Introduction

God loves us very much; because of his love for us he created so

many great things for us. the resources that he had created for us is very
important because is serves as a means for our survival for us humans and
all of his creations were entrusted and we are the one who is responsible
in taking good care of it but in our time today everything that he had
created for us has been already destroyed, we should be the one to be
blamed for it because of our carelessness and not being contented of what
we have, now this time we humans want that life should be fast and easy
but with this new technology that humans had made are the one who
causing.

This article is about the timber. For other uses, see Mahogany (disambiguation).

Honduran Mahogany
The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-coloured hardwood, it
is an American Indian word originally used for the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni,
known as West Indian or Cuban mahogany[1]. Mahogany it was next equally applied to the
wood of Swietenia macrophylla, which is closely related, and known as Honduras mahogany.[2]
Today, all species of Swietenia are listed by CITES, and are therefore protected. Species of
Swietenia cross-fertilise readily when they grow in proximity, the hybrid between S. mahagoni
and S. macrophylla is widely planted for its timber. Mahogany is the national tree of Dominican
Republic and Belize. It also appears on the national seal of Belize.
"Mahoganies" may refer to the largest group of all Meliacae. the timbers yielded by the fifteen
related species of Swietenia, Khaya and Entandrophragma. The timbers of Entandrophragma
are sold under their individual names, sometimes with "mahogany" attached as a suffix, for
example "sipo" may be referred to as "sipo mahogany". Kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile), a
close relative, is sometimes called New Zealand Mahogany.
In addition, the US timber trade also markets various other FTC-defined species as "mahoganies"
under a variety of different commercial names, most notably "Philippine mahogany," which in
reality is actually a Shorea.
*Uses
Mahogany has a generally straight grain and is usually free of voids and pockets. It has a
reddish-brown color, which darkens over time, and displays a beautiful reddish sheen when
polished. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. The size of the trees meant that wide
boards were once available (and still is of the non-endangered varieties). These properties make
it a favourable wood for crafting furniture.
Much of the first-quality furniture made in the American colonies from the mid 1700s,
when the wood first became available to American furniture makers, was made of mahogany.
Mahogany is widely used for fine furniture; the rarity of Cuban mahogany restricts its use
(likewise Honduran mahogany). Mahogany resists wood rot, which makes it suitable for boat
construction. It is also often used for musical instruments, particularly the backs of guitars.
Mahogany is used for drum making, because of its integrity and capability to produce a
very dark, warm tone (as compared to other more common wood types like maple or birch).
Ringo Starr was said to have used mahogany drums, on the Beatles recordings of the 60s,
manufactured by Ludwig.[citation needed] Contemporary drum manufacturers, including C&C custom,
offer several drum kits featuring high-end shells made of mahogany.
A wide variety of electric guitars are also made with mahogany, like Gibson's Les Paul
line using a sandwiched body with generous use of Mahogany as the back, and a thinner plank of
Maple on the sculpted top featured on the bulk of Les Paul Models. The Maple with tighter grain
generally yields a brighter tone, the combination of woods produce a warm, rounded tone with
huge sustain, for which the guitar is famous. The Gibson SG, and most of the PRS Guitars
among others make use of Mahogany for the entire body, and often for the Neck material.
Mahogany is noted, again, for its dark tonal properties, as well as its weight (Gibson Les Pauls
may weigh as much as 12 pounds),
Mahogany is also commonly used in acoustic guitars. The wood is most often used to
make the back, sides, or neck of a guitar, but it is sometimes used to make the top (soundboard)
as well. Guitars with mahogany soundboards tend to have a softer, darker tone than those made
from spruce.
Mahogany is now being used for the bodies of high-end stereo phonographic record cartridges[3]
and for stereo headphones[4], where it is noted for “warm” or “musical” sound.

References
*Etymology
The word mango comes from the Portuguese manga, which is probably derived from the
Malayalam മാങ (māṅṅa). The word's first recorded attestation in a European language was a
text by Ludovico di Varthema in Italian in 1510, as Manga; the first recorded occurrences in
languages such as French and post-classical Latin appear to be translations from this Italian text.
The origin of the -o ending in English is unclear.[4]
Description

Mango flowers.

The seed can be hairy or fibrous

Mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) reach 35–40 m in height, with a crown radius of 10 m.
The tree is long-lived with some specimens known to be over 300 years old and still fruiting. In
deep soil the taproot descends to a depth of 20 feet, and the profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots
also send down many anchor roots which penetrate for several feet. The leaves are evergreen,
alternate, simple, 15–35 cm long and 6–16 cm broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-
pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The flowers are
produced in terminal panicles 10–40 cm long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–
10 mm long, with a mild sweet odor suggestive of lily of the valley. The fruit takes from three to
six months to ripen.
The ripe fruit is variable in size and color, and may be yellow, orange, red or green when
ripe, depending on the cultivar.When ripe, the unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive resinous
sweet smell. In its center is a single flat oblong seed that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface,
depending on the cultivar. Inside the seed coat 1–2 mm thick is a thin lining covering a single
embryo, 4–7 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, and 1 cm thick.

The "hedgehog" style is a common way of eating mangoes(left). A cross section of a mango can
be seen on the right
Cultivation and uses

Mango tree with flowers.

Mangoes have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years[5] and
reached East Asia between the 5th-4th century BC. By the 10th century AD, they were
transported to East Africa[5] and subsequently introduced to Brazil, West Indies and Mexico,
where climate allows its appropriate growth.[5] The 14th century Muslim traveler, Ibn Battuta,
reported it at Mogadishu.[6] Mango is now cultivated as a fruit tree in frost-free tropical and
warmer subtropical climates like that of the Indian subcontinent; nearly half of the world's
mangoes are cultivated in India alone.[7][8][9]
Other regions where mango is cultivated include North, South and Central America, the
Caribbean, south, west and central Africa, Australia, China, Pakistan and Southeast Asia. It is
easily cultivated yielding more than 1,000 cultivars, ranging from the "turpentine mango"
(named for its strong taste of turpentine, which according to the Oxford Companion to Food
some varieties actually contain) to the huevos de toro ("eggs of the bull", a euphemism for "bull's
testicles", referring to the shape and size).

Ripe Banganpalli mangoes from Guntur, India.

Though India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world, it accounts for less than one
percent of the global mango trade.[10]
Dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown in containers.
A wide variety of diseases can afflict mangoes; see List of mango diseases.

Santol
Sandoricum koetjape Merr.
Sandoricum indicum Cav.

Sandoricum nervosum Blume

Melia koetjape Burm. f.

• Description
• Origin and Distribution
• Varieties
• Climate
• Soil
• Propagation
• Season
• Pests
• Food Uses
• Other Uses

Perhaps the only important edible fruit in the family Meliaceae, the santol,
Sandoricum koetjape Merr. (syns. S. indicum Cav., S. nervosum Blume, Melia
koetjape Burm. f.), is also known as sentieh, sentol, setol, sentul, setul, setui,
kechapi or ketapi, in Malaya; saton, satawn, katon, or ka-thon in Thailand; kompem
reach in Cambodia; tong in Laos; sau chua, sau tia, sau do, mangoustanier sauvage,
or faux mangoustanier in North Vietnam. In the Philippines, it is santor or katul; in
Indonesia, ketjapi or sentool; on Sarawak and Brunei, it is klampu. In India, it may
be called sayai, sevai, sevamanu or visayan. In Guam, it is santor or wild
mangosteen.
 Fig. 52: Santol fruits photographed by Dr.
Walter T. Swingle, Plant Explorer for the
United States Department of Agriculture.
Description
The santol is a fast-growing, straight-trunked, pale-barked tree 50 to 150 ft (15-45 m) tall,
branched close to the ground and buttressed when old. Young branchlets are densely brown-
hairy. The evergreen, or very briefly deciduous, spirally-arranged leaves are compound, with 3
leaflets, elliptic to oblong-ovate, 4 to 10 in (20-25 cm) long, blunt at the base and pointed at the
apex. The greenish, yellowish, or pinkish-yellow, 5-petalled flowers, about 3/8 in (1 cm) long are
borne on the young branchlets in loose, stalked panicles 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm) in length. The fruit
(technically a capsule) is globose or oblate, with wrinkles extending a short distance from the
base; 1 1/2 to 3 in (4-7.5 cm) wide; yellowish to golden, sometimes blushed with pink. The
downy rind may be thin or thick and contains a thin, milky juice. It is edible, as is the white,
translucent, juicy pulp (aril), sweet, subacid or sour, surrounding the 3 to 5 brown, inedible seeds
which are up to 3/4 in (2 cm) long, tightly clinging or sometimes free from the pulp.
Origin and Distribution
The santol is believed native to former Indochina (especially Cambodia and southern Laos) and
Malaya, and to have been long ago introduced into India, the Andaman Islands, Malaysia,
Indonesia, the Moluccas, Mauritius, and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is
commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits are abundant in the local markets.
Only a few specimens are known in the western hemisphere: one in the Lancetilla Experimental
Garden at Tela, Honduras, and one or more in Costa Rica. Seeds have been introduced into
Florida several times since 1931. Most of the seedlings have succumbed to cold injury. At least 3
have survived to bearing age in special collections. Grafted plants from the Philippines have
fruited well at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami.
In Asia and Malaysia, the tree is valued not just for its fruit, but for its timber and as a shade tree
for roadsides, being wind-resistant and non-littering.
 Plate XXIII: SANTOL, Sandoricum koetjape
Varieties
There are two general types of santol: the Yellow (formerly S. indicum or S. nervosum); and the
Red (formerly S. koetjape). The leaflets of the Yellow, to 6 in (15 cm) long, turn yellow when
old; the flowers are pinkish-yellow in panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long; the fruit has a thin rind and
the pulp is 1/4 to 1/2 in (0.6-1.25 cm) thick around the seeds and typically sweet. The fruit may
not fan when ripe. Only the Yellow is now found wild in Malayan forests.
The leaflets of the Red, to 12 in (30 cm) long, velvety beneath, turn red when old; the flowers are
greenish or ivory, in panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long; the fruit has a thick rind, frequently to 1/2 in
(1.25 cm); there is less pulp around the seeds, and it is sour. The fruit falls when ripe.
However, Corner says that these distinctions are not always clear-cut except as to the dying leaf
color, and the fruit may not correspond to the classifications. There are sweet and acid strains of
both the Yellow and Red types and much variation in rind thickness.