RTV 3007

Historical Bases

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
19th Century Wired Communication

Morse

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
19th Century Wired Communication

Alexander Graham Bell

Page 1
 From Wireless to
Broadcasting
19th Century Wired Communication

ΠWeaknesses of Wired Communication

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
19th Century Wired Communication

ΠWeaknesses of Wired Communication

ΠConstruction

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
19th Century Wired Communication

ΠWeaknesses of Wired Communication

ΠConstruction

ΠMaintenance

Page 2
 From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaxwell

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaxwell

ΠHertz

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaxwell

ΠHertz

ΠMarconi

Page 3
 From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaxwell

ΠHertz

ΠMarconi

ΠTuning in: DeForest and the Audion

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaxwell

ΠHertz

ΠMarconi Fessenden

ΠTuning in: DeForest and the Audion

ΠBeyond telegraphy: telephone transmissions

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠMaritime Influences
ΠNaval

ΠCommercial

Page 4
 From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠLegal/Regulatory

ΠMaritime Disasters and the Berlin

Conference

ΠTitanic *

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠBig Business: Westinghouse, GE, AT&T,

Marconi

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
Development of Wireless
ΠBig Business: Westinghouse, GE, AT&T,

Marconi

ΠWorld War I (1914-1918)

ΠTraining Radio Operators

ΠCross-licensing

Page 5
 From Wireless to
Broadcasting
The Creation of RCA
ΠFear of Foreign Control

ΠUS Navy Leadership

ΠParticipants: Navy, GE, AT&T, Westinghouse

From Wireless to
Broadcasting
RCA Agreement

ΠAT&T--Transmitters
AT&T T itt

ΠGE/Westinghouse--Receivers

ΠRCA--Marketing

Broadcasting!
Frank Conrad and KDKA

Page 6
 Broadcasting!
The Rapid Growth of Radio Broadcasting
ΠHow Much

ΠWhy
ΠWhy Operate a Station?

ΠWhy Buy a Radio Receiver?

Broadcasting!
Getting Programs: Networks
ΠEarlyy Ad Hoc Networks

ΠWEAF-WMAF--The Rise of the

Telephone Group

ΠThe Radio Group--Technically

Challenged

Broadcasting!
How to Pay the Bills?
ΠThe Radio Group: Indirect
Support

Œ The Telephone Group: “Toll”

Broadcasting

Page 7
 The Rise of Modern
Broadcasting: The
Networks
AT&T Bows Out

ΠInternal Questions

ΠGovernment Concerns

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: The
Networks
The AT&T--RCA Agreement
ΠAT&T Leaves
L B
Broadcasting
d ti

ΠAT&T Gives up Monopoly Claim

ΠWEAF Sold to RCA

ΠAT&T Controls Network Relay System

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: The
Networks
The National Broadcasting Company
ΠFirst Company Established to Operate
Network
ΠControlled Two Networks:
Telephone Group-->NBC Red-->NBC-->NBC
Television
Radio Group-->NBC Blue-->ABC-->ABC/Capital
Cities--> Disney/ABC

Page 8
 The Rise of Modern
Broadcasting: The
Networks
A few words about David Sarnoff

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: The
Networks
Origins of CBS

ΠArthur Judson--United Independent Broadcasters

ΠInvestment by Columbia Phonograph

ΠColumbia Drops Out

ΠWilliam Paley Buys Columbia

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: Regulation
Radio Act of 1912

ΠRadio as Point-to-Point Service

ΠRegulatory Authority to Secretary of

Commerce

ΠSet Frequencies and Hours of Operation

ΠHad to Issue License on Application

Page 9
 The Rise of Modern
Broadcasting: Regulation
Regulation After KDKA

ΠChaos
ΠMore Stations than Frequencies

ΠSome Stations Ignored Rules

ΠSome With Bad Equipment

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: Regulation
Regulation After KDKA

ΠSolutions?
ΠNational Radio Conferences

ΠUnwillingness of Congress to Act

ΠZenith Decision

The Rise of Modern

Broadcasting: Regulation
The Radio Act of 1927

ΠEstablished Federal Radio Commission

ΠGave FRC Authority to Determine

Licensees

ΠPlaced Emphasis on Local Stations

Page 10
 The Rise of Modern
Broadcasting: Regulation
The Radio Act of 1927

ΠProvided Stability for Evolving

Medium

ΠProvisions Folded into

Communications Act of 1934

Sixty Years of
Stability (1927-1987)
ΠProgramming Forms

ΠNetwork/Affiliate Relationships

ΠRegulation

Broadcasting Dominates News & Entertainment

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions

ΠPress/Radio War

ΠNBC Break-up/Network
Restrictions

Page 11
 The Rise of Modern
Broadcasting: The
Networks
The National Broadcasting Company
ΠFirst Company Established to Operate
Network
ΠControlled Two Networks:
Telephone Group-->NBC Red-->NBC-->NBC
Television
Radio Group-->NBC Blue-->ABC-->ABC/Capital
Cities--> Disney/ABC

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
ΠTechnical Developments

ΠThe TV Freezes

Π6th Report and Order

ΠRapid Adoption by Households

ΠColor

ΠUHF

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
ΠTechnical Developments
Œ RCA’s electronic lab used Zworykin’s (elecronic
scansion & inconoscope) & Farnsworth (image
dissector camera) inventions in 1920s

ΠRCA first experimental TV station W2XF in 1936

ΠRCA demonstrates TV 1939 Worlds Fair in NYC

ΠNational Television Standards Committee

(NTSC) adopts picture format in 1941

Page 12
Sixty Years of Stability
Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
ΠThe TV Freezes
Π1942 TV WWII wartime stoppage on licensing new
stations and building TV sets

Œ After war in 1947 TV explodes --- FCC can’t handle

all license requests and freezes TV again

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
Π6th Report and Order
ΠFCC issues Sixth Report & Order in 1952 that ends
TV freezes and establishes channel allotment plan,
including VHF (2-13) and UHF (14-83) bands

ΠRapid Adoption by Households

Π1948 200,000 TV sets

Π1955 32.5 million TV sets (65% of all homes)

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
ΠColor
ΠEarly NTSC standard black & white

ΠFCC replaced CBS mechanical standard (1950) with

RCA’s electronic standard in 1953

Œ Color doesn’t take off until mid 1960s

(in 1/3 of all TV homes by 1969)

Page 13
Sixty Years of Stability
Disruptions
ΠThe Rise of TV
ΠUHF
ΠEstablished in Sixth Report & Order (1952)

ΠBand not included on many early TV sets because

most early stations were all network affiliates
(NBC, CBS, ABC, DuMont) in VHF band

ΠFCC implemented All Channel Receiver

Act in 1964

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions

Œ Radio’s Reaction to TV
ΠNew Radio Program Form

ΠDecline and Resurgence of Radio

Networks

ΠRise of FM and Decline of AM

Sixty Years of Stability

Disruptions

Scandals
ΠMcCarthyism

ΠPayola

ΠQuiz Shows

Page 14
Sixty Years of Stability
Disruptions
ΠRise of Participating Sponsorship (1950s
(
to present)

ΠPrime Time Access Rule (PTAR)

in 1971

The World Turns

Upside Down
ΠSlicing the Audience into
Smaller Pieces
ΠCable, Home Video, Home Satellite

ΠIndies, New Networks (Broadcast)

ΠFox (1986)

ΠUPN (1995) , WB (1995)

ΠCW replaces UPN & WB in 2006

ΠMyNetwork Launched 2006

The World Turns

Upside Down
ΠSatellites Cut the Umbilical

ΠSlicing
Sli i the
h AAudience
di iinto
Smaller Pieces
ΠCable, Home Video, Home Satellite

ΠIndies, New Networks

ΠHigher Costs/Reduced Ad Revenue

(Broadcast networks & stations)

Page 15
 The World Turns
Upside Down
Deregulation (began in 1980s, continues today)
ΠLiberalized Station Ownership Limits
ΠIn 1984 p
possible for one company
p y to own 12 TV,, 12 FM & 12
AM radio stations
ΠEasing of Anti-trafficking Rules (1982)
ΠNo longer have a station three years before selling
ΠOwnership Changes
ΠCaptial Cities buys ABC (1985)
ΠRCA (including NBC) acquired by GE (1986)
ΠWestinghouse buys CBS & Disney buys ABC (1995)

The World Turns

Upside Down
At The Turn of the New Century
ΠFurther Consolidation
ΠTelecommunications Act of 1996 reduces ownership
p limits
ΠViacom buys CBS (2000)
ΠCBS split from Viacom (2005)
ΠAOL merges with Time Warner (2001)
ΠComcast acquires AT&T Broadband (2002)
ΠNews Corp acquires DirecTV (2004)
ΠNBC merges with Universal (2004)

The World Turns

Upside Down
At The Turn of the New Century
ΠFurther Consolidation
ΠExperiments with Program Strategies & Formats
ΠThe Digital Broadcast Conversion
ΠWill Review Digital TV in Technology Section
ΠThe Rise of the Internet & WWW

Page 16
Cable Television
Accidental Invention
The 1950s: What Is This?
Early 1960s: Regulation Begins
Late 1960s/Early 1970s: Blue Sky
ΠThe TV of Abundance
Π3d Report and Order

Cable Television
Mid-1970s: Cloudy Skies
ΠReality and Recession

ΠGerald Levin and Ted Turner Save Cable

Cable Television
Late-1970s/Early 1980s
ΠFranchise Wars

ΠMSO Consolidation

ΠRise of New Networks (via satellite)

ΠESPN (1979), CNN (1980), MTV (1981)

Page 17
Cable Television
Mid-1980s/Early 1990s

ΠCable Act of 1984 and Deregulation

ΠGrowing Subscriber Base/Faster

Growing Revenue

ΠThe Decline of Pay Services

ΠThe Rise of Basic Programming

Cable Television
The 1990s

ΠRe-regulation: The Cable Act of 1992

ΠRate Regulation

ΠRetransmission Consent/Must Carry

ΠLevel Field for Competitive

Technologies

Cable Television
The 1990s
ΠStagnation and Erosion of the Customer Base

ΠNew Competition and Demands

ΠIncreasing Channel Capacity
Œ Internet Services and “Cable Modems”
ΠDigitizing systems to
offer more services
ΠDigital Must-Carry concerns

Page 18
Cable Television
The 1990s

ΠTelecommunication Act of 1996

ΠRate Deregulation

ΠRemoval of Telephone/Cable Entry Barriers

ΠCross-Ownership Regulations Loosened

Cable Television
ΠDBS Primary Competitor since early 1990s
ΠLacks local stations in some small markets

Œ Doesn’t have facilities to provide broadband,

high-speed Internet (must rely on marketing
arrangement with telephone company to offer
DSL)

Page 19
Cable Television
ΠCable Today
ΠMost systems upgraded to Hybrid Fiber Coax and provide/bundle:

ΠDigital and analog cable television

ΠHigh-speed Internet access

ΠVoice-over-Internet Telephony (VoIP)

ΠSome Four-play: Marketing partners offer wireless

ΠPushing HD cable programming

ΠDeveloping Interactive television (e.g. PVR/DVR)

Cable Television
ΠTelephone companies as an emerging competitor
ΠVoIP offered by cable is cheaper than typical
telephone company offerings

ΠFiber to the curb would allow phone companies to

offer more speed and capacity, including the ability
to offer subscription based video services to
compete with cable

ΠVerizon already offering video in Texas

Evolution of Satellite Services

ΠArthur Clarke and the invention of

Communication Satellites

ΠEarly efforts
ΠEcho
ΠEarly Bird

ΠComsat and Intelsat

Page 20
Evolution of Satellite Services

ΠDirect Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

Begin in early 1990s
ΠHughes/Hubbard (DirecTV/USSB)
ΠDish Network (Echo Star)

Evolution of Satellite Services

ΠWhy current DBS services succeeded
ΠProgramming availability
ΠDigital compression provides more
capacity
ΠOutsourcing
ΠMarketing
ΠTechnology
ΠCustomer billing

Evolution of the Internet

Question posed in 1963 by RAND, a

cold war think tank.

“How could the U.S. communicate

after a nuclear attack?

Page 21
 Internet Evolution

Answer
The communication network would require:

9 The intelligence to reside in the endpoints

9 Any endpoint could talk to any other endpoint
9 Network Routing be self-healing after attack
9 No centralized control
9 Messages divided into packets that could take any
number of paths from source to destination

Internet Evolution

ΠInternet began as ARPANET in the late

1960s, run by Dept. of Defense
ΠDevelopment of TCP/IP Protocols in
mid 1970s, incorporated into ARPANET
in 1983
ΠNSF supports TCP/IP in CSNET in early
1980s
ΠARPANET and CSNET merge in 1980s

Internet Evolution

ΠNSF subsidizes NSFNET backbone

and regional networks in 1986
ΠNSF Phases out federal support for
Internet backbone in 1992-95
ΠInternet commercialized in mid
1990s

Page 22
The World Wide Web

‰Created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 at

the European Center for Nuclear
Research (CERN)
‰Portion of the Internet that utilizes a
software program (browser) to display
Webpages
‰Browser development: Mosaic in 1993;
Netscape Navigator popularized in mid
90s

Internet in Context

ΠInternet is convergence
ΠUnique Multi-modal capabilities and user-
driven qqualities compared
p to p
previous
telecommunication technologies
ΠMany predict shared protocol of the Internet
is platform of the future
ΠEPIC 2015 Video : What will the future
Internet behold?

Page 23