Extended Planning Introduction

Training Document

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Coverage Planning

The informa ion in hi! "o#$men i! !$%je# o #hange &i ho$ no i#e an" "e!#ri%e! only he 'ro"$# "efine" in he in ro"$# ion of hi! "o#$men a ion. Thi! "o#$men i! in en"e" for he $!e of Nokia Ne &ork!( #$! omer! only for he '$r'o!e! of he agreemen $n"er &hi#h he "o#$men i! !$%mi e") an" no 'ar of i may %e re'ro"$#e" or ran!mi e" in any form or mean! &i ho$ he 'rior &ri en 'ermi!!ion of Nokia Ne &ork!. The "o#$men ha! %een 're'are" o %e $!e" %y 'rofe!!ional an" 'ro'erly raine" 'er!onnel) an" he #$! omer a!!$me! f$ll re!'on!i%ili y &hen $!ing i . Nokia Ne &ork! &el#ome! #$! omer #ommen ! a! 'ar of he 'ro#e!! of #on in$o$! "evelo'men an" im'rovemen of he "o#$men a ion. The informa ion or ! a emen ! given in hi! "o#$men #on#erning he !$i a%ili y) #a'a#i y) or 'erforman#e of he men ione" har"&are or !of &are 'ro"$# ! #anno %e #on!i"ere" %in"ing %$ !hall %e "efine" in he agreemen ma"e %e &een Nokia Ne &ork! an" he #$! omer. *o&ever) Nokia Ne &ork! ha! ma"e all rea!ona%le effor ! o en!$re ha he in! r$# ion! #on aine" in he "o#$men are a"e+$a e an" free of ma erial error! an" omi!!ion!. Nokia Ne &ork! &ill) if ne#e!!ary) e,'lain i!!$e! &hi#h may no %e #overe" %y he "o#$men . Nokia Ne &ork!( lia%ili y for any error! in he "o#$men i! limi e" o he "o#$men ary #orre# ion of error!. Nokia Ne &ork! -.// NOT 01 213PON3.0/1 .N 4N5 161NT 7O2 122O23 .N T*.3 8OC9:1NT O2 7O2 4N5 84:4;13) .NC.81NT4/ O2 CON31<91NT.4/ (.NC/98.N; :ON1T425 /O3313)) ha migh ari!e from he $!e of hi! "o#$men or he informa ion in i . Thi! "o#$men an" he 'ro"$# i "e!#ri%e! are #on!i"ere" 'ro e# e" %y #o'yrigh a##or"ing o he a''li#a%le la&!. NO=.4 logo i! a regi! ere" ra"emark of Nokia Cor'ora ion. O her 'ro"$# name! men ione" in hi! "o#$men may %e ra"emark! of heir re!'e# ive #om'anie!) an" hey are men ione" for i"en ifi#a ion '$r'o!e! only. Co'yrigh Nokia Oyj 200>. 4ll righ ! re!erve".

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Nokia Oyj

6-90201 v 1.0

Ta%le of Con en !

Table of Contents
1 Objectives 4

2 Coverage Threshold ! 2.1 /ink 0$"ge :argin!.........................................................................? 2.2 Cell 3i@e 1val$a ion!........................................................................6 " Coverage #rea $ >.1 Cell 4rea 1val$a ion!........................................................................9 >.2 Cell 4rea Term!..............................................................................10

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Coverage Planning

Objectives
At the end of this module, the participant will be able to: Define coverage threshold Describe different coverage planning margins: location probability and penetration loss. Calculate coverage areas.

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Nokia Oyj

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Coverage Threshold
Ty'e9ni Or8e'ar men *ere Ty'e5o$rName*ere

8OC9:1NTT5P1

Ty'e8a e*ere

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%in& 'udget (argins

Some additional margins need to be applied to the naked link budget in order to account for special environmental conditions such as in!vehicle operation, in!building situations etc. "hese are Fast- and Slow Fading Margins and penetration losses. Fast fading margin is a factor that needs to be counted in basic power budget calculations. "he purpose of this margin is to take into account the deep fading dips of fast fading. "he intention here is to calculate the link for slowly moving or stationary mobiles that suffer the most of the fast fading. "his margin is valid mainly for dense urban environments# the value used here is typically $ d%. &ast fading is also called as Rayleigh fading. "he shadowing that generates large!scale variations on the receiving level causes slow fading margin. Slow fading is also called as lognormal fading. "his is because it has shown that the variations due to slow fading are normally distributed when the signal levels are measured in d% scale. Slow fading margin is not affecting the power budget calculation# it determines the cell si'es and location probabilities.

Po&er B20 "0

2ayleigh fa"ing

mean val$e

- 20 "0

/ognormal fa"ing
2 !e# A !e# 6 !e# ime

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.ll$! ra ion! of fa! - an" !lo& fa"ing

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8OC9:1NTT5P1 Ty'e9ni Or8e'ar men *ere Ty'e5o$rName*ere

Coverage Planning

Ty'e8a e*ere

Cell )i*e Evaluations

As soon as the ma(imum allowable path loss is determined in power budget calculations, the achievable cell si'es can be evaluated. "he evaluation is based on basic propagation models )typically *kumura!+ata, using the basic area type correction factors. "he procedure in cell si'e evaluation is following. Assuming that the performed power budget calculations have shown that the ma(imum allowable path loss has a certain value, we use *kumura!+ata formula with typical correction factors to obtain the cell range for path loss of this magnitude, this can be called Rmax. -ow we need to keep in mind that the field strength level is normally distributed having a certain standard deviation. "his obtained value for cell range accounts for the mean value of this .aussian distribution, which is described in &igure $. "his means that the location probability at the cell edge is now /01. *f course, we are not interested in location probability on the cell edge, but we need to know the location probability over the whole cell area. "his can be obtained by integrating the .aussian distribution function over the cell area. "he result depends on the broadness of the distribution, i.e. the standard deviation ) ,.

normali!e") #en rali!e" "i! ri%$ ion D ( o al area %elo& #$rve E 100F)

)= 0(z

1 z x2 2

x m dx C withz=

m - 2

m-

mean

mB

m B 2

7ig$re 2.

;a$!!ian "i! ri%$ ion

Calculations are not shown here, but for e(ample if the standard deviation is 2 d%, cell edge location probability of /01 corresponds to appro(imately 2/ 1 location probability over the whole cell area. "ypically, location probability of 301 is aimed for# this kind of location probability, with a standard deviation of 2 d%, over the cell are corresponds to about 241 location probability on the cell edge. +ence, we can say that because of slow fading and wanting location probability higher than 2/1, the cell range has to be reduced from the ma(imum value 5ma(. "herefore the actual achievable cell range, 5actual, will be

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smaller than the cell range that corresponds to the ma(imum allowable path loss. 6n &igure 7 the cell ranges in 8uestion are illustrated.
8OC9:1NTT5P1 Ty'e9ni Or8e'ar men *ere Ty'e5o$rName*ere 2a# $al
2ma, Corre!'on"! o G?F lo#a ion 'ro%a%ili y over he #ell area Corre!'on"! o 90F Ty'e8a lo#a ion e*ere 'ro%a%ili y over he #ell area

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.ll$! ra ion of #ell range!

"his achievable actual cell 5ange, 5actual, is calculated using the same *kumura!+ata formula as used for 5ma(, but only after a slow fading margin is deducted from the ma(imum allowable cell range. As mentioned before, the slow fading margin depended on the wanted location probability and the standard deviation of slow fading. 9hen evaluating cell ranges for the indoor case, we have not only to add the building penetration losses, but also consider the increased standard deviation: when summing normally distributed values, mean values are added and standard deviations superimposed.

type

mean

sigma

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$r%an %$il"ing !$%$r%an 'a!!. #ar

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2 1 2 2 2 N

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3$mming !everal "i! ri%$ ion!

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Coverage Planning

"he increased broadness of path loss distribution indoors means that when doing location probability calculations, we will come up with higher slow fading margin values. :ike the power budget part, the cell range evaluation part can be easily done using a spreadsheet application. *ne e(ample of this kind of spreadsheet application is shown in "able ;.
Ta%le 1 Cell range #al#$la ion e,am'le

COMMON INFO <S antenna height )m,: %S antenna height )m,: Standard Deviation )d%,: %=: Average )d%,: Standard Deviation indoors )d%,: OKUMURA-HATA (OH) Area "ype Correction )d%, WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) 5oads width )m,: 5oad orientation angle )degrees,: %uilding separation )m,: %uildings average height )m,: INDOOR CO!ERAGE =ropagation <odel Slow &ading <argin > %=: )d%,: Coverage "hreshold )d%?@Am,: Coverage "hreshold )d%m,: :ocation =robability over Cell Area):1,: C$%% R&'($ ()*)+ OUTDOOR CO!ERAGE =ropagation <odel Slow &ading <argin )d%,: Coverage "hreshold )d%?@Am,: Coverage "hreshold )d%m,: :ocation =robability over Cell Area):1,: C$%% R&'($ ()*)+

DU 1,5 30,0 7,0 15,0 10,0 DU 0,0 DU 30,0 0,0 40,0 30,0 DU OH 22," 5 ,1 -77,2 0,0# 1,33 DU OH 4,5 40," - 5,5 0,0# 4,3

U 1,5 30,0 7,0 12,0 10,0 U -4,0 U 30,0 0,0 40,0 30,0 U OH 1 ," 56,1 -"0,2 0,0# 2,10 U OH 4,5 40," - 5,5 0,0# 5,70

SU 1,5 30,0 7,0 10,0 10,0 SU -6,0 SU 30,0 0,0 40,0 30,0 SU OH 17," 54,1 -"2,2 0,0# 2,72 SU OH 4,5 40," - 5,5 0,0# 6,50

F 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 F -10,0 F 30,0 0,0 40,0 30,0 F OH 13," 50,1 -"6,2 0,0# 5,70 F OH 4,5 40," - 5,5 0,0# 10,6

O 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 O -15,0 O 30,0 0,0 40,0 30,0 O OH 13," 50,1 -"6,2 0,0# 7, O OH 4,5 40," - 5,5 0,0# 14,

*bviously, these cell ranges are average values for certain area types, in practice, the area types are not constant, therefore these cell ranges cannot be applied to any real environments. Anyway, these cell ranges are good average appro(imations that can be used for network dimensioning.

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Coverage #rea

"1

Cell #rea Evaluations

After cell range has been determined, the corresponding cell area can be calculated. 6n the network dimensioning phase the cell area calculation can be done by using traditional he(agonal model. *f course, one has to keep in mind that in real networks the actual cells are something very different from the theoretical he(agons, but for dimensional purposes there is no other way.

2 2 2

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Tri-!e# or 4 E 1)9? 22

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*e,agonal #ell area "efini ion!

&igure / illustrates the correspondences between cell range and cell areas in he(agonal model. 9hen interpreting the area calculation formulas given in &igure /, one has to notice that the cell ranges are different in comparison with the cells in different configurations. "hese formulas are used in -etDim tool to calculate the number of sites. +e(agonal cell structures are commonly used in literature to illustrate a principle. Cells are usually very irregularly shaped, even non!contiguous forms, see &igure B.

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Coverage Planning

Pre"i# e" #ell! ("ominan#e area)

*e,agon!

7ig$re 6.

8ifferen#e %e &een he,agon mo"el an" a 're"i# e" #ell area

Cell #rea Terms

Dominance area is the area in which the signal from the respective cell is at least by CcellDreselectionDhysteresisDmarginE stronger than any other cell. 6n this area all calls shall be handled only by the serving cell. A cellFs service area is the area in which the signal is above the planned minimum signal level. At the area borders calls will be handed over to neighbouring cells. "his is the area, which is usually displayed, and optimised in the coverage planning process. A cellFs coverage area is the area in which physical radio connections can be maintained. "he signal level may already drop below the planned minimum level. -ormally, mobiles within this range should already have been handed over to the neighbouring cells. +owever, for reasons of congestion or incorrect parameter settings, mobiles may still be found within this area. -ote that the physical coverage area can be !!depending on planning and design rules!! considerably larger than the actual service area. <obiles within the cellFs physical coverage area can act as heavy interference contributors towards other cells, since it is not foreseen that a mobile at this point is still connected to the respective cell.

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 Dominance area Service area Coverage area

#ell #overage range #ell !ervi#e range "ominan#e range

6"0 hy! ere!i! margin #overage limi

&igure 2. Cell area terms

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