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1)Specific weight:

Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between


the weight of the fluid to its volume thus weight perunit volume of
the fliuid is called weight density and is denoted by the symbol
w.

w=ρg

2)specific gravity:

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of


the fluid to the weight density of the standard fluid

• For liquid - standard fluid is water


• For gases –standard fluid is air

3.pressure:

Pressure is defined as force per unit area P=FA

• the unit of pressure is Newton /m2

4.

Absolute pressure Gauge pressure


It is defined as the pressure It is defined as the pressure
which is measured with the which is measured with the
help of a pressure help of a pressure measuring
instrument, in which the
atmospheric pressure is
taken as datum. The
atmospheric pressure on the
scale is marked as zero.

5.dynamic viscosity:
• Dynamic viscosity is defined as the property of the fluid
which offers resistance to the one layer of fluid over another
adjacent layer of fluid.

μ=τdudy

• Thus dynamic viscosity is also defined as the shear stress


required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
• unit of viscosity
1) MKS UNIT =Kg-secm2
2) CGS unit =dyne-seccm2 (is also called poise)
3) SI unit =Nsm2

6.effect of temperature on viscosity of gases and liquids:

• Temperature affects the viscosity .


• The viscosity of liquids decrease with increase of
temperature. the reason is that in liquids the shear stress is
due to the inter-molecular cohesion which decrease with
increase of temperature.
• The viscosity of gases increases with the increase of
temperature. The reason is that in gases the intermolecular
cohesion is negligible and the shear stress is due to
exchange of momentum of of the molecules,normal to the
direction of motion .the molecular activity increases with rise
in temperature and so does the viscosity of gas.

7. Cohesion in fluids.

• Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between


molecules of the same liquid enables.
• the liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses.
• Cohesion is a tendency of the liquid to remain as one
assemblage of particles .
• Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the
free surface.
8.adhesion in fluids.

• Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a


liquid and the molecules of the solid boundary surface in
contact with the liquid .

9.surface tension:

Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the


surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between
two immiscible liquid such that the contact surface behaves like a
membrane under tension ,the magnitude of this force per unit
length of the free surface will have the same value as the surface
energy per unit area .it is denoted by Greek letter σ .in SIunits as
N/m.

10.capillarity.

Capillarity is defined as aphenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid


surface ina small tube relative to the adjacent general level of
liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid .

11FLUIDS

Subtance that deforms continuously even for a small


amount shear force

12.TYPES OF FLUIDS TYPES

They are classified into 5 types

IDEAL FLUID, REAL FLUID, NEWTONIAN


FLUID, NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID,IDEAL PLASTIC FLUID
13.REAL FLUID

A fluid which possesses viscosity , is known as real fluid

`14DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY

It is defined as the RATIO OF MASS OF THE FLUID TO ITS VOLUME

ρ = MASS OF FLUID / VOLUME OF FLUID

15.SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY

It is defined as RATIO OF WEIGHT OF THE FLUID TO ITS VOLUME

W= DENSITY * ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVity (ρg)

16.SPECIFIC VOLUME

Specific volume is defined as the RATIO OF THE VOLUME


OCCUPIED BY THE FLUID TO ITS UNIT MASS

V=1/ρ

τIt is defined as the “RATIO OF DENSITY OF A FLUID TO THE


DENSITY OF STANDARD FLUID

FOR GAS = AIR

17.NEWTONIAN FLUID

τ It is defined as the “SHEAR STRESS IS DIRECTLY


PROPORTIONAL TO THE RATE OF SHEAR STRAIN…..

18.COMPRESSIBILITY

It is the reciprocal of bulk modulus Of elasticity and is the ratio of


compressive stress to volumetric strain
compressiblity=1k

Where k=increase of pressure volumetric strain

19.NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY

It states that shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer


is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.

τ = μ (du/dy)

20.PASCAL LAW

Intensity of a pressure at a point in static fluid


is equal in all directions …. The fluid element is of very small
dimensions……

21. Continuity equation:

22.ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE

It is defined as the temperature of the


thermodynamic property when the process undergoes in a

Given system…

23. Capillary rise and fall:

• The rise of liquid surface in the tube is known as capillary


rise.
• The fall of liquid surface in the small tube is known as
capillary fall.
24. Concept of continuum:

➢ A continuous homogenous medium is called as continuum


➢ Continuum is based on MACROSCOPIC APPROACH
➢ Here the matter is treated as continuous instead of
disregarding the behavior of individual molecule

25. Bernoulli’s theorem:

It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible liquid,


the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant .the total
energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential
energy or datum energy.

Pressure energy=pρg kinetic energy=v22g datum


energy= Z

Mathematically Bernoulli’s equation pρg+v22g+z=constant

26. Assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation:

• The fluid is ideal (viscosity is zero).


• The flow is steady.
• The flow is incompressible.
• The flow is irrotational.

27. Limitations of Bernoulli’s equation :


• Velocity of flow across the cross section is assumed to be
constant whereas it is not so in actual practice.
• The equation has been derived under the assumption that no
external force, except the gravity force ,is acting on the
liquid .
• No loss of energy is assumed .but during turbulent flow
,kinetic energy is converted into the heat energy .

28. Applications of Bernoulli’s equation.

The Bernoulli’s equation is applied to measuring devices like

• Venturimeter
• Orificemeter
• Pitot tube

29. co-efficient discharge:

The ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge is called as


the co-efficient of discharge.

Cd= QactQth

30. co-efficient of velocity:

The ratio of actual velocity to the theoretical velocity is called as


the co-efficient of discharge.

Cv=VactVth

31. Coefficient of contraction:

It is the ratio of the area of the vena contracta to the area of the
orifice .

Co-efficient of contraction = area of vena contractaarea of


orifice

32. Classify fluid flow.

• Steady and unsteady flows


• Uniform and non-uniform flows
• Laminar and turbulent flows
• Compressible and incompressible flows
• Rotational and irrotational flows
• One,two and three dimensional flows

33.impulse momentum equations

F=d(mv)dt

It states that impulse of the force F acting on the fluid of mass m


in the short interval of time dt is equal to the change of
momentum d(mv) in the direction of the force.

34.moment of momentum equation.

It states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is


equal to the rate of change of momentum.

T=ρQ[V2r2-V1r1]

35.bernoulli’s equation for real fluid:

P1ρg+V122g +z1=P2ρg+V222G+Z2 + hL
hL=head loss

• Head loss occurs due to the viscous nature .

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