ASME B 31.

3 PROCESS PIPING
The piping which is generally found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semi conductor and cryogenic plants, and related processing plants. This section includes a) Acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirements & pressure temperature ratings. b) Requirements for design of components and assemblies, including piping supports. c) Requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces. d) Guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods. e) Requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping. f) Requirements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping.

ASME B 31.1 POWER PIPING

Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems.

This Code Section includes: (1) References to acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirements and pressure-temperature ratings; (2) Requirements for design of components and assemblies, including pipe supports; (3) Requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces; (4) Guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods; (5) Requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping and (6) Requirements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping.

ASME B 31.4 PIPELINE TRANSPORTATIONS SYSTEMS FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Piping transporting products which are predominately liquid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations.

a) Reference to acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirements and pressure-temperature ratings; (b) Requirements for design of components and assemblies, including pipe supports; (c) Requirements and data for evaluation and limitations of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces; (d) Guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods; (e) Requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping; (f) Requirements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping; (g) Procedures for operation and maintenance that are essential to public safety; and (h) Provisions for protecting pipelines from external corrosion and internal corrosion/erosion.

ASME B 31.8 GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS

Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems: piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and terminals, including compressor, regulating, and metering stations; and gas gathering pipelines. (1) References to acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirements and pressure-temperature ratings; (2) Requirements for design of components and assemblies, including pipe supports; (3) Requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces; (4) Guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods; (5) Requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping and (6) Requirements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping.

API 620 DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE, WELDED, LOW-PRESSURE STORAGE TANKS
This standard is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of purchasers and manufacturers of welded, low-pressure oil storage tanks of various sizes and capacities for internal pressures not more than 15 pounds per square inch gauge.

It includes 1.2.1) This standard covers the design and construction of large, welded, low-pressure carbon steel above ground storage tanks (including flat-bottom tanks) that have a single vertical axis of revolution. This standard does not cover design procedures for tanks that have walls shaped in such a way that the walls cannot be generated in their entirety by the rotation of a suitable contour around a single vertical axis of revolution. 1.2.2) The tanks described in this standard are designed for metal temperatures not greater than 250F and with pressures in their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 lbf/in gauge. 1.2.3) The basic rules in this standard provide for installation in areas where the lowest recorded 1-day mean atmospheric temperature is 50F. 1.2.4) The rules in this standard are applicable to tanks that are intended to (a) hold or store liquids with gases or vapors above their surface or (b) hold or store gases or vapors alone. These rules do not apply to lift-type gas holders. 1.2.5) Although the rules in this standard do not cover horizontal tanks, they are not intended to preclude the application of appropriate portions to the design and construction of horizontal tanks designed in accordance with good engineering practice. The details for horizontal tanks not covered by these rules shall be equally as safe as the design and construction details provided for the tank shapes that are expressly covered in this standard.

API 650 WELDED STEEL TANKS FOR OIL STORAGE

This standard is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of purchasers and manufacturers of welded steel oil storage tanks of various sizes and capacities for internal pressures not more than 2pounds per square inch gauge.

1.1.1) This standard covers material, design, fabrication, erection, and testing requirements for vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, closed- and open-top, welded steel storage tanks in various sizes and capacities for internal pressures approximating atmospheric pressure (internal pressures not exceeding the weight of the roof plates), but a higher internal pressure is permitted when additional requirements are met. This standard applies only to tanks whose entire bottom is uniformly supported and to tanks in non refrigerated service that have a maximum operating temperature of 90C (200F) 1.1.2) This standard is designed to provide the petroleum industry with tanks of adequate safety and reasonable economy for use in the storage of petroleum, petroleum products, and other liquid products commonly handled and stored by the various branches of the industry. This standard does not present or establish a fixed series of allowable tank sizes; instead, it is intended to permit the purchaser to select whatever size tank may best meet his needs. This

standard is intended to help purchasers and manufacturers in ordering, fabricating, and erecting tanks; it is not intended to prohibit purchasers and manufacturers from purchasing or fabricating tanks that meet specifications other than those contained in this standard.

AWS D1.1STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE STEEL

This code contains the requirements for fabricating and erecting welded steel structures. The following is a summary of the code sections: 1. General Requirements. This section contains basic information on the scope and limitations of the code. 2. Design of Welded Connections. This section contains requirements for the design of welded connections composed of tubular, or nontubular, product form members. 3. Prequalification. This section contains the requirements for exempting a WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) from the qualification requirements of this code. 4. Qualification. This section contains the qualification requirements for WPSs and welding personnel (welders, welding operators and tack welders) necessary to perform code work. 5. Fabrication. This section contains the requirements for the preparation, assembly and workmanship of welded steel structures. 6. Inspection. This section contains criteria for the qualifications and responsibilities of inspectors, acceptance criteria for production welds, and standard procedures for performing visual inspection and NDT (nondestructive testing). 7. Stud Welding. This section contains the requirement for the welding of studs to structural steel. 8. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures. This section contains basic information pertinent to the welded modification or repair of existing steel structures.

ASNT LEVEL II-NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Non destructive evaluation Visual inspection is limited to discovery of surface irregularities. Hence it must be done at all phases of fabrication sequence for proper coverage of inspection. Essential elements of NDT. 1. Source of probing energy or medium. 2. Discontinuity must cause change or alteration of probing energy. 3. A means of detecting change.4. A means of indicating change. 5. A means of observing or recording this indication for making interpretation.

PENETRANT TESTING. (PT) The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective means for detecting discontinuities which are open to the surface of nonporous metals and other materials. Typical discontinuities detectable by this method are cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, and porosity.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MPT) The magnetic particle examination method may be applied to detect cracks and other discontinuities on or near the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. The sensitivity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly with increasing depth of subsurface discontinuities below the surface. Typical types of discontinuities that can be detected by this method are cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, and laminations. ULTRASONIC TESTING. (UT)This method of testing uses high frequency of sound wave well above the range of human hearing to measure the geometric and physical properties in material. Sound wave travel at different speed in different materials.

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT) - Electromagnetic radiation is imposed upon a test object. Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees dependant upon the density of the material through which it is travelling. Variations in transmission detected by photographic film or fluorescent screens. Applicable to metals, non-metals and composites.

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING FILM INTERPRETATION (RTFI) - The digital image shall be interpreted while displayed on a cathode ray tube (soft display). The interpretation may include density and contrast adjustment, quantification, and pixel measurement, including digital or optical density values and linear or area measurement. The interpretation of a digitized image is dependent upon the same subjective evaluation by a trained interpreter as the interpretation of a radiographic or radioscopic image. Some of the significant parameters considered during interpretation include: area of interest, image quality, IQI image, magnification, density, contrast, discontinuity shape (rounded, linear, irregular), and artifact identification.

HEAT TREATMENT
Heat treatment is used to avert or relieve the detrimental effects of high temperature and severe temperature gradients inherent in welding, and to relieve residual stresses created by bending and forming. a) Heat treatment shall be in accordance with the material groupings and thickness ranges. b) Heat treatment to be used after production welding shall be specified in the WPS and shall be used in qualifying the welding procedure. c) The engineering design shall specify the examination and/or other production quality control (not less than the requirements of this Code) to ensure that the final welds are of adequate quality.

NACE: NATIONAL ASSOSIATION OF CORROSION ENGINEERS

Overview corrosion-It gives a general idea of Electrochemical, or galvanic, corrosion and the role of protective coatings as one method of controlling corrosion. Ambient conditions affect a coating job. Instruments used to measure ambient conditions wiII be introduced and demonstrated. Common coating terms will be included, coating components and curing mechanisms, describe the measurement of wet- and dry-film thickness, and define the inspector's tasks.

ASME SEC 1 RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF POWER BOILERS

This Code covers rules for construction of power boilers, electric boilers, miniature boilers, and high-temperature water boilers to be used in stationary service and includes those power boilers used in locomotive, portable, and traction service.

ASME SEC V NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

NDE methods are intended to detect surface and internal imperfections in materials, welds, fabricated parts, and components. They include Radiographic Examination, Ultrasonic Examination, Liquid Penetrant Examination, Magnetic particle examination, Eddy current examination, Visual Examination, Leak Testing, and Acoustic Emission examination.

ASME SEC VIII RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELSN

Division 1
Pressure vessels are containers for the containment of pressure, either internal or external. This pressure may be obtained from an external source, or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination thereof. This Division contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and non
mandatory guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief.

Division 2
This Division is divided into three Subsections, Mandatory Appendices, and Nonmandatory Appendices. Subsection A consists of Part covering the general requirements applicable to all pressure vessels. Subsection B covers specific requirements that are applicable to the various methods used in the fabrication of pressure vessels. It consists of Parts UW, UF, and UB dealing with welded, forged, and brazed methods, respectively. Subsection C covers specific requirements applicable to the several classes of materials used in pressure vessel construction.

Division 3
The scope of this Division has been established to identify the components and parameters considered in formulating the rules in this division. Any pressure vessel which meets all the applicable requirements of this Division may be stamped with the Code U Symbol

Division 4
The rules of this Division have been formulated on the basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels designed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi (20 MPa). For pressures above 3000 psi (20 MPa), deviations from and additions to these rules usually are necessary to meet the requirements of design principles and construction practices for these higher pressures.

Division 5
In relation to geometry of pressure containing parts, the scope of this Division shall include the following: a) Where external piping; other pressure vessels including heat exchangers; or mechanical devices, such as pumps, mixers, or compressors, are to be connected to the vessel. b) where nonpressure parts are welded directly to either the internal or external pressure retaining surface of a pressure vessel. c) pressure retaining covers for vessel openings, such as manhole and handhole covers.

d) The first sealing surface for proprietary fittings or components for which rules are not provided by this Division, such as gages, instruments, and nonmetallic components.

Division 6
The scope of the Division includes provisions for pressure relief devices to satisfy the requirements.

ASME SEC IX QUALIFICATION STANDARD FOR WELDING AND BRAZING PROCEDURES, WELDERS, BRAZERS, AND WELDING AND BRAZING OPERATORS

Relates to the qualification of welders, welding operators, brazers, and brazing operators, and the procedures employed in welding or brazing in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ASMEB31 Code for Pressure Piping. Section IX establishes the basic criteria for welding and brazing which are observed in the preparation of welding and brazing requirements that affect procedure and performance.

Procedure Qualifications Each process that has been evaluated by Section IX is listed separately with the essential and non essential variables as they apply to that particular process. In general, the Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) and the Brazing Procedure Specifications (BPS) are to list all essential and nonessential variables for each process that is included under that particular procedure specification.

Performance Qualifications

It describes the applicable variables for all processes. A welder or welding operator may be qualified by
mechanical bending tests, radiography of a test plate, or radiography of the initial production weld. Brazers or brazing operators may not be qualified by radiography.

Welding And Brazing Data

The welding and brazing data articles include the variables grouped into categories such as joints, base materials and filler materials, positions, preheat/postweld heat treatment, gas, electrical characteristics, and technique.