ME4253 Biomaterials Engineering Biometals

Thian Eng San, Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117 576

Outline

Reading List Introduction Fabrication Bioinert Metals Bioactive Metals Mechanical Properties Stress Shielding Corrosion Applications Summary

Reading List

Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Academic Press, 2nd Edition, c2004. Chapter 2, Section 2.9 (CL RBR: R857Mat.Bi2004) Teoh SH. Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications. World Scientific, c2004. Chapter 2 (CL RBR: R856Teo2004) Callister WD, Rethwisch DG. Materials Science and Engineering. World Scientific, 8th Edition, c2004. Chapter 11, Sections 11.4, 11.5, 11.6 (CL RBR: TA403Cal2011)

Introduction

Inorganic materials Metallic bonding Polycrystalline Bioinert Usually used in a form of alloy

Achieve required properties Stainless steel Cobalt alloy Titanium alloy

Introduction

Factors influencing materials properties

Microstructure (Grain size) Porosity Grain size distribution Orthopaedic implants and fixation Orthodontic implants Internal electrical devices

Applications of biometals

Introduction
Stress Strain Graph
Tensile Strength Yield Stress Plastic Deformation Non-reversible

Fracture

Material undergoes an elastic deformation (blue) initially until it reaches a point - yield stress, whereby second stage of deformation called plastic deformation (red) dominates. Deformation will proceed till the metal fractures. Before fracture, the material will reach its maximum (ultimate) tensile stress

Recoverable Elastic Strain

Fabrication

Forming

Forging Extrusion Sand Die Powder Metallurgy

Casting

Others

Fabrication
Forging

A force is applied to both top and bottom die halves Hot metal is deformed in the cavity
Image extracted from doitpoms.ac.uk

Fabrication
Extrusion

A force is applied to a ram Metal is forced through a die orifice Reduction in x-sectional area

Image extracted from Materials Science and Engineering

Fabrication
Sand Casting

Sand is used as the mold material A two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern A gating system is used to allow the flow of molten metal into the cavity

Fabrication
Die Casting

A two-piece permanent mold is clamped together to form the desired shape Molten metal is forced into the mold cavity under pressure and at high speed The molds are opened and the cast piece is ejected once solidification is completed

Fabrication
Powder Metallurgy

Compaction of powdered metal Heat treatment of green part to produce a more dense piece

Bioinert Metals

316L Stainless Steel

Composition

Fe (bal.) Cr (16-18 %) Ni (10-14 %) Mo (2-3 %) Mn (2 %) C (0.03 %)

Photo extracted from emedicine.medscape.com

Excellent corrosion resistant Abundantly available

Bioinert Metals

316L Stainless Steel

Relatively cheap Ease of manufacturing Mainly used in orthopaedic fixation

Bioinert Metals

Cobalt Chromium Alloy

Composition

Co (bal.) Cr (26 %) Mo (5 %)

Very excellent corrosion resistant Better wear resistance than 316L stainless Photo extracted from steel and titanium-based alloy emedicine.medscape.com Difficult to machine due to its relatively low ductility More expensive than 316L stainless steel Mainly used in orthopaedic implants

Bioactive Metals

Titanium 6-4 Alloy

Composition

Ti (bal.) Al (6 %) V (4 %)

Very excellent corrosion resistant Excellent strength to weight ratio Less stiffer than 316L stainless steel and cobaltchromium alloy means stress shielding is minimised Poorer wear resistance than 316L stainless steel and cobalt-chromium alloy

Bioactive Metals

Titanium 6-4 Alloy

Significantly more expensive than 316L stainless steel Mainly used in orthopaedic implants and fixation

Photo extracted from emedicine.medscape.com

Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties of 316L SS, Co-Cr and Ti6Al4V
E (GPa) 316L SS Co-Cr Ti6Al4V Cortical Bone 200 230 110 7-30 Y (MPa) 210-1200 430-1000 780-1100 n/a UTS (MPa) 200-1200 430-1000 800-1100 50-150 % Elongation ~10 ~10 ~10 1-3

Stress Shielding
Stress Shielding

A reduction in bone density due to the removal of normal stresses from the host bone by an implanted prosthesis Governed by Wolffs Law

In healthy human, bone will remodel itself in response to the applied load If loading on the bone increases, it will become stronger over time due to the continued stimulus that is required to maintain bone mass

Corrosion

Galvanic Corrosion

Occurs when two dissimilar metals/alloys are electrically connected in the presence of an electrolyte Metal/alloy having the more negative potential becomes the anode and corrodes preferentially Metal/alloy having the less negative potential becomes the cathode

Corrosion

Galvanic Corrosion

Rate of Corrosion

difference, the higher rate of corrosion

more anodic

(active)

(inert)

The higher the potential

more cathodic

Potential Difference

Platinum Gold Graphite Titanium Silver Copper Tin Lead 316 Stainless Steel Iron/Steel Aluminum Alloys Cadmium Zinc Magnesium

Applications
Total Hip Replacements
Acetabular cup liner (UHMWPE) Femoral head (Co-Cr) Pelvis

Bone cement (PMMA) Femur Femoral stem (Ti6Al4V)

Summary

Describe the class of biometal materials, its advantages and disadvantages when used as implant materials Describe the engineering design principles for effective functioning of implants, in terms of material properties Describe the processing routes for manufacturing of biometals Describe the phenomenon of stress shielding effect and galvanic corrosion