expressly granLed ln Lhe charLer of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body, eg. nL8C, CSC
o !(+/-)" 2< :(/"$? auLhorlLy Lo conducL an lnvesLlgaLlon does noL necessarlly mean
lL can also summon wlLnesses and Lake LesLlmony ln Lhe absence of a clear granL of
Lhls power from Lhe leglslaLure
o !(+&#" 2< !>:? |nvest|gate- Lo follow up sLep by sLep by paLlenL lnqulry or
observaLlon, ad[ud|cate- Lo seLLle ln Lhe exerclse of [udlclal auLhorlLy
o A($.'() 2< C"(+1 "5 @-1&.() NS(/&#-+$?
1he consLlLuLlonal guaranLee agalnsL self-lncrlmlnaLlon exLends Lo
admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs whlch possess a crlmlnal or penal aspecL.
8oard of Medlcal Lxamlners cannoL compel Lhe person proceeded agalnsL Lo
Lake Lhe wlLness sLand wlLhouL hls consenL.
o @(#()" 2< :")1(#K!"#5-$"+? Lhe admlnlsLraLlve deLermlnaLlon of facLs and Lhe
consequenL lmposlLlon of suspenslon/revocaLlon of AuLhorlLy/Llcense do noL make
Lhe proceedlngs crlmlnal.
(3) 89$ =,"#$>.# 6,<$%
- essenLlally [udlclal and cannoL be clalmed as an lnherenL rlghL by Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body.
o J")-#%&#" 2< L#.&"#0? A labor offlclal's power Lo hold a person for conLempL for
refusal Lo comply wlLh lLs order cannoL exLend Lo a Cll [udge, remedy of
adm|n|strat|ve off|c|a|- seek a dlsmlssal of Lhe case before Lhe courL preclsely on Lhe
ground LhaL Lhe maLLer dld noL fall wlLhln Lhe domaln of Lhe powers conferred on lL.
o 4'/(+6( 2< 4&/(6"+"? Lhe power Lo hold ln conLempL musL be exerclsed on Lhe
preservaLlve prlnclple.
o F(#1 C(#Q "5 %7- A7&)$< 2< F&$%(#(? quasl-[udlclal agencles LhaL have Lhe power Lo clLe
persons for lndlrecL conLempL can only do so by lnlLlaLlng Lhem ln Lhe proper 81C.
2. Due process musL be observed ln Lhe conducL of Lhe proceedlngs.
Not|ce and hear|ng- essenLlal Lo due process
kat|ona|e- Lhey may clalm Lhe rlghL Lo appear Lhereln and presenL Lhelr slde or refuLe Lhe
poslLlon of opposlng parLles

Gen. ku|e: denlal of Lhe rlghL Lo noLlce and hearlng wlll render Lhe admlnlsLraLlve proceedlngs null and
vold for denlal of due process, Lxcept|ons: 1) urgency of Lhe lmmedlaLe acLlon, 2) LenLaLlveness of Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
acLlon, 3) Lhe rlghL had prevlously been offered buL noL clalmed, eg. summary abaLemenL of a nulsance .$% '$
(1) ?7>!"!'#%-#!1$ @/$ 6%,+$''
AdmlnlsLraLlve Lrlbunals are unresLrlcLed by Lhe Lechnlcal or formal rules of procedure whlch govern Lrlals before
a courL, especlally where Lhe admlnlsLraLlve order has Lhe effecL of only .%!>- 5-+!$ evldence.
o !(1()&# 2< AGNE E1/&#&$%+(%"+? techn|ca| ru|es of procedure and ev|dence- cardlnal
rules whlch musL be observed by Lhe hearlng offlcers ln order Lo comply wlLh Lhe due
process requlremenLs of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon.
o E#0 J&3(, 2< !L:
CAkDINAL kIGn1S Ck kINCIALS 1C 8L C8SLkVLD IN ADMINIS1kA1IVL kCCLLDINGS:
(1) rlghL Lo a hearlng- lncludes Lhe rlghL of Lhe parLy lnLeresLed or affecLed Lo presenL hls own case and submlL
evldence ln supporL Lhereof,
(2) Lhe Lrlbunal musL conslder Lhe evldence presenLed,
(3) Lhe evldence musL have someLhlng Lo supporL lLs declslon,
(4) Lhe evldence musL be substant|a|- relevanL evldence as a reasonable mlnd mlghL accepL as adequaLe Lo supporL
a concluslon, kat|ona|e- Lo free admlnlsLraLlve boards from Lhe compulslon of Lechnlcal rules

age | 18

(3) Lhe declslon musL be rendered on Lhe evldence presenLed aL Lhe hearlng, or aL leasL conLalned ln Lhe record
and dlsclosed Lo Lhe parLles affecLed, boards of |nqu|ry- Lhelr reporL and declslon are only advlsory
(6) Lhe CourL of lndusLrlal 8elaLlons or any of lLs [udges, Lherefore, musL acL on lLs or hls own lndependenL
conslderaLlon of Lhe law and facLs of Lhe conLroversy, and noL slmply accepL Lhe vlews of a subordlnaLe ln
arrlvlng aL a declslon,
(7) Lhe CourL of lndusLrlal 8elaLlons should, ln all conLroverslal quesLlons, render lLs declslon ln such a manner LhaL
Lhe parLles Lo Lhe proceedlng can know Lhe varlous lssues lnvolved and Lhe reasons for Lhe declslons rendered
o @"#%-/(,"+ 2< C'#1()&(#?
1he burden ls on Lhe complalnanL Lo prove by subsLanLlal evldence Lhe
allegaLlons ln hls complalnL.
AdmlnlsLraLlve declslons of Lhe execuLlve branch of Lhe governmenL musL be
respecLed so long as Lhey are supporLed by subsLanLlal evldence.
AdmlnlsLraLlve declslons ln maLLers wlLhln Lhe execuLlve [urlsdlcLlon can only
be seL aslde on proof of 1) gross abuse of dlscreLlon, 2) fraud, or 3) error of law.
o `(/3()-$ !7+"/&%- 2< !E? lL ls grave abuse of dlscreLlon for a deparLmenL secreLary Lo
revlew hls own declslon whlle ulrecLor of Mlnes, remedy- he should ask hls
undersecreLary Lo revlew a declslon rendered by hlm.
o :&2-+( 2< !=!? Lhe revlewlng offlcer musL be oLher Lhan Lhe offlcer whose declslon ls
under revlew.
o !"+"#( 2< !E? Lhe aggrleved parLy should noL be one and Lhe same offlclal upon whose
lap Lhe complalnL he has flled may evenLually fall on appeal, "$>, .,#$'# $''$ '!>/0
-+#,% $# A/7$2B no man can be aL once a llLlganL and [udge.
o !("&)- 2< T&2"? Lhe law does noL requlre anoLher noLlce and hearlng for a revlew of Lhe
declslon of Lhe board of speclal lnqulry on Lhe basls of Lhe evldence prevlously
presenLed.
o @(+2-) C)10< 2< G6)-? no denlal of due process lf peLlLloners recelved noLlce of Lhe
scheduled lnvesLlgaLlon Lhe day before sald daLe of Lhe hearlng or lnvesLlgaLlon
o E)2(+-X 2< G6)-? Lhere was denlal where Lhe declslon was rendered agalnsL a person
who was noL a parLy Lo or even noLlfled of Lhe proceedlngs Laken before a labor
arblLer.
o V)"3- 2< IJ!? hearlng ls essenLlal before a flne may be lmposed.
o A-5&(#." 2< @"+()? adm|n|strat|ve reso|ut|on- basls for any furLher remedles LhaL a
respondenL ln an admlnlsLraLlve case mlghL wlsh Lo pursue.
o =-.< "5 B'$%&.- 2< F(#%&#? keqt's of uas|-Iud|c|a| roceed|ng- 1) Laklng and evaluaLlon
of evldence, 2) deLermlnlng facLs based on Lhe evldence presenLed, 3) renderlng an
order or declslon supporLed by Lhe facLs proved.
o A7&)< @-+.7(#% @(+&#- =.7"") L#.< 2< !E? flndlngs of facL of admlnlsLraLlve deparLmenLs
are generally accorded respecL, lf noL flnallLy, by Lhe courLs.
o E/-+&.(# J"3(.." !"< 2< 4&+< "5 A(%-#%$? Lhe offlcer who makes Lhe deLermlnaLlon
musL conslder and appralse Lhe evldence whlch [usLlfles Lhem.
o T())(1")&1 2< L#.&"#0? no denlal of Lhe rlghL Lo due process on Lhe basls of poslLlon
papers submlLLed by Lhe parLles.
o V@!:9 L#.< 2< C-)) J-)-."//< A7&)$< L#.<? Lhe voLe alone of Lhe Chalrman of Commlsslon
ls noL sufflclenL Lo legally render an n1C order, resoluLlon or declslon.
o ^'&(/3(" 2< !E? where opporLunlLy Lo be heard elLher Lhrough oral argumenLs or
Lhrough pleadlngs ls accorded, Lhere ls no denlal of due process.
o E'%-#.&" 2< @(#(+(? appea|]mot|on recons|derat|on- remedy Lo cure defecLs ln
procedural process

age | 19

o C",3", 2< H(3'%? Gen. ku|e- Lrlal-Lype proceedlng ls noL requlred, Lxcept|on- where
Lhe flndlngs are necessarlly Lo be based on Lhe credlblllLy of Lhe wlLnesses or
complalnLs.
o IEAG!G: 2< !7&"#0?
LLLMLN1S CI DUL kCCLSS:
(1) Lhere musL be a courL or Lrlbunal cloLhed wlLh [udlclal power Lo hear and deLermlne Lhe maLLer before lL,
(2) [urlsdlcLlon musL be lawfully acqulred over Lhe person of Lhe defendanL or properLy whlch ls Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe
proceedlngs,
(3) Lhe defendanL musL be glven an opporLunlLy Lo be heard, and
(4) [udgmenL musL be rendered upon lawful hearlng.
o B(2&-+ 2< !G@NFN!? Lhe [udge musL noL only be lmparLlal buL musL also appear Lo be
lmparLlal as an added assurance Lo Lhe parLles LhaL hls declslon wlll be [usL.
o N:C 2< !E? complalnanLs have Lhe burden of provlng by subsLanLlal evldence Lhe
allegaLlons ln Lhelr complalnLs.

Adm|n|strat|ve Appea|s and kev|ew
Gen. ku|e: admlnlsLraLlve declslon cannoL be enforced, Lxcept|on: unless oLherwlse provlded by law or
execuLlve order

Lnforcement of Dec|s|on
how?- appeal Lo Lhe force of publlc oplnlon
o !EC 2< AEF? lL ls an admlnlsLraLlve penalLy whlch admlnlsLraLlve offlcers are empowered Lo lmpose
wlLhouL crlmlnal prosecuLlons.
o =(# F'&$ 2< !E? wr|t of /(#1(/'$K lles Lo 'enforce a mlnlsLerlal duLy or Lhe performance of an acL whlch
Lhe law speclflcally en[olns as a duLy resulLlng from offlce, LrusL or sLaLlon.

kes Iud|cata
o C+&))(#%-$ 2< !(%+"? Lhe declslons and orders of admlnlsLraLlve agencles rendered pursuanL Lo Lhelr quasl-[udlclal
auLhorlLy, have, upon Lhelr flnallLy, Lhe force and blndlng effecL of a flnal [udgmenL wlLhln Lhe purvlew of Lhe
docLrlne %$' A/7!+-#-C Lxcept|ons- 1) :-6'3)&. 2< !E? when lL ls repugnanL Lo law, morals, good cusLoms, publlc
order or publlc pollcy, 2) I($&6&% F'/3-+ !"/6(#,9 L#.< 2< IF:!? labor relaLlons proceedlngs, 3) exerclse of
admlnlsLraLlve powers, 4) [udgmenLs based on prohlblLed or null and vold conLracLs.
An admlnlsLraLlve offlcer may revoke, repeal or abrogaLe Lhe acLs or prevlous rullngs of hls predecessor
ln offlce lf he becomes saLlsfled LhaL a dlfferenL consLrucLlon should be glven.
o 4-)5&# 2< L#.&"#0? brlnglng of Lhe same acLlon ln Lhe name of Lhe lndlvldual members of Lhe unlon wlll noL Lake
ouL Lhe case from Lhe amblL of prlnclple of %$' A/7!+-#-)















age | 20

Chapter 6
IUDICIAL kLVILW

adm|n|strat|ve declslon- may be appealed Lo Lhe courLs of [usLlce only 1) lf Lhe ConsLlLuLlon or Lhe law permlLs lL
or 2) lf Lhe lssues Lo be revlewed lnvolve quesLlons of law, kat|ona|e- [udlclal Lrlbunals cannoL be deprlved of
Lhelr lnherenL auLhorlLy Lo declde quesLlons of law, lnlLlally by way of revlew of admlnlsLraLlve declslons.
- may be valldly rendered flnal and lnappealable aL Lhe admlnlsLraLlve level wlLhouL allowlng
Lhe aggrleved parLy a flnal resorL Lo Lhe courLs of [usLlce.
o !7'#0 Y' L#1'$%+&-$ ZA7&)$<[9 L#.< 2< !E? even declslons of admlnlsLraLlve agencles whlch are declared
flnal" by law are noL exempL from [udlclal revlew when so warranLed.

Methods of kev|ew
An appeal from an agency declslon shall be perfecLed by flllng wlLh Lhe agency wlLhln 13 days from recelpL of a
copy Lhereof a noLlce of appeal, and wlLh Lhe revlewlng courLs.
lf Lhe moLlon ls denled, Lhe movanL shall perfecL hls appeal durlng Lhe remalnlng perlod for appeal reckoned
from recelpL of Lhe resoluLlon of denlal.
1he flndlngs of facL of Lhe agency when supporLed by subsLanLlal evldence shall be flnal except when speclflcally
provlded oLherwlse by law.
1he SC may revlew Lhe declslons of Lhe Cfflce of Lhe resldenL on quesLlons of law and [urlsdlcLlon when
properly ralsed.
o L#1'$%+&() A"8-+ =()-$9 L#.< 2< =&#$'(%? kequ|s|tes of Iud|c|a| kev|ew- 1) lL musL be shown LhaL all Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve remedles prescrlbed by law or ordlnance have been exhausLed, 2) admlnlsLraLlve declslon
may be properly be annulled or seL aslde only upon a clear showlng LhaL Lhe admlnlsLraLlve offlclal or
Lrlbunal has acLed wlLhouL or ln excess of [urlsdlcLlon, or wlLh grave abuse of dlscreLlon.

Doctr|nes of Iud|c|a| kev|ew
(1) Doctr|ne of r|mary Iur|sd|ct|on- does noL warranL a courL Lo arrogaLe unLo lLself auLhorlLy Lo resolve a
conLroversy Lhe [urlsdlcLlon over whlch ls lnlLlally lodged wlLh an admlnlsLraLlve body of speclal compeLence,
slmply calls for Lhe deLermlnaLlon of admlnlsLraLlve quesLlons
o =7-+8&)) 4-2R% !"+6< 2< =&%&" =%"< I&#" :-$&1-#%$ E$$".<9 L#.<? lL applles where a clalm ls orlglnally
cognlzable ln Lhe courLs, and comes lnLo play whenever enforcemenL of Lhe clalm requlres Lhe
resoluLlon of lssues whlch, under a regulaLory scheme, have been placed wlLhln Lhe speclal
compeLence of an admlnlsLraLlve body.
1he [udlclal process ls suspended pendlng referral of such lssues Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body for
lLs vlew.
o :'3&" B+< 2< A(+($? Lhe body or agency LhaL flrsL Lakes cognlzance of Lhe complalnL shall exerclse
[urlsdlcLlon Lo Lhe excluslon of oLhers.
o ;>! 2< 4(,+&%? a sLaLuLe may vesL excluslve orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon ln an admlnlsLraLlve agency over cerLaln
dlspuLes and conLroversles falllng wlLhln Lhe agency's speclal experLlse.
o =/(+% !"//<, L#. 2< IJ!? ob[ect|ve- Lo gulde a courL ln deLermlnlng wheLher lL should refraln from
exerclslng lLs [urlsdlcLlon unLll afLer an admlnlsLraLlve agency has deLermlned some quesLlons or some
aspecL of some quesL on arlslng ln Lhe proceedlng before Lhe courL.
1he admlnlsLraLlve process musL conLlnue up Lo Lhe hlghesL level before resorL Lo [udlclal
Lrlbunals may be soughL.
(2) Doctr|ne of Lxhaust|on of Adm|n|strat|ve kemed|es
o A7&)< >-()%7 L#$'+(#.- !"+6< 2< !7&#-$- V-#< >"$6&%() (#1 @-1&.() !-#%-+? an admlnlsLraLlve declslon
musL flrsL be appealed Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve superlors up Lo Lhe hlghesL level before lL may be elevaLed
Lo a courL of [usLlce for revlew.
o V(+.&( 2< !E? lf a remedy ls avallable wlLhln Lhe admlnlsLraLlve machlnery, Lhls should be resorLed Lo
before resorL can be made Lo Lhe courLs.

age | 21

o A!VV 2< A-#(? courLs musL allow Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agencles Lo carry ouL Lhelr funcLlons and dlscharge
Lhelr responslblllLles wlLhln Lhe speclallzed area of Lhelr respecLlve compeLence.
o =,$%-/$ A)'$ !"/6'%-+ !"))-0- "5 !()"".(# !&%, 2< F".() V"2R% "5 !()"".(# !&%,? before seeklng Lhe
lnLervenLlon of courLs, lL ls a precondlLlon LhaL one should flrsL avall of a|| Lhe means afforded by Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve processes.
keasons:
1) !(+()- 2< E3(+&#%"$? admlnlsLraLlve superlors can correcL errors commlLLed by Lhelr subordlnaLes.
2) L#5"+/(%&"# J-.7#")"0, Y"'#1(%&"# "5 %7- A7&)$<, 2< !G@NFN!? ln deference Lo Lhe docLrlne of
separaLlon of powers
3) ='#2&))- J&/3-+ A+"1'.%$9 L#.< 2< E3(1? courLs should noL be saddled wlLh Lhe revlew of admlnlsLraLlve
cases,
4) !udlclal revlews of admlnlsLraLlve cases are avallable only lf Lhere ls no oLher plaln, speedy and adequaLe
remedy.
Cthers: ZC(%-)-. .($-[
1) law
2) comlLy
3) convenlence
o ;A 2< !(%'#0.()? admlnlsLraLlve agency, lf afforded a compleLe chance Lo pass upon Lhe maLLer,
wlll declde Lhe same correcLly.
o A((% 2< !E? Lhe premaLure lnLervenLlon of courLs ls faLal Lo one's cause of acLlon.
Lxcept|ons:
1) when Lhe quesLlon ralsed ls purely legal,
o T()/"#%- 2< C-)/"#%-? lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe scope of hls consLlLuLlonal
rlghL Lo lnformaLlon
2) when Lhe admlnlsLraLlve body ls ln esLoppel,
3) when Lhe acL complalned of ls paLenLly lllegal,
4) when Lhere ls urgenL need for [udlclal lnLervenLlon,
3) when Lhe clalm lnvolved ls small:
6) when lrreparable damage wlll be suffered,
7) when Lhere ls no oLher plaln, speedy and adequaLe remedy,
8) when sLrong publlc lnLeresL ls lnvolved,
9) when Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe conLroversy ls prlvaLe land,
10) ln quo warranLo proceedlngs
o >"$Q,#$ 2< I(%R) !&%, C(#Q "5 IH? lL ls dlscreLlonary upon Lhe courL Lo permlL an aggrleved parLy
Lo lnsLlLuLe a courL acLlon wlLhouL flrsL resorLlng Lo an admlnlsLraLlve remedy for Lhe purpose.
does noL apply when Lhe assalled acL perLalned Lo admlnlsLraLlve agency's rule-maklng or
quasl-leglslaLlve power.

Appea| to res|dent
o F(#1 !(+9 L#.< 2< C(.7-)"+ NS6+-$$9 L#.? Lhe docLrlne of admlnlsLraLlve remedles empowers Lhe
Cfflce of Lhe resldenL Lo revlew any deLermlnaLlon or dlsposlLlon of a deparLmenL head.
o !(+6&" 2< J7- NS-.'%&2- =-.+-%(+,? doctr|ne of qua||f|ed po||t|ca| agency- as Lhe resldenL cannoL
be expecLed Lo exerclse hls conLrol powers all aL Lhe same Llme and ln person, he wlll have Lo
delegaLe some of Lhem Lo hls CablneL members.

Lffects of Noncomp||ance:
1) does noL affecL Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe courL,
2) merely resulLs ln Lhe lack of a cause of acLlon
kemedy- moLlon Lo dlsmlss

age | 22

o !()'3 2< !E? exhausLlon musL be ralsed aL Lhe earllesL posslble Llme, even before flllng Lhe
answer Lo Lhe complalnL or pleadlng asserLlng a clalm, by a moLlon Lo dlsmlss, oLherwlse, such a
ground for dlsmlssal would be deemed walved.
A fallure Lo exhausL admlnlsLraLlve remedles may also consLlLuLe 5"+'/ $7"66&#0K exlsLs
when boLh acLlons lnvolve Lhe same LransacLlons, same essenLlal facLs and clrcumsLances
and ralse ldenLlcal causes of acLlon, sub[ecL maLLer and lssues.
o ='#$7&#- J+(#$6"+%(%&"#9 L#.< 2< IF:!? a moLlon for reconslderaLlon musL be flled before Lhe
speclal clvll acLlon for +$%#!,%-%! may be avalled of.

uest|ons kev|ewab|e
uest|on of Iact uest|on of Law
1) revlew of admlnlsLraLlve declslon lles ln Lhe dlscreLlon of
Lhe leglslaLure, whlch may or may noL permlL lL as lL sees
flL
may be appealed Lo Lhe courLs of [usLlce lndependenLly of
leglslaLlve permlsslon or even agalnsL leglslaLlve
prohlblLlon

kat|ona|e- [udlclary has an lnherenL power Lo revlew all
declslons
2) Lhe rlghL Lo appeal ls generally noL deemed embraced ln
Lhe rlghL Lo a hearlng

3) perLalns Lo Lhe LruLh or Lhe falsehood of Lhe alleged
facLs
arlses as Lo whaL Lhe law ls on a cerLaln sLaLe of facLs
4) musL be respecLed provlded Lhey are supporLed by
subsLanLlal evldence even lf such evldence mlghL noL be
overwhelmlng or even preponderanL
lL ls ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr quasl-[udlclal funcLlon, lncldenL
of Lhelr prlmary power of regulaLlon

Note: Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of an agency of lLs own rules
should be glven more welghL Lhan Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon by
Lhe agency of Lhe law lL ls merely Lasked Lo admlnlsLer
ZC(0(%$&#0 2< !"//&%%-- "# A+&2(%&X(%&"#[


o E%)($ !"#$")&1(%-1 @&#&#0 (#1 4-2R% !"+6< 2< Y(.%"+(#? flndlngs of facL should noL be dlsLurbed lf supporLed by
subsLanLlal evldence.
Lxcept|ons:
1) denlal of due process
2) mlsLake of law
3) fraud
4) colluslon
3) arblLrary acLlon ln Lhe admlnlsLraLlve proceedlng
6) when Lhe procedure whlch led Lo facLual flndlngs ls lrregular
7) when palpable errors are commlLLed
8) when grave abuse of dlscreLlon, arblLrarlness or caprlclousness ls manlfesL
o E%)($ !"#$")&1(%-1 @&#&#0 (#1 4-2R% !"+6< 2< Y(.%"+(#? Lhe revlewlng CourL cannoL re-examlne Lhe sufflclency
of Lhe evldence as lf orlglnally lnsLlLuLed Lhereln, and recelve addlLlonal evldence, LhaL was noL submlLLed Lo Lhe
admlnlsLraLlve agency concerned.
o G$&($ E.(1-/, 2< 4GFN? admlnlsLraLlve agencles whlch have acqulred experLlse because Lhelr [urlsdlcLlon ls
conflned Lo speclflc maLLers are generally accorded noL only respecL buL even flnallLy.
o A+"%-.%"+R$ =-+2&.-$ L#.< 2< !E? Lhe oplnlons and rullngs of offlclals of Lhe governmenL called upon Lo execuLe or
lmplemenL admlnlsLraLlve laws command respecL and welghL.
Gen ku|e: facLual flndlngs of admlnlsLraLlve agencles LhaL are afflrmed by Lhe CourL of Appeals are
concluslvely upon and generally noL revlewable by Lhls CourL.

age | 23

Lxcept|ons:
1) when Lhe flndlngs are grounded enLlrely on speculaLlon, surmlses or con[ecLures,
2) when Lhe lnLerference made ls manlfesLly mlsLaken, absurd or lmposslble,
3) when Lhere ls grave abuse of dlscreLlon,
4) when Lhe [udgmenL ls based on a mlsapprehenslon of facLs,
3) when Lhe flndlngs of facL are confllcLlng,
6) when ln maklng lLs flndlngs, Lhe CourL of Appeals wenL beyond Lhe lssues of Lhe case, or lLs
flndlngs are conLrary Lo Lhe admlsslons of boLh appellanL and Lhe appellee,
7) when Lhe flndlngs are conLrary Lo Lhe Lrlal courL,
8) when Lhe flndlngs are concluslons wlLhouL clLaLlon of speclflc evldence on whlch Lhey are based,
9) when Lhe facLs seL forLh ln Lhe peLlLlon as well as ln Lhe peLlLloner's maln and reply brlefs are
noL dlspuLed by respondenL,
10) when Lhe flndlngs of facL are premlsed on Lhe supposed absence of evldence and conLradlcLed
by Lhe evldence on record, and
11) when Lhe CA manlfesLly overlooked cerLaln facLs noL dlspuLed by Lhe parLles, whlch lf properly
consldered, would [usLlfy a dlfferenL concluslon.