Analog Communication

C K.
C. K Nyakey

Analog Communication
Objectives
† To introduce the student to the basic principles
of modulation and receiver systems

† To study the effects of noise in communication

systems

† .....acquire a good understanding of the

fundamental principles of analog
communication systems

Analog Communication
Analog Communication
† Course Code: TEL 291

† Pre-requisite: None

† Credit Hours: 3

Analog Communication
Assessment

¾ Lab: 10%

¾ Test/Quiz/Assignments: 20%

¾ Final Examination: 70%

Analog Communication
Course Outline
† Introduction to communication systems

† Signals, Linear Systems & Fourier

Theory
y

† Transmission Media

† Analog Modulation

† Superheterodyne
S h t d AM & FM Receivers
R i

† Monochrome & Colour Television

Analog Communication
Literature
† Taub & Schilling, "Principles of
Comm nication S
Communication Systems",
stems" McGraw-Hill,
McG a Hill
1987
† K.
K S.
S Shanmugam,
Shanmugam "Digital
Digital and Analog
Communciation Systems", John Wiley &
Sons, 1985
† S. Haykin, "Communication Systems", John
Wiley & Sons, 3rd Ed., 1994
† P.H. Young, "Electronic Communication
Techniques", New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 3rd
Ed 1994
Ed.,
Analog Communication
Literature
† D. Roddy & J. Coolen, "Electronic
Comm nications" New
Communications", Ne Jersey:
Je se Prentice-
P entice
Hall, 4th Ed., 1995

† B.P. Lathi, "Communications Systems",

Wiley,
y, 1968

† Schwartz, "Information Transmission,

Modulation and Noise", McGraw-Hill, 1990

Analog Communication
What is Analog Communication?
† It is the method of transmitting signals
where
he e data is represented
ep esented by
b continuously
contin o sl
variable, measurable, physical quantities,
such as length,
suc e g , width,
d , voltage,
o age, or
o pressure
p essu e

† The opposite
pp of Analogue
g Communication is
Digital Communication, which is any
communication system that uses digital
signals (or digital techniques) in the
transmission and reception of messages

Analog Communication
What is Analog Communication?
† analog is the process of taking an audio or
video
ideo signal (in most cases
cases, the human
h man
voice) and translating it into electronic
pulses
pu ses (e.g.
(e g voltage
o age or
o current)
cu e ) that a varies
a es
continuously as the original audio or video
signal

† Digital on the other hand is breaking the

signal into a binary format where the audio
or video data is represented by a series of
"1"s and "0"s.
Analog Communication
What is Analog Communication?

Analog Communication
What is Analog Communication - 2?

† Advantages of digital systems

„ Di
Digital
i l offers
ff better
b soundd & image
i quality,
li
clarity, security and integrity of transmitted
data.
„ usually require less power to transmit and take
up less bandwidth
„ …Only
Only digitized information can be transported
through a noisy channel without degradation Î
See Shannon’s theorem!
† Advantages
Ad t off digital
di it l systems
t
„ …. Analogue comm. systems are less expensive
than digital
g comm. systems
y

Analog Communication
 Chapter 1 –
Introduction to Communication System

† This chapter
chapte serves
se es as a review
e ie of the
fundamentals of telecommunications systems. At
the end of this chapter, the student is expected to
acquire the following:
† Understand the basic physical elements of a telecommunication
system.
† Possess knowledge of the 4 essential requirements for effective
information transfer between two points.
† Understand the importance of signals in communication
systems and be able to explain the difference between
analogue and digital signals.
Analog Communication
History of Telecoms
† On 14th February, 1876: Invention of Telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell
† 1881, 5 yrs later – 1st telecom system installed in Ghana
(Gold-Coast)

† 1901: Marconi established wireless communication between UK

and US.

† 25th March 1925, John Logie Baird invented television

† 1948: invention of transistor – 1st Commercial Computer

invented in 1951

† Internet – 1973; WWW – 1989 by Tim Berners Lee

† Analogue Cellular Telephones – 1980

† GSM (2G), 2.5G, 3G – Digital Systems

Analog Communication
What is Communication?
† The word communication is used to refer to
the sharing or exchanging of information (or
messages) between two or more entities.

Analog Communication
Personal Communication

Analog Communication
Data Communication

Analog Communication
Essential Requirements of
Communication Sys?

Analog Communication
Elements of a Communication
System

Analog Communication
Shannon‘s
Shannon s theory
† The Shannon theorem states that given a
nois channel with
noisy ith channel capacit
capacity C and
information transmitted at a rate R, then if

† there exists a code that allows the

probability of error at the receiver to be
made arbitrarily small. This means that
theoretically, it is possible to transmit
information without error at any rate below
a limiting rate,
rate C.C
Analog Communication
Shannon – Hartley theorem

Analog Communication
Exercise 1
† Given that a channel has a bandwidth of
30MH and the Signal-to-Noise
30MHz Signal to Noise ratio
atio is 8
8.45
45
dB, find the channel capacity C in Megabits
per second.
pe seco d

† What is the capacity of a channel with

negligible or zero noise?

Analog Communication
Simplex Communication

Analog Communication
Half Duplex Communication

Analog Communication
Full Duplex Communication

Analog Communication
No. Of Sources & Destinations

† One – to – One (Point to Point)

† One – to – Many (Broadcast)

† Many – to – Many (Video Conferencing)

Analog Communication
Telecommunication Services
† VOICE (Voice telecommunication)

† VIDEO (Video
(Vid telecommunication)
l i i )

† DATA (Data telecommunication)

Analog Communication
Assignment 1
† Given that a channel has a bandwidth of
70MH and the Signal-to-Noise
70MHz Signal to Noise ratio
atio is 8
8.45
45
dB, find the channel capacity C in Gigabits
per second
pe seco d
† A telephone network has a bandwidth of
3 4kHz
3.4kHz.
a) Calculate the capacity of the channel for a
S/N
/ ratio of 30dB.
b) Calculate the minimum S/N ratio required
for information transmission through the
channel at the rate of 4800 bits/s.
Analog Communication
 Chapter 2
Signals, Systems & Fourier theory
† Concepts of signals, orthogonal
f nction Fo
function, Fourier
ie theory,
theo and
correlation for spectral analysis

† Linear systems & the impact of noise in

the transmission of data

† Byy the end of this chapter:

p Î Goal:
Understand signals and data
representation in both time &
frequency domain
Analog Communication
Signals
† Signal: Any time varying quantity that
can be
b usedd to
t carry information
i f ti

Analog Communication
ASCII Encoding of A

† A Î 65 Î 1000001 Î Signal Î TX

Analog Communication
Classification of Signals (1)
† Based on 2 factors

† How it is represented in time

† How its amplitude is allowed to vary

This axis is continuous or discrete

Analog Communication
Classification of Signals (2)
† The 4 Basic types of signals are:

† Continuous
C ti ti
time, cont.
t Amplitude
A lit d

† Continuous time,
time discrete amplitude

† Discrete time,, continuous amplitude

p

† Discrete time, discrete amplitude

Analog Communication
Classification of Signals (3)
† The 4 Basic types of signals are:

Analog Communication
Continuous-time
Continuous time Vrs Discrete
Discrete-time
time

This axis is continuous or discrete

Analog Communication
Continuous-time
Continuous time Signal(Sinusoid)

x(t ) = ACos (ωt + ϑ )

T = 2π
ω

Analog Communication
 Discrete-time Signal (1)
(Derived from Cont. signal)
† Explanatory Notes on Sampling Theory:

† ‘Exact reconstruction of a continuous-

time baseband signal from its samples
is possible if the signal is bandlimited
and the sampling
p g frequency
q y is g
greater
than twice the signal bandwidth’.

Analog Communication
 Note:
AnalogueÎDigital Conversion
† Analogue to Digital Conversion requires 3
essential steps:
† 1. Sampling:
† 2. Quantization
† 3. Encoding

Analog Communication
Discrete-time
Discrete time Signal (2)
† Defined only @ discrete times
† E.g.,
E g Î Exam results per semester
† S (n) where n = {…, -1, 0, 1, …}, and
are
a e functions
u c o s de
defined
ed o
on integers.
ege s
s(n )

s(-1 ) s(1 )

s(2 ) n
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

s(5 )
s(3 )
s(4 )

Analog Communication
Analog vrs Digital

T his axis is continuous or

di t t
discrtete

Analog Communication
Analog vrs Digital

f ( t ) = f (T + t ) X ( n) = x ( n + N )

Analog Communication
Examples of Periodic Signals

Analog Communication
Causal vrs Anti
Anti-Causal
Causal

Analog Communication
Even vrs Odd Signals

Analog Communication
Even-Odd
Even Odd Decomposition(1)
† Given a function X (t) of a signal;

Ev {x ( t ) } = [x ( t ) + x ( − t ) ]
1
2

Odd {x(t ) } = [x(t ) − x(−t )]

1
2

Analog Communication
Even-Odd
Even Odd Decomposition(1)

Analog Communication
Even-Odd
Even Odd Decomposition(1)

Analog Communication
Class Work (5 mins)
† Given the function
x(t) = 2t + 1
Use the odd-even decomposition concept to
show that
X(t) = Sum of Ev(x(t)) and Odd(x(t))

Analog Communication
Deterministic vrs Stochastic

Analog Communication
Random Signals (Noise)

T
2
lim 1
n(t ) =
T →∞ T ∫ n (t ) dt
−T
2

T
2
n (t ) = ∫ (n(t ))
2 lim 1 2
dt
T →∞ T −T
2

The square root of n^2(t) is the rms value of n(t).

n(t)

n(t)

0 t

Analog Communication
Random Signals (Noise)
† Probability Density Function p(x)
p ( x ) = P{xo ∠x∠xo + δx }
† Probability that random variable lies b/n x1 and
x2:
x2

P {x 1 ∠ x ∠ x 2 }= ∫ p ( x ) dx
x1

n(t)

n(t)

0 t

Analog Communication
Systems
† Signals are always associated with one or more
systems

Analog Communication
Systems Analysis (1)
† Characterization of systems is by how many
inp ts and o
inputs outputs
tp ts they
the have:
ha e

„ SISO (Single Input,

Input Single Output)
„ SIMO (Single Input, Multiple Outputs)
„ MISO (Multiple Inputs, Single Output)
„ MIMO (Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs)

Analog Communication
Systems Analysis (2)
† Systems could also be categorized on basis
of type
t pe of signals
signals:

„ Analog System (Analog Input/ Analog

Output)

„ Digital System (Digital Input/ Digital Output)

„ Systems with Analog Input/ Digital Output or

Vice versa

Analog Communication
Systems Analysis (3)
Another approach is on whether the system
has memory or otherwise!

o M
Memoryless
l systems do d not depend
d d on any
past input. (In digital electronics – Combinational Logic)

o Systems with memory do depend on past

input. (In digital electronics – Sequential Logic)

o Causal systems do not depend on any

future input.
Analog Communication
Systems Analysis (4)
Finally, systems are categorized by other
properties such as:
o A system is linear if it has the superposition and scaling
p p
properties
o A system that is not linear is non-linear
o If the output of a system does not depend explicitly on
time the system is said to be time
time, time-invariant;
invariant; otherwise
it is time-variant
o A system that will always produce the same output for a
given input is said to be deterministic
o A system that will produce different outputs for a given
input is said to be stochastic

Analog Communication
Linear Systems
† Linear systems must satisfy both homogeinity
and additivity requirements:
† These 2 rules Î referred to as the principle of
superposition
p p

† Additivity:
† Homogeneity:

Analog Communication
Linear Systems
† Linear systems must satisfy both
homogeinit and additivity
homogeinity additi it requirements:
eq i ements
† These 2 rules Î referred to as the principle
of superposition

† Additivity:

† Homogeneity:

Analog Communication
Fourier Transform

Analog Communication
Signal – to – Noise Ratio
Signal Power
Psignal
SNR = =
Pnoise Noise Power

⎛ Psignal ⎞ ⎛ Asignal ⎞
SNR(dB) = 10 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Pnoise ⎠ ⎝ Anoise ⎠

Analog Communication
SNR & Capacity Cal. (Classwork)
† Given that the SNR of a channel is 3dB.
Ho many
How man bits can be transmitted
t ansmitted in 1-
1
hour for a given bandwidth of 30kHZ.

Analog Communication
Correlation
† Correlation is a measure of how related two
entities are
a e

† A high correlation means that there is a lot

of resemblance between the two compared
entities.

Analog Communication
Auto Correlation
Auto-Correlation
† The auto-correlation for a periodic signal of
pe iod T is defined as follo
period follows:
s

† It defines how much a function correlates

with a time shifted version of itself, with
respect to that time shift

T
+
2
1
R i (τ ) =
T ∫
T
W i ( t ) W i ( t − τ ) dt
−
2

Analog Communication
Cross Correlation
Cross-Correlation
† The cross-correlation for periodic signals of
pe iod T is defined as:
period as

† It measures how much two different

signals, Wi and Wj, one shifted in time with
respect to the other, correlate as a function
of that time shift
T
+
2
1
C ij (τ ) =
T ∫W
T
i ( t )W j ( t − τ ) dt
−
2

Analog Communication
Orthogonality
† Two periodic signals of period T are orthogonal
when their cross-
cross product is null for a zero time
shift
g
† Two orthogonal signals
g can be transmitted at
the same time and will not interfere with each
other. This principle is largely applied in CDMA
T
+
2

T
∫ W i ( t )W j ( t ) dt = 0
−
2

Analog Communication
Orthogonality
† The vectors (1, 3, 2), (3, −1, 0), (1/3, 1, −5/3)
are orthogonal
th l to
t eachh other,
th since
i
(1)(3) + (3)(−1) + (2)(0) = 0,
(3)(1/3) + (−1)(1) + (0)(−5/3) = 0, 0
(1)(1/3) + (3)(1) − (2)(5/3) = 0.

† These vectors are orthogonal, for example

(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0),
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1),
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)

Analog Communication
Power Spectral Density (PSD)
† PSD, describes how the power (or variance) of
a time series is distributed with frequency

† Mathematically, it is defined as the Fourier

transform of the auto-correlation sequence of
the time series

† The term white noise refers to a noise whose

power is distributed uniformly over all
frequencies. White noise has a flat PSD

Analog Communication
Thermal Noise
† …caused by the random motion of
molec les at an
molecules any temperature
tempe at e above
abo e
absolute zero Kelvin

† Since the 3rd law of thermodynamics

prevents one from extracting all heat from
a physical system, one cannot reach
absolute zero and so cannot entirely avoid
thermal noise.

Analog Communication
Time & Frequency Domain Rep
† Signals can be manipulated (i.e., amplified,
filte ed etc.)
filtered, etc ) in the time domain

† However
However, it is often convenient and
frequently necessary, when signal analysis
and p
processing g is required,
q , to represent
p the
signal in the frequency domain

Analog Communication
Time & Frequency Domain Rep

Analog Communication
Time & Frequency Domain Rep

Analog Communication
Mathematical Representation Of
Signals in Freq. Domain
† The theory of complex numbers is essential
in understanding
nde standing ffrequency
eq enc domain
representation. Î Revision Î

† In the ff sections, the concepts of Fourier

analysis
y will provide
p us with a powerful
p tool
for the general transformation of a signal
from the time to frequency domain & the
inverse transform!

Analog Communication
Analog Communication
Euler’s
Euler s Identity

Analog Communication
Complex Nos. Examples

Analog Communication
Complex Nos. (Solve)

Analog Communication
Complex Nos. (Solution)

Analog Communication
Fourier Transform (1)

Analog Communication
 Joseph Fourier

† Joseph Fourier submitted a paper in 1807 to the

Academy of Sciences of Paris. The paper was a
mathematical description of problems involving
heat conduction, and was at first rejected for lack
of mathematical rigour. However, it contained ideas
which have developed into an important area of
mathematics named in his honour, Fourier analysis.

Analog Communication
Fourier Transform (2)

Analog Communication
Classification of signals ..
† Energy and power signals
„ A signal is an energy
ene g signal if,
if and onl
only if,
if it has
nonzero but finite energy for all time:

Analog Communication
Classification of signals ..
† A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has finite but
nonzero power for all time:

† General rule: Periodic and random signals are power

signals. Signals that are both deterministic and non-
periodic are energy signals

Analog Communication
Classification of signals ...
† Energy Signal
„ B
By definition,
d fi iti energy signals
i l are time
ti li
limited
it d
„ That is they exist over a finite interval of time and
they are non-periodic
„ An energy signal´s total energy is finite and hence
the average power is zero
„ Eg. are single pulses, a band of pulses and sinusoidal
radar pulses
† Power Signal
„ They exist over infinite time
„ A power signal´s total energy is infinite but the
average power is finite
„ Eg.
Eg are
a e sine waves,
a es pulse
p lse trains,
t ains etc.
etc
Analog Communication
QUESTION
† Classify the following signals as energy
signals
i l or power signals.
i l

Analog Communication
Analog Communication