THE OVERVOLTAGES PROTECTIONS SYSTEMS

IN MAIN VOLTAGE SUPPLY OF LARGE INDUSTRIAL HALLS

K.Wincencik A. W. Sowa
chris@ceti.com.pl a.sowa@interia.pl
DEHN POLSKA DEHN POLSKA
Poland Poland


Abstract: The overvoltages protection of electronic
and electric devises or systems required the correct
cooperation between the Surge Protective Devices
(SPDs) subjected to different classes in multistage
protective systems. This is especially important in
main voltage supply of large industrial buildings dur-
ing direct lightning strokes to the lightning protection
systems or steel constructions.

Keywords: surge protective devices, lightning protection
systems, large industrial constructions,

1. INTRODUCTION

According to a Lightning Protection Zone concept, the
overvoltage protection of electronic and electric devises,
required the correct cooperation of SPDs in multistage
protective system. This cooperation was investigated by
computer simulation of surge protected low voltage sys-
tems in large industrial halls during direct lightning
stroke to the LPS or to the steel construction of these
buildings.
The aim of the study was the evaluation of:
surge current distribution in the wires of low voltage
power systems,
the influence of these distributions on the overvolt-
age systems in low-voltage supply nets,
the overvoltages which appeared on different SPDs.
As a results of calculation it is possible to find the energy
coordination between the surge protective devices inside
the building and voltages on the output of protective
systems.

2. MULTISTAGE SYSTEMS OF SPDs

Creation of lightning and overvoltages protection systems
in low voltage power nets requires to comply the follow-
ing requirements which concern the SPDs:
1. Number of surge protective devices and the manner
of their montage should be adopted to the low volt-
age system (TN-, TT- and IT systems are taken into
account).
2. SPDs should be places in such manner, that their
limited overvoltages to the levels which are required
in select impulse withstand voltages.
3. Short-current resistance of SPDs should be adopted
to the values of short currents which can appeared in
the places of their montage.
4. The distance between:
- the surge protective devices subjected to differ-
ent classes,
- SPDs and protected devices,
- SPDs of class I and the other electric devices in
the places of their montages
should be define taking into account the producers
recommendation.
Calculation of surge protection systems in the case of
the direct lightning stroke to the building are pre-
sented.

3. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF
MULTISTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

The possibility of cooperation between surge protective
devices subjected to different classes can be estimated
on the ground of laboratory investigation or theoretical
calculations.
Realization of laboratory investigation require the spe-
cialistic measurement equipment, and received results
are difficult generalize to other arrangements of protec-
tion systems. These facts caused the increase of interest
with the theoretical simulations.
Below the results of theoretical investigation are pre-
sented. We analysed two- and three-stages systems of
voltage-switching and voltage-limiting SPDs using pro-
gramme Pspice v.7.1.

3.1. Voltage-switching SPDs

Voltage-switching SPDs, tested to class I, are generally
recommended for localization at points of high expo-
op.7
lcL 2002 Ctocow, lo|ood Sop|obot 2, 2002 512
sure for lightning currents and lightning and switching
overvoltages. In theoretical considerations the model of
SDP class I were realized on the base of switch
Sw_tClose from programme Pspice library. The fol-
lowing parameters of switch is taken into account:
- tClose time of close, defined from voltage-time
characteristics of SPD class I,
- ttrans time of switching duration 0,01 s or
0,1 s,
- Rclosed resistance when the switch is closed
0,0015 or 0,002 ,
- Ropen resistance when the switch is open equal
100 M
Fig.1 present the answer of SDP class I calculated with
these parameters.


Fig. 1.The overvoltage on the SPD class I

3.2. Voltage-limiting SPDs

Voltage-limiting SPDs, tested to class II and III, most
often are metal oxide varistors.
In calculation we take the model of varistor which is
proposed by Manfred Holzer and Willie Zapsky [7 ]. The
equivalent circuit diagram of varistor is presented in
fig.2.
R_series
L_series
R_par
C_par


Fig.2. Equivalent circuit diagram of varistor.

Symbols in presented model of varistors are following:
- R_series resistance require from mathematical
reason (constant value R_series = 100n ),
- L_series inductance of wires which connect varis-
tor in power system (approximately 1nH/mm) and
internal inductance of varistor,
- C_par capacity of varistor,
- R_var descried the non-linear current-voltage
characteristic of varistor.
Resistance R-var is realized using the voltage source
which is control by current and is described by following
function:
log(u) = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
where: P1 = b1
P2 = b2 log(i)
P3 = b3 exp(-log(i))
P4 = b4 exp(log(i))
Parameters b1, b2, b3, b4 are define for each type of varistor.

3.3. Models of the surge protection systems

The theoretical analyses were done for low voltage power
systems in large industrial halls in following arrange-
ments:
- two-stage protection systems - the arrangements with
SPDs class I and II,
- thee-stage protection systems the arrangements with
istances between transformer and the first step of pro-
m to
50m.
m 10m to 50m between SPDs class I and II,
which simulated the equipment
with the following parameters:
350 with the
lue 200 kA,
0).


m
for om transformer about 150m. In
SDPs class I, II and III,
The transformer is located outside and inside the hall.
D
tection SPDs class I were changed from 20
1
The calculation were made for the variable:
distances
- fro
- from 5m to 50m between SPDs class II and III.
resistances of loads
connected to the low voltage power system from
10 to 1k ,
sparkover voltages of the SPDs class I (for 1500V,
2500V and 4000V).
The lightning current is simulated by the ideal current
sources
- the first lightning strokes- current 10/
peak va
- the subsequent strokes- current - 50kA (0,25/10
4. EXAMPLES OF MATHEMATICAL
RESULTS
So e examples of computer simulation will be presented
building far-away fr
low voltage power nets will be the two- and three-stage
protection systems. The arrangements which is simulated
was presented in fig.3.
2|| lo|otoo||ooo| Coo|otooco oo L|q||o|oq lto|oc||oo 514








otection
system
Transformer
Earthing
system
Lightning
arr nters
Overvoltage
arresters
PAS
Lightni
ren







l2


































ircuit diagram for two stage protection system shows
e fig.4. The surge currents distributions in SPDs class I,
arthing systems of building and in transformer for the
rst and subsequent lightning currents are presented in
g.5 and 6.
he results were obtained for the parameters of power
ets, transformer and earthing systems which are pre-
nted in Table 1.
ome examples of overvoltage at the SPD class II and
urrent which is flowing in it for:
- the surge current 10
- sparkover voltages of the SPDs class I 1500V.
C
th
e
fi
fi
T
n
se
S
c
/350,
are presented in fig.7.




ng
t









e


























s



t

Lightning
pr

l1
l3
cur

Lt1
Lt2
Lt3
Rlt
Rt2
Rt3
Rn
L11
L12
L13
L14
L21
L22
L23
L24
Ro1 Ro2 Ro3 Ro4
Ret
Let
Et
V
V2
V3
Les
Re
Surge
current
R11
R12
R13
R14
R21
R22
R23
R24
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
SG1 SG2 SG3
L25 R25
W1,W2,
W3,W4
Rw1
Rw2
Rw3
Rw4

1
Fig.3. Low voltage power net with thee-stage protection systems
Fig.4. Circuits diagram of simulated wo stage protection system

Fig.5. Distribution of lightning current 10/350.
lcL 2002 Ctocow, lo|ood Sop|obot 2, 2002 515

Fig.6. Distribution of lightning current 0,25/100

Table 1. Parameters of elements for example in fig.3 [2,3]

Element Values
Mutual inductance L
S1,
L
S2,
L
S3,
L
24

10H -
20 H
Resistance of power supply cable R
11,
R
12, 1m /m;
(between transformer and SPDs) R
13,
R
14
l =150m
Inductance of power le
PDs)
L
11,
L
12,

supply cab
(between transformer and S L
13,
L
14
1H/m;
l =150m
R
ES
10
Inductance of buildings earthing system L
ES
5H
Resistance of earthing system - trans- R
former
Et
1
Inductance of earthing system - trans- L
former
Et
5H
Resistance and inductance of the trans-
former secondary wires
R
t1, 2 t3
L
t1, 2 t3
50H
R
t ,
R
L
t ,
L
5m
Capasitance of transformer secon- C
t1,
C
t2,
C
t3
2nF
dary wires
Resistan
former

V
1
=22 V, 5 z =0
2
=220V 0Hz
Phase voltag
3
=2 0Hz
Resistance of buildings earthing system
ce of neutral line of the trans- R
t4 2m
0 0H
V , 5
=120 es of the transformer
V 20V, 5
=240


Fig.7. Overvoltage and current in SPD class II in protec-
tion system from fig. 4.

dditionally on fig.8. the spectral analyses of these
PDs.


Fig. 8. Spectral analysis of the curves from fig 7.

5. CONCLUSIONS
sys-
ms can be effectively realized by computer simulation.
In calculation th tning strokes to
uildings, was analysed. From the simulations results, it
only for the simple model of the
S
dif

f Buildings;
Protection handicap Safety; Protection Against Over-
voltages; Prote tages of Atmos-
pheric Origin or Due this {then} Switching.
3. I ices.
-
5. A ge
-
92;
7. M ice:


A
curves are presented. Similar consideration were made
for thee stage system of S


The complex coordination of SPDs in low voltage
te
e worst case, direct ligh
b
is possible to estimate:
- energy exposures for SPDs different classes in multi-
stage overvoltage protection systems,
- protection levels for different arrangements of SPDs.
This analysis was made
PDs class I. Nowadays we try to find the solution for
ferent models of spark gaps in SPDs.
6. REFERENCES

1. IEC 364-4-443 Electrical Installation o
ction Against Overvol
2. IEC 61312-3 Draft of and Technical Report Type 2
prepared TC 81 ACCORDING TO 3 PG 3( January
1998) Requirements of Surge Protective Devices.
EC SC 37A Low voltage surge protective dev
4. IEC SC 37B Specific components handicap low volt
age surge protection devices.
ltmeier, Pelz, Scheibe: Computer simulation of sur
voltage protection in low-voltage systems; 21. Of in
ternal medicines. Conf. He Lightning protection,(
Reef. Number 7. 08); Berlin 19
6. SIOV Metal Oxide Varistors Databook, Siemens Mat-
sushita; repr1995.
. Holzer, Zapsky In.: Modeling varistors with Psp
Simulation beats trial and error;