Automatic Street Light

Introduction
This circuit needs no manual operation for switching street light ON and OFF. It detects itself whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then automatically street light is switched ON and when there is other source of light i.e. day time, the street light gets OFF. The sensitiveness of the street light can also be ad usted. In my pro ect I have used four !.".# but for high power switching one can connect $elay %electromagnetic switch& at the output of pin ' of I.( ))). Then it will be possible to turn ON*OFF any electrical appliances connected all the way through relay.

Principle:
This circuit uses a popular timer I.( ))). I.( ))) is connected as comparator with pin+, connected with positive rail, the output goes high%-& when the trigger pin . is at lower then -*'rd level of the supply voltage. (onversely the output goes low %/& when it is above -*'rd level. 0o small change in the voltage of pin+. is enough to change the level

of output %pin+'& from - to / and / to -. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 12 battery for portable use. 3in 4, , and 5 is connected to the positive supply and pin - is grounded. To detect the presence of light I have used !#$ . !#$ is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about - mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about )k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. I have made a potential divider circuit with !#$ and -//6 variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider when !#$ is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin . of I( ))). 2ariable resistance is so ad usted that it crosses potential of -*'rd in brightness and fall below -*'rd in darkness. 0ensitiveness can be ad usted by this variable resistance. 7s soon as !#$ gets dark the voltage of pin . drops-*'rd of the supply voltage and pin ' gets high and !"# which is connected to the output gets activated.

Components used

1v 8attery 0witch !.#.$ %!ight #epending $esistance& I.( N"))) !.".# %!ight "mitting #iode& ' to , pieces. 2ariable $esistance of )/ 6ilo ohms a& 8attery9 For 1v power supply b&0witch9 7ny general purpose switch can be used. 0witch is used as circuit breaker.

c& !.#.$9 %!ight #epending $esistance& it is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about -mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about )k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. d& !.".#9 7 diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. 8ecause of this

characteristic, diode are used to transform or rectify 7( voltage into a #( voltage. #iodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end. (urrent flows from the anode to the cathode. !ight emitting diodes, or !"#s, differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit light. This light can be red %most common&, green, yellow, orange, blue %not very common&, or infa red. !"#s are used as indicators, transmitters, etc. :ost likely, a !"# will never burn out like a regular lamp will and re;uires many times less current. 8ecause !"#s act like regular diodes and will form a short if connected between < and +, a current limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. !"#s may or may not be drawn with the circle surrounding them.

e& 2ariable resistance9%3otentiometer& $esistors are one of the most common electronic components. 7 resistor is a device that limits, or resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by the =reek symbol Omega. 2ariable resistors %also called potentiometers or ust >pots?& are resistors that have a variable resistance. @ou ad ust the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual resistor element. 8y changing the amounts of resistor between the wiper connection and the connection %s& to the resistor element, you can change the resistance. @ou will often see the resistance of resistors written with 6 %kilohms& after the number value. This means that there are that many thousands of ohms. For eAample, -6 is -/// ohm,.6 is ./// ohm, '.'6 is ''// ohm, etc. @ou may also see the suffiA : %mega ohms&. This simply means million. $esistors are also rated by their power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor can take before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in W %watts& (ommon wattages for variable resistors are -*5W, -*4W, -*.W and -W. 7nything of a higher wattage is referred to as a

rheostat

Working9

When light falls on the !#$ then its resistance decreases which results in increase of the voltage at pin . of the I( ))). I( ))) has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin. and -*'rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below -*'rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low. 0ince in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin ' to drive relay or !"#, besides in poor light condition we get output to energiBe.

Precautions9

a& !#$ used should be sensitive. 8efore using in the circuit it should be tested with multimeter. b& I.( should not be heated too much while soldering, can destroy the I.(.

c& Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.( so please check the polarity before switching ON the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing current in one direction only. d& !.".# glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of !.".# will not glow. Out put voltage of our pro ect is C.' volt therefore 4 !"# in series can be easily used with out resistance. e& "ach component should be soldered neat and clean.