1. Which of the following statements is true of DNA damage? a. All DNA damage results in diseases such as cancer b.

Most DNA damage is repaired by the cell c. All DNA damage is caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents d. Most DNA damage is advantageous to the cell 2. What bonds form between nucleotides on the newly synthesized strands of DNA? a. Phosphodiester bonds b. Hydrogen Bonds c. Ester linkage d. Disulfide Bridge e. None of the above 3. After two generations of conservative replication, a generation should consist of: a. low-density DNA b. All intermediate-density DNA c. high-density DNA d. low-density DNA e. All high-density DNA 4. A template strand is read in the ________ direction; new nucleotides are added in the ________ direction. a. 3-5; 5-3 b. 5-3; 3-5 c. 5-3; 5-3 d. 3-5; 3-5 e. It depends on the DNA 5. All of the following are the same regarding bacterial and eukaryotic chromosomes except: a. Replication proceeds in two directions at once b. Helicase opens the double helix c. Leading strand is made continuously d. They have a single point of origin e. They undergo semiconservative replication 6. What is the function of the DNA ligase? a. To remove RNA primer b. To remove DNA primer c. To connect Okazaki fragments d. To ligate the leading strand e. Support DNA polymerase III 7. Griffith discovered a. That the substance that transformed R to S was DNA b. That heat-killed S cells allowed a mouse to live c. That the R cells are nonpathogenic d. A and B are correct e. A and C are correct f. B and C are correct

g. A, B, and C are correct 8. In Avery, McCarty, and Macleods experiment, a. When DNA was removed, there was no transformation b. When RNA was removed, there was no transformation c. When protein was removed, there was no transformation d. When DNA was present, there was no transformation e. None of the above 9. What is the basic unit of chromatin? a. DNA b. Chromosomes c. Chromatin Fiber d. Nucleosome 10. Histone acetylation is a part of post-translational modification a. True b. False 11. What type of interaction can be involved in the formation of the tertiary structure of the hormone insulin? a. Hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the hydrogen of the amino group in another amino acid b. Peptide bonds between different polypeptide chains c. Covalent bonds between R groups d. Peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids 12. Pasteur conducted an experiment to test two hypotheses about the origin of life, the spontaneous generation hypothesis versus the all cells from cells hypothesis. Which best describes the all cells from cells hypothesis? a. It is consistent with the observation that some time after boiling an open flask of nutrient broth containing cells, and then sealing the flask, living cells can again be found in a sealed flask. b. It is consistent with the observation that some time after boiling an open flask of nutrient broth containing cells, living cells can again be found in the open flask. c. It is consistent with the observation that some time after boiling a flask of nutrient broth containing cells, and then sealing the flask, no living cells can be found in a sealed flask. d. A and B e. B and C 13. Which of the following is TRUE of membrane fluidity a. Fluidity is a determinant of membrane function. b. Fluidity of the membrane is increased when temperature drops c. Fluidity is increased when the number of saturated fatty acid tails is increased compared to the number of unsaturated fatty acid tails d. Fluidity is increased with increased active transport. e. None of the above 14. All of the following are true of secondary structure EXCEPT: a. Beta sheets are formed by bonding between carbonyl oxygens and amino group hydrogens in the polypeptide backbone

b. Alpha helices are formed by bonding between carbonyl oxygens and amino group hydrogens in the polypeptide backbone c. DNA secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonding within the sugar-phosphate backbone d. DNA secondary structure is an antiparallel double helix e. All are true 15. All of the following are true of pH EXCEPT: a. Most enzymes have a pH optimum b. Acidophiles and alkiliphiles survive by maintaining their cytoplasm at the same pH as their environment c. A pH of 5 has 100 times more protons than a solution with a pH of 7 d. A wide array of molecules act as buffers to maintain homeostasis in cells 16. Erwin Chargaff observed that in DNA the [A] = [T] and the [C] = [G]. Base pairing between the pyrimidines and purines allows ______. a. Hydrogen bonding between sugar phosphates and sugar hydroxyl groups in adjacent nucleotides b. Covalent linkages between nucleotides c. A constant spacing between strands in the double helix d. DNA to specify protein primary structure e. None of the above 17. In the experiment that Hershey and Chase performed to determine which macromolecule contains genetic information, the researchers labeled virus with 32P-phosphorus and 35S-sulfur and then infected bacteria with the virus. All of the following provide a rationale for their experimental protocol EXCEPT: a. 34P-phosphorus labels DNA b. 32P-phosphorus labels proteins c. Only viral genetic information is injected into the bacteria d. 35S-sulfur labels proteins e. A and B f. B and C g. All of the above h. None of the above 18. 16. The double helix model for DNA structure a. Incorporated information obtained by X-ray diffraction b. Incorporated the observation that [A] = [T] and [C] = [G] c. Proposed that DNA has two antiparallel strands d. All of the above 19. How is translation terminated? a. The end of the mRNA molecule is reached b. A stop codon is reached c. The 5 cap is reached d. The poly A tail is reached 20. 23. All of the following contribute to the accuracy of DNA replication EXCEPT:

a. Proofreading by DNA polymerase b. Nucleotide excision repair activity c. Mismatch repair activity d. DNA ligase activity e. All of the above contribute 21. 27. If the DNA template strand for an mRNA has the sequence 5 AGT 3, then the anticodon on the tRNA would be 5 _______ 3. a. AGT b. TCA c. UCA d. AGU e. UCU 22. What is a TATA box? a. It is a sequence of DNA that indicates where RNA polymerase binds b. It is a sequence of DNA near the transcription start site in eukaryotes c. It is a sequence of DNA specifying transcription termination d. A and B e. None of the above 23. Which type of extremophile adapts to its environment primarily by altering its cytoplasm to be more like that of its extreme surroundings? a. Thermophiles b. Acidophiles c. Alkaliphiles d. Halophiles e. All of the above 24. Hydrocarbons are not amphipathic molecules. Why is that so? a. They do not have a polar or charged region b. They do not have a hydrophobic region c. They are liquid at room temperature d. They spontaneously form micelles or liposomes in solution e. Only proteins can be amphipathic 25. In eukaryotic cells, genes consist of _____________, and chromosomes consist of ______________. a. DNA; DNA b. DNA; DNA and protein c. DNA; DNA, RNA, and protein d. DNA and protein; DNA and protein e. RNA and protein; DNA 26. Transcription a. Produces only mRNA b. Requires ribosomes c. Requires tRNAs d. Takes place only in eukaryotes e. Produces RNA growing in the 5 to 3 direction 27. Which of the following does not occur after eukaryotic mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus?

a. Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter b. Capping of the 5 end c. Addition of a poly A tail to the 3 end d. Splicing out of the introns e. Transport to the cytosol 28. The splicing process a. Occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes b. Joins introns together c. Requires snRNPs in a spliceosome d. Only joins codons for each gene in one way e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct

1. Match up the following objects with their respectful functions Helicase Single-strand DNA-binding proteins Topoisomerase Primase DNA polymerase III Sliding clamp DNA polymerase I DNA ligase 2. What are the three stop codons? 3. The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information in the cell. Although there are many exceptions to the central dogma, it has served as a framework for understanding information transfer in many cases. A. What is the sequence of macromolecules that represents the central dogma? A. Holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension B. Allows synthesis of lagging strand to begin C. Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix D. Catalyzes breaking of hydrogen bonds E. Extends Okazaki fragment F. Completes lagging strand G. Stabilizes one strand of DNA H. Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

B. Although the flow of information is the same, what is one way in which the events differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

C. Although a gene often specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein, the molecular weigh of the protein product is often larger or smaller than you have predicted from the sum of the molecular weights of the amino acids. What accounts for this?

4. Name two specific types of covalent bonds formed by condensation reactions during the synthesis of biological macromolecules.

5. Each of the following phrases refers to one or more types of nucleic acid. Write one or more of the following: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, all RNA 1. Synthesized by transcription: 2. Covalently bonds to one amino acid: 3. Is often rapidly broken down in the cell: 4. Is present in mitochondria: 5. Carries code that can be used to specify proteins: