The Conservation of Energy

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THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

Apply the first law of thermodynamics over a control volume bounded by a control surface. This can be applied either in terms of rates or in terms of amounts of energies over a fixed period of time.

In terms of rates: The rate at which thermal and mechanical energy enters a control volume, plus the rate at which thermal energy is generated, minus the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy leaves the control volume must equal the rate of increase of energy stored within the control volume.
& +E & E & = dE st E & E in g out st dt

& and E & E in out

& E g

include thermal (internal energy) and mechanical energy (potential and kinetic) and are associated with surface phenomena and are proportional to the area. is associated with the rate of conversion from some other energy (chemical,
& = I 2 R , electromagnetic or nuclear) to thermal energy. It is a electrical E g & Volume volumetric phenomenon, E g

& E st

& Volume . It is associated with increase or is also a volumetric phenomenon, E st

decrease of the energy of the matter occupying the control volume that includes the internal and mechanical energy (kinetic and potential).

& = 0 then E & +E & E & = 0 (steady-state). If E st in g out

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In terms of energies over a time interval t : The amount of thermal and mechanical energy
that enters a control volume, plus the amount of thermal energy that is generated, minus the amounts of thermal and mechanical energy that leaves the control volume must equal the increase in the amount of energy stored in the control volume.

Ein + E g E out = E st
The above equations can be used to develop more specific forms of the energy conservation requirement. For a closed system of fixed mass, where there is no energy conversion and changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible, the previous equation can be written.

Q W = U
or in terms of rates

& = dU q W dt

The other form of energy equation you are familiar (from CHBE 251 Fluid mechanics) is applicable for an open system under steady-state.
2 2 V V & =0 -m u + p + + q W & & + + + gz + gz m u p 2 2 i o

Note that the internal energy term and the flow work can be replaced by the enthalpy term

i = u + p .

Many other forms of the above equation have been derived and discussed in CHBE251, (Transport phenomena I Fluid mechanics).

The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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THE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE

Frequently it is very useful to apply the conservation of energy at the surface of a medium. In this special case the control surface includes no mass or volume and therefore no generation or storage terms exist.

The conservation of energy takes the form

& E & =0 E in out

Even though thermal energy generation may be occurring in the medium, the process would not affect the energy balance at the control volume. Moreover, this equation holds for steady-state and unsteady-state (transient) conditions From Figure above
" " " q cond q conv q rad =0

Where
" q cond = k

dT dx

" q conv = h(T2 T )

" 4 q rad = (T24 Tsur )

Thus

dT 4 = h(T2 T ) + (T24 Tsur ) dx

The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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The Conservation of Energy

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Analysis of HT problems
State briefly what is known (in your own language) State briefly what must be found Draw a schematic of the system (control volumes/faces) List simplifying assumptions Compile physical properties Analyze using conservation laws and rate equations Discuss the results

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EXAMPLE
A closed container filled with hot coffee is in a room whose air and walls are at a fixed temperature. Identify all heat transfer processes that contribute to cooling of the coffee. Comment on the features that would contribute to a superior container design.

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PROBLEM: Radioactive wastes are packed in a long, thin-walled cylindrical container. The
&=q & o 1 (r / r0 )2 , where wastes generate thermal energy nonuniformly according to the relation q

& 0 is a constant, and ro is the radius of & is the local rate of energy generation per unit volume, q q
the container. Steady-state conditions are maintained by submerging the container in a liquid that is at T and provides a uniform convection coefficient h. Obtain an expression for the total rate at which energy is generated in a unit length of the container. Use this result to obtain an expression for the temperature Ts of the container wall.

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SUMMARY