EFFECTS OF NEUROICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1

Music To My Ears: Effect of Neuroticism Level i U !er"ra!uate Stu!e ts# Music Prefere ces a ! its Im$licatio s I Po$ular Culture P%e ome o &oa'ui Paolo L( )rella o *or+ U iversity

)ut%or Note

&oa'ui Paolo L( )rella o, Faculty of -ealt%, *or+ U iversity T%is researc% .as com$lete! to fulfill t%e $artial re'uireme ts i )!va ce! Researc% i Psyc%olo"y u !er t%e tutela"e of /r( E!.ar! -altrec%t( Corres$o !e ce co cer i " t%is article s%oul! 0e a!!resse! to &oa'ui Paolo L( )rella o, /e$artme t of Psyc%olo"y, *or+ U iversity, Toro to, ON Email: c%i s1yor+u(ca

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 2 Abstract T%is stu!y e3ami e! t%e $re!icte! music $refere ces of 145 u iversity stu!e ts a"e! 15674 accor!i " to t%eir assesse! !e"ree of euroticism( T%e $artici$a ts# !e"ree of euroticism .as !etermi e! 0ase! o t%eir res$o ses i t%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire Revise! 9EP86R:

; S%ort Form, t%eir musical $refere ces to.ar! various music "e res t%rou"% t%e Musical Prefere ce Scale 9MPS:, a ! t%eir attitu!es to.ar!s selecte! music artists varyi " across multi$le music "e res t%rou"% a e3$erime ter6"e erate! Li+ert Scale( T%e mai focus of t%e stu!y co si!ere! t%e $o$ular music "e re as a i !icator of music $refere ce( T%e o0tai e! results, usi " a O e6<ay ) alysis of Varia ce 9)NOV): I !e$e !e t Measures, .ere si" ifica t, alt%ou"% it s%o.e! a i cli atio to.ar! $o$ular music a ! $o$ular artists 0ut o ly to a certai level( )s music $refere ces are multi6facete! a ! com$le3, a furt%er !irectio coul! i clu!e a more i 6!e$t% evaluatio of $erso ality $rofiles a ! i clusio of ot%er varia0les( Keywords: euroticism, sta0ility, music $refere ce, $o$ular music, $o$ular artist

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 7 Effects of Neuroticism Level in Music Preference To!ay#s "e eratio %as see music as a i evita0le $art of $eo$le#s e3iste ce( It %as 0ee $art of a or!i ary $erso #s !aily routi e as %e=s%e tur s o t%e ra!io o t%e .ay to .or+, tur s u$ t%e volume .%ile lifti " %eavy iro i t%e "ym, or eve set u$ t%e moo! for a fu eve i " .it% frie !s( T%e emer"e ce of !iffere t music "e res, t%e !iscovery of music artists, a ! t%e variety of sources music is $laye! %ave s%a$e! ma y $eo$le#s music $refere ces u !er certai situatio s( -o.ever, ot all ty$es of music are e'ually $leasi " a ! e >oya0le to everyo e( For e3am$le, t%e u$lifti " to es of &usti Tim0erla+e may 0e a source of mor i " e er"y for o e, 0ut a reaso to c%a "e t%e ra!io c%a el for a ot%er( It is t%erefore of "reat im$orta ce to u !ersta ! t%at t%e i !ivi!ual !iffere ces i music $refere ces e3ist ot o ly to fi ! t%e ?$erfect $itc%? to soot%e our ears, 0ut to %i"%li"%t its i flue ce i to!ay#s culture a ! society( T%e mai focus of t%is stu!y i volve! o e of t%e @i" Five $erso ality traits, .%ic% .as Neuroticism( )ccor!i " to O3for!#s /ictio ary of Psyc%olo"y 92412:, $syc%olo"ical co !itio euroticism is a

or state c%aracteriAe! 0y neurosis( It ra "es from o e e3treme of

euroticism, i clu!i " suc% traits as ervous ess, te se ess, moo!i ess, a ! tem$erame tality, to t%e o$$osite e3treme of emotio al sta0ility( <it% t%is !efi itio i mi !, t%e $rimary o0>ective of our euroticism 0lue$ri t is to re"ulate its level a ! "ui!e $%ysical, social a ! me tal

fu ctio s( It is !ifficult to 0e i eit%er e3tremes of t%e euroticism scale 0ecause, li+e all $syc%olo"ical $rocesses, it ca lea! to !iscre$a cies i various situatio s, suc% as social

i teractio s, me tal %ealt%, a ! self6re"ulatio ( ) e3cessive level of euroticism lea!s to easy stimulatio of emotio al $rocesses, .%ile a !eficit ca lea! to a lac+ of emotio al se sitivity a ! varie! emotio al e3$ressio ( I c%ose to focus o music 0ecause it is at t%e ce ter of ma y social activities a ! social "at%eri "s .%ere eve if music is ot t%e $rimary focus, it is a esse tial

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE B com$o e t 9Re tfro. C Dosli ", 2447:( Music is a stimuli t%at ca s$ea+ t%rou"% our i ter al $syc%olo"ical $rocesses a ! ca elicit atural 0e%aviour $rimarily t%rou"% moo! c%a "es a ! attitu!e formatio ( T%at is .%y t%ere are i !ivi!ual !iffere ces i music $refere ce 0ecause our $erso alities are ot create! from a si "le 0lue$ri t( Rat%er, our $erso alities are our o. u i'ue ma+eu$, a ! it is a matter of a0sor0i " t%is melo!ious stimuli !o .e $erceive society a ! t%e real .orl! muc% !iffere tly from ot%ers( Previous researc% !o e o t%e @i" Five $erso ality factors 9O$e ess to E3$erie ce, Co scie tious ess, E3traversio , )"reea0le ess, a ! Neuroticism: %as 0ee i strume tal i t%e stu!y of music $refere ces 0ecause it "ives us a u !ersta !i " o t%e !iffere t t%ou"%t

$rocesses t%at fu ctio .%e liste i " to t%e same stimuli( For e3am$le, C%amorro6PremuAic a ! Fur %am 9244E: i!e tifie! .ays i .%ic% $eo$le use music( It ca eit%er 0e t%rou"%

ratio al=co" itive a$$reciatio , emotio al re"ulatio

or sim$ly as a 0ac+"rou ! to ot%er

activities( T%eir fi !i "s su""este! t%at i !ivi!uals .it% %i"% euroticism levels are li+ely to use music for emotio re"ulatio , as com$are! to t%eir lo. euroticism level cou ter$arts .%o are more o$e a ! i tellectual a ! liste to music i a ratio al=co" itive .ay 9C%amorro6PremuAic C Fur %am, 244EF C%amorro6PremuAic, S.ami, C Cerma+ova, 2414:( )lt%ou"% t%is stu!y co si!ere! o ly o e as$ect of t%e @i" Five, t%e relate! literature .as si" ifica t 0ecause music $refere ces also e tail !iffere t .ays to $rocess a ! use music accor!i " to o e#s o. a!va ta"e( U$ to t%is $oi t, $rior researc% %as esta0lis%e! t%at !iffere t $erso ality $rofiles lea! to !iffere t uses of music( T%us, !iffere t uses of music lea! to i !ivi!ual !iffere ces i music $refere ce( Prior researc% focuse! %eavily o emotio re"ulatio es$ecially i t%e $erso ality trait of euroticism, 0ut it !oes ot fully accou t music liste i " i ot%er fu ctio s a !

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE G mec%a isms( For e3am$le, Mira !a a ! collea"ues et al( 92414: re$ort o t%eir stu!y t%at co$i " 0y music liste i " $re!icts euroticism i a!olesce ce( )s me tio e!, music is a tool to re"ulate emotio , alter curre t moo!, a ! to reflect o e#s o. i!e tity( T%e stu!y 0y Mira !a e3$lore! a !iffere t a$$roac% 0y esta0lis%i " t%at it is 0y t%e .ay .e use music i emotio 6orie te!, $ro0lem6orie te!, a ! avoi!a ce6orie te! situatio s !o .e !evelo$ our level of euroticism, a ! ot t%e ot%er .ay arou !( T%us, t%e $ers$ective i co ce$tualiAi " $erso ality .as a 0ottom6u$, rat%er t%a a to$6!o. , a$$roac% 9Mira !a, Dau!reau, C MoriAot, 2414: .%ere $erso ality is i a co ti uous $rocess of c%a "e, rat%er t%a setti " $erso ality as a sta !ar! i .%ic% .e esta0lis% our o. music $refere ces( T%is .as im$orta t i my curre t stu!y 0ecause, t%rou"% time, t%ere .ere $ossi0le c%a "es i .%at music t%e su0>ects te !e! to e >oy, a ! .e ca ot fully accou t it to t%e c%a "i " tre !s a ! social $atter s of to!ay#s "e eratio ( )$$are tly, as Mira !a#s stu!y $rese te!, music liste i " also ca $re!ict euroticism c%a "es, 0ut t%e ot%er $erso ality traits are yet to 0e e3$lore!( Neuroticism is ot a "reat $re!ictor for "e re $refere ce, 0ut it !oes %ave some value i $re!icti " i .%at s$ectrum or !ime sio i t%e 0roa! fiel! of music c%oices !o $eo$le fall u !er( 9Pay e, 15HE:( T%ose rate! %i"% i euroticism te ! to use music for emotio al

re"ulatio , a ! i a $ossi0ly relate! result, t%ey te ! to %ave more i te se emotio al reactio s to music classifie! as sa!( T%e sta0le= eurotic !ime sio of $erso ality .as $ositively relate! to t%e classical=roma tic !ime sio i music( -o.ever, t%ere .as a caveat to Pay e#s stu!y .it% re"ar!s to my %y$ot%eses( <%at if a s$ecific so " affiliate! .it% ?$o$ular music? is classifie! as sa!I T%e so "s of Taylor S.ift may %ave a roma tic t%eme, 0ut s%e is classifie! to 0e a $o$ular music ico !ue to %er mai stream $rese ce i t%e music i !ustry( )s Pay e 915HE: me tio e! i %er stu!y, t%e emotio al eleme t is more im$elli " 9if ot more im$orta t: t%a t%e overall

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE H aest%etic emotio ( Neuroticism focuses %eavily o emotio , a ! it#s a matter of .%at a music liste er is attri0uti " %is=%er music $refere ce to ; t%e music itself or t%e artist( Music $refere ce is multi6facete!, a ! o e s%oul! ote t%at correlatio s 0et.ee $erso ality c%aracteristics a ! 9c%a "es i : music $refere ces .ere "e erally fou ! to 0e small6to6mo!erate 9/elsi ", Ter @o"t, E "els, C Meeus, 244J:( Individual differences in music preferences T%e curre t stu!y e3$lore! t%e relatio s%i$ 0et.ee i !ivi!ual !iffere ces o o e#s level of euroticism 9T%e @i" Five $erso ality traits: a ! music $refere ces, ota0ly o t%e $o$ular music "e re ; as assesse! t%rou"% a t%ree6$art survey 'uestio i t%e stu!y: 9-1: I !ivi!uals .%o score %i"% o euroticism i t%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire aire( T.o %y$ot%eses .ere teste!

are more li+ely to c%oose $o$ular music o t%e Musical Prefere ce Scale t%a t%ose .%o score lo. o euroticism( 9-2: I !ivi!uals .%o score %i"% o euroticism i t%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire

are more li+ely to rate $o$ular music ico s as more favora0le o items i a Li+ert scale t%a t%ose .%o score lo. i euroticism Method Participants ) total of 145 9H1 .ome a ! BJ me : u !er"ra!uate stu!e ts from Ca a!ia

u iversities 9from various atio alities, fiel!s of stu!y, a ! music + o.le!"e: too+ $art i t%is stu!y( Of t%e 145 u !er"ra!uate stu!e ts, 144 of t%em 9GH .ome a ! BB me : .ere use! i t%e a alysis of !ata( )ll $artici$a ts .ere recruite! t%rou"% a sam$le of co ve ie ce( )"e ra "e! from 15 to 74 9M K 22, S/ K 2(2H:( )ll $artici$a ts com$lete! t%e 'uestio aire !uri " t%eir

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE E o. time( Survey res$o !e ts .ere e3clu!e! from t%e a alysis if t%ey !i! ot meet t%e e!ucatio level a ! t%e a"e criteria( Groups Partici$a ts .ere !ivi!e! i to four "rou$s accor!i " to t%eir res$o ses i t%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire ; Revise! 9EP86R: S%ort Form( T%e first "rou$ i clu!e! B .ome

a ! 14 me 9M K 1B, S/ K G(75: 0et.ee t%e a"es 1J to 74 years ol!( Su0>ects 0elo "i " to t%is $articular "rou$ .ere assesse! as %avi " a ?E3tremely Sta0le? !e"ree of euroticism( T%e seco ! "rou$ i clu!e! 1B .ome a ! 11 me 9M K 1G(EE, S/ K G(BH: 0et.ee t%e a"es 1J to 2G years ol!( Su0>ects 0elo "i " to t%is $articular "rou$ .ere assesse! as %avi " a ?Little Sta0le? !e"ree of euroticism( T%e t%ir! "rou$ i clu!e! 21 .ome a ! 5 me 9M K 15(HG, S/ K G(27: 0et.ee t%e a"es 1J to 2G years ol!( Su0>ects 0elo "i " to t%is $articular "rou$ .ere assesse! as %avi " a ?Little Neurotic? !e"ree of euroticism( T%e fourt% "rou$ i clu!e! 1G .ome a ! E me 9M K 1G(HG, S/ K H(77: 0et.ee t%e a"es 1J to 2B years ol!( Su0>ects 0elo "i " to t%is $articular "rou$ .ere assesse! as %avi " a ?E3tremely Sta0le? !e"ree of euroticism( 2 .ome a ! E me .ere classifie! as ?I vali!? !ue to t%e i com$letio of t%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire ; S%ort Form(

Materials and Procedure Partici$a ts meeti " t%e criteria for stu!y $artici$atio .ere "ive a o li e .e0 a!!ress 9SurveyMo +ey: to access t%e survey at t%eir o. co ve ie ce( T%e 'uestio aire too+ 1G624

mi utes to com$lete( Partici$a ts rea! t%e i forme! co se t outli i " t%e $ur$ose of t%e 'uestio aire, its e3$ectatio s, $artici$a ts# free!om to .it%!ra. from t%e stu!y .it%out

$re>u!ice, a ! $ossi0le im$licatio s for future researc%( Partici$a ts .ere also i structe! to res$o ! as %o est a ! accurate as $ossi0le, ot liste to music .%ile a s.eri " t%e

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE J 'uestio aire, a ! to fi is% t%e 'uestio aire i o e sitti "( First, t%ey com$lete! t%e Eyse c+

Perso ality 8uestio

aire ; Revise! S%ort Form 9EP86R S%ort Form:( Follo.i " t%is, t%ey e3$erime ter6"e erate!

com$lete! t%e Music Prefere ce Scale 9MPS:, a !, after.ar!s, a

Po$ular )rtist Li+ert Scale assessi " $eo$le#s $refere ces for selecte! music artists across music "e res( Eac% $art of t%e 'uestio a o ymous a ! co fi!e tial( Prelimi ary 0asic 'uestio s .ere as+e!, suc% as a"e, "e !er, a ! t%eir level of music i volveme t 9Little C Luc+erma , 15JE:( Ot%er 'uestio s as+e! .ere $artici$a ts# music + o.le!"e 9i(e(, um0er of years of music e!ucatio , um0er of years of music lesso s, um0er of co certs atte !e! i t%e $ast year, "e eral level of u !ersta !i " of music:, a ! music i volveme t 9i(e(, um0er of %ours liste i " to music o a !aily 0asis, source of i formatio o a yt%i " music6relate!:( /etails o t%e $syc%ometric scales a ! i strume ts use! i t%e stu!y are $rovi!e! 0elo.( 9a: Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio 2441:: T%is GE6item 'uestio aire 9EP86R S%ort Form: 9Eyse c+ -( C Eyse c+ S(, aire .as i !e$e !e t of o e a ot%er( )ll res$o ses .ere

aire .as use! to assess su0>ects# $ro>ecte! level of euroticism a ! aire .ere t%e Psyc%oticism a ! Lie Scales, 0ut

e3traversio ( Ot%er measures of t%is 'uestio

.ere ot use! i t%is stu!y( )ll 'uestio s .ere a s.ere! eit%er 0y ?*es? or ?No to rate t%e e3te t to .%ic% t%e stateme ts a$$lie! to t%em( ) s.ers from 'uestio s 1, 12, 1G, ,15, 21, 2B, 2E, 74, BB, BH, BE, a ! G4 are use! to measure $artici$a t#s level of euroticism( 9)$$e !i3:( ) ?*es? a s.er to eac% of t%e 'uestio s me tio e! is "ive o e 91: $oi t, for a total of t.elve 912: $oi ts( T%e scori " system a ! "rou$i " .ere as follo.s:

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 5 Drou$ Num0er of ?*es? Res$o ses E3tremely Sta0le 167 Little Sta0le B6H Little Neurotic E65 E3tremely Neurotic 14612 ) co$y of t%e 'uestio aire .as o0tai e! at t%e Psyc%olo"y Resource Ce tre at *or+

U iversity, /e$artme t of Psyc%olo"y( 90: Music Prefere ce Scale 9MPS: 9Little C Luc+erma , 15JE:: T%is 226item scale .as revise! to assess a limite! ra "e of music "e res( De res i clu!e! $o$ular music, roc+, %i$6%o$, a ! ot%er small6scale music "e res suc% as electro ic !a ce music, movie sou !trac+s, >aAA, a ! soul( T%e music $refere ces .ere rate! i a y .ay t%e $artici$a ts .a te! 9i(e(, r%yt%m, t%eme, 0eat, c%oice of .or!s:( T%e ra "e of scores .as from 16G, .%ere 1 is ?/isli+e?, 2 is ?I !iffere t, eit%er li+e or !isli+e, or ot familiar?, 7 is ?Li+e sli"%tly?, B is ?Li+e mo!erately?, a ! G is ?Li+e very muc%?( Particular focus .as allotte! o $artici$a ts# res$o ses to.ar! $o$ular music 9'uestio s E56J7 i t%e 'uestio aire:( Total scores .ere a!!e! .%ere G .as t%e lo.est score a !

2G .as t%e %i"%est $ossi0le score 9G music "e res, from a scale of 16G:( ) co$y of t%e ori"i al scale .as o0tai e! at t%e )merica Psyc%olo"ical )ssociatio .e0site( 9c: Po$ular )rtist Li+ert Scale 9)$$e !i3 ):: T%is H16item scale .as "e erate! 0y t%e e3$erime ters to assess $artici$a ts# $refere ces for music artists( Particular focus .as allotte! o $artici$a ts# res$o ses to.ar! $o$ular music artists( 22 out of t%e H1 music artists fall u !er t%e ?Po$ular Music? "e re cate"ory 9'uestio s E56J7 i t%e MPS 'uestio aire:( T%e criteria to

0e classifie! i t%e ?Po$ular Music? "e re .ere a$$eara ces a ! co siste cies i $o$ular music c%arts 9e3( @ill0oar! To$ 144:, fre'ue cy of t%eir so "s $laye! o ra!io statio s across Ca a!a, level of $o$ularity i mai stream me!ia 9i(e(, fre'ue t me tio s i social me!ia, televisio , e.s:, a ! um0er of a.ar!s receive! i music a.ar!s s%o.s 9e3( Drammy ).ar!s:( Music

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 14 artists fulfilli " t%e criteria me tio e! are 0ase! o 2412 statistics( T%e music artists c%ose ra "e from t%e music "e res i t%e Musical Prefere ce Scale 9MPS:( T%e music artists .ere rate! 0ase! solely o t%eir music, a ! ot o t%eir lifestyle a ! $erso alities( T%e ra "e of scores .ere from 16G, .%ere 1 is ?/isli+e?, 2 is ?I !iffere t, eit%er li+e or !isli+e, or ot familiar?, 7 is ?li+e sli"%tly?, B is ?li+e mo!erately?, a ! G is ?li+e very muc%( T%e %i"%est $ossi0le score .as 114 922 $o$ular music artists, from a scale of 16G:( Results )ll statistical a alyses .ere co !ucte! i SPSS v( 24( /escri$tive statistics .ere o0tai e! for all four "rou$s( ) a alysis of varia ce 9)NOV): i !e$e !e t measures .as use! to o0serve si" ifica t !iffere ces 0et.ee "rou$s( T%e results for t%e first %y$ot%esis are s%o. 0elo.( Ta0le 1 a alyAes !escri$tive

statistics, .it% $articular si" ifica ce o t%e mea music "e re $refere ce scores, of t%e four "rou$s( Ta0le 2 $rese ts t%e results of a alysis of varia ce, .%ere t%ere .as a si" ifica t mai effect for euroticism "rou$ o music $refere ce, F 97,JB: K H(7H, $ K 4(441(

Ta0le 1 /escri$tive Statistics of Neuroticism Drou$s o Music De re Prefere ces 5GM CI for Mea

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 11 N E3tremely Sta0le 1B Little Sta0le 2B Little Neurotic 74 E3tremely Neurotic 24 Total JJ Note. N K um0er of $artici$a limitF UL K u$$er limit Ta0le 2 ) alysis of Varia ce o Music De re Prefere ce Scores SS !f MS F Si"( @et.ee Drou$s G7J(H7 7 1E5(GB H(7H (441 <it%i Drou$s 2E71(1 JB 2J(27 5 Total 2545(J JE 2 Note. SS K sum of s'uaresF !f K !e"rees of free!omF MS K mea s'uaresF F K F6ratioF Si"( K si" ifica ce level 95GM CI: Mea 12(E1 1G(J7 15(H4 1G(14 1H(BG tsF S/ K S/ SE B(H7 1(2B G(BE 1(12 G(4H 4(52 G(51 1(72 G(EJ 4(H2 sta !ar! !eviatio LL 14((4B 17(G2 1E(E1 12(77 1G(27 F SE K sta UL Mi Ma3 1G(75 E 24 1J(1B H 2G 21(B5 G 2G 1E(JE G 2G 1E(HJ G 2G !ar! errorF LL K lo.er

Music Preference Score

20 18 16 14 12 Extremely Stable Little Stable Little Neurotic Extremely Neurotic

Neuroticism Group

Figure 1. Mea s $lot of euroticism "rou$s o music "e re $refere ce T%e results of t%e seco ! %y$ot%esis are s%o. 0elo.( Ta0le 7 a alyAes !escri$tive statistics, .it% $articular si" ifica ce o t%e mea $o$ular music artist $refere ce scores, of t%e four

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 12 "rou$s( Ta0le B $rese ts t%e results of )NOV), .%ere t%ere .as a si" ifica t mai effect for euroticism "rou$ o music $refere ce, F 97,J7: K B(JE, $ K 4(44B(

Ta0le 7 /escri$tive Statistics of Neuroticism Drou$s o Po$ular Music )rtist Prefere ces 5GM CI for Mea N E3tremely Sta0le 1B Little Sta0le 2G Little Neurotic 2J E3tremely Neurotic 24 Total JE Note. N K um0er of $artici$a limitF UL K u$$er limit Ta0le B ) alysis of Varia ce o Po$ular Music )rtist Prefere ce SS !f MS F Si"( @et.ee Drou$s BEB7(HG 7 1GJ1(22 B(JE (44B <it%i Drou$s 2H5BH(H J7 72B(HH 2 Total 71H54(2 JH J Note. SS K sum of s'uaresF !f K !e"rees of free!omF MS K mea s'uaresF F K F6ratioF Si"( K si" ifica ce level 95GM CI: Mea G7(7H GG(1H E1(2G GJ(B4 H4(E5 tsF S/ K S/ SE 1B(G7 7(JJ 27(7J B(HJ 1B(H1 2(EH 1H(EB 7(EB 15(24 2(4H sta !ar! !eviatio LL BB(5E BG(G1 HG(G5 G4(GH GH(E4 F SE K sta UL Mi Ma3 H1(EB 74 J2 HB(J1 4 JB EH(51 7B 5E HH(2B 2B J5 HB(JJ 4 5E !ar! errorF LL K lo.er

Popular Music "rtist Score

! !0 6 60

0 Extremely Stable Little Stable Little Neurotic Extremely Neurotic

Neuroticism Group

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 17

Figure 2. Mea s $lot of euroticism "rou$s o $o$ular music artist $refere ce

Discussion T%e results of t%e survey su""este! a i creasi " i terest i t%e $o$ular music "e re a ! its corres$o !i " artists( Mea scores i crease! as t%e euroticism level move! from ?E3tremely Sta0le? to ?Little Neurotic?, 0ut !ecrease! as it reac%e! t%e ?E3tremely Neurotic? level( )lt%ou"% some $artici$a ts may %ave su0sta tial $ositive attitu!es to.ar! $o$ular music, ma y %a! accou te! it to.ar!s its fre'ue t e3$osure i mass me!ia( T%e "e erate! results mea t%at t%ere are o ly si" ifica t !iffere ces 0et.ee "rou$s( Future stu!ies ca focus o correlatio stu!ies 0y esta0lis%i " t%e euroticism level as a co ti uous scale, rat%er t%a as a !iscrete varia0le( T%e results s%o. a similar tre ! .it% t%e results .it% t%e Po$ular )rtist Li+ert Scale( Mea scores i crease! as t%e !e"ree of euroticism i crease!, 0ut !ecrease! as it reac%e! t%e ?E3tremely Neurotic ? co !itio ( O e t%i " to co si!er .as t%e overla$ of t%e $o$ular music "e re, a ! its su0cate"ories, .it% ot%er music "e res( Over "e eratio s, a overla$ 0et.ee t.o

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1B or more i !e$e !e t music "e res 9i(e(, $o$ a ! roc+: lea! to su0>ective attri0utio s of music $refere ce( )lt%ou"% t%ere .ere si" ifica t i creases i mea scores i t%e MPS, a alysis fou ! i !ivi!ual !iffere ces i "e re a$$reciatio , .%ere ot%er co tri0uti " factors suc% as music e3$osure, + o.le!"e, i !ivi!ual o0>ectives, a ! curre t moo! $laye! $ossi0le roles( @ase! o t%is stu!y, a %i"% !e"ree of euroticism e taile! a %i"% $refere ce for 0ot% t%e $o$ular music "e re a ! its corres$o !i " $o$ular music artists, 0ut o ly at a certai level( Peo$le .%o .ere assesse! as %avi " a e3tremely %i"% level of euroticism s%o.e! t%e lo.est $refere ce for 0ot% $o$ular music "e re a ! its corres$o !i " music artists( T%e stu!y !o e 0y Nort% et al(, 92444: co clu!e! t%at music is im$orta t to a!olesce ts, a ! t%at t%is is 0ecause it allo.s t%em to $ortray a #ima"e to t%e outsi!e .orl! a ! satisfy t%eir emotio al ee!s( T%e im$licatio s of t%is stu!y su""est t%at music $refere ces is a reflectio of our $erso ality, 0ut to treat music as a co tri0utor to our $erso ality is small 0ut si" ifica t( Every.%ere .e "o, music is i esca$a0le to t%e $oi t t%at it e com$asses some of our !aily activities( T%e $laylists i our iPo!s, t%e ra!io statio s t%at are i !efault i our car ra!io, t%e televisio c%a els t%at .e co sta tly tur to, eve u$ to t%e fas%io t%at .e su0scri0e a ! emulate are, i some .ay or a ot%er, i flue ce! 0y our music $refere ces( I !ee!, music occu$ies a very lar"e s$ace i $o$ular culture( <it% t%e fi !i "s of t%e curre t stu!y, $revious researc% !o e 0y Nort% et al(, co ti ue to 0e a stro " ar"ume t t%at t%e !evelo$me t of $o$ular culture !oes ot ecessarily e ! our $rivate 0e%aviour, 0ut also t%e .ay .e act, t%i +, a ! feel t%e .ay t%e .orl! .a ts to see us( Music is a "oo! .ay to e3$lore $o$ular culture 0ecause it is ot all a0out t%e 0eat, r%yt%m or t%e $itc%, 0ut it e3te !s to its em0o!ime t i to!ay#s society( Limitations and Future Direction

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1G T%e Eyse c+ Perso ality 8uestio aire !oes ot $rovi!e a com$lete 0lue$ri t of a

$erso #s $erso ality $rofile( Future stu!ies may use ot%er $syc%ometric measures, suc% as t%e Mi esota Multi$%asic Perso ality I ve tory 9MMPI:, to "et a more accurate rea!i " of su0>ects# $erso ality $rofile( )lso, $o$ular music, 0ot% as a "e re a ! its corres$o !i " artists, is t%e o ly varia0le co si!ere! i t%e stu!y o music $refere ces( T%e stu!y .as ot a0le to e3ami e $refere ces i ot%er music "e res( Future stu!ies may ee! lar"e $o$ulatio s a ! co si!er cross6cultural factors( T%is stu!y .as !o e i Nort% )merica .%ere culture is !iverse( T%e amou t of cultural e3$ressio a ! e3$osure ca affect i !ivi!ual !iffere ces i music $refere ce( )lso, t%ere is $ote tial to stu!y ot%er $o$ulatio s suc% as $ost6"ra!uate stu!e ts, "e !ers, a ! $artici$a ts# .it% varyi " !e"rees of music e3$osure a ! + o.le!"e(

References

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1H C%amorro6PremuAic, T(, C Fur %am, )( 9244E:( Perso ality a ! music: Ca traits e3$lai %o. $eo$le use music i every!ay lifeI British Journal of Psychology,98 2!, 1EG6JG( !oi: 14(17BJ=444E12H4HN1111EE C%amorro6PremuAic, T(, Fa"a , P(, C Fur %am, )( 92414:( Perso ality a ! uses of music as $re!ictors of $refere ces for music co se sually classifie! as %a$$y, sa!, com$le3, a ! social( Psychology of "esthetics, #reati$ity, and the "rts, % %!, 24G617( !oi: 14(147E=a4415214 C%amorro6PremuAic, T(, S.ami, V(, C Cerma+ova, @( 92414:( I !ivi!ual !iffere ces i music co sum$tio are $re!icte! 0y uses of music a ! a"e rat%er t%a emotio al i telli"e ce, euroticism, e3traversio or o$e ess( Psychology of &usic, %' (!, 2JG6744( !oi: 14(11EE=474GE7GH147J1G51 Colema , )( M( 92412:( " dictionary of )sychology. O3for! U iversity Press( /elsi ", M( &(, Ter @o"t, T( F(, E "els, R( C(, C Meeus, <( -( 9244J:( )!olesce ts# music $refere ces a ! $erso ality c%aracteristics( *uro)ean Journal of Personality, 22 2!, 145674( !oi: 14(1442=$er(HHG /u , P( D(, !e Ruyter, @(, C @ou.%uis, /( D( 92411:( To.ar! a 0etter u !ersta !i " of t%e relatio 0et.ee music $refere ce, liste i " 0e%avior, a ! $erso ality( Psychology of &usic, %' %!, B1162J( !oi: 14(11EE=474GE7GH147JJJ5E La!i i", O(, C Sc%elle 0er", E(D( 92412:( Li+i " u familiar music: Effects of felt emotio a ! i !ivi!ual !iffere ces( Psychology of "esthetics, #reati$ity, and the "rts, + 2!, 1%+,-%. !oi: 14(147E=a442BHE1 Mira !a, /(, Dau!reau, P(, C MoriAot, &( 92414:( @lue otes: Co$i " 0y music liste i " $re!icts euroticism c%a "es i a!olesce ce( Psychology of "esthetics, #reati$ity, and the "rts,

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1E % %!, 2BE6G7( !oi: 14(147E=a4415B5H Mira !a, /(, MoriAot, &(, C Dau!reau, P( 92414:( Perso ality metatraits a ! music $refere ces i a!olesce ce: ) $ilot stu!y( .nternational Journal of "dolescence and /outh, 1- %!, 2J56742( !oi: 14(14J4=42HE7JB7(2414(5EBJ47H Nort%, )(C(, -ar"reaves, /( &(, C O#Neill, S( )( 92444:( T%e im$orta ce of music to a!olesce ts British Journal of *ducational Psychology, 0' 2!, 2GG6E2( !oi: 14(17BJ=444E455441GJ4J7 Re tfro., P( &(, C Dosli ", S(/( 92447:( T%e !o re mi#s of every!ay life: T%e structure a ! $erso ality correlates of music $refere ces( Journal of Personality and 1ocial Psychology, 8% +!, 127H6GH( !oi: 14(147E=442267G1B(JB(H(127H

EFFECTS OF NEUROTICISM LEVEL IN MUSIC PREFERENCE 1J Appendix A List of Music )rtists a ! T%eir Corres$o !i " Music De res )rtist David Guetta Eric Cla$to Mic%ael &ac+so T%e @eatles O e /irectio Us%er @oys II Me La!y Da"a Emi em ustin !ieber Pitbull Adele "hris !ro#n LMFA$ P( /i!!y Life%ouse S.e!is% -ouse Mafia Flo Ri!a Ma!o a @ac+street @oys )rtist Rihanna %at& Perr& @o0 Marley 'a&lor (#ift %an&e )est
/as%0oar! Co fessio al

/aft Pu + U2 Nic*i Mina+ Dra*e Le! Le$$li Celi e /io @o0 /yla T%e @eac% @oys &imi -e !ri3 "oldpla& Maroon Five S oo$ /o"" T%e Fray )licia Oeys )rtist

De re Popular Music Roc+ Po$ Roc+, Po$ Po$ular Music RC@, Po$ RC@, Soul Po$ular Music -i$ %o$ Popular Music Popular Music Popular Music Popular Music Popular Music -i$ %o$, RC@ Roc+, alter ative Electro ic /a ce Po$ular Music Po$ Po$ De re Popular Music Popular Music Re""ae Popular Music Popular Music Roc+ -ouse Roc+ Popular Music Popular Music Roc+ Po$ Cou try Roc+ Roc+ Popular Music Popular Music -i$ %o$ Roc+ RC@ De re

&usti Tim0erla+e Stevie <o !er Lut%er Va !ross <%it ey -ousto "arl& Rae epsen Carrie U !er.oo! Rascal Flatts Forei" er @o &ovi Lio el Ric%ie !runo Mars Marvi Daye )vril Lavi" e La!y ) te0ellum Fun, (*rillex Sli$+ ot Ric+ Ross @la+e S%elto DeadmauMumfor! C So s

Po$, RC@ Soul, RC@ Soul, RC@ Po$, RC@ Popular Music Cou try Cou try Roc+ Roc+ Soul, RC@ Popular Music Soul, RC@ Po$, roc+ Cou try Popular Music Popular Music Metal -i$ %o$ Cou try Popular Music Fol+, cou try