STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

2 MARKS: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Unit I Stress, Strain and De!r"ati!n ! S!#ids$
%$ Deine stress and strain$
Stress: When a body is subjected to a system of external forces, it undergoes a
deformation. At the same time, the internal resistance against this deformation is formed.
This internal deformation per unit area of cross section is called as stress.
Stress ( f ) = = !oad .
A "ross Sectional Area
Strain: The ratio bet#een change in length to original length is called as strain
Strain (e) = l = "hange in length
l $riginal length
2$ Write t&e dierent t'(es ! stresses$
The different types of stress are
%. Simple Stress or &irect Stress
a.Tensile Stress
b. "ompressi'e Stress
c.Shear Stress
(. )ndirect stress
a.*ending Stress
b. Torsion
+. "ombined stress
)$ Deine Tensi#e Stress and Tensi#e Strain$
When a body is subjected to t#o e,ual and opposite pulls, the body tends to
lengthen in the direction of the pull. )t is termed as Tensile -orce and the Stress thus
induced is called as Tensile Stress.
Tensile Stress ( f
t
) = Tensile -orce .
"ross Sectional Area
Tensile Strain ( e
t
) = )ncrease in length
$riginal length
*$ Deine +!"(ressi,e Stress and +!"(ressi,e Strain$
%
When a body is subjected to t#o e,ual and opposite pushes, the body tends to
contract in the direction of the push. )t is termed as "ompressi'e -orce and the Stress
thus induced is called as "ompressi'e Stress.
"ompressi'e Stress ( f
t
) = "ompressi'e -orce .
"ross Sectional Area
"ompressi'e Strain ( e
t
) = &ecrease in length
$riginal length
-$ Deine Latera# Strain$
The ratio bet#een change in lateral dimension to original dimension is called as
!ateral Strain.
.$ Deine /!#0"etri1 Strain$
The ratio bet#een change in 'olume to original 'olume is called as .olumetric
Strain.
2$ Deine H!!3e4s La5$
The Stress is directly proportional to the Strain #ithin /lastic !imits. This is
called as 0oo1e2s !a#.
Stress Strain
Thus, Stress = constant
Strain
6$ W&at are t&e dierent t'(es ! E#asti1 +!nstants7
The different types of /lastic "onstants are
a. 3oung2s 4odulus (or) 4odulus of /lasticity ( / )
b. Shear 4odulus (or) 4odulus of 5igidity ( 6 )
c. *ul1 4odulus ( 7 )
8$ Deine S&ear M!d0#0s$
)t is defined as the ratio bet#een Shear Stress to Shear Strain. )t is denoted by 86 2
6 = Shear Stress
Shear Strain
%9$ Deine :0#3 M!d0#0s$
)t is defined as the ratio bet#een &irect Stress to .olumetric Strain. )t is denoted
by 87 2
7 = &irect Stress .
.olumetric Strain
%%$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r re#ati!ns&i( <et5een t&e T&ree M!d0#i$
/ = 976 .
(
+7:6
%2$ E;(#ain t&e =!iss!n4s4 Rati!$
The ratio bet#een !ateral Strain to !inear Strain is called as oisson2s 5atio. )t is
represented by (% ; m).
% = !ateral Strain
m !inear Strain
%)$ Deine Fa1t!r ! Saet'$
)t is defined as the ratio bet#een <ltimate Stress to the A'ailable Stress.
-actor of Safety = <ltimate Stress
A'ailable Stress
%*$ Deine +!"(!0nd :ars$
When a bar of same material consists of 'arying cross=section of different lengths
connected #ith one another, the bar is called as "ompound *ar.
%-$ Write an e;(ressi!n !r E#!n>ati!n in t&e +!"(!0nd :ar$

l
= f
1
l
1
+ f
2
l
2
+ f
3
l
3
: >>
/ / /
%.$ Deine T&er"a# Stress$
The stresses induced in a body due to change in temperature are 1no#n as
Thermal Stresses or Temperature Stress.
%2$ W&at is "eant <' +!"(!site :ar$
A composite *ar is made up of t#o or more bars of e,ual lengths but of different
materials rigidly fixed #ith each other and beha'ing as one unit for extension or
compression.
%6$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r Re#ati!ns&i( <et5een S&ear M!d0#0s and ?!0n>4s
M!d0#0s$
/ = (6 (% : % )
m
%8$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r Re#ati!ns&i( <et5een ?!0n>4s M!d0#0s t! :0#3
M!d0#0s$
/ = +7( % ? ( )
m
29$ Deine Linear Strain$
The ratio bet#een change in length to original length is called !inear Strain.
+
Unit II: :ea"s @ L!ads And Stresses
%A Deine s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent

S&ear !r1e: The algebraic sum of 'ertical forces distributed to the right or the left side
of the beam.
:endin> "!"ent: The algebraic sum of moments of the forces distributed to the right
or left side of the beam.
2A W&at is t&e re#ati!ns&i( <et5een intensit' ! #!ad and s&ear !r1e and s&ear !r1e
and <endin> "!"ent7
d.;dx = intensity of load
i) slope of shear force diagram at any point is e,ual to the intensity of load.
d4;dx = shear force = .
ii) slope of bending moment diagram at any point is e,ual to the shear force at
that point.
)A Deine (!int ! 1!ntra#e;0re$
oint of contraflexure is the point #here the bending moment changes the sign.
$b'iously, the bending moment at the point of contraflexure is @ero.
*A W&at is s&ear !r1e in a <ea" and re#ate it t! t&e #!ad7
Shear forceA refer ,uestion %
5elationA
!oad is e,ual to the rate of change of shear force
-A Dra5 t&e s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent dia>ra" !r a 1anti#e,er <ea" s0<Be1t
t! UDL !,er its entire s(an$
B
.A Dra5 t&e s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent dia>ra" ! a si"(#' s0((!rted <ea"
s0<Be1ted t! a (!int #!ad$
2A Dra5 t&e s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent dia>ra" !r a 1anti#e,er <ea"
s0<Be1ted t! a 1!nstant "!"ent C"4 at t&e ree end$
6A Deri,e t&e re#ati!n <et5een t&e s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent in <endin>
t&e!r'$
C
(
w
(:)
(=)
S-& *4&
S-&
*4& (=)
4
4 :Dx
m
w
A
wl
(
w
Ta1ing moment about left,
4 : -Dx;( : (- : D-)Dx;( = 4 : D4
$mitting small ,uantities, and in the limit
- = D4;Dx = D4;Dx
8A Dra5 t&e SFD and :MD ! a si"(#' s0((!rted <ea" 5&en t&e UDL is a1tin>
!,er t&e entire s(an$
%9A Find !0t t&e rea1ti!ns ! t&e si"(#' s0((!rted <ea" ! #en>t& *" &a,in> a
1#!135ise "!"ent ! 29N" at t&e "ids(an$
Ta1ing moment about A,
5
*
E B ? (F = F
5
*
= (F;B = C G
5
A
= =C G
%%A Dra5 t&e SFD and :MD !r a 1anti#e,er <ea" s0<Be1ted t! a (!int #!ad !
%9KN at its "ids(an i t&e t!ta# s(an ! t&e <ea" is *"$
%2A A si"(#' s0((!rted <ea" ! s(an ." 1arries a 1#!135ise "!"ent ! %993N" at
t&e #et s0((!rt$ Find t&e rea1ti!ns$
Ta1ing moment about A,
H
- :Dx dx
m
w

(
wl
(
wl
(=)
(:)
S-&
*4&
(
(
wl
*
A
Bm
(FG.m
%F1G
Bm
(m
%F
A
* "
A
" *
(F1G=m *4&
*
A
Hm
%FF 1G=m
:
"
S-&
=
5* E H = %FF
5* = %H.HI 1G
Ta1ing moment about *,
5A E H : %FF = F 5A = = %H.HI 1G
%)A List !0t t&e SFD and :MD t'(e !r ,ari!0s t'(es ! #!adin> arran>e"ent$

S$N!$ T'(e ! L!ad SFD :MD
% oint load (or)
"oncentrated load
5ectangle Triangle
( <niformly &istributed
!oad (<&!)
Triangle Second degree cur'e
(arabola)
+ <niformly .arying !oad
(<.!)
Second degree
cur'e (arabola)
Third degree cur'e
("ubic "ur'e)
T&e!r' ! Si"(#e :endin>
%*A Write d!5n t&e <endin> eD0ati!n$
The bending e,uation is 4;) = f;y = /;5
Where 4= *ending moment
- ? 4oment of inertia of the section.
y ? &istance from the neutral axis.
/ ? 3oung2s modulus of the beam.
%-A W&at are Cne0tra# a;is4 and Cne0tra# (#ane47
Ne0tra# =#ane: The surface in #hich there are no longitudinal stresses acting is
called neutral plane or layer. )n such planes there is neither compression nor expansion
ta1es place due to trans'erse load.
Ne0tra# A;is: A trace of this plane of the beam is called the neutral axis.
%.A W&at are t&e ass0"(ti!ns "ade in t&e t&e!r' ! <endin>7
%) The material is perfectly homogenous and isotropic. )t obeys 0oo1e2s la#.
() The 'alue of young2s modulus is the same in tension as #ell as in compression.
+) The radius of cur'ature of the beam is 'ery large compared to the cross section
dimension of the beam.
B) The resultant force on a trans'erse section of the beam is @ero.
%2A Deine Cse1ti!n "!d0#0s4
)t is the ratio of moment of inertia of the section to the distance of plane from
neutral axis.
Section modulus J= %;y
I
%6A W&at is t&e "!"ent ! resistan1e ! t&e se1ti!n7
)t is the product of section modulus and the bending stress at that section.
4 = f x @
%8A W&at is #it1&ed <ea"7 W&' is it 0sed7
A beam #hich is considered by t#o different materials is called flitched beam or
composite beam.
)t is mainly used to reinforce the material #hich has lo#er strength and reduce the
cost.
29A State t&e t&e!r' ! si"(#e <endin>
)f a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due
to shear then it is called simple bending.
Lea S(rin>s
2%A W&at is a #ea s(rin> and 5&ere it is 0sed7
A leaf spring is a beam of uniform strength supported at the centre and loaded at
the ends. These are built up of number of plates or leaf each other.
)t is commonly employed in the suspension systems of rear axles of cars and both
axles of hea'ier 'ehicles.
22A List t&e t'(e ! #ea s(rin>s$
%) semi= elliptical leaf spring
() ,uarter= elliptical leaf spring.
2)A W&at are !t&er na"es !r #ea s(rin>s7
"arriage springs, !aminated springs.
2*A A #ea s(rin> &as . (#ates ! 5idt& -9 "" and t&i13ness -""$ Find t&e se1ti!n
"!d0#0s at "id@s(an se1ti!n$
Section modulus, J = bt
(
;H
At mid span, thic1ness t = Hplates x Cmm thic1ness
T = +Fmm
J = (CF x +F
(
) ; H = ICFF mm
+
2-A Write t&e eD0ati!n !r t&e de#e1ti!n ! #ea s(rin>s$
&eflection at the centre, D = (+;K) x W!
+
;n/bt
+
K
Unit III: T!rsi!n
S&ear Stress Distri<0ti!n
%A W&at t'(es ! stresses are 1a0sed in a <ea" s0<Be1ted t! a 1!nstant s&ear !r1e7
.ertical and hori@ontal shear stress
2A W&at are t&e "ain ass0"(ti!ns 5&i#e deri,in> t&e >enera# !r"0#a !r s&ear
stresses7
%) The material is homogeneous, elastic and isotropic.
() The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same
+) The shear stress is constant along the beam #idth.
B) The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of the bending
stress.
)A Deine s&ear stress distri<0ti!n$
The 'ariation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress
distribution.
*A Write d!5n t&e e;(ressi!n !r s&ear stress distri<0ti!n in a <ea" s0<Be1ted t! a
s&ear !r1e F$
Shear distribution D E Sa' F I <

Where,
,= Shear stress
9
S= Shear force
Ay= 4oment sectional area
b= *eam #idth
)=4oment of inertia
-A Deine T!rsi!n7
)f the shaft is subjected to t#o opposite turning moments, it is said to be in pure torsion
and it #ill exhibit the tendency of shearing off at e'ery cross=sections #hich is
perpendicular to longitudinal axis. (or)
A shaft is said to be in Torsion #hen e,ual and opposite tor,ues are applied at the t#o
ends of a shaft.
.A Write T!rsi!n eD0ati!n7

L
G
R
f
I
T
s
P

T ? Tor,ue, Gm. )
p
? olar moment of inertia, m
B
f
s
? Shear stress, G;m
(
5 ? 5adius of shaft. 6 ? 4odulus of 5igidity, G;m
(
L = Angle of t#ist in
radians.
! ? !ength of shaft.
2A W&' &!##!5 s&ats are 1!nsidered 1!"(ared t! a s!#id s&at7
+!"(aris!n <' stren>t&:
The shafts ha'e same length, material, and same #eight and hence maximum
shear stress is same. The tor,ue transmitted by the is greater than the solid shaft thus
pro'ing that hollo# shaft is stringer than solid shaft.
+!"(aris!n <' 5ei>&t:
*oth shafts ha'e same length, material but the gi'en tor,ue, #eight of hollo#
shaft #ill be less than solid shaft. So, hollo# shaft are economical compared to solid
shaft.
6A Deine stiness ! t&e s(rin>7
Stiffness of the spring is the load re,uired to produce unit deflection.
Deflection
applied Load
m
N
unit
W
S Stiffness

A M ) (

8A Deine =!#ar M!d0#0s7

olar modulus is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft.
( )
+
A M m unit
R
I
Z
P
P

%F
olar modulus for circular section =
%H
(
+(
+
B
D
D
D

( )
p
= )
NN
: )
33
)
%9A Deine T!rsi!na# ri>idit'7
Torsional rigidity (6)

) is the product of modulus of rigidity and polar moment of inertia.

(or)
Torsional rigidity is defined as tor,ue re,uired to produce a t#ist of one radian per unit
length of the shaft.

TL
GI
P

%%A Write t&e ass0"(ti!ns in t!rsi!n7
%. 4aterial of the shaft is uniform throughout.
(. T#ist along the length of shaft is uniform throughout.
+. Shaft circular in section remains circular after loading.
%2A W&at is t&e (!5er trans"itted <' 1ir10#ar s&at s0<Be1ted t! a t!rD0e ! 299
3N" at %99 r("$
6i'enA T = IFF 1Gm = IFF N %F
+
Gm.
G= %FF rpm
o#er
kw
NT
p
FFF , HF
(

(T=mean a'erage tor,ue in Gm)

FFF , HF
%F IFF %FF (
+
x x x
p

kw p +K . I++F
%)A A 1ir10#ar s&at r0nnin> at %-9 r(" trans"its a (!5er ! %29 3W deter"ine t&e
"ean t!rD0e$
6i'enA circular shaft
G = %CF rpm
p = %(F 1W
o#er
kw
NT
p
mean
FFF , HF
(

FFF , HF
%CF (
%(F
mean
T x

Nm T
mean
B . IH(F
%*A Write an e;(ressi!n !r t&e an>#e ! t5ist !r a &!##!5 1ir10#ar s&at 5it&
e;terna# dia"eter GDA, interna# dia"eter GdA, #en>t& G#A and ri>idit' "!d0#0s GGA
6i'enA 0ollo# circular shaft
l
G
I
T
p

p
GI
Tl

%%
) (
+(
%
B B
d D
x
G
Tl

) (
+(
B B
d D G
Tl

%-A A s!#id 1ir10#ar s&at ! -9 "" dia"eter is s0<Be1ted t! a t!rD0e$ I t&e

"a;i"0" (er"issi<#e s&ear stress !r t&e "ateria# is -9 NF""
2
H deter"ine t&e
"a;i"0" t!rD0e t&an 1an <e a((#ied ! "ateria# is 69 G=a$
6i'enA solid circular shaft
d = CFmm = CF x %F
=+
m
(
H
(
%F CF CF
m
N
x
mm
N
fs
&etermineA max. Tor,ue, angle of t#ist if
(i) Tor,ue, 6 = KF 6a = KF N %F
9
G;m
(
Tor,ue ( )
+
+ H
+
%F CF
%H
%F CF
%H

x x x
d
fs T

= %.((I 1Gm (or)
= %.((I x %F
H
Gmm
(ii) Angle of t#ist (L)
l
G
R
fs

( ) m l assum
x x x
x x
GR
fsl
%
%F (C %F KF
% %F CF
+ 9
H

L = (.C x %F
=C
rad
%.A A 1!nstant "!"ent is a((#ied t! a strai>&t 1ir10#ar r!d ! %9"" dia"eter$
Deter"ine t&e "a;i"0" stress de,e#!(ed in t&e r!d i t&e radi0s ! 10r,at0re d0e
t! t&e a((#ied "!"ent is 2-99""$ E E 299G=a$
6i'enA 4 = moment is constant.
d = %Fmm = %F x %F
=+
m

5 = (CFFmm = (CFF x %F
=+
m
/ = (FF x %F
9
G;m
(

R
E
I
M

R
E D
R
I E
M
B
HB

( )
+
9
B
+
%F (CFF
%F (FF %F %F
HB

%(

. (I . (C%+ Nm M

f
I
M

I
M
f
( )

,
_

(
%F %F
%F %F
HB
(I . (C%+
+
B
+

E
= (.CC x %F
%F
G;m
(
.
%2A Write t&e e;(ressi!n t! deter"ine$
i. Shearing stress
ii. &eflection
iii. Strain energy
i'. Stiffness
'. !ength of coil.
'i. Solid length
'ii. -re,uency of free 'ibration in a closely coiled helical spring.
i. Shear stress, f
s =
( )
(
+
A
%H
m N unit
d
WR

( ) mm o! m unit
Gd
n WR
Deflection ii A
HB
, .
B
+

"olume
G
f
# ene!$ St!ain iii
s

B
, .
(

( )
W #
o!
Nm unit
Gd
n R W
(
%
A
+(
B
+ (

).. ( )
m
N
unit
W
S Stiffness A ) (

.. !ength of coil = (O5n

.). Solid length = nd
.)). -re,uency of free 'ibration (f) =

$
(
%
%+
f
s
? Shear stress (G;m
(
)
W ? Applied load (G)
5 ? 5adius of coil (m)
d ? &ia of #ire (m)
n ? Gumber of turns
6 = 4odulus of rigidity (G;m
(
)
D = &eflection (m)
< = Strain energy (Gm)
g =acceleration due to gra'ity (m
(
;s)

W
d
&
%6A La"inated s(rin> G!rA Lea s(rin>$
Write the expression to determine bending stress, deflection and strain energy in a leaf
spring.
%. *ending stress
(
(
+
N%t
Wl
f
%

(. &eflection
+
+
K
+
EN%t
Wl

+. Strain energy .
H
(
sp!in$ of "olume
E
f
#
%

%8A Write t&e e;(ressi!n t! deter"ine t&e de#e1ti!n in a !(en 1!i#ed &e#i1a# s(rin>.
1
1
]
1

+
I E I G
n WR Deflection
p


( (
+
sin cos
sec ( ,
1
1
]
1

I E I G
n WR !otation An$ula!
p
% %
sin ( ,
+

29A Gi,e t&e eD0ati!n !r Wa&#4s 1!rre1ti!n a1t!r
Wahl2s correction factor (7) =
& &
& H%C . F
B B
% B
+

Where " is spring index

%B
b = Width of plate
t =Thic1ness of each plate.
a = $'er lap at each end.
G = Gumber of plates in the spring
! = !ength of spring span.
f = *ending stress.
/ = 3oung2s modulus of elasticity.
Unit I/: :ea" De#e1ti!n
%$ Deine #e;0ra# ri>idit'
The product of 3oung2s modulus and area moment of inertia is called as flexural
rigidity.
-lexural rigidity = /)
Where, / ? 3oung2s modulusM ) ? Area moment of inertia
2$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r Re#ati!ns&i( a"!n> s#!(e, de#e1ti!n and #!ad intensit' ,
s&ear !r1e and <endin> "!"ent$
5elationship for loading = /)
B
B
dx
d
5elationship for shear force = /)
+
+
dx
d
5elationship for bending moment= /)
(
(
dx
d

5elationship for slope = /)
dx
d
5elationship for deflection = /)y
)$ Write t&e dierentia# eD0ati!n !r de#e1ti!n$ Or eD0ati!n ! e#asti1 10r,e

(
(
dx
d
EI
M

*$ W&at is d!0<#e inte>rati!n "et&!d7

%C
&ouble integration method is one of the methods to find slope and deflection at
section of a beam. )n this method, the differential e,uation
(
(
dx
d
EI
M

is integrated t#ice
to get a control e,uation for finding slope and deflection.
-$ W&at are t&e ass0"(ti!ns "ade <' t&e d!0<#e inte>rati!n "et&!d7
i. The #hole deflection is due to bending moment only and that the deflection
caused by shear force is negligible.
ii. &eflection is small compared to cross sectional dimension of the beam.
iii. The beam is of uniform cross section and straight before application of load.
i'. 4odulus of elasticity in tension and compression are e,ual.
.$ W&at are t&e "et&!ds 0sed !r indin> t&e s#!(e and de#e1ti!n ! <ea"s7
i. &ouble integration method
ii. 4oment area method
iii. 4acaulay2s method
i'. Strain energy method
.."onjugate beam method
2$ State t&e "!"ent area t&e!re" !r <ea" s#!(e
a. -irst moment = area theoremA
The angle bet#een the tangents to the deflection cur'e at t#o points is e,ual to
the negati'e of the area of the 4;/) diagram bet#een these points.
b. Second moment = area theoremA
The offset of point * from the tangent at A is e,ual to the negati'e of the first
moment of area of the 4;/) diagram bet#een A and *, ta1en #ith respect to the last *.
6$ A 1anti#e,er %$- " #!n> 1arries a 0ni!r"#' distri<0ted #!ad !,er t&e entire
#en>t&$ Find t&e de#e1t i!n at t&e ree end i t&e s#!(e at t&e ree end is %$-$
S!#0ti!n:
!ength of the cantile'er, l =%.Cm
Slope at the free end= %.C= %.Cx P;%KF radian
#;unit run
A :
'
<
%.Cm

%H
Slope at the free end=#l
+
;H/) = %.Cx P;%KF
#l
+
;/) = %.Cx PxH;%KF =P;(F
&eflection at the free end,
'
< =
#l
B
;K/) = (#l
+
;/)) xl;K = (P;(F)x(%.C;K) =28$*- ""
8$ State 1asti>#ian!4s t&e!re" !r t&e de#e1ti!n ! <ea"s
)t stares that the partial deri'ati'e of the strain energy #ith respect to any
displacement is e,ual to the corresponding force
i,
pro'ided that the strain energy is
expressed as a function of the displacements.

i=
i
#

Where, i
=
-orce

i
#

=
5ate of change of strain energy
%9$ W&at is Ma1a0#a'4s "et&!d7
)n 4acaulay2s method a single e,uation is formed for all loadings on a beam, the
e,uation is constructed in such a #ay that the constants of integration apply to all
portions of the beam. This method is also called method of singularity functions. This is a
con'enient method for determining the deflection of a beam subjected to point loads or in
general discontinuous loads.
%%$ W&at is t&e !r"0#a !r s#!(e and de#e1ti!n ! a 1anti#e,er ! #en>t& L s0<Be1ted
t! 1!n1entrated #!ad W at ree end <' d!0<#e inte>rati!n "et&!d7
Slope=
EI
WL
(
(
%2$ W&en is Ma1a0#a'4s "et&!d !0nd t! <e ,er' 0se0#7
i. When the problem of deflection in beams are a bit tedious and laborious.
ii. When the beam is carrying se'eral point loads.
iii. )t is used to find deflection #here *4 is discontinuous
%)$ W&at is t&e "ain dieren1e <et5een Ma1a0#a'4s "et&!d and d!0<#e inte>rati!n
"et&!d7
)n 4acaulay2s method, e'en though the bending moment 'aries from section to
section, the constant of integration are 'alid for all sections of the beam. This is the main
difference bet#een 4acaulay2s method and double integration method.
%*$ W&at is t&e re#ati!n <et5een "a;i"0" <endin> stress and "a;i"0" de#e1ti!n
! a si"(#' s0((!rted <ea" ! s(an #, 1arr'in> 0ni!r"#' distri<0ted #!ad 5 (er
0nit r0n !,er t&e 5&!#e s(an7
%I
i. 4aximum bending stress f =
I
d wl
%H
(
ii. 4aximum deflection
EI
wl
B
+KB
C

E
f
l
d
l (B
C

%-$ Deine s#enderness rati!

)t is the ratio of unsupported length of the column to the minimum radius of
gyration of the cross=sectional ends of the column. )t has no units.
%.$ Deine <013#in> a1t!r
)t is the ratio bet#een the e,ui'alent lengths of the column to the minimum radius
of gyration.
%2$ W&at is eD0i,a#ent #en>t& ! a 1!#0"n7
The distance bet#een adjacent points of inflexion is called e,ui'alent or effecti'e
length or simple column length. A point of inflexion is found at e'ery column end that is
free to rotate and at e'ery point #here there is a change of the axis.
%6$ W&at are t&e ass0"(ti!ns "ade in deri,in> E0#er4s !r"0#a7
i. The column is initially straight and of uniform lateral dimension
ii. The compressi'e load is exactly axial and passes through the centroid of the
column section
iii. The material of the column is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
i'. in joints are frictionless and fixed ends are perfectly rigid.
'. The column fails by buc1ling alone.
'i. !imit of proportionality is not exceeded.
%8$ Write t&e E0#er4s !r"0#a t! deter"ine t&e 1riti1a# #!ad !r a 1!#0"n$
P
E0#er
E
(
(
e
l
EI
Where, =critical load, /=modulus of elasticity, )=!east moment of inertia of section of
the column, l
e
=e,ui'alent of the column.
29$ Write t&e Ran3ine !r 1!#0"ns$
P
Ran3ine
E
(
%

,
_

+
k
l
a
A
e
c

%K
Where, =crippling load, A=Sectional area,
c

=4aximum possible compressi'e stress

column, l
e
=e,ui'alent of the column, a=
E
c
(

, / = modulus of elasticity, 1=least

radius of gyration.

Unit /: Ana#'sis ! Stresses in T5! Di"ensi!ns

%$ Deine &!!( stress 1ir10"eren1e !r stress$
The stress acting along the circumference of the shell is called hoop stress
2$ Deine #!n>it0dina# stress$
The stresses acting along the axis of the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.
)$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r #!n>it0dina# stress I H!!( stress
!ongitudinal stress
t
pd
f
l
B

"ircumference stress
t
pd
f
c
(

Where p ? pressure force

d ? &iameter of cylinder
t? Thic1ness of cylinder
*$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r 1&an>e is di"ensi!ns ! t&e t&in 1'#indri1a# s&e##$
(i) "hange in diameter
,
_

m tE
pd
d
(
%
(
(

(ii) "hange in length

,
_

m tE
pdl
l
(
%
B

(iii) "hange in 'olume

,
_

m tE
pd'
'
(
(
C
(

Where l
d
'
B
(

-$ Deine (rin1i(a# (#ane and (rin1i(a# stresses$

The planes #hich ha'e no shear stress are 1no#n as principal planes.
These planes carry only normal stresses. The normal stresses acting on the principal
plane are 1no#n as principal stresses.
%9
.$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r <!d' s0<Be1ted t! t5! "0t0a##' (er(endi10#ar
stresses a1tin>
(i) Gormal stress ( cos
( (
( % ( %
f f f f
f
n

+
+

(ii) Tangential stress ( sin

(
( %
f f
f
t

(or) shear stress

(iii) 5esultant stress
(
(
(
f f f
n !
+
(i') &irection of the plane
!
t
f
f

2$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r t5! "0t0a##' (er(endi10#ar stresses and s&ear
stresses a1tin> !n t&e <!d'$
(i) Gormal stress ( sin ( cos
( (
( % ( %
(
f f f f
f
n
+

+
+

(ii) Tangential stress ( cos ( sin

(
( %
(
f f
f
t

(or) shear stress

(iii) 4aximum shear stress
(
( %
max
f f
f
t
+

6$ Write t&e e;(ressi!n !r "aB!r (rin1i(a# stresses and (rin1i(a# (#anes$

(i) 4ajor rincipal stress
(
(
( % ( %
( (
(
f f f f
+
,
_

+
+

(ii) 4inor principal stress

(
(
( % ( %
( (
(
f f f f
+
,
_

(iii) rincipal planesA

( %
(
( tan
f f
(

(i') 4aximum shear stress =
(
(
( %
(
(
f f
+
,
_

8$ In <ia;ia# #!adin> s'ste", 5&ere d!es t&e "a;i"0" s&ear stress !110rs7
4aximum shear stress occurs in a biaxial loading system at BC and %+C to the
normal section.
%9$ Deine t&in 1'#inder
)f the thic1ness of the #all of the shell is less than %;%F to %;%C of its diameter,
then it is 1no#n as thin cylinder.
%%$ Deine t&i13 1'#inder
)f the ratio of shell diameter to its thic1ness is less than %F to %C, then it is 1no#n
as thic1 cylinder.
(F
%2$ W&at is t&e intensit' ! #0id (ress0re in t&in and t&i13 1'#inders7
i. Thin cylinder= CG ;mm
(
ii. Thic1 cylinder ? (F G;mm
(
%)$ List !0t t&e stresses t&at !110r in t&in 1'#inders
i. 5adial stress (negligible)
ii. "ircumferential stress or hoop stress
iii. !ongitudinal stress
%*$ Deine M!&r4s 1ir1#e
A circle #ith centre at a point and radius in a "artesian system #ith direct
stresses along one axis, shearing stresses along another axis is called 4ohr2s circle.
%-$ Deine@ O<#iD0it'$
The angle that the line of action of the resultant stress ma1es #ith the normal to
the plane is called obli,uity (

)
tan

=
n
t
P
P
%.$ W&at is t&e !r"0#a !r !<#iD0it' t! <e >reatest !n a (#ane7
(=
(
max
(

+

%2$ Deine@ Dia>!na# tensi#e and dia>!na# 1!"(ressi,e stresses

$n one principal plane, there #ill be tensile stress and the other principal plane
#ill carry a compressi'e stress. These principal stresses are called as diagonal tensile and
diagonal compressi'e stresses.
%6$ Deine (0re s&ear$
The shear thus produced on a plane in #hich, normal stress is @ero and only
shearing stresses exist is 1no#n as pure shear.
%8$ Deine stress tens!r
The state of stress at a point can be defined by three components on each of the
three mutually perpendicular axes in mathematical terminology is called as stress tensor.
29$ Deine stress trans!r"ati!n
The process of changing stresses from one set of co=ordinate axes to another is
termed as stress transformation.
(%
((