Assignment: 02 Course Code: STA301 Page 1 of 4

Question 1:
a) A batch of 10 gaskets contains 4 defective gaskets. If we draw samples of size 3 without
replacement, from the batch of 10, find the probability that a sample contains 2 defective
gaskets.

Solution:
As we know:
The hyper geometric probability distribution is appropriate when
A random sample of size n is drawn WITHOUT REPLACEMENT from a finite
population of N units.

k of the units is of one kind (classified as success) and the remaining N k of another
kind (classified as failure).

Information we have:
Total Gaskets (Population) (N) = 10 Units
Defective in total (Population) (k) = 4 Units (K classified as success)
Sample (n) = 3 (without replacement)
Probability (Sample contains 2 Defective Gaskets) (x =2) =?

By using the hyper geometric probability distribution formula:

P(X = x) = (
K
x
). (
N-K
n-x
)(
N
n
)
Putting the values:
P(X = 2) = (
4
2
). (
10-4
3-2
)(
10
3
)
P(X = 2) = (
4
2
). (
6
1
)(
10
3
) by applying the combination formula for each value
P(X = 2) =
4!
2! 2!
.
6!
1!5!
1u!S! 7!
P(X = 2) = S612u = 0.3

So the probability that there will be two defective gaskets in the sample (n =3) is equal to 0.3








Student ID: BC130200086 Assignment: 02 Course Code: STA301 Page 2 of 4

b) In a binomial distribution, the mean and the standard deviation were found to be 36 and
4.8 respectively. Find the parameters of binomial distribution.

Solution:
As we know in Binomial Distribution, there are two parameters n & p. The formulation for the mean
and standard deviation is as:
Mean = np & S.D = Sqrt (npq)
As the values of mean and standard deviation are given
Mean = 36 & S.D = 4.8

So putting the values in above formulas:
36 = np (Equ.1)
4.8 = Sqrt npq (Equ.2)

1
st
solving for the q and putting the value of np in 2
nd
equation;

4.8 = S6q
6 q = 4.8
q = 4.8/6
q = 0.8

So q =0.64

Once if we have the q, so p can be calculated as
p = 1-q
p = 1 - 0.64
p = 0.36

Now solving for the n

36 = n (0.36)
n = 36/.036
n = 100


Therefore, the parameters of binomial distribution are n =100 & p = 0.36


Student ID: BC130200086 Assignment: 02 Course Code: STA301 Page 3 of 4

Question 2:
a. It is known that the computer disks produced by a company are defective with probability 0.02
independently of each other. Disks are sold in packs of 10. A money back guarantee is offered
if a pack contains more than 1 defective disk. What is the probability of sales result in the
customers getting their money back?

Solution:
The first step is to identify the NATURE of the situation in the above question, If we study this problem closely,
we realize that we are dealing with a binomial experiment because of the fact that all four properties of a
binomial experiment are being fulfilled:

What are those PROPERTIES?
a. Every disks selected will either be defective (i.e. success) or not defective (i.e. failure)
b. Every disk drawn is independent of every other disk.
c. The probability of obtaining a defective disk i.e. 0.02 is the same (constant) for all items.
d. The number of disks drawn is fixed in advance i.e. 10 disks (as it referred to a pack)
Hence; we are in a position to apply the binomial formula: If X represents the number of defective
disks and
Probability of failure (q) = 0.02
Probability of success (p) = 1- Probability of failure (q)
= 1 0.020 > p = 0.98

P(X = x) = (
n
x
). p`. q''`'
Substituting the available values:
P(X = x) = (
1
x
). (. 2)`. (. 98)'''`'
Now if more than 1 defective disks means:

P (X > 1) = 1- [P(X = 0) + P (X=1)]

So calculating the values accordingly:

P (X > 1) = 1- [(
1

). (. 2)'. (. 98)''''' +(
1
1
). (. 2)'. (. 98)''''']
= 1 [ (0.98) + (10 x 0.02 x 0.8337)]
= 1 [0.8170 + 0.1667]
= 1 0.9837
= 0.0163

Hence, the probability of sales result in the customers getting their money back is 0.0163.


Student ID: BC130200086 Assignment: 02 Course Code: STA301 Page 4 of 4


b. The average number of accidents occurring in an industrial plant during a day is 3. Assuming
Poisson distribution for the number of accidents (X) during a day, compute probability that at
most two accidents occur in a day.

Solution:
The first step is to identify the NATURE of the situation in the above question, if we study this problem closely;
we realize that we are dealing with a binomial experiment which is limited and fulfilling the following
conditions:
a. It is a limiting approximation to the binomial distribution, when p, the probability of success is
very small but n, the number of trials is so large that the product np = m is of a moderate size;
b. a distribution in its own right by considering a POISSON PROCESS where events occur
randomly over a specified interval of time or space or length.

We regard to the 2
nd
situation, and then the limiting form of the binomial probability distribution and
used the following formula:

P (X = x) = c
-xt
(zt)`x!

z = average number of occurrences of the outcome of interest per unit of time,
t = number of time-units under consideration, and
x = number of occurrences of the outcome of interest in t units of time.

So the values will be as:
z = 3 & t = 1 day
x = At most 2/Day (means: not more than 2 accidents per day) > P (X < 2) = ?
Computing the values:
zt = S x 1 = S
c
-xt
= (2.71828) (as e = 2.71828)
c
-xt
=1/ (2.71828) = 0.04978

To find out the probability not more than two accidents per day:
P (X < 2) = [P (X =0) + P (X=1) + P (X=1)]
Computing the values:

P (X < 2) = [(
(0.0498) x (3)'
0!
) + (
(0.0498) x (3)'
1!
) + (
(0.0498) x (3)`
2!
)]
P (X < 2) = [(0.0498) + (0.1494) + (0.2241)]

P (X < 2) = 0.4233

The probability that at most (not more than) two accidents occur in a day is = 0.4233 (42.33 %)