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NEW METHODS OF STUDYING NOISE A N D VIBRATION A N D CYBERNETIC DIAGNOSIS OF MACHINES A N D MECHANISMS Edited by K . M . Ragidskis
Abstrczcts of papers from the All-Union Symposizrm
held June 29 to JuZy 1, 1970 at Kaanas Polytechnical Institate, Kaunas, 1970
N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N
WASHINGTON,
D. C.
M A Y 1972
!.
NEW METHODS OF STUDYING NOISE AND VIBRATION AND CYBERNETIC DIAGNOSIS O F MACHINES AND MECHANISMS Edited by K. M. Ragul'skis
Translation of "Novyye Metody Issledovaniy Shumov i Vibratsiy i Kibe me ticheskay a Diagnosti ka Mashin i M ekhanizmov. A b str acts of p a p e r s f r o m the All-Union Symposium held June 29 to July 1, 1970 at Kaunas Polytechnical Institute, Kaunas, 1970
For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151
$3.00
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 Optimal Determination o f Changes i n P r o p e r t i e s of Random Phenomena References .................................................~...........2 The Problem o f Optimal S y n t h e s i s of Dynamic Models B y t h e Method of LP Search 3 References. 5 Est5mation of Dominant Parameters of Dynamic Systems 6 Adaptive Model For Evaluation o f Weight Function and Level of Noise of Linear Dynamic System 8 Study o f S t o c h a s t i c Approximation Algorithm B y t h e "Monte Carlo" Method, Used To Estimate The Weight Function 9 Estimation of Parameters of Nonlinear Hammerstein Operator 11 Estimation of Parameters and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Nofllinear Dynamic Systems 13 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n A s A Task of S e q u e n t i a l S t a t i s t i c a l Analysis 15 D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of Random Forced O s c i l l a t i o n s and S e l f - O s c i l l a t i o n s Perturbed B y Random Actions 16 Determination of P a r t i a l Damping C o e f f i c i e n t s of Linear Systems From Mean Periods of Enveloped of Random O s c i l l a t i o n s 17 I n t e g r a l Equations A s A Method of Determining The Spectrum of Normal Modes o f Background V i b r a t i o n s 18 A p p l i c a t i o n o f C o r r e l a t i o n Analysis For Diagnosis o f t h e Condition O f Mechanisms 19 Method and Device For Q u a s i - P a r a l l e l Analysis of Sh.ort-Term Acoustical S i g n a ~ s 21 Use o f d C o r r e l a t i o n Based On Orthogonal F i l t e r s I n A c o u s t i c a l Machine Diagnosis 22 Determination of Equivalent Random P e r t u r b a t i o n During Modeling of Complex Dynamic Systems ............................................ 23 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Model Of Human Operator With Random V i b r a t i o n Actions 24 Multichannel Diagnosis o f Machines By D i g i t a l Computer ................27 Cybernetic Method of Studying V i b r a t i o n Acoustical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Complex S t r u c t u r e s 29 References 30 Automation of P r o c e s s i n g of Experimental Data and Development Recommendations For S e l e c t i o n of Optimal Vibration-Absorbing Coating..31 References 33 Random O s c i l l a t i o n s and I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Parameters of P r e c i s i o n Ball Bearings 34 Use o f D i g i t a l Computer For Determination of E f f e c t o f V i b r a t i o n -Damping Coating By D i s p l a c e m h t of Resonant Frequencies of S t r u c t u r e . 3 6 F a c t o r s Determining V i b r a t i o n A c o u s t i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f B a l l Bearings ..............................................................37 Study of Noise Formation I n T h r o t t l i n g Devices For Measurement of Noise C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Fans 38
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iii
Page . Method o f Studying Relaxation O s c i l l a t i o n s o f A Ball I n t h e S e p a r a t o r o f A Ball Bearing Unit 40 The S t a t i s t i c a l S t r e n g t h Reserve of Discrete Syste,,1 s 42 Influence o f Methods o f Fastening o f Accelerometer On I t s Frequency C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 44 Study o f C o l l i s i o n s o f Machine Elements On t h e Basis of Phenomen o l o g i c a l Models of I n e l a s t i c Media 45 Methods of Studying V i b r a t i o n s of High-speed Diesels 46 D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation For H o r i z o n t a l Loop o f S i g n a l C a r r i e r 48 Shudy o f F l e x u r a l O s c i l l a t i o n s of Magnetic Drums 49 V i b r a t i o n s of A S t o r a g e Drum of A BESM-6 Computer 50 Study o f V i b r a t i o n and Dynamic Balancing o f Mechanisms. Including Several P a r a l l e l . S h a f t s 51 Analog Computer S t u d i e s of O s c i l l a t i o n s of Systems Having H y s t e r e s i s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ........................................................ 52 Electromagnetic Impact Machines 54 Estimation and Normalization of Operating Modes o f V i b r a t i o n Technological Machines ................................................. 56 Analysis o f t h e Dynamics of Multi-Mass E l a s t i c Systems By A Frequency Method 57 Study of Repeated Impact I n f l u e n c e of P r e s s u r e R o l l e r O n Magnetic Tape 58 Diagnosis o f S t a t e s o f P l a n e t a r y Gear Reduction For Certain Parameters 59 P o s s i b i l i t y of T e s t i n g t h e Technical Condition of I n t e r n a l Combustion Engines On t h e Basis of Noise And V i b r a t i o n Parameters 60 P o s s i b i l i t y of Estimating Wear By Vibration-Acoustical Methods 61 Diagnosis o f Rear Axle Reduction Gear o f ZIL-130 Motor Vehicle By Acoustical Method ...................................................... 62 Use o f ' S t a t i s t i c a l Methods I n t h e I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f V i b r a t i o n s And t h e Dynamics o f Mechanisms and Machines ................................ 63 Optimization of t h e Cross S e c t i o n of t h e Frames o f A M u l t i s t a g e V i b r a t i n g Stand ........................................................ 65 A S e l f Tuning Control System For t h e Motion of A V i b r a t i n g Stand .......66 Compensation of t h e I n f l u e n c e of An Electrodynamic V i b r a t i n g Stand On C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Mechanical S t r u c t u r e s I n V i b r a t i o n T e s t s 68 Low Frequency V i b r a t i n g Stand For P h y s i c a l Modeling o f t h e Movements of Complex Dynamic Systems 69 Optimalizing Input C o n t r o l l e r of O s c i l l a t i n g Amplitude For F a t i g u e T e s t i n g o f Parts 70 Analysis o f Mechanical System With Matched V i b r a t o r 72 Muftichannel Apparatus For Diagnosis o f V i b r a t i n g Mode o f Main Ship Engines ................................................................ 73 Problems of t h e Dynamics And S t a b i l i t y o f A C y l i n d r i c a l S o l i d On An A e r o s t a t i c Support 74 References 74
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iv
Page Study o f V i b r a t i o n s o f A Magnetic D r u m With Pneumatic Drive And Pneumatic Suspension 75 V i b r a t i o n Damping o f Bearing Units 76 I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f V i b r a t i o n s With Random Amplitudes and Frequencies 78 Some S p e c i f i c s o f t h e I n t e r a c t i o n o f Dynamic Systems With D i s t r i b u t e d And Lumped Parameters 79 A S e t o f Apparatus For Measurement o f O s c i l l a t i o n s o f A Moving Tape 81 Study of V i b r a t i o n D i s k s With Magnetic Coatings 82 Some Problems of P r a c t i c a l Analysis o f Vibration-Acoustical P r o p e r t i e s o f C e n t r i f u g a l Pumps 84 Determination of Primary Sources of Noise In Machines By C o r r e l a t i o n Mathods 85 Study of O p t i c a l Dynamic Models o f F l e x i b l e Rotor Systems By t h e LP-Search Methods 86 Study of Methods o f S e p a r a t i n g Useful S i g n a l s From General Noise o f Duplicating Machines I n Solving The Problem of Automatic Recognition of Origin o f Noises I n Concrete Mechanisms Using D i g i t a l Computers ....87 S t a t i s t i c a l S t u d i e s o f Random V i b r a t i o n s o f A R a i l r o a d Car Body .......89 Method of Measurements During I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Motorcycle Noise ....... 91 Determination and C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Noise Created by Turboprop Passenger A i r c r a f t I n t h e Area o f A i r p o r t s .......92 93 Study o f A i r Noise of Pneumatic Loom By S t a t i s t i c a l Methods A Water Spray A s A Source of Random Force For Acoustical Measurements.94 References ............................................................ 95 Noise A t Acoustical Receiver R e s u l t i n g From S p a t i a l l y Noncorrelated Sources D i s t r i b u t e d Over A S u r f a c e .................................... 96 Study o f t h e Noise o f A D i e s e l On A T r a c t o r ........................... 98 Automatic Method of Studying Sound I n s u l a t i o n o f C y l i n d r i c a l Tubes With Various Sound Radiation Conditions .............................. 100 S i g n i f i c a n c e o f Information O n C e r t a i n t y of Unstable Noise In t h e Process o f I t s Action O n t h e H u m a n Organism .......................... 103 The Problem o f t h e S t a t i c C a l c u l a t i o n of Vibration I n s u l a t i o n Systems With S i x And Twelve Degrees o f Freedom ....................... 105 Reduction o f Noise And V i b r a t i o n o f Pneumatic Loom Using V i b r a t i o n - I n s u l a t i n g Supports ........................................ 106 G e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e Hypothesis o f Y e . S Sorokin To Include Nonlinear E l a s t i c Damping Elements 107 O s c i l l a t i o n s o f E l a s t i c a l l y Supended Body With Center of Gravity Mismatched To Center o f E l a s t i c i t y o f Support 109 One Method o f Damping Parametric O s c i l l a t i o n s o f A Rod Considering A Damping Suspension 110 Study of Noise And V i b r a t i o n Upon Impact 112 Theory of Multichannel Compensation System For O s c i l l a t i o n s In S t r u c t u r e ( F i e l d ) of A r b i t r a r y Form 113 C e r t a i n Types o f Multichannel Systems For Compensation of Structural Oscillations 115 Measurement o f t h e A t t e n u a t i o n F a c t o r In O s c i l l a t i n g Systems 117
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References.......................................................... Study of Dynamic Pulse Type Loads Transmitted To Foundation By New Types of Shuttleless Looms ...................................... 119 Damping of Oscillations of Rods By Electromechanical Feedback ....... 120 Study of Noise In Vibration At Industrial Enterprises of the 123 Lithuanian SSR ...................................................... Development of Multichannel Vibration Measuring Instrument..........124 The Problem of Performing Studies of Harmonic Loads and Loads Which Attenuate With Time........................................... 125 New Developments of Vibration-Measuring Devices With Expanded Frequency Range ..................................................... 127 Study And Elimination of Influence o f Pressure Oscillations In Pipe Systems On Operating Process And Vibration of Elements of Piston Compressor Station ........................................... 129 Analysis of Hydrodynamic Noise Arising As Liquid Flows Over Rough Surfaces............................................................ 130 Method And Installation For Study o f Processes of Vibration Movements of Parts And Accompanying Phenomenas ................................ 131 Experimental Determination of Changes o f Dynamic Characteristics of High-speed Rotors 0pera.t ing In Ball-Bearing Mounts With Passage of Time ............................................................. 132 References .......................................................... 132 Calculation of Vibrations of Distributed Elastic Systems By Finite Elements Me~hod . .................................................... ~ 3 3 The Problem of Decreasing Vibrations of Electric Machines ...........135 Oscillations of A Rotor Resulting From Inaccuracy of Manufacture of Ball Bearings .................................................... 137 Study of the Influence of Resonant Twisting Oscillations In A Motor Vehicle Transmission On Vibration And Noise In the Cab .............. 138 Application of Dimensional Analysis To Study of Vibration Activity of Piston Engines ................................................... 139 Study of Vibtations In the Direction of Increasing And Decreasing Time ................................................................ 142 Contactless Method of Measuring Velocity of Impacting Elements ......144 Study of Mechanical Oscillating Systems Using Natural Vibrators 146 The Excitation of Periodic And Random Torsional Oscillations In 148 Rotating Systems .................................................... Identification of Characteristics o f Dynamic System of Cylindrical Grinder By "Black Box" Method During Grindings ...................... 149 Spectral-Correlation Analysis of Vibrations of Aviation Engine Under' Test Stand Conditions ............................................... 150 Regression Analysis of Noise of An Aircraft Engine .................. 152 Some Problems In the Application of the Two-Dimensional Probability Distribution Function For Analysis of Acoustical Noise and 6ignals..153 One Contactless Method of Studying the Natural Oscillations of Elastic Structuses.................................................. 155 Design of Vibration-Protective Systems With Random Vibration Action 157
Page 118
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vi
Page Certain Problems of Machine Acoustics .............................. 158 160 References Determination of the Parameters of Mechanical Oscillating Systems On the Basis of the Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics As A Means of Vibration Diagnosis of Machines..... ............................ 161 Problems of Identification of Parameters of Dynamic Systems Based On Tape Drives ..................................................... 162 New Methods of Studying the Dynamics of Impact Processes ...........164 New Methods of Studying And Increasing the Dynamic Accuracy of Precision J I G Boring Machines ...................................... 166
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vii
N A S A TT F-694
NEW METHODS OF STUDYING NOISE AND VIBRATION AND CYBERNETIC DIAGNOSIS OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
ABSTRACT. Brief summaries are p r e s e n t e d of r e s e a r c h work performed i n t h e a r e a o f t h e s t u d y of n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n and c y b e r n e t i c d i a g n o s i s of machines and mechanisms. The r e p o r t s were o r i g i n a l l y p r e s e n t e d a t an All-Union Symposium h e l d June 29, 1970 through J u l y 1, 1970.
OPTIMAL DETERMINATION . . _ _ OF ..C - HANGES I N~PROPERTIES OF R A N D O M PHENOMENA
L. A. Telksnys
(Vilnyus)
The problem i s s t u d i e d of determining t h e most probable moments i n time f o r a change i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f random phenomena on t h e b a s i s of s i n g l e o r r e p e a t e d r e a l i z a t i o n s , f i x e d i n o b s e r v a t i o n i n t e r v a l s of f i n i t e length. This problem arises i n many a r e a s , i n p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n , as well as i n t h e d i a g n o s i s of machines and mechanisms. Statement of problem.
Let
X ( t )=
/?*
L
{ {
k1
. P J ( r ) , t~ bo, u)
2)
(t )
f E ( u , u2),
m ( l ) ( t ) ,I
tn((t),
E(Uo,
u)
E ( u , u2),
T )=
(%,
T ) ;
8, T E ( U o .
8,
TE(U,
U)
k8(8,7);
up).
a p r i o r i d i s t r i b u t i o n a ( u ) a t i n s t a n t u e i t h e r i s known, o r i t i s assumed t h a t
it i s c o n s t a n t over t h e i n t e r v a l i n q u e s t i o n , i . e . , a(u) = c o n s t .
.~~ . . .. ..
. . ..
- ... . .
. ..-
~~-~ .-
. .-
..
. -
... . .
- - ..-
-. -~~
*Numbers i n t h e margin i n d i c a t e p a g i n a t i o n i n t h e f o r e i g n t e x t .
/A
u.
The problem i s s o l v e d by determining t h e maximum of t h e a p o s t e r i o r i d i s t r i b u t i o n d e n s i t y f u n c t i o n of t h e d e s i r e d parameter u. I t i s found on t h e b a s i s of t h e maximum o r minimum o f t h e f u n c t i o n , r e l a t e d i n some manner t o t h e
a p o s t e r i o r i d i s t r i b u t i o n d e n s i t y f u n c t i o n 11,4].
C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of u* can be performed i n p r a c t i c e by computer
.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
T e l ' k s n y s , L. A . , V. Yu. Chernyauskas, "Determination of Most Probable Moment i n Time f o r Change i n t h e Nature of a Random P r o c e s s . Report a t F i r s t All-Union Symposium on S t a t i s t i c a l Problems i n Engineering Cybernetics," Moscow, 14-18 February 1967, on f i l e at All-Union Ins t i t u t e of S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, 812-69. Telksnys, L. A . , V . Cerniauskas, "Determination of t h e Moments of Time of Change i n S t a t i s t i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of Random P r o c e s s e s , " IFAC Symposium, 1970, I d e n i t i f i c a t i o n and Process Parameter E s t i m a t i o n . Telksnys, L. A . , "Determination of Optimal Bayes Learning Algorithm i n Determination of Moments i n Time f o r Change of P r o p e r t i e s of Random S i g n a l s , ' 1 Avtomatika i TeZemekhanika, No. 6, 1969. Telksnys, L. A . , "Determination of Most Probable Moments i n Time f o r Change i n P r o p e r t i e s of Random S i g n a l s , I T Avtomatika i VychisZiteI 'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, 1970.
-._.. .. -I
c 4
j
THE PROBLEM OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF . DYNAMIC MODELS BY THE METHOD OF LP SEARCH .. - .. . OF .- ... ... . - .. .- .
M. D. Genkin, V . K . Grinkevich, I . M . ,
S o b o l ' , R . B . S t a t n i k o v (Moscow)
The p r e s e n t work s t u d i e s a new u n i v e r s a l method f o r s e a r c h f o r optimal parameters based on t h e u s e o f Haar f u n c t i o n s (2,4). This method can b e c a l l e d LP s e a r c h , s i n c e i n p l a c e o f t h e random p o i n t s i n a multidimensional cube, we u s e t h e p o i n t i n an LP
T
sequence ( 2 ) .
These
p o i n t s a r e n o t random and are d i s t r i b u t e d much more evenly t h a n random p o i n t s . However, c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e s e p o i n t s by computer i s q u i t e simple. For f u r t h e r improvement o f t h e parameters o f t h e models, w e used o r d i n a r y l o c a l methods ( 1 ) . Incidentally, i n many problems, no improvement was r e q u i r e d , s i n c e a s u f f i c i e n t l y good model was achieved i n t h e f i r s t s t a g e .
W e n o t e two more s i t u a t i o n s , i n which t h e u s e of random, and p a r t i c u l a r l y
LP s e a r c h , i s q u i t e expedient:
a) If i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o analyze t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of o p t i m i z a t i o n of a model on t h e b a s i s of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a o r t o s t u d y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f many parameters, t h i s can b e performed u s i n g t h e same t e s t p o i n t s ; b) If c o n d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s s e p a r a t e a nonconvex s e t i n t h e space o f models, convergence of l o c a l methods may occur only i n a c e r t a i n a r e a around t h e optimum; t h i s a r e a can b e reached by random o r LP s e a r c h .
two systems of o b j e c t s A and B y between which a homomorphic mapping o f system A i n a c e r t a i n system A ' and a homomorphic mapping o f B i n a c e r t a i n system B ' can b e e s t a b l i s h e d such t h a t A ' and B' a r e isomorphic. I t i s assumed t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f isomorphism (homomorphism, i s o f u n c t i o n a l i s m ) o b t a i n s between t h e model and p r o t o t y p e ( I ) . 3
'In c o n s t r u c t i v e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e model, t h e f o l l o w i n g problem arises : from t h e s e t of a l l RE, s e l e c t an optimal model which maximizes a c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a l f u n c t i o n a l , dependent on t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e system, d e s c r i b i n g dynamic model vector
RE.
CY
meters a1,.
w e write i t i n t h e form o f
Y -
(a) where t h e
Assuming t h a t i n a c e r t a i n c l o s e d area
belonging t o p a r a l l e l e p i p e d (1)
Then parameter
+ CY
r,
) i s r e f e r r e d t o as t h e optimal model
4,
under c o n d i t i o n i n t h e form
4,
Y-
r . For (a( T I .
brevity, t h e values of
( a ) where
-.-
&r
w i l l be w r i t t e n
, the
were c a l c u l a t e d , forming t h e LP
p o i n t HQ,, piped [ l ] :
/6
O l ( ' )
...,k
- l ) , the p
"best" p o i n t s were s e l e c t e d , from which "improvementll of t h e parameters was However, t h e v a l u e of t h e f u n c t i o n a l s s t u d i e d was improved only s l i g h t l y by r e g u l a r methods i n comparison with t h e b e s t of
Thus, t h e s e s t u d i e s confirmed t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of g l o b a l LP s e a r c h i n comparison w i t h random s e a r c h ( t h e number of s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced and t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e g l o b a l extreme f o r f u n c t i o n a l s w i t h m u l t i p l e extremes i s i n c r e a s e d ) , and i n many c a s e s improvements are made i n comparison with any r e g u l a r s e a r c h methods.
t
1.
REFERENCES Chzhu, S. Ya. and V. Prager, "Latest Achievements in Optimal Planning of Structures," Mekhanika, No. 6, (118), 1969.
Statement of Problem.
p r o c e s s , s t a b l e i n t h e broad s e n s e ) ; z ( t ) = y ( t ) + n ( t ) i s t h e observed s i g n a l
a t t h e o u t p u t o f t h e o b j e c t ; y ( t ) i s n o i s e (assumed t o b e a s t a b l e Gaussian
p r o c e s s s i m i l a r t o "white n o i s e " ) . P ( t ) = A ( t ) + ( x ( t ) , g ( t ) ) i s t h e output s i g n a l o f t h e model, A(t) and B(t)
/z
, .
i(t)
, .
cesses x ( t ) , z ( t )
The s e l f - t u n i n g a l g o r i t h m i s achieved u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s :
The q u a l i t y c r i t e r i o n Q, of t h e a d a p t i v e p r o c e s s c o n s i s t s of t h e f o l lowing f u n c t i o n a l s :
-------.----..-.IIII~111111..11.1.111111111111.11111.1.1.l1ll111
111 1111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1I 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 111111
!
1
One c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e of problems o f t h i s c l a s s i s t h a t t h e v e c t o r of parameters o f ( f o r example, t h e time c o n s t a n t of t h e i n e r t i a l l e n g t h , delay) i s i n c l u d e d n o n l i n e a r l y i n t h e e q u a t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t . The a d a p t i v e system is s t u d i e d by t h e method of s t a t i s t i c a l modeling by d i g i t a l computer, i . e . , a d i s c r e t e analog of t h e continuous system i s studied. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e performed f o r :
f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e i n p u t s i g n a l x ( t ) .
2 . The accuracy of t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e s e parameters a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e
/E
For t h i s pur-
3 . C e r t a i n recommendations a r e p r e s e n t e d on u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e a l g o r i t h m s .
ADAPTIVE MODEL FOR EVA&UATION OF WEIGHT FUNCTION AND LEVEL OF NOISE OF LINEAR DYNAMIC S Y S T K M A. A. Nyamura and K. I . Rashchyus (Kaunas)
A s t u d y i s p r e s e n t e d o f t h e p r o c e s s o f a d a p t a t i o n i n an a d a p t i v e model,
designed f o r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e weight f u n c t i o n and n o i s e l e v e l o f a l i n e a r dynamic system. S i n c e t h e weight f u n c t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t i s n o t a c c e s s i b l e t o d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n , c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e weight c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e model i s performed on t h e b a s i s of r e s u l t s Of o b s e r v a t i o n o f p e r t u r b a t i o n of x ( t ) and t h e o u t p u t c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e o b j e c t z ( t ) by g r a d i e n t methods and s t o c h a s t i c approximation. Formulas a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e speed of t h e a d a p t a t i o n p r o c e s s , i . e . , t h e p r o c e s s of automatic adjustment of weight coe f f i c i e n t s of t h e model i n t h e c a s e o f a q u a s i - s t a b l e o b j e c t and when n o i s e n ( t ) a t i t s output i s white n o i s e . I t i s demonstrated t h a t t h e a d a p t a t i o n time i s l e s s when t h e a d a p t i v e system o p e r a t e s u s i n g t h e g r a d i e n t a l g o r i t h m . The d u r a t i o n of a d a p t a t i o n of a d i s c r e t e a d a p t i v e system o p e r a t i n g u s i n g t h e algorithm of s t e e p e s t d e s c e n t i s s t u d i e d .
An experimental s t u d y i s p r e s e n t e d of a d i s c r e t e a d a p t i v e system by t h e
Inves-
t i g a t i o n was performed w i t h r e a l i z a t i o n of t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t y p e s o f i n p u t p e r with t h r e e l e v e l s of n o i s e n The dependence OS t h e r a t e of i i' tuning of t h e weight c o e f f i c i e n t s on t h e form of c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n of t h e i n p u t s i g n a l and on t h e n o i s e l e v e l a t t h e o u t m t of t h e o b j e c t i s demonstrated.
STUDY OF STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM BY THE " M O N T E CARLO" MEMOD, USED TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT FUNCTION
N . A. Arbachyauskene (Kaunas)
The e s t i m a t i o n of t h e weight f u n c t i o n o f a l i n e a r dynamic system by t h e method o f s t o c h a s t i c approxiniation i s analyzed f o r t h e case when t h e number of r e s u l t s of observations i s f i n i t e .
1 9
e f f i c i e n t s B are c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e formula:
&+,
n
(I+
1)=&+1
(1)
where BZ,l
f f ( i ) i s t h e i n p u t signal; F Z + l ( i ) = ( f ( i ) , f ( i - 1)
...f ( i
m
.. ,bZ]T.,
Z))T i s t h e v e c t o r
c
i=O
y ( i ) -+ a;
i =O
Yz(i) <
03*
6 z + 1 by
t h e method o f
stochas-
t i c approximation, p a r t i c u l a r l y with a high n o i s e l e v e l , can b e produced o n l y 4 5 a f t e r a tremendous number o f i t e r a t i o n s (10 -10 ) . The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h i s
g r e a t number o f p o i n t s of r e a l i z a t i o n s of i n p u t and o u t p u t s i g n a l s r e q u i r e s a g r e a t d e a l of time. Litvakov Therefore, t h e p o s s i b i l i t y i s s t u d i e d of using a repeated l i s t i n g algorithm, t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s o f which was provided by B. M .
The accuracy o f r e s t o r a t i o n of a parameter i n a l i m i t e d number of i t e r a t i o n s depends on t h e s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n p u t s i g n a l f ( i ) , n o i s e l e v e l n ( i ) and t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a t u n i n g s t e p l e n g t h y ( i ) . meter y ( i ) can b e changed f r e e l y . I n v e s t i g a t i o n by t h e Monte C a r l o method allowed c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c s o f t h e algorithm with r e p e a t e d l i s t i n g t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d . The i n f l u e n c e of t h e following f a c t o r s on t h e accuracy of e s t i m a t i o n was determined: a) I n p u t s i g n a l c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n ; b) n o i s e a t t h e o u t p u t o f t h e o b j e c t ; c) number o f reOnly p a r a -
/E
, ,,
... . . ..
...
~.
results o f observations.
1 0
____...-_..,.,...
... ,. ..
.,._,. ,.,.,,., ,, .,
..
I I I.
, . I
I ,
,1111
I I,
111
i.
m
u k
a
vjCi(P(Xk-j)+%
=
J - 0 1-0
k=l, 2,
.. -
(1)
i s t h e measured o u t p u t of o b j e c t yk t o g e t h e r with a d d i t i v e n o i s e
a c t i n g on t h e o u t p u t ; { + i ( x ) ) i s a system o f l i n e a r l y independent f u n c t i o n s of i n p u t s i g n a l x, v j
= O,m,
j' = O,n a r e
unknown c o e f f i c i e n t s , e s t i m a t i n g t h e corresponding
parameters of t h e o b j e c t s . Various mathematical methods allow us t o c r e a t e v a r i o u s algorithms f o r c In o r d e r t o improve t h e i t e r a t i o n procedure, we r e i' j' p l a c e t h e p a i r e d products w.c by a s i n g l e c o e f f i c i e n t h j i . C a l c u l a t i o n can J i be performed u s i n g t h e following two a l g o r i t h m s : 1) an algorithm produced by t h e l e a s t s q u a r e s method ( t h e MNK algorithm) and 2) an algorithm produced by t h e s t o c h a s t i c approximation method ( t h e SA algorithm) The MNK a l g o r i t h m : hv+l=r,-:IL+l
A
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of v
h e r e hv+l i s t h e v e c t o r h i n t h e (v + 1 ) - t h i t e r a t i o n ,
-1 rw+l i s a m a t r i x c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n p u t s i g n a l x i n t h e (v + 1 ) - t h i t e r a -
tion
r ; : l
where when
= (1
+ t ) r;l-
(v
+
@v
r ; l
'pv+l)-l v 'r ; r
Q ~ r+ yl ~
= 'pv (Pi.
cp:'[cp"(xv-o).
cpa(Xv-l),
. . ., 9 . (Xv-0).
cPoj+)r
* *
--
. .. ,
90(xv-m)9
* cP,(x.-31 ;
11
a i s a c e r t a i n number, 1
The SA a l g o r i t h m -
2 1000.
=>
u i s t h e j t e r a t i o n number, 0
<
<
1 ( a = 0.55).
I t should be noted
12
/z
t h e f u n c t i o n a l v o l t e r r a series
0
P 0)= wo(t) + J
0
m m
Wl(U x (t
+JJ
0 0
wg(L AJ x ( t -A,) x ( t
where w ( t ) i s a f u n c t i o n , dependent on t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e o f t h e system; 0 w ( A ) i s a weight f u n c t i o n , d e f i n i n g t h e l i n e a r p o r t i o n of t h e o u t p u t 1 1 quantity; w2(A1,A2) i s a weight f u n c t i o n , d e f i n i n g t h e second o r d e r component of t h e output q u a n t i t y ; y ( t ) i s t h e output v a l u e of a model of t h e dynamic system. I n o r d e r t o estimate t h e n o n l i n e a r dynamic system o p e r a t o r b e i n g s t u d i e d , we assume w ( t ) = 0. 0 Estimates w i l l b e sought i n t h e following form:
= A2,
t h e method of s e l e c t i o n of
...,
..
13
where we r e p r e s e n t
If i n t h e p r o c e s s o f p r o d u c t i o n o f d a t a , a l l v a l u e s o f t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t
q u a n t i t i e s x ( t ) and y ( t ) are p r e c i s e l y d e f i n e d , c a l c u l a t i o n o f estimates of r e q u i r e s as many v a l u e s o f q u a n t i t i e s x ( t ) and y ( t ) as are jp But i n p r a c t i c e w e can r e q u i r e d t o determine e s t i m a t e s o f c o e f f i c i e n t s a jp' measure p r e c i s e l y only i n p u t q u a n t i t y x ( t ) . The measurement e r r o r n ( t ) i n coefficients a output q u a n t i t y y ( t ) w i l l be considered a d d i t i v e n o i s e , normally d i s t r i b u t e d .
A
/E
n ( i ) i s t h e r e s u l t o f o b s e r v a t i o n of v a l u e y ( t ) i n t h e
S '
s = l,Z,.
..
The accuracy o f t h e e s t i m a t e s produced was determined by experimental s t u d i e s o f t h e s e methods u s i n g t h e B E S M d i g i t a l computer by t h e method o f s t a t i s t i c a l testing.
14
\I
IDENTIFICATION AS -A. TASK . OF . . SEQUENTIAL STATISTICAL __ ANALYSIS - .
~
A. A. Nyamura (Kaunas)
For t h e problem of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y first of a l l t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e c l a s s e s with t h e following c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : n o n l i n e a r or l i n e a r , A f t e r a s u f f i c i e n t l y narrow c l a s s of an o p e r a t o r has been d e f i n e d , t h e o p e r a t o r i t s e l f becomes known with an accuracy t o a c e r t a i n v e c t o r parameter c, i . e . , we have t h e following funct i o n a l dependence:
P ( r ) = A r y ( t ) ] = ~ . [ 1 1 ( S ) ,O < . s < r ;
?I,
where A [ * ] i s t h e mathematical o p e r a t o r of t h e system, unknown i n advance, r e q u i r i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n ; u ( t ) and y ( t ) a r e t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t g e n e r a l i z e d v e c t o r c o o r d i n a t e s of t h e system, which may b e d e t e r m i n i s t i c o r random f u n c t i o n s of s c a l a r argument T . dependence The l a s t t i n t h e formula i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n a l
I t t h e n remains t o estimate t h e unknown
@['I
15
F . Dimentberg (Moscow)
The problem c o n s i s t s i n determining whether a measured narrow band random p r o c e s s a t t h e o u t p u t o f an o s c i l l a t i n g system c o n s i s t s o f f o r c e d o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e system under t h e i n f l u e n c e of e x t e r n a l wide band random p e r t u r b a t i o n s o r whether t h e system i s i n t h e s t a t e of s e l f - o s c i l l a t i o n s , modeled by random n o i s e as a r e s u l t o f random p e r t u r b a t i o n s a t t h e i n p u t o f t h e system. The s o l u t i o n t o t h i s problem i n many cases can i n d i c a t e what s o u r c e o f e x c i t a t i o n i s making t h e b a s i c c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e v i b r a t i o n of t h e mechanical system. Two r e c o g n i t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e suggested f o r an o b j e c t which can be r e p r e I
s e n t e d by a second o r d e r e q u i v a l e n t q u a s i - l i n e a r system, based on a n a l y s i s of t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t i e s of t h e envelope o f t h e o u t p u t p r o c e s s o r t h e p r o c e s s itself. The f i r s t c r i t e r i o n f o l l o w s from s o l u t i o n of t h e Fokker-Planck The e q u a t i o n , corresponding t o an a b b r e v i a t e d e q u a t i o n f o r t h e amplitude.
second c r i t e r i o n i s produced on t h e b a s i s of t h e known i n t e g r a l dependence between t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t i e s o f a narrow band random p r o c e s s and i t s envelope. The accuracy of t h e second c r i t e r i o n has been t e s t e d by analog computer modeling and was found t o b e good even i n t h e c a s e of r a t h e r s h o r t i n t e r v a l s of observation of t h e output process.
16
DETERMINATION OF PARTIAL DAMPING COEFFICIENTS OE LINEAR SYSTEMS FROM MEAN PERIODS OF ENVELOPES OF RANDOM OSCILLATIONS
M. F. Dimentberg and A. R. Abul'khanov (Moscow)
A formula i s d e r i v e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of p a r t i a l damping c o e f f i c i e n t s of
/g
l i n e a r systems on t h e b a s i s of v a l u e s o f t h e resonant frequency and mean number of i n t e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e envelope of a narrow band random o s c i l l a t i o n with i t s mathematical e x p e c t a t i o n . The formula i s concluded i n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e R e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from experimental i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f i l t e r - a n a l y z e r used t o s e p a r a t e t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e degree o f freedom b e i n g s t u d i e d . checks o f t h e accuracy o f t h e method u s i n g e l e c t r i c a l models.
17
O D E S INTEGRAL EQUATIONS AS A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE SPECTRUM OF NORMAL M OF BACKGROUND VIBRATIONS P . F. Ovchinnikov (Odessa) Methods a r e s t u d i e d f o r determining t h e spectrum of n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of systems, t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s of which a r e d e s c r i b e d by l i n e a r , loaded i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h an e s s e n t i a l l y p o s i t i v e k e r n e l and a non-monotonic d i s t r i b u t i o n function. I n c o n t r a s t t o a spectrum with a monotonic d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , t h e n a t u r a l spectrum of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s f a l l s on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e number a x i s I t i s demonstrated t h a t n e i t h e r methods of composicion o f frequency e q u a t i o n s and t h e i r conversion t o s e c u l a r form, nor methods o f expansion o f t h e s e c u l a r e q u a t i o n t o a polynomial can be extended t o e q u a t i o n s with non-monotonic d i s tribution functions. The p o s s i b i l i t y of u s i n g t h e method of s u c c e s s i v e approximation l o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l number with t h e lowest a b s o l u t e v a l u e i s demonstrated. Extension o f t h e method o f wakes allows any n a t u r a l number t o be d e f i n e d
as t o a b s o l u t e v a l u e .
A f t e r demonstrating t h a t t h e problem of d e t e r m i n a t i o n
18
i'
1
APPLICATION OF CORRELATION ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF THE CONDITION OF MECHAN ISMS I . V. Alekseyev and E . P . Pyshkina (Moscow)
Knowledge of such o s c i l l a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p a r t s o f mechanisms a s t h e damping f a c t o r , n a t u r a l frequency and s p e c t r a l n o i s e power d e n s i t y i s o f i n t e r e s t f o r purposes o f a c o u s t i c a l d i a g n o s i s . I n o r d e r t o determine t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and e s t i m a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f design parameters o f p a r t s on t h e p r o c e s s of n o i s e formation, t h e Department o f Engines of t h e Moscow Highway I n s t i t u t e has produced a motorless modeling i n s t a l l a t i o n , a block diagram o f which i s shown on Figure 1. This i n s t a l l a t i o n , u s i n g a c o r r e l a t o r produced i n Department E - 9 of t h e Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School, has been used t o determine the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s mentioned above.
7
/E
of c y l i n d e r heads o f i n t e r n a l
combustion engines. Four v e r s i o n s o f heads were s t u d i e d , d i f f e r i n g from each o t h e r i n t h i c k n e s s o f end w a l l and c o n s t r u c t i o n mate-
rial.
Figure 1.
mm; 5 . 2 5
The s e l e c t i o n o f a design f o r a t h i n wall head was based on t h e following considerations : a) The end w a l l o f t h e head i s made s o t h a t i t s r i g i d i t y i s much less t h a n t h e r i g i d i t y o f t h e remaining elements o f t h e design of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , allowing t h e assumption t h a t t h e primary s h a r e o f a c o u s t i c a l energy r a d i a t e d by t h e cover i s determined by o s c i l l a t i o n s of i t s t h i n w a l l p o r t i o n ; b) The design of t h e head allows a n a l y t i c c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l f r e quency of i t s r a d i a t i n g s u r f a c e , making i t p o s s i b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e experimental d a t a .
/E
19
Experimental d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e damping f a c t o r and n a t u r a l frequency o f heads was performed on t h e b a s i s of t h e parameters o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n funct i o n o f t h e random p r o c e s s , measured u s i n g a v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r i n s t a l l e d on one s i d e of t h e r a d i a t i n g s u r f a c e o f t h e head. The v i b r a t o r was i n s t a l l e d symmetrically t o t h e v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e head, allowing t h e form o f e x c i t a t i o n during t h e experiment t o approximate t h e form o f a c t u a l e x c i t i n g f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e r a d i a t i n g element and t h u s a v o i d i n g u n d e s i r a b l e asymmetrical o s c i l l a t i o n s and t h e i r corresponding n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s . Voltage from a n o i s e g e n e r a t o r was s e n t t o t h e v i b r a t o r . mine t h e parameters o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n . correlation function. The v o l t a g e
from t h e v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r was s e n t t o a c o r r e l a t o r , which was used t o d e t e r The o s c i l l a t i n g charact e r i s t i c s o f t h e head a r e unambiguously r e l a t e d t o t h e parameters of t h e The a n a l y s i s o f t h e o r e t i c a l and experimental d a t a f o r The r e determination o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s showed good correspondence. f a c i l i t a t e s t h e measurements performed. The use o f c o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s h a r d l y excludes t h e u s e o f c l a s s i c a l methods o f a c o u s t i c a l measurements. The expediency o f t h e use o f any given method i s determined by t h e p r a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n : a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a p p a r a t u s ,
i t s complexity, c o s t , n a t u r e o f t h e p r o c e s s b e i n g s t u d i e d , e t c .
20
. .
-. .. ........ .. .. . .. .
....
I . V. Alekseyev and V . N . Lukanin (Moscow) W e have developed a measurement channel f o r s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s o f n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n s o f engines during o p e r a t i o n (Figure 1 ) .
I t c o n s i s t s of a s e t
/=
t o p dead c e n t e r p o i n t , connects t h e o u t p u t s o f each o f t h e f i l t e r s i n t u r n t o t h e r e c o r d i n g d e v i c e , an 8-beam cathode r a y o s c i l l o s c o p e with a photographic attachment. The s w i t c h i n g device used i s a s t e p p i n g s w i t c h , t h e c o n t a c t s o f This connection o f c o n t a c t s allows t h e s i g n a l from which a r e c l o s e d i n p a i r s .
each f i l t e r t o b e f e d t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e during two f u l l crank s h a f t r o t a t i o n s , which corresponds t o t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o p e r a t i n g c y c l e i n a f o u r s t r o k e engine. Thus, t h e s i g n a l b e i n g s t u d i e d i s recorded a f t e r having been passed through t h e o n e - t h i r d octave f i l t e r s . The c o i l o f t h e s t e p p i n g switch i s connected t o t h e anode c i r c u i t of a t h y r a t r o n , which i s opened by a p u l s e . Recordings o f n o i s e , v i b r a t i o n s , as well as t h e p r o c e s s e s d e f i n i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e engine, t h e i n d i c a t o r d i a gram and t r a v e l o f t h e s p r a y e r n e e d l e , performed u s i n g t h i s channel, demons t r a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s u t i l i z a t i o n f o r d i a g n o s t i c purposes. The p u l s e s
o f v i b r a t i o n and n o i s e r e s u l t i n g from t h e impact i n t e r a c t i o n s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e s
21
USE OF A CORRELATOR BASED ON ORTHOGONAL FILTERS I N ACOUSTICAL MACHINE DIAGNOSIS Yu. I . Bobrovnitskiy, M. D . Genkin and K . D . Morozov (Moscow) I t i s suggested t h a t t h e i n t e r n a l parameters o f machines ( d i a g n o s i s p a r a meters) b e measured u s i n g an orthogonal f i l t e r c o r r e l a t o r . I t i s demonstrated t h a t t h e parameters of t h e f i l t e r a t t h e i n p u t o f one o f t h e channels can be s e l e c t e d s o t h a t a s i g n a l i s produced a t t h e o u t p u t of t h e c o r r e l a t o r which i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e measured machine d i a g n o s i s parameter. The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such a f i l t e r r e q u i r e s t h a t c e r t a i n c o r r e l a t i o n measurements b e performed i n advance w i t h s e v e r a l known v a l u e s o f t h e d i a g n o s i s parameter, i . e . , t h a t a " l e a r n i n g process
i s needed.
The model o f t h e d i a g n o s t i c
s i g n a l was a mixture o f two random, s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d s i g n a l s , t h e amplitude o f one o f which was p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e measured d i a g n o s i s p a r a m e t e r , 10%.
After
22
1
1
L. A. Manashkin and N. G . Baranov (Dnepropetrovsk) Optimization o f t h e parameters of damping d e v i c e s r e q u i r e s t h a t a model o f t h e equipment be p e r t u r b e d so t h a t t h e damping devices o p e r a t e under n e a r normal c o n d i t i o n s . This i s done by f e e d i n g a v o l t a g e from a n o i s e g e n e r a t o r The s i g n a l formed by t h e synThe o u t p u t q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e model a r e The r e s u l t s o f The with a r a t h e r broad spectrum t o a s y n t h e s i z e r . t h e s i z e r i s f e d t o an e l e c t r i c a l model. /19
formed s o t h a t t h e y can b e compared with t h e r e s u l t s of experimental s t u d i e s from a ( s t a n d a r d ) a c t u a l device under a c u t a l c o n d i t i o n s . i n v e s t i g a t i o n of o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e l i n k of i n t e r e s t i n t h e a c t u a l device a r e represented a s t h e s p e c t r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f these o s c i l l a t i o n s . of t h e u n i t being s t u d i e d i s s e n t t o an a n a l y z e r . e l e c t r i c a l v o l t a g e produced i n t h e model and corresponding t o t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s The r e s u l t s o f a n a l y s i s B y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e syna r e compared with t h e f i x e d spectrum produced p r e l i m i n a r i l y during experimental s t u d i e s of t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e a c t u a l equipment. and by modelling can be achieved. t i o n s of the u n i t being studied.
A block diagram o f t h e system as a whole, a block diagram o f t h e s y n t h e -
s i z e r and of t h e a n a l y z e r a r e developed.
23
n o i s e ) p e r t u r b a t i o n i n t h e frequency range up t o 200 Hz i s s t u d i e d . The problem i s s o l v e d o f determining t h e parameters of t h e dynamic human o p e r a t o r system and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a model f o r each p o s i t i o n . connected a b s o l u t e l y r i g i d b o d i e s with masses m damping elements k
i
The body of t h e
/20
connected by e l a s t i c and
and C i .
*.
+----I
4tt
__
-~
J, rad/sec
Figure 1.
A method i s p r e s e n t e d f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e l e n g t h o f t h e r e c o r d i n g o f t h e
i n p u t process t o a s s u r e i t s s t a b i l i t y .
D i s t r i b u t i o n r u l e s o f t h e o u t p u t pro-
Figure 2. The number o f e q u a t i o n s of motion o f t h e model i s determined by t h e form o f t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r each p o s i t i o n . The e q u a t i o n s s t u d i e d were
/=
G(O)= ! ? i
i
c c
II
BIW'
I
(1)
Aim'
The area l i m i t a t i o n s are f i x e d i n t h e form Emi = M, where M i s t h e mass o f t h e human o p e r a t o r . By s e l e c t i n g N v a l u e s of t h e experimental frequency response a t frequencies w q u e n c i e s , a system of n o n l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s i s produced r e l a t i v e t o t h e model parameters t o b e determined.
I n t h i s c a s e , t h e nodal f r e q u e n c i e s correspond t o t h e extreme p o i n t s of
j
C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e model p a r a -
/ z
26
MULTICHANNEL DIAGNOSIS OF MACHINES BY _DIGITAL COMPUTER ... - * . . . . . .. - . . . . _ . . . __ _ ___ B. D. Tartakovskiy, A. I . Vyalyshev and B. A . Kanayev (Moscow)
E x i s t i n g methods o f d i a g n o s i s of machines and mechanisms based on measurement of t h e i r v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s h o r t coming t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e a c o u s t i c a l elements o f s t r u c t u r e s o f machines and t h e b a s e s on which t h e y r e s t , a s w e l l a s s e c t o r s o f t h e sound conductors along which v i b r a t i o n s and a c o u s t i c a l waves propagate f o r r e c e p t i o n by t h e t e s t i n s t r u m e n t s , i n f l u e n c e t h e recorded r e s u l t s . This i n f l u e n c e , However, b e i n g e s s e n t i a l l y dependent on t h e p o i n t o f placement of t h e t e s t v i b r a t i o n and sound s e n s o r s , i n most cases cannot b e t h e o r e t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e d . p o s s i b l e t o e l i m i n a t e i t by p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n of t h e p o i n t . One method o f s u p p r e s s i n g t h i s i n f l u e n c e , which must be analyzed f o r most c a s e s o f r e a l i z a t i o n o f d i a g n o s i s systems as a random c a t e g o r y , c o n s i s t s i n u s i n g multichannel a c o u s t i c a l d i a g n o s i s systems (MSD) experimental checks of t h i s i n f l u e n c e have shown t h a t i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y i m -
An experimental s t u d y
was performed f o r s e l e c t i o n of M S D parameters, c o n s i s t i n g i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of expedient frequency bands and d i s t a n c e s between s e n s o r s . The machine s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y was a d e f e c t i v e e l e c t r i c motor, i n s t a l l e d on a long, r i g i d frame. The s e n s o r s used were p i e z o e l e c t r i c v i b r o m e t e r s , The measurements placed on t h e frame a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s from t h e motor. widths o f frequency band.
performed i n t h e s t a b l e mode u t i l i z e d f i l t e r s of v a r i o u s t y p e s with v a r i o u s The r e s u l t s were processed by d i g i t a l computer u s i n g a s p e c i a l algorithm based on s t a t i s t i c a l methods. Values c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e average change i n v i b r a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from t h e appearance o f a d e f e c t were found. The minimum band widths of f i l t e r s and minimum d i s t a n c e s between v i b r a t i o n r e c e p t o r s p r o v i d i n g t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o analyze t h e s i g n a l v a l u e s produced a t t h e c e r t a i n p o i n t s on c e r t a i n frequency bands a s noncoherent were determined. This allowed t h e maximum number o f independent v a l u e s of v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l s i g n a l s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e experiment t o be determined, and on t h i s b a s i s allowed t h e confidence i n t e r v a l s f o r s t a t i s t i c a l e s t i m a t i o n of t h e rel i a b i l i t y o f t h e mean d i f f e r e n c e between s i g n a l s r e l a t e d t o a d e f e c t t o be
27
/z
found, i . e . ,
allowed e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i a g n o s t i c e f f e c t .
I n t h e experiment performed, t h e random change i n t h e mean s i g n a l l e v e l res u l t i n g from n o i s e a t i n d i v i d u a l p o i n t s was only s l i g h t l y l e s s than t h e d i f f e r e n c e between l e v e l s r e s u l t i n g from t h e d e f e c t . However, t h e u s e of t h i s method o f d a t a p r o c e s s i n g f o r d a t a produced u s i n g multichannel measurements allowed t h e e x i s t e n c e of a d e f e c t i n t h e e l e c t r i c motor t o be e s t a b l i s h e d with a p r o b a b i l i t y o f no l e s s t h a n 0.8.
28
The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e a l g o r i t h m w i t h v a r i a b l e s t e p i n t h e change o f t h e argument depends, of c o u r s e , on t h e c l a s s o f dependence being s t u d i e d . Machine modeling of an a l g o r i t h m as a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e frequency response of an o s c i l l a t i n g l i n k w i t h one degree o f freedom i n t h e audio frequency range with o p t i m a l l y s e l e c t e d c o n t r o l parameters included i n t h e algorithm i n d i c a t e d that 1) Reduction of t h e measurement t i m e (number of measurements) u s i n g t h i s algorithm i n comparison with e q u i d i s t a n t d i v i s i o n of t h e argument w i t h e q u a l accuracy o f t h e s e a r c h f o r t h e extreme i s
/E
i s t h e q u a l i t y parameter included i n t h e
algorithm;
2) The r e d u c t i o n i n measurement time u s i n g t h e algorithm suggested i n com-
29
treme.
suggested, t h e displacement of t h e extreme by frequency and i t s expansion, a r i s i n g with a continuous change i n frequency, are e l i m i n a t e d i n p r i n c i p l e , Thus, f o r example, where
A = 10, t h e g a i n i n time B
E
m,
lo4,
which i n d i c a t e s th.e h i g h e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
REFERENCES Lyubashevskiy, G . S . , Yu. I . Matveyev and B. D. Yaratkovskiy, Tr. V I Vssesoyuznoy A k u s t . Konf.. S e k t s f y a B [Works of S i x t h All-Union A c o u s t i c a l Confer e n c e , S e c t i o n B] , Moscow, 1968.
30
,/ ,;
AUTOMATION OF PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND DEVELOPMENT VIBRATION-ABSORBING COATING RECOMMENDAT-IONS FOR SELECTION - . - - ._ - .OF.OPTI-MAL - - .-
B. D . Tartakovskiy and B . A. Kanayev (Moscow) Automation o f t h e s e l e c t i o n of recommendations designed f o r improvement o f t h e v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f an o b j e c t by v i b r a t i o n a b s o r p t i o n on t h e b a s i s of d a t a from experimental s t u d i e s o f v i b r a t i o n s o f t h e o b j e c t assumes knowledge o f t h e dependence o f t h e q u a n t i t i e s c h a r a c t e r i z i n g v i b r a t i o n (mean amplitude, mean s q u a r e amplitude, e t c . ) on t h e parameters of t h e v i b r a t i o n - a b s o r b i n g c o a t i n g s (VC) t o be used.
For example, assuming i n t h e
/g
f i r s t approximation
f o r e and a f t e r use of t h e c o a t i n g , n o i s t h e l o s s f a c t o r of t h e u n t r e a t e d obj e c t , n l i s t h e l o s s f a c t o r c r e a t e d by t h e c o a t i n g ) , we can c a l c u l a t e t h e parameters o f t h e c o a t i n g p r o v i d i n g a f i x e d decrease i n mean square v i b r a t i o n amplitude with minimum weight. F o r rods and p l a t e s when e x c i t a t i o n i s by a monochromatic s i g n a l o f f r e quency w, t h e mean s q u a r e v i b r a t i o n amplitude can b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s
(A2>=c
U J
CkZkr
k-l
r\
zK
- 1/q2B2;
where
r(
<
i and pk = w ,
VC).=$f=($-)(I+~) where B
W e then obtain
The l o s s f a c t o r and bending r i g i d i t y o f a two l a y e r c o a t i n g depend on t h e r a t i o o f l a y e r t h i c k n e s s e s of t h e c o a t i n g [1,2]. on r a t i o H2/H1 The dependence o f (VC), of t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e l a y e r i n a t h r e e l a y e r The n a t u r e of t h e change i n frequency
s t r u c t u r e t o the thickness o f the p l a t e f o r various values o f r e l a t i v e c o a t i n g weight i s shown on Figure 1. c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f (VC) and (VC) as a f u n c t i o n o f t h i c k n e s s r e l a t i o n s h i p i n 2 3 a two l a y e r c o a t i n g i s shown on Figure 2 . Knowledge o f t h e s e r e g u l a r i t i e s
P.0.4/
32
1 0 lg (VC)
qo I
Figure 2 .
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Tartakovskiy, B . D . , "Longidutinal Rending O s c i l l a t i o n s of Compound Rods C o n s i s t i n g of Rigid Layers , I 1 Vi'ib24a-t.sii i Shumy ( F i z i e h e s k i y e IssZed o v m i y a ) [ V i b r a t i o n s and Nois e ( P h y s i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s ) - -Col l e c ti o n o f Works], Nauka Press, Moscow, 1969. Ross, E . , E . Ungar and E . M . Kerwin, "Damping o f P l a t e F l e x u r a l Vibrat i o n s by Means o f V i s c o e l a s t i c Laminae," i n t h e book: "StructuraZ Damping," Pergamon Press, 1960.
33
RANDOM OSCILLATIONS . AND = . ~ - - - . . . OF- PARAMETERS- OF - - = PRECISION ..= i ~. BALL.. . . . . BEARINGS . --.-- . . . . . - . .IDENTIFICATION . .
_-?
__
_ _ _ I . _ .
A-E.
r o l l i n g s u r f a c e c o n s i s t i n g of s o - c a l l e d waviness, changes i n l o a d s , changes i n t h i c k n e s s o f l u b r i c a n t l a y e r , which cannot be d e s c r i b e d as d e t e r m i n i s t i c functions. T h e r e f o r e , c a l c u l a t i o n and s t u d y o f t h e corresponding dynamic system r e q u i r e s t h a t p r o b a b i l i s t i c o r s t a t i s t i c a l methods b e used. Within t h e framework o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n t h e o r y o f f u n c t i o n s , t h e degree
o f i n f l u e n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l f a c t o r s on t h e t o t a l v i b r a t i o n l e v e l can b e determined by s o l v i n g an i d e n t i f i c a t i o n problem, i n which t h e optimal e s t i m a t e o f t h e o p e r a t o r of a system i n a c l a s s o f l i n e a r o p e r a t o r s i s sought on t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e a c t i o n s o f i n p u t s and t h e o u t p u t . Determination o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of system v a r i a b l e s as t h e f u l l charact e r i s t i c o f system b e h a v i o r a t each moment i n time can be performed by s t a t i s t i c a l testing. A n a l y t i c s t u d y o f t h e mathematical model i s r e p l a c e d by experimentation with a p h y s i c a l model, reproduced u s i n g a d i g i t a l computer. The p r i n c i p l e s t a g e s i n t h e s o l u t i o n a r e : a) d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p r o b a b i l i s t i c models of a c t u a l random p r o c e s s e s ; b) g e n e r a t i o n of a sequence of random p r o c e s s e s corresponding i n t h e i r p r o b a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o a c t u a l proc e s s e s i n t h e system being s t u d i e d ; c) conversion o f t h e sequence i n c o r r e s pondence t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e a c t u a l system; d) s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s i n g of t h e o u t p u t s i g n a l s produced. During i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b e a r i n g a r e measured i n t h e washed s t a t e and a f t e r l u b r i c a t i o n . corded u s i n g Indiron. The a c t u a l p r o c e s s e s a r e r e p l a c e d with l a t t i c e f u n c t i o n s . The r e c o r d i n g Deviations from t h e o r e t i c a l c i r c u l a r i t y o f t h e t r a c k s o f t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l b e a r i n g r i n g s a r e re-
/E
i n t e r v a l and r e s u l t a n t sample space a r e determined according t o t h e r e q u i r e ments f o r unbiased, c o n s i s t e n t and optimal e s t i m a t e s i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e minim u m v a r i a n c e of e s t i m a t e s of t h e p r o b a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - - t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , mathematical e x p e c t a t i o n , c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n and s p e c t r a l densit.y. When random i n f l u e n c e s a r e formulated by computer, Gaussian white n o i s e i s used a s t h e
34
S t a t i s t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
t h e o u t p u t s i g n a l s i s performed u s i n g o r d i n a r y methods f o r e s t i m a t i o n of t h e
t h e e r r o r i n manufac-
t u r e o f b e a r i n g r a c e s - - t h e v a r i a b l e drag t o r q u e , t h e e r r o r i n manufactured--
35
USE OF DIGITAL COMPUTER FOR DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF VIBRATION-DAMPING . - .- . . C E M E N T .~ . OF RESONANT. . FREQUENCIES . . . . OF- sTRUCTU-RE .. .
V. B. Stepanov and V. D . Tartakovskiy (Moscow)
The i n t e g r a l power r e l a t i o n s h i p s , r e l a t i n g t h e displacement o f r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c i e s o f a s t r u c t u r e when c o a t i n g s are a p p l i e d t o t h e change i n l o s s f a c t o r a r e s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y , allowing t h e l o s s f a c t o r t o b e e s t i m a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d o r measured frequency s h i f t , t h e l o s s f a c t o r i n t u r n characterizing t h e decrease i n v i b r a t i o n l e v e l . I n t h i s connection, t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of v i b r a t i o n amplitudes i n v a r i o u s modes o f o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e b e f o r e and a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e coating is studied. The p r o c e s s i n g o f measurement r e s u l t s produced as t h e dependence of o s c i l l a t i n g amplitude on frequency and p o i n t o f placement o f vibrometer was performed by d i g i t a l computer u s i n g an a l g o r i t h m allowing t h e s t a t i s t i c a l mean v a l u e s o f t h e r e q u i r e d p a r a m e t e r s , measurement e r r o r and c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r , confidence i n t e r v a l s f o r t h e t r u e v a l u e s of p a r a m e t e r s , mean d e c r e a s e i n v i b r a t i o n l e v e l and n e c e s s a r y secondary c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s t r u c t u r e t o be determined.
36
FACTORS DETERMINING _ _ VIBRATION ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BALL BEARINGS B. Y e . Bolotov and V. B . Marnin (Kuybyshev) R e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from a combined s t u d y o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f o l lowing i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s on t h e v i b r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a b e a r i n g . c o n t a c t i n g s u r f a c e s of i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l r i n g s and r o l l i n g b o d i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n s i z e s o f r o l l i n g bodies. The s t u d i e s were performed u s i n g a commercially manufactured v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l a p p a r a t u s and a number of s p e c i a l d e v i c e s : i n s t a l l a t i o n s f o r measurement o f v i b r a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l b e a r i n g elements, a device analyzing v i b r a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f t h e assembled b e a r i n g , device f o r t e s t i n g waviness o f r o l l i n g b o d i e s . Recommendations a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r d e c r e a s i n g t h e l e v e l of v i b r a t i o n o f g e n e r a l and s p e c i a l purpose b a l l b e a r i n g s , and a new v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l apparatus i s d e s c r i b e d , allowing v i b r a t i o n flaw d e t e c t i o n t o be Performed, i n d i c a t i n g t h e c o n c r e t e cause o f i n c r e a s e d v i b r a t i o n s o f b e a r i n g s . a semiautomatic Radial c l e a r a n c e , c l e a r a n c e o f b e a r i n g s i n s e p a r a t o r h o l e s , f l a t s p o t s and waves on
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STUDY OF NOISE FORMATION I N THROTTLING DEVICES FOR MEASUREMENT OF NOISE CHARAC~. __ TERISTICS OF FANS
~
Ye. Ya. Yudin and N . N. S e v e r i n a (Moscow) In t h i s work, w e s t u d i e d t h r o t t l e s of t h e washer-and-screen type, used i n aerodynamic t e s t s o f f a n s . (e.g., The advantage o f t h i s t y p e over o t h e r t y p e s o f chokes They t h e r e f o r e do n o t c r e a t e s l i d e g a t e s , b u t t e r f l y v a l v e s and o t h e r s ) i s t h a t t h e y create a d i s t r i -
w a l l of t h e a i r l i n e ( s l i d e g a t e s , b u t t e r f l y v a l v e s cause a d d i t i o n a l (7-10 db
more) n o i s e g e n e r a t i o n . The measurements d e s c r i b e d were performed u s i n g a method and experimental i n s t a l l a t i o n d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r , t h e diameter o f a l l s c r e e n s was 150 mm. a p p a r a t u s produced by t h e "Bruel and Kjaer" flrm was u s e d . An Measurements were
/30
performed by t h e r e f l e c t e d f i e l d method with minimum n o i s e l e v e l ( a t n i g h t ) . The range o f r e q u i r e d change i n a i r stream v e l o c i t y d u r i n g t h e t e s t s was determined on t h e b a s i s o f t h e range o f flow r a t e f a c t o r s i n g e n e r a l purpose fans (0.2 t o 0.8).
case t h e v e l o c i t y i n t h e i n t a k e t u b e o f t h e f a n ) , t h e t o t a l a c o u s t i c power l e v e l
of one g r i d w a s 84.5 db. Under t h e s e same c o n d i t i o n s , t h e t o t a l a c o u s t i c power l e v e l o f t h e f a n (measured i n t h e same room) was 9 2 db.
A comparison o f t h e n o i s e spectrum o f t h e s c r e e n and f a n showed t h a t n o i s e
38
1J
B
s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower than t h e fan n o i s e .
w i l l be even g r e a t e r .
Since t h e f a n t e s t e d i s one of t h e
39
METHOD OF STUDYING RELAXATION OSCILLATIONS OF A BALL I N THE SEPARATOR OF A .. . . . ... . . BALL BEARING W-Ir-
B. Y e . Bolotov and V . V . Trubinikov (Kuybyshev) The i n s t a l l a t i o n diagrammed i n Figure 1 c o n s i s t s of t h e b e a r i n g b e i n g s t u d i e d 1 with t e x t o l i t e s e p a r a t o r 2 , s u p p o r t s 3, on which t h e i n n e r r i n g of t h e b e a r i n g i s s e a t e d and clamp 4 around t h e o u t e r r i n g o f t h e b e a r i n g . clamp c a r r i e s load 5, c r e a t i n g a r a d i a l load on t h e b e a r i n g . r i n g s 6 and 7 are glued t o t h e s e p a r a t o r , and c o n t a c t carbon brushes 8. b r u s h e s a r e mounted i n b r a c k e t 9 made o f p l e x i g l a s s w i t h s p r i n g 10. and 6 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The Brass c o n t a c t The The t e x -
t o l i t e s e p a r a t o r c o n t a i n s b r a s s c o n t a c t s 11 and 1 2 , connected w i t h r i n g s 7 I n o r d e r t o determine t h e p o s i t i o n o f a b a l l i n t h e The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t c o n s i s t s o f a 4 . 5 V The o s c i l l o g r a m s produced In t h i s s e p a r a t o r space and i t s movements with v i b r a t i o n s , t h e mount around which t h e bearing i s s e a t e d i s ro t a t e d . b a t t e r y , v i b r a t o r s 1 3 and 14 o f a loop o s c i l l o s c o p e , s p r i n g 10, brush 8 , r i n g s 6 and 7 , c o n t a c t s 11 and 12 and t h e b a l l . w i t h v a r i o u s t e s t c o n d i t i o n s ( l o a d , r o t a t i n g speed, e t c . ) can b e analyzed t o determine t h e v i b r a t i o n displacements o f t h e b a l l i n t h e s e p a r a t o r .
/=
/z
manner i t was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t a t c e r t a i n moments i n time t h e b a l l performs r e l a x a t i o n o s c i l l a t i o n s n e a r t h e w a l l o f t h e s e p a r a t o r a t a frequency o f about 200-300 H z . Oscillograms of t h e s e o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d and analyzed. By changing t h e working c o n d i t i o n s of t h e b e a r i n g and i t s parameters, t h e v i b r a t i o n s can be reduced o r completely e l i m i n a t e d , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e efficiency of the r o l l i n g surface bearings.
40
F i g u r e 1.
41
THE STATISTICAL STRENGTH RESERVE ...--. OF DISCRETE .. .. - SYSTEMS .. . . . M. L . Sverdan and Ye. F. Tsar'kov (Chernovitsy)
A method i s s u g g e s t e d f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s t r e n g t h r e s e r v e of
where b
L
J-0
m-1
k-0
2tci
c
' 1
(c
m- I
% 2-k)
rW(2)
(E *e")
W(+)
m-l
-I-
1 II = I
k=o
o f e q u a t i o n (1) are e x c i t e d by t h e i n j with zero means and v a r i a n c e o the t r i v i a l solution dependent sequences a nj j' of t h e e x c i t e d system i s a s y m p t o t i c a l l y s t a b l e i n t h e mean s q u a r e i f and only
Theorem 2 . If the coefficients b
if
/E
c s,-'
L
j=l
o j
< I
(3)
i n d i c a t e d i n theorem 2 have If t h e random q u a n t i t i e s a n j 1i m t h e n ( 3 ) i s a s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n f o r mean variances o where n-xa o = o j' nj' nj square asymptotic s t a b i l i t y o f t h e t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n o f t h e e x c i t e d system. Theorem 3 .
42
f t
43
Yu. M. V a s i l ' y e v , Yu. K . Konenkov and L . F . Lagunov (Moscow) Based on an a n a l y s i s o f an a c c e l e r o m e t e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r i g i d i t y o f i t s mounting, an a n a l y t i c e x p r e s s i o n i s produced f o r t h e n e c e s s a r y s e t frequency
) depending on i t s n a t u r a l frequency (w ) , r e q u i r e d t o set 0 p r o v i d e a frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w i t h f i x e d unevenness o v e r a predetermined
o f t h e c o n v e r t e r (w frequency range
where w
i s t h e upper boundary frequency o f t h e range used, up t o which t h e b unevenness o f t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c does n o t exceed A ,
E
body o f t h e a c c e l e r o m e t e r . The e x p r e s s i o n produced can be used t o determine t h e n e c e s s a r y value of e l a s t i c i t y o f mounting o f a c o n v e r t e r t o an o b j e c t f o r measurement. The frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a c c e l e r o m e t e r s w i t h v a r i o u s mounting methods are s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i n t h i s work. The i n f l u e n c e which i n t e r m e d i a t e f a s t e n i n g elements such as c o l l a r s , b a r s and o t h e r devices used when t h e s e n s o r cannot be i n s t a l l e d d i r e c t l y a t t h e r e q u i r e d p o i n t on t h e o b j e c t have on t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s e n s o r s i s studied analytically. A n experimental d e v i c e i s recommended f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f i n t e r m e d i a t e s e n s o r f a s t e n i n g elements.
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STUDY OF COLLISIONS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS ON THE BASIS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS OF INELASTIC MEDIA
A. N . Lenskiy, V. M. Loboda and L . P . Fabrika (Dnepropetrovsk)
The experience gained i n a p p l i c a t i o n o f analog models f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e f o r c e modes of o p e r a t i o n o f elements o f heavy machines i n t h e mining and metallurgical i n d u s t r y i s discussed. The g e n e r a l problems involved i n t h e statement and s o l u t i o n of t h e problem of determining impact parameters ( d u r a t i o n , magnitude and form of impact p u l s e , impact energy, c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n ) , as well as problems of determining t h e dynamic r e s u l t s o f impact loads between t h e e l a s t i c l i n k s o f machines r e s u l t i n g from impact i n t e r a c t i o n of masses are p r e s e n t e d . systems using analog models.
A g e n e r a l i z e d model f o r s u b s t i t u t i o n of an elementary volume o f a medium A method i s d e s c r i b e d f o r determining
i s suggested.
The c o l l i d i n g bodies a r e considered as c o n s i s t i n g o f a s e t of Each elementary volume and i t s coupling t o neighboring Rheological
elementary volumes.
volumes a r e r e p l a c e d by a r h e o l o g i c a l model, t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f which a r e determined by t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e c o l l i d i n g b o d i e s . studied. mode 1s o f v i s coe 1as t i c , e l a s t o - p l as t i c and v i s c o e l a s t i c - p l ast i c media are
I t i s demonstrated t h a t t h e s e models d e s c r i b e t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f
s t m c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s used i n machine b u i l d i n g s u f f i c i e n t l y completely ( f o r purposes of modeling of c o l l i s i o n s ) . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n models a r e c a l c u l a t e d o r d e t e r mined on t h e b a s i s o f r e s u l t s of s t a t i c and dynamic t e s t s of m a t e r i a l s . The mathematical models suggested d e s c r i b e t h e c o l l i s i o n s of b o d i e s , t h e p e r i o d of n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s o f which i s s h o r t i n comparison t o t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e c o l l i s i o n s . The use of t h e models suggested f o r t h e s t u d y o f c o l l i s i o n s of machine elements i s j u s t i f i e d . Examples a r e p r e s e n t e d of modeling concrete impact and v i b r a t i o n - i m p a c t systems: a v e r t i c a l v i b r a t i o n t r a n s p o r t e r , an unbalanced r o t o r , r o t a t i n g i n a b e a r i n g without l u b r i c a t i o n , and a Geneva mechanism. a r e compared with p r e c i s e a n a l y t i c s o l u t i o n s . The r e s u l t s o f modeling
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METHODS OF STUDYING VIBRATIONS OF HIGH-SPEED DIESELS - .. .. .. . . L . V. Giuzov, M. A. Miselev and I . M. Chirkov (Leningrad) Determination o f t h e i r i b r a t i o n l e v e l s o f high-speed d i e s e l s by c a l c u l a t i o n r e q u i r e d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of complex mechanical r e s i s t a n c e s (impedances) o f i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s o f t h e d i e s e l , i t s combined u n i t s , shock a b s o r b e r s and foundation.
A t t h e p r e s e n t time, mechanical r e s i s t a n c e i s c a l c u l a t e d only f o r
r a t i o n with v a r i a b l e c r o s s s e c t i o n s such as x a n k s h a f t s , b l o c k s ,
e t c . , mechanical r e s i s t a n c e s a r e n o t c a l c u l a t e d .
t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n s , f u r t h e r propagation i s accompanied by t h e development Furthermore, i n t h e high frequency a r e a t h e r e a r e many p o s s i b l e r e s o n a n t phenomena, which a r e extremely d i f f i c u l t
T h e r e f o r e , experimental s t u d i e s a r e f i r s t r e q u i r e d , g e n e r a l i z a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t s of which would make p o s s i b l e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a d e f i n i t e mathematic a l apparatus. S t u d i e s were performed with a s t a n d a r d high-speed, lightweight
V - 1 2 d i e s e l t y p e ChN 18/20 w i t h an e f f e c t i v e power r a t i n g o f 1200 hp a t 1850
rpm with a l e v e l of v i b r a t i o n o f support lugs of 118 db ( a c c e l e r a t i o n ) and an a i r n o i s e l e v e l o f 125 db. Measurement o f combined mechanical r e s i s t a n c e s
was f e d t o a phase meter o r t o t h e p l a t e o f a cathode o s c i l l o g r a p h f o r measurement o f t h e phase s h i f t angle between f o r c e and speed.
/E
made according t o a design developed by N . N . Kupriyanov and I . L . Orem, with s e v e r a l design improvements, allowing t h e accuracy of measurements i n t h e high frequency a r e a t o b e improved. The source o f e x c i t a t i o n used was an e l e c t r o dynamic v i b r a t o r f o r t h e a r e a o f low and middle f r e q u e n c i e s and a p i e z o e l e c t r i c
46
1
i"
i'
v i b r a t o r f o r t h e high frequency a r e a .
C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e impedance modulus,
47
i s fed.
and t h e equation
M=a,y
where a
Solving, we o b t a i n
Here
T h i s i s e a s i l y solved
48
STUDY OF FLEXURAL OSCILLATIONS OF MAGNETIC D R U M S Yu. Yu. Getsevichyus, Z . I . Potsyus and K . M . Ragul'skis (Kaunas) Problems o f t h e f l e x u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s o f magnetic drum recording media a r e s t u d i e d , as well a s means f o r reducing and measuring them. The primary sources and causes of o s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y
The evenness o f t h e
v e l o c i t y of e l e c t r i c d r i v e motors used t o d r i v e magnetic drums i s s t u d i e d i n I n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e performed u s i n g v a r i o u s methods f o r s t a b i l i z i n g E f f i c i e n t d e s i g n s f o r d r i v e mechanisms with i n c r e a s e d the rotation rate.
r o t a t i o n smoothness a r e s u g g e s t e d . The o s c i l l a t i o n s i n a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y were measured u s i n g tandem p i e z o s e n s o r s of u n i v e r s a l v i b r a t i o n measuring a p p a r a t u s , o r by a frequency method i n v o l v i n g comparison o f t h e phase of p e r i o d s of s t a n d a r d and measured p u l s e sequences. The d a t a from experimental s t u d i e s were processed by a s t a t i s t i c a l method on a computer.
49
P . P a k a u s h i t e and K. M. Ragu1'-
V i b r a t i o n s o f a memory drum i n f l u e n c e t h e constancy o f t h e r e c o r d i n g spaci n g and t h e r a t e of movement of t h e r e c o r d i n g s u r f a c e o f t h e drum i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e magnetic heads. This v a r i a b l e component i n r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y i s added
A change i n t h e spacing d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n
/E
o f a memory device causes p a r a s i t i c amplitude modulation o f t h e s i g n a l s reChanges i n r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y , a s w e l l as v i b r a t i o n s o f t h e magnetic drum i n t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n , r e s u l t i n p a r a s i t i c phase modulation
50
STUDY OF VIBRATION AND DYNAMIC BALANCING OF MECHANISMS, INCLUDING SEVERAL .__ PARALLE i SHAFT s I . Yu. Yurgaytis, Rem. A . Ionushas and K . M. R a g u l ' s k i s (Kaunas) The p o s s i b i l i t y i s s t u d i e d o f b a l a n c i n g r o t a t i n g o b j e c t s i n an assembly w i t h s e v e r a l p a r a l l e l s h a f t s i n t h e form o f a g e a r box u s e d , i n p a r t i c u l a r ,
i n p r e c i s i o n machine t o o l b u i l d i n g .
D i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f motion a r e d e r i v e d f o r a system i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l p a r a l l e l s h a f t s r o t a t i n g a t various angular v e l o c i t i e s . S o l u t i o n o f t h e e q u a t i o n s o f motion o f t h e system i s used as a b a s i s f o r d e r i v i n g a n a l y t i c dependences between t h e parameters o f unbalanced r o t a t i n g s h a f t s and t h e o s c i l l a t i n g parameters o f t h e system. This allows determination of t h e magnitude and p o i n t of imbalance f o r a l l s h a f t s simultaneously. R e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from experimental s t u d i e s confirming t h e t h e o r e t i c a l assumptions. Analysis i s performed of v i b r a t i o n s o f g e a r box mechanisms.
This
51
ANALOG COMPUTER STUDIES OF OSCILLATIONS OF SYSTEMS HAVING HYSTERESIS . . . - - .. . C+RAC. . . .. . . . ... . . ~ . -_ _ . . . . TERISTICS
Yu. A. Kozlov, V . F. Rakhmanov and A. A . Samarin (Moscow) The methods and r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d from a computer s t u d y o f dynamic p r o c e s s e s i n systems having h y s t e r e s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The a u t h o r s have developed an o p t i c a l - e l e c t r o n i c f u n c t i o n a l c o n v e r t e r (OFC) c o n s i s t i n g of an attachment t o an o r d i n a r y a n a l o g computer f o r r e p r o d u c t i o n -of h y s t e r e s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d u r i n g modeling. The o p e r a t i o n o f t h e OFC i s based on t h e u s e o f t h e ambiguous dependence o f p h o t o c u r r e n t o f s e v e r a l t y p e s o f i n d u s t r i a l p h o t o r e s i s t o r s on a p p l i e d v o l t a g e , which h a s t h e form o f a h y s t e r e s i s loop with branches c o n t a c t i n g a t t h e c o o r d i n a t e o r i g i n , w i t h a n a t u r a l counterclockwise course. Changing t h e l e v e l of l i g h t f l u x and i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e s e n s i n g s u r f a c e o f t h e photographic emulsion a r e used t o r e g u l a t e parameters o f t h e loop during s e l e c t i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g system being modeled. loop a r e r e g u l a t e d . The form, a r e a and degree o f asymmetry o f t h e h y s t e r e s i s Connection of t h e OFC i n t h e Znput c i r c u i t and t h e feedThis allows modeling o f dynamic processes Some o f t h e charac-
/E
When u s i n g t h e OFC, t h e analog computer can s o l v e n o n l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s , one o r more terms o f which a r e ambiguous h y s t e r e s i s dependences of t h i s type :
a, x(") a,-
1 x("-1'
+ .. . + a , X + a , f ( x ,
i;.)=F(d.
(1)
The symbols used h e r e a r e : a a r e constant c o e f f i c i e n t s , f(x,K) i s t h e hysn t e r e s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , F(t) is the external excitation. The s o l u t i o n o f an e q u a t i o n such as (1) was s t u d i e d where n = 2 , a 1 = 0 and F ( t ) = F ( t + T), where T i s t h e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n s produced by a n a l y s i s of forced o s c i l l a t i o n s o f mechanical systems c o n s i d e r i n g damping by i n t e r n a l
52
~. .
....
._.,,,
. ..._
f r i c t i o n , a s w e l l as s e l f - o s c i l l a t i o n s caused by i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n .
I t is
demonstrated t h a t t h e use o f t h e method suggested f o r reproduction of h y s t e r e s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r analog computer modeling o f such problems p r o v i d e s new c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t s and u n i t s of machines and apparatus s u b j e c t e d t o v i b r a t i o n .
Figure 1 .
53
-- e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t r a n s l e n t p r o c e s s e s ;
- - d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f optimal parameters o f machines ; - - development o f p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l systems
f o r operating processes;
t i n g p r o c e s s o f a machine i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o n s i d e r due t o t h e small amount o f s t u d y t o which t h e s e p r o c e s s e s have been s u b j e c t e d . T h e o r e t i c a l and experimental s t u d i e s performed have allowed t h e i n f l u e n c e o f c e r t a i n system parameters on t h e working p r o c e s s and t h e power c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f an engine t o be e s t a b l i s h e d . The r e s u l t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n were used i n developing impact u n i t s f o r impact engines o f 0 . 2 , 0 . 4 , 1 . 0 and 60 kg with an impact frequency o f 1500 and 3000 p e r min, designed f o r impact and impactr o t a r y machines. The e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e impact u n i t s developed r e a c h e s 43-45%. An impact u n i t h a s been t e s t e d with an impact energy o f 200 kgm and a frequency o f 50-60 impacts p e r min, designed f o r c r u s h i n g o f odd s i z e s ; a range of
54
55
ESTIMATION . AND - NORMALIZATION OF OPERATING M O D E S OF VIBRATION TECHNOLOGICAL MACHINES K . A. Olekhonovich ( P o l t a v a ) Estimation of t h e dynamic mode o f v i b r a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i c a l machines ( v i b r a t i n g platforms, v i b r a t i o n mixers, v i b r a t i n g m i l l s , v i b r a t i n g tumbling
machines, e t c . ) i s u s u a l l y based on t h e amplitude o f movement and t h e o s c i l l a t i n g frequency of t h e working element. With t h i s approach, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h a d i r e c t dependence between t h e i n t e n s i t y o f v i b r a t i o n and i t s t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t i v i t y f o r machines o f similar purpose, b u t u s i n g d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f o s c i l l a t i o n s ( c i r c u -
l a r and d i r e c t e d harmonic, v i b r a t i o n - i m p a c t , v i b r a t i o n - s h a k i n g , e t c . )
S i n c e a f i x e d t e c h n o l o g i c a l e f f e c t of v i b r a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g , w i t h o t h e r -
56
- I
c o n d i t i o n s , based on t h e u s e of l o g a r i t h m i c frequency r e s p o n s e s . M E S are d e s c r i b e d by a system of r e l a t e d l i n e a r second o r d e r d i f f e r e n t i a l equations f o r which t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e c o n s i s t s o f semi-logarithmic f u n c t i o n s of t i m e . Conversion o f t h i s system o f d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s allows a
E S i n t h e form o f t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e construction of s t r u c t u r a l plans f o r M
t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s o f t y p i c a l l i n k s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f l o g a r i t h m i c M E S frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Cumbersome c a l c u l a t i o n s are r e p l a c e d by g r a p h i c c o n s t r u c t i o n s performed using templates and V. V. Solodovnikov monograms. I n t h i s manner, M E S with more t h a n f o u r masses 'can b e c a l c u l a t e d with s e v e r a l semi-logarithmic p e r t u r b i n g a c t i o n s on t h e system, i n cases where a n a l y t i c c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e q u i t e cumbersome. The t a s k o f s y n t h e s i s o f a branched MES of a machine i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y simplified
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s t u d i e s have demonstrated t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e d e c r e a s e i n l e v e l of s i g n a l reproduced and t a p e d r i v e mechanisms causing f r i c t i o n . Recommendations a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e development o f t a p e d r i v e mechanisms w i t h r e p e a t e d impact e f f e c t o f t h e p r e s s u r e r o l l e r a g a i n s t t h e magnetic t a p e .
58
d
i
engagement were s t u d i e d .
c e s s e s ( i n d i s c r e t e form--multivariate v e c t o r s ) o r t h e v a r i o u s parameters o f
s t a t e s e r v e d as p a t t e r n s f o r r e c o g n i t i o n .
59
POSSIBILITY OF TESTING. THE-TECHNICAL CONDITION- . O F. INTERNAL .~.. ... COMBUSTION .. . ENGINES . . ON THE BASIS OF NOISE AND- VIBF~ATION'PARAMETERS
~ ~
V . N . Lukanin (Moscow)
The e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e f o r c e s i n a c r a n k s h a f t - c o n n e c t i n g - r o d mechanism c o n t a i n no i n d i c a t i o n s on t h e impacts which can o c c u r , f o r example, i n b e a r i n g A. The f a c t o f an impact and t h e subsequent e x . c i t a t i o n o f p a r t s can b e e s t a b l i s h e d by u s i n g t h e concept of t h e dynamic r e a c t i o n and by i n t r o ducing a s o - c a l l e d massless l i n k t o t h e c r a n k s h a f t - c o n n e c t i n g rod mechanism, r e p l a c i n g t h e c l e a r a n c e i n t h e b e a r i n g and allowing i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e f o r c e s of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between b e a r i n g elements t o be c o n s i d e r e d . Analysis of t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r dynamic r e a c t i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t i t v a n i s h e s a t c e r t a i n c r a n k s h a f t r o t a t i o n a n g l e s , which i n d i c a t e s a l o s s o f power c l o s u r e , a subsequent impact i n t h e b e a r i n g and development o f v i b r a t i o n and n o i s e . The parameters of t h e v i b r a t i n g p u l s e , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e maximum magnitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s , depend on t h e c l e a r a n c e i n t h e j o i n t , and can b e used f o r d i a g n o s t i c purposes.
/E
60
t h e v i b r a t i o n of t h e cast i r o n block of a D6 d i e s e l i n t h e 2955-3045 H z range (fav = 3 KHz) and i n t h e 6895-7105 H z range (fav = 7 KHz) a t nominal speed and nominal f u e l f e e d p e r c y c l e , and a l s o w i t h two c y l i n d e r s n e x t t o t h e c y l i n d e r s being measured disconnected, increases i n proportion t o t h e increase i n h o t c l e a r a n c e r e s u l t i n g from wear o f
,[
I-- -0.5--
.I.
0.7---
t h e l i n e r f a c e and p i s t o n s k i r t ( s e e
.
figure).
8. +I*
Having a graph of t h i s r e l a -
Figure 1. Change i n V i b r a t i o n o f Cast I r o n Block of D 6 D i e s e l Near Cylinder 6 as a Function o f Change i n Clearance of P i s t o n a t Nominal R o t a t i n g Speed with Nominal Fuel Feed P e r Cycle (Cylinders No. 4 and 5 O p e r a t i n g ) . Width of frequency band = 3 % .
tion L
/e
61
DIAGNOSIS OF REAR AXLE REDUCTION GEAR OF ZIL-130 MOTOR VEHICLE BY ACOUSTICAL METHOD
~~
M. P. Kocehv (Moscow)
With t h e u n i t on a t e s t s t a n d , t h e a c o u s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f channels and o p e r a t i n g modes were determined and t h e i n f l u e n c e o f o i l v i s c o s i t y on o s c i l l a t i o n parameters was e s t i m a t e d . For t h e primary couples o f t h e u n i t , which c h a r a c t e r i z e i t s r e l i a b i l i t y , q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s are produced of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between s t r u c t u r a l parameters and t h e a c o u s t i c a l s i g n a l .
An e s t i m a t e o f t h e t e c h n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e r e d u c t i o n g e a r d i r e c t l y on
/46
62
USE OF STATISTICAL METHODS I N THE. INVESTIGATION OF VIBRATIONS AND THE DYNAMICS OF MEC-RA~~ISMS. AND MACHINESS. P . K i t r a and K . M . R a g u l ' s k i s
(Kaunas)
S t a t i s t i c a l methods were used t o s t u d y t h e p r o c e s s o f o s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e t e n s i o n of a magnetic t a p e as one of t h e primary parameters of a magnetic t a p e d r i v e , determining b o t h t h e frequency-amplitude modulation and o t h e r s p e c i f i c d i s t o r t i o n s of t h e s i g n a l s reproduced. Analysis o f t h e estimates of t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s produced (Figure 1) of t h e process of unevenness of t e n s i o n produced on t h e b a s i s of r e a l i z a t i o n s recorded a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s g i v e s us reason t o assume t h a t t h e process i s n o t
an e r g o d i c s t a b l e p r o c e s s i n t h e s t r i c t d e f i n i t i o n .
/c
The s h i f t of t h e
i n the object.
through a l i n e a r system i s a b a s i s for i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e dynamic charact e r i s t i c s o f u n i t s of t h e mechanism. c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e o b j e c t by t h i s method i s h i n d e r e d by a number o f f a c t o r s : a c e r t a i n degree o f c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t i v e p e r t u r b a t i o n s , t h e presence o f e x p l i c i t and i m p l i c i t feedback, t h e absence o f f u l l s t a b i l i t y , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f c e r t a i n n o n l i n e a r i t i e s of s t a t i s t i c a l and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , e t c .
63
F i g u r e 2.
64
Using t h e example o f a t h r e e - s t a g e v i b r a t i n g s t a n d - - a gimbal support (Figure l), a method i s d e s c r i b e d of determining t h e optimal r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e dimensions o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e frames of a m u l t i s t a g e v i b r a t i n g s t a n d , allowing t h e dimensions of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n t o b e determined w i t h f i x e d minimum n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i n g frequency of t h e frames w a t t h e p o i n t s o f a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e u s e f u l load o r t h e next frame s t a g e , with p r o v i s i o n of maximum r i g i d i t y C and minimum moment o f i n e r t i a of t h e frame w i t h u s e f u l load I i n s t a l l e d on i t . Corresponding e x p r e s s i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d for c o n c r e t e types of frame c r o s s s e c t i o n ; i n p a r t i c u l a r , i t i s demonstrated t h a t t h e optimal v a l u e o f B , equal t o t h e r a t i o o f t h e width o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n B t o t h e h e i g h t of t h e frame H , and t h e v a l u e o f B a r e unambiguously determined by t h e n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i n g frequency of t h e frame. These curves can b e c o n s t r u c t e d f o r each frame o f a s t a n d with v a r i o u s c r o s s s e c t i o n a l forms. The method suggested a l s o allows t h e optimal form o f frame c r o s s s e c t i o n s t o be determined.
/E
65
I n p h y s i c a l modeling o f complex dynamic systems, t h e problem arises o f c r e a t i n g m u l t i s t a g e v i b r a t i o n s t a n d s , reproducing with t h e r e q u i r e d accuracy t h e p e r t u r b i n g a c t i o n s a c t u a l l y a c t i n g on t h e system b e i n g s t u d i e d . Using a two-stage v i b r a t i n g s t a n d with an electrodynamic v i b r a t o r as an example, t h e p r i n c i p l e s involved i n t h e c r e a t i o n of a c o n t r o l system o f i t s motion a r e analyzed.
I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e t h e r e q u i r e d accuracy of r e p r o d u c t i o n of i n p u t a c t i o n s ,
c o n t r o l must b e performed i n a c l o s e d c y c l e .
As a s i m i l a r i t y c r i t e r i o n and,
z r T T H T h r
justment of t h e c o r r e c t i n g c i r c u i t s (Figure 1 ) .
Analysis o f t h e motion c o n t r o l
/g
system o f t h e v i b r a t i n g s t a n d produces t h e e q u a t i o n
Control
d= Ak,
(1)
where
i s t h e assigned d i s p e r s i o n
vector;
Task Figure 1.
coefficients ;
A i s t h e q u a d r a t i c matrix of
c o e f f i c i e n t s , depending on t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e f i l t e r s and t h e c o n t r o l o b j e c t i n t h e corresponding frequency band. T h i s equation, w i t h random v a l u e s of t h e elements o f m a t r i x A, can be s o l v e d u s i n g an i t e r a t i v e method o f s u c c e s s i v e approximations. f o r s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n (1) t h u s becomes The algorithm
66
II$
i'
where
Ki'
e
i
K i - 1 r e p r e s e n t t h e i - t h and
i - l t h approximations o f t h e v e c t o r o f t h e
A p o s s i b l e p l a n f o r a hardware r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e a l g o r i t h m ( 2 ) f o r one
channel i s p r e s e n t e d (Figure 2 ) .
Uout Figure 2 .
67
COMPENSATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF AN ELECTRODYNAMIC VIBRATING STAND ON CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL STRUCTUWS .. PRODUCED . I N VIBRATION TESTS
L. A. Manashkin and A. M. Tikhomirov (Dnepropetrovsk) A method i s p r e s e n t e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a compensator f o r t h e mutual i n -
fluence of an electrodynamic v i b r a t i n g s t a n d and a t e s t o b j e c t , and t h e r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from s t u d i e s o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e compensator-stand system. The a l g o r i t h m f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e compensator i s independent of t h e The compensator i s an automatic c o n t r o l
/=
I n p a r t i c u l a r , i f t h e f o r c e developed by t h e
v i b r a t o r is taken a s t h e o u t p u t q u a n t i t y , i t can be considered t h a t i t i s i n dependent o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g frequency and t h e t e s t o b j e c t . The compensator o f t h e v i b r a t o r s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e s t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e t e s t s t a n d on t h e dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t e s t o b j e c t . The compensator was produced u s i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n a l a m p l i f i e r s o f an EMU-8 analog computer. The i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e compensator was performed with t h e v i b r a t i n g s t a n d loaded by o b j e c t s with l i n e a r and n o n l i n e a r dynamic charact e r i s t i c s , with v a r i o u s i n p u t a c t i o n s (monoharmonic, polyharmonic, random s t a b l e , u n s t a b l e ) and w i t h v a r i o u s n o i s e l e v e l s i n t h e feedback channels of t h e compensators.
68
LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATING STAND FOR PHYSICAL MODELING OF THE M O V E M E N T S OF COMPLEX DYNAMIC SYSTEMS G. S. Chernorutskiy and A. P. S i b r i n (Chelyabinsk)
v i b r a t i n g s t a n d s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e random n a t u r e of t h e parameters b e considered. Methods a r e p r e s e n t e d , allowing s y n t h e s i s of systems c o n t r o l l i n g t h e motions of a s t a n d t o be performed c o n s i d e r i n g t h e random n a t u r e of t h e p a r a meters.
69
An automatic c o n t r o l system r e g u l a t i n g t h e o s c i l l a t i n g amplitudes o f p a r t s d u r i n g f a t i g u e t e s t s on electrodynamic v i b r a t i n g s t a n d s with simultaneous t r a c k i n g of changes i n t h e n a t u r a l frequency of t h e p a r t b e i n g t e s t e d and t h e corresponding adjustment o f t h e frequency o f t h e e x c i t e r u n i t has been developed. This system allows t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p a l parameters t o b e recorded d u r i n g t h e t e s t i n g process: a) Recording o f changes i n amplitude and frequency on s t r i p c h a r t ;
b) Recording o f number of o s c i l l a t i n g c y c l e s of p a r t b e i n g t e s t e d .
/z
The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t o f t h e d e v i c e d i f f e r s i n p r i n c i p l e from e x i s t i n g
similar d e v i c e s .
m e ch a n i cal
The system u s e s e l e c t r o n i c r e g u l a t i o n i n p l a c e of e l e c t r o -
The system h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. M a t e r i a l of p a r t s tested--nonmagnetic. 2 . Operating frequency range--55-3000 Hz.
3. Absolute mechanical stresses correspond t o o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f 0.15-150 mv.
The time r e q u i r e d t o reach t h e t e s t load i s n o t over 2 s e c . 6. The t y p e o f s e n s o r used i s a wire s e n s o r [ s t r a i n - g a g e sensor} with a res i s t a n c e o f 1000 ohms and an i n d u c t i o n s e n s o r . I n case of a f a i l u r e o f a s t r a i n - g a g e s e n s o r , t h e system a u t o m a t i c a l l y goes over t o o p e r a t i o n by i n d u c t i o n without s t o p p i n g .
times t h e n a t u r a l i n i t i a l frequency o f t h e p a r t .
70
8. 9.
the last five digits. o f 0 . 9 Pmax i s reached, and a l s o i n c a s e o f a change i n e x c i t e r frequency of any specimen of 5-20% of t h e i n i t i a l e s t a b l i s h e d frequency.
71
/E
$,,r$-,
q 2 , where $
s t a b i l i t y o f t h e co-phased s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n mode (with d e c r e a s i n g modulus of r o o t s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e q u a t i o n , t h e degree of s t a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e s ) . case i s analyzed when t h e matched v i b r a t o r i s i s o l a t e d from impacts. The
72
N , Prokhorov (Taganrog)
For p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e o p e r a t i n g mode, an engine o p e r a t o r must proc e s s a l a r g e volume of i n f o r m a t i o n . However, even an experienced o p e r a t o r , i n I n b o t h c a s e s , t h i s can e v a l u a t i n g t h e l e v e l and n a t u r e o f v i b r a t i o n s o f engine p a r t s , may n o t succeed i n making t h e p r o p e r d i a g n o s i s o r may make an e r r o r . l e a d t o an emergency, i n j u r y , e t c . o p e r a t i o n of an engine. Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o
i n c r e a s e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of conclusions concerning t h e v i b r a t i n g mode of T h i s i s b e i n g done by t r a n s m i t t i n g an e v e r g r e a t e r s h a r e o f t h e d i a g n o s t i c f u n c t i o n s of t h e o p e r a t o r t o i n s t r u m e n t s , This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e p r i n c i p l e s , c i r c u i t s and t e c h n i c a l d a t a used i n t e s t i n g and s i g n a l i n g apparatus deveioped a t t h e "Vibropribor" S p e c i a l Des gn Bureau. This apparatus allows: a) I n d i c a t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t value of v i b r a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n ; b) Light s i g n a l i n g when a f i x e d l e v e l of v i b r a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n i s reached a t any one o f 24 p o i n t s ; c) Output of a s i g n a l t o an e x t e r n a l s i g n a l i n g device i n d i c a t i n g which of t h e 24 p o i n t s has seen a change i n v i b r a t i o n l e v e l . Information on v i b r a t i o n o f engine p a r t s produced from t h e a p p a r a t u s allows t h e o p e r a t o r t o e v a l u a t e t h e o p e r a t i n g mode o f t h e engine and make a proper d e c i s i o n . I n t h e new apparatus suggested, t h e information produced i s converted t o a form convenient f o r p r o c e s s i n g by v a r i o u s recording and analyzing i n s t r u m e n t s , and a l s o f o r p r o c e s s i n g by computer. The apparatus developed, t o g e t h e r with t h e i n s t r u m e n t s , informing t h e o p e r a t o r concerning o t h e r engine o p e r a t i n g parameters f o r c o n t r o l l i n g any o t h e r machine.
/E
can be i n c l u d e d i n any
73
The suspension o f a c y l i n d r i c a l body on an a e r o s t a t i c s u p p o r t i s analyzed. For t h i s purpose, a diagram o f a power s u p p l y i s developed, and t h r e e t e s t s t a n d s are c o n s t r u c t e d and e v a l u a t e d . The f i r s t s t a n d h a s t h e h i g h e s t f r e quency o f free v e r t i c a l o s c i l l a t i o n s (over 10 Hz), t h e second h a s a lower frequency o f v e r t i c a l o s c i l l a t i o n s , and t h e t h i r d has a v a r i a b l e r e s o n a t o r t o s u p p r e s s weak s e l f - o s c i l l a t i o n s as t h e y a r i s e . The work c o n t a i n s t h e r e s u l t s o f a s t u d y of t h e dependence o f t h e h e i g h t o f f l o a t i n g on load a t v a r i o u s p r e s s u r e s , determines t h e r i g i d i t y o f an a e r o s t a t i c s u p p o r t , i t s dependence on load and p r e s s u r e . has a r i g i d r e s t o r a t i v e force.
I t i s a l s o determined
t h a t a e r o s t a t i c e l a s t i c couplings a r e n o n l i n e a r i n n a t u r e and t h e i r e l a s t i c i t y Free and f o r c e d o s c i l l a t i o n s and t h e i n f l u e n c e The The t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d y o f t h e beof i n d i v i d u a l parameters on t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e system are determined. system i s s t u d i e d w i t h asymmetrical l o a d .
h a v i o r o f t h i s system i s performed u s i n g c l o s e d and open a e r o s t a t i c s u p p o r t . The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f motion are composed, and a n a l y t i c dependence i s p r e s e n t e d between p r e s s u r e and t h e volume of t h e l u b r i c a t i n g l a y e r . grams o f t h e v a r i o u s motions o f t h e system a r e p r e s e n t e d . u s i n g analog computers were performed. Oscillo-
/?
Investigations
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Grissom, I . S . and J . U . Powell, P o d s h i p n i k i s Gazovoy Smazkoy [GasLubricated B e a r i n g s ] , Moscow, M i r Press, 1966. Konstantinnesku, V . N . , Gazovaya Smazka [Gas L u b r i c a t i o n ] , Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye P r e s s , 1968.
74
STUDY OF VIBRATIONS OF A MAGNETIC DRUM WITH PNEUMATIC DRIVE AND PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION
~~
The drum i t s e l f
c o n s i s t s of a t h i n r i n g mounted on a nonmoving p i n with a c l e a r a n c e of a few t e n t h s of a micron, r o t a t i n g on r a d i a l a i r and j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s with e x t e r n a l f o r c e d a i r and s u c c e s s i v e f e e d . The a i r streams o f t h e b e a r i n g i t s e l f are used as t h e d r i v e t o apply t o r q u e t o t h e drum. There has been developed a method f o r t h e p r e c i s e measurement of o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e magnetic drum by c o n t a c t l e s s s e n s o r s , as well as a method f o r measurement of t h e s t a t i c r i g i d i t y , p u l s a t i o n s of a i r i n t h e hollow p i n , t o r q u e a c t i n g on t h e magnetic drum and a n g u l a r o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e drum. The experimental d a t a a r e processed by mathematical s t a t i s t i c s u s i n g d i g i t a l computers. The s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s and c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s of drum The o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e produced as a f u n c t i o n of e x t e r n a l blowing p r e s s u r e , mass and diameter, l o c a t i o n and a n g l e of i n c l i n a t i o n of t h e a i r supply a p e r t u r e s . a l s o of t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e s of t h e drum i t s e l f and i t s o s c i l l a t i o n s , i s determined. O s c i l l a t i o n s of a magnetic drum w i t h pneumatic d r i v e and pneumatic suspension and o s c i l l a t i o n o f magnetic drums of s i m i l a r s i z e b u t r o t a t i n g on p r e c i s i o n b a l l b e a r i n g s by an e l e c t r i c motor a r e comparatively analyzed. i n f l u e n c e o f t h e macro c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e of t h e p i n , and
75
I n o r d e r t o reduce t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s , i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t bushings be i n s t a l l e d between t h e body o f a woodworking l a t h e and t h e e x t e r n a l r i n g o f t h e bearings o f t h e c u t t i n g t o o l ( i n p a r t i c u l a r a c u t t i n g s h a f t ) . I n o r d e r t o determine t h e optimal form and material o f t h e bushings, a number o f s p e c i a l experiments were performed. t h e bushings.
/=
F i r s t o f a l l , t h e t a s k was s e t
of determining t h e mechanism o f a t t e n u a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i o n s d u r i n g placement o f Bushings 10 mm t h i c k were t e s t e d , made o f bronze, aluminum, The f i r s t two m a t e r i a l s have h i g h v a l u e s o f t h e r e a c t i v e Capron and t e x t o The experiments t e x t o l i t e and capron.
performed showed t h a t t h e u s e o f bronze i n aluminum bushings does n o t r e s u l t i n any r e d u c t i o n i n v i b r a t i o n l e v e l and r e l a t e d n o i s e o f s p i n d l e u n i t s of woodworking machines. However, t e x t o l i t e , and p a r t i c u l a r l y capron bushings res u l t i n a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n v i b r a t i o n l e v e l o f t h e system made up o f t h e t o o l and workpiece, which i s g r e a t l y important i f w e r e c a l l t h a t most woodworki n g machines are hand fed. Measurements were performed u s i n g a rough p l a n e r t y p e SF4-4 o p e r a t i n g a t n = 3000 rpm b o t h i n o p e r a t i o n and when i d l i n g .
e
4
Figure 1 shows t h e n o i s e s p e c t r a
a)
3
a ,
7
>
a , s+
v)
2 a
-0
i s observed a t f r e q u e n c i e s which a r e
m u l t i p l e s o f t h e primary r o t a t i n g f r e quency o f t h e c u t t i n g s h a f t . I t was e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e s e experiments t h a t t h e r e d u c t i o n i n n o i s e l e v e l depends on t h e t y p e of bushing seating. Thus, when a h o t o r p r e s s
( I )
Figure 1. Noise S p e c t r a o f S p i n d l e Units With V i b r a t i o n Damping Bushings. 1, No bushing; 2 , T e x t o l i t e bushing; 1 3 , Capron bushing.
,4 Russian t e x t does n o t i n d i c a t e
t h e number o f t h e l i n e s .
76
decreases s h a r p l y .
and p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h a c l e a r a n c e f i t .
100
, I
a l
al
>
4
a Figure 2 . Noise Level of SF4-4 Machine a s a Function o f Vibrat i o n Damping Bushing Thickness.
son, n o i s e r e d u c t i o n i s p r a c t i c a l l y zero.
t h e c o n t a c t between t h e o u t e r r i n g of t h e b e a r i n g and t h e bushing i s decreased, while with c l e a r a n c e f i t s it becomes minimal. causes i n t e n s i v e mechanical n o i s e . t h e bushing (capron) i s changed. The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s e a t i n g of t h e Analysis of t h e graph i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e op-
bushing as t o i t s e x t e r n a l diameter i s l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t when t h e t h i c k n e s s of t i m a l bushing t h i c k n e s s i s 10-15 mm. Thus, with p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f m a t e r i a l , geometry and t y p e of f i t of t h e bushing around t h e o u t e r b e a r i n g r i n g , vibration-damping bushings can provide a s i g n i f i c a n t reduction i n noise l e v e l .
I t must be noted h e r e t h a t t h i s can be done u s i n g p r a c t i c a l l y any wood-
working o r metalworking t o o l .
77
G . I . Anikeyev (Moscow)
An a n a l y s i s i s p r e s e n t e d o f t h e parameters o f a random p r o c e s s a t t h e
o u t p u t o f t h e system c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i t s frequency response as f u n c t i o n of t h e parameters of t h e i n p u t p r o c e s s and t h e frequency response of t h e system. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e random process a t t h e o u t p u t of t h e measuring system are used t o determine t h e parameters of t h e p r o c e s s a t i t s i n p u t . of t h e amplitude and phase o f t h e p r o c e s s a t t h e i n p u t a r e determined. i n t h e flow-through p o r t i o n of a powerful h y d r a u l i c t u r b i n e . Four
As an
78
SOME SPECIFICS OF THE -INTERACTION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED AND LUMPED
PARAMETERS
.
The r a i l s and t i e s
The presence of wave p r o c e s s e s i n t h e t r a c k i s d e t e c t e d and a model of formation of t r a v e l i n g and s t a n d i n g waves i s suggested. must be looked upon i n t h i s case a s a b a s i c wave guide. The p o s s i b i l i t y i s s t u d i e d o f c o n v e r t i n g t h e system with d i s t r i b u t e d parameters t o a system o f lumped parameters. t i o n law). Then, a s i n g l e t r a c k - t r a i n system i s s t u d i e d . The n a t u r a l coupled f r e The lumped parameters s e l e c t e d a r e t h e mean o r maximum parameters of t h e t r a c k (depending on t h e d i s t r i b u -
/E
parameters determined i n each of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s of t h e t r a c k i s equal t o The essence o f t h e method c o n s i s t s i n feeding a p e r t u r b a t i o n o f t h e "white noise" type t o one o f t h e elements of t h e system i n a predetermined frequency band, with a simultaneous F o u r i e r t r a n s form of t h e s i g n a l a t t h e o u t p u t of any element. The spectrum produced i s Expanding t h e frequency deThe number o f c r o s s a s i g n a l of t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e system and consequently w i l l have maxima a t t h e n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s . terminant o f t h e system, w e produce n a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s o f o r d e r 2n f o r t h e frequency w i t h n unknown parameters i n each c r o s s s e c t i o n . s e c t i o n s i s determined c o n s i d e r i n g t h e l e a s t o s c i l l a t i n g frequency of t h e p a r a -
79
m e t e r s , while t h e d i s t a n c e between c r o s s s e c t i o n s i s determined u s i n g t h e Nyquist method. For t h e masses, n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i n g frequency and r i g i d i t y parameters determined, t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e i r numerical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e determined, and c o r r e l a t i o n and s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s a r e performed. Using t h e e q u a t i o n s of motion of t h e system and t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r unknown parameters produced, i t i s easy t o go over t o d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l l y averaged a t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e system.
80
A SET OF APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OSCILLATIONS OF A MOVING TAPE A. A, Alekna, P . A . Varanauskas, Z . F. Dontsu, V. T. Kolishchuk, K . M. Ragulls k i s , M. P . Sukharev, Y e . N . Travnikov, A. V . Chepulkauskas (Kaunas)
This work p r e s e n t s a t h e o r e t i c a l foundation , p l u s p l a n n i n g and experimental d a t a f o r a s e t o f a p p a r a t u s f o r measurement o f t h e t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f a moving magnetic t a p e w i t h uneven edges. The complex o f equipment was developed a t t h e l a b o r a t o r y o f v i b r a t i o n s t u d i e s o f Kaunas P o l y t e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e .
A number o f works have been p u b l i s h e d i n t h e domestic and f o r e i g n t e c h -
n i c a l and p a t e n t l i t e r a t u r e on t h e measurement o f t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f a moving magnetic t a p e i n a t a p e d r i v e mechanism. Some works claim complete e l i m i n a t i o n o f e r r o r r e s u l t i n g from uneven edges o f an unevenly moving t a p e d u r i n g measurement of t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s by a c o n t a c t l e s s method u s i n g s e n s i n g elements and an o p t i c a l - m e c h a n i c a l system.
I t h a s been proved a t t h e
v i b r a t i o n s t u d i e s l a b o r a t o r y r e c e n t l y t h a t t h e s e e r r o r s cannot b e comp l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e number of s t a t i o n a r y s e n s o r s u s e d . edges on t a p e movement measurement. i n the set of apparatus. Inc r e a s i n g t h e number of s e n s o r s d e c r e a s e s t h e i n f l u e n c e of unevenness o f t a p e Other methods have been sought , reducing t h e e r r o r on t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f compactness of i n d i v i d u a l devices Unevennesses w i t h long r e p e t i t i o n p e r i o d , r e s u l t i n g Two Sensors can be used, p l a c e d a t a During motion , from t e c h n o l o g i c a l d i s t o r t i o n s o f t h e t a p e d u r i n g c u t t i n g , a r e random i n n a t u r e , although t h e y a r e n e a r s i n u s o i d a l . s e p a r a t i o n d i s t a n c e o f one f o u r t h t h e measured wave l e n g t h .
nominal (about 25%), t h e i n a c c u r a c i e s i n measurement r e s u l t i n g from unevenness of t a p e edge w i l l be o v e r 30%. A s i m i l a r phenomenon i s produced from a lack o f correspondence between t h e d i s t a n c e between s e n s o r s and wave l e n g t h . With complete correspondence o f t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s ,e r r o r s s t i l l r e s u l t , s i n c e one s e n s o r i s uncovered w i t h a d e l a y o f a q u a r t e r p e r i o d of t h e wave b e i n g s t u d i e d . T h i s i s e l i m i n a t e d as t h e d i s t a n c e between s e n s o r s i s e q u a l t o one h a l f wave length.
A s a r e s u l t , p r e c i s e s e l e c t i o n o f d i s t a n c e u s i n g t h i s method of
measurement d e c r e a s e s t h e e r r o r s .
81
P . P a k a u s h i t e , K . M. R a g u l ' s k i s (Kaunas)
DMD have h i g h
These
c a p a c i t y , approaching t h a t o f magnetic t a p e s t o r a g e u n i t s , and r a p i d s e l e c t i o n o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d , comparable with t h a t o f drum memory u n i t s . a p p l i c a t i o n i n modern computers and f o r a number o f s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s . I n magnetic s t o r a g e , one of t h e s i g n i f i c a n t problems i n determining i t s q u a l i t y i s t h e problem o f p r o v i d i n g a c o n s t a n t o p e r a t i n g c l e a r a n c e between t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r i e r and t h e magnetic head i n c a s e o f c o n t a c t l e s s r e c o r d i n g and t h e p r o v i s i o n o f good q u a l i t y c o n t a c t between t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c a r r i e r and head i n c a s e o f c o n t a c t magnetic r e c o r d i n g .
A c o n s t a n t working c l e a r a n c e o r good
q u a l i t y c o n t a c t between c a r r i e r and head can be p r o v i d e d by c o n t r o l l i n g t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e r o t a t i n g d i s k and t h e dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e head suspension system. Methods o f s t a t i s t i c a l dynamics, p a r t i c u l a r l y c o r r e l a t i o n methods based on t h e s t u d y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n p u t and o u t p u t p r o c e s s e s a r e used t o s t u d y t h e t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s of a t h i n r o t a t i n g d i s k o f c o n s t a n t t h i c k n e s s , s i n c e t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e d i s k depends on a number o f random f a c t o r s . These i n c l u d e t h e geometric and p h y s i c a l parameters o f t h e d i s k i t s e l f : random d e v i a t i o n s from i d e a l geometric form, v a r i a t i o n i n boundary c o n d i t i o n s , f l u c t u a t i o n s i n e l a s t i c and s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e material, etc. The t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f a t h i n r o t a t i n g d i s k were looked upon as The r e a l i z a t i o n s a random s t a b l e p r o c e s s , s a t i s f y i n g t h e e r g o d i c h y p o t h e s i s . w i t h t h e corresponding amplifying a p p a r a t u s . plans.
/=
o f t h e p r o c e s s were produced e x p e r i m e n t a l l y u s i n g c o n t a c t less c a p a c i t i v e s e n s o r s I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t r a n s v e r s e os c i l l a t i o n s o f a r o t a t i n g d i s k w i t h magnetic c o a t i n g were performed u s i n g two According t o t h e first p l a n , t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e d i s k were r e The recorded osI t was found t h a t
ceived by c o n t a c t l e s s s e n s o r s , t h e s i g n a l s from which e n t e r e d t h e amplifying a p p a r a t u s and were f u r t h e r f e d t o t h e r e c o r d i n g a p p a r a t u s . and t r a n s m i t t e d t o a computer f o r s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s i n g . c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e d i s k s , i n t h e form o f c u r v e s , were converted t o d i s c r e t e form
82
I t is cum-
bersome and i n a c c u r a t e , s i n c e t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s of such a p r e c i s i o n device as a DMD are recorded by an i n a c c u r a t e method, which i s t r u e of o s c i l l o g r a p h s used f o r t h e r e c o r d i n g o f dynamic p r o c e s s e s . In these oscillographs, t h e drive Significant
I t i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more e f f e c t i v e t o u t i l i z e a n o t h e r method of i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n o f d i s k o s c i l l a t i o n s , as we have.
apparatus i s s e n t t o a s p e c i a l c o n v e r t e r used with t h e Minsk-22 computer. The e i g h t channel c o n v e r t e r , t h e speed o f one channel o f which s l i g h t l y exceeds t h e speed of t h e main memory of t h e computer, r e c o r d s t h e i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e s e n s o r s a t evenly spaced t i m e i n t e r v a l s and t r a n s m i t s them t o t h e computer memory i n t h e form o f d i s c r e t e p u l s e s . This p l a n was used t o c a l c u l a t e est i m a t e s of p r o b a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s , s p e c t r a l dens i t i e s , histograms of amplitudes of t r a n s v e r s e osci.1lation.s) o f t h e disk-hubclamp system and d i s k - c o n t a c t head r e t a i n e r system, as w e l l as t h e dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e form o f e s t i m a t e s of t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s and f r e quency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f d i s k o s c i l l a t i o n s t o i t s macro c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u r f a c e i s a l s o determined, t h e propagation o f t h e l e v e l of o s c i l l a t i o n s along t h e r a d i u s o f t h e d i s k i s e s t a b l i s h e d , and t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s causing d i s k o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e determined. One s a t i s f a c t o r y method i s t h e method o f r e c o r d i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s on magn e t i c t a p e u s i n g h i g h - p r e c i s i o n t a p e d r i v e mechanisms , followed by conversion and i n p u t of d a t a on t h e p r o c e s s t o computer memory. This method of i n p u t of experimental d a t a t o computer memory allows e l i m i n a t i n g a number o f mechanical l i n k s , t h e unevenness and d e l a y i n motion of which i n t r o d u c e s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r s .
/%
83
SOME PROBLEMS OF PRACTICAL ANALYSIS . . OF . VIBRATION-ACOUSTICAL . . . . . . .. . .. . .-. PROPERTIES . . . . . OF. . CEN. . TRIFUGAL PUMPS
~~
The d i f f i c u l t y of t h e problem of determining t h e causes of i n c r e a s e d s t r u c t u r a l n o i s e l e v e l i n pumps i n v a r i o u s frequency ranges r e s u l t s from t h e c o n t i n u i t y of t h e frequency spectrum of v i b r a t i o n s and t h e d u a l n a t u r e of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e d i n t h e spectrograms. The v a r i e t y of f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e pump and t h e absence o r i n many cases t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between parameters o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g p r o c e s s and t h e d e s i g n of t h e machine do n o t allow a t h e o r y o f v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l d i a g n o s i s of pumps t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d a t the present t i m e . Works a r e d e s c r i b e d , performed during v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l d i a g n o s i s o f one pump, and c a l c u l a t i o n and experimental r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d , i n which t h e p h y s i c a l n a t u r e of t h e p e r t u r b i n g f o r c e s i n v a r i o u s p o r t i o n s of t h e frequency range a r e s t u d i e d , t h e s p e c i f i c s of t h e design and i t s dynamic modeling i n t h e s e frequency subranges a r e p r e s e n t e d , and t h e s t a t e m e n t of expedient experiments i s analyzed.
84
of an oxygen p l a n t and r e v e a l t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f n o i s e s c r e a t e d by t h e machine and v i b r a t i o n s of i t s i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s and p a r t s . A u t o c o r r e l a t i o n and The a u t o c o r r e mutual c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e v i b r a t i o n s of i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s and t h e n o i s e of a s i l k s p i n n i n g machine were produced e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . g e a r body were used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s . machine t o b e i n d i c a t e d . The a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n and mutual c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s were produced u s i n g l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e v i b r a t i o n s of t h e s p i n d l e , guide r o l l e r and reducing Analysis of mutual c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s of v i b r a t i o n and n o i s e allowed t h e n o i s i e s t u n i t of t h e
a common a p p a r a t u s : a n o i s e meter, v i b r a t i o n measuring i n s t a l l a t i o n and d u a l beam e l e c t r o n i c o s c i l l o s c o p e with a photographic attachment. computer f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The o s c i l l o g r a m s
85
STUDY OF OPTICAL DYNAMIC MODELS OF FLEXIBLE - . . . .. ROTOR . -~ .. SYSTEMS . . . -. . ... BY. . THE .. . . LP-SEARCH . - . . . .- . .~ . . . - . . ME THOD S
M. F . Zeytman and R. B . S t a t n i k o v (Moscow)
Cybernetic d i a g n o s i s o f dynamic models o f r o t o r s i s based on t h e new LPs e a r c h method, which determines optimal v e r s i o n s o f models i n t h e space of v a r i a b l e parameters. I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f m u l t i v a r i a t e dependences i s based on t h e u s e o f t h e Haar f u n c t i o n . I t i s suggested t h a t p o i n t s Q1, b a s i s of t h e guiding p o i n t s n-dimensional cube. The P
' I
the
t h e space o f parameters o f t h e f u n c t i o n s .
only on l o g i c a l o p e r a t i o n s , and t h e i r c a l c u l a t i o n by computer i s q u i t e simple. I n t h i s work, LP-search was used t o s t u d y f l e x u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of a f l e x i b l e v e r t i c a l rotor, o s c i l l a t i n g i n the f i e l d of the force of gravity. s a t i s f y i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h e d q u a l i t y c r i t e r i a a r e sought. Free and f o r c e d o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e r o t o r a r e s t u d i e d and optimal v a l u e s o f parameters
86
STUDY OF METHODS OF .T SEPARATING USEFUL SIGNALSX.Ec.o&GIN.I.T FROM GENERAL OFo fic.H-IN=E-s .IN. zo.LtiI.N-G. .H.E. .P.Ro.B=L.EM AiiToEiA;T.I.c. .op'NOISE .o.R~I.G.~-N-FDUPLICATING NO I ES IN .TAL .c.o.~~p.u;r'E .R~s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . - - M.E.c.H p;N .. .~ .s.Ms N.G. .D.I co~N-c ~ . ... . . . . .. ._ . .. . . . . . . .. i
~ ~~
0. K . Postnikov (Moscow)
The complexity o f t h e kinematics of d u p l i c a t i n g machines makes s e p a r a t i o n of n o i s e sources d i f f i c u l t . This problem can be s o l v e d d u r i n g d u p l i c a t i n g p r o d u c t i o n by non-separated s e a r c h and determination o f s o u r c e s .
A method i s suggested f o r machine i n v e s t i g a t i o n of d u p l i c a t i n g machines
In creating the
method, t h e s p e c i f i c s of d u p l i c a t i n g machines, i n c l u d i n g t h e i r h i g h kinematic complexity and r i g i d l y programmed o p e r a t i n g c y c l e , were taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a tion. Methods developed allow information t o b e e x t r a c t e d from a r e a l i z a t i o n X(t) n o t only concerning t h e n o i s e l e v e l o f any given mechanism, b u t a l s o allowing e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e q u a l i t y of manufacture and i n s t a l l a t i o n of i n d i v i dual p a r t s and u n i t s of t h e machine. use i n d i a g n o s i s a s w e l l . During p r e p a r a t i o n o f a problem f o r computer s o l u t i o n , t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s i g n a l X(t) must be performed i n advance with p r e c i s e determination o f t h e r o t a t i n g speed o f t h e main s h a f t . The use of p o s i t i o n o r angle markers of t h e P r e p a r a t i o n of t h e problem a l s o i n mechanisms being s t u d i e d i s o b l i g a t o r y . When t h e proper s t a t i s t i c s are s e l e c t e d and p a r t i c u l a r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e performed, t h i s method can b e promising f o r
cludes composition of a d a t a block of kinematic dependences of a l l mechanisms of t h e machine, and where p u l s e n o i s e s a r e p r e s e n t , g e n e r a l i z e d dynamic calculations as well. of t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n ) . The d u r a t i o n o f r e c o r d i n g o f r e a l i z a t i o n X(t) and t h e frequency o f t h e r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l are determined by t h e r e s e a r c h e r on t h e b a s i s of r u l e s which a r e developed. (The a l g o r i t h m f o r composition of t h e d a t a block and c a l c u l a t i o n of dynamic parameters r e q u i r e d f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n allows automation
87
An analog t o d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r i s used t o t r a n s m i t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t o a d i g i t a l computer. The o p e r a t i n g mode o f t h e c o n v e r t e r i s normalized by t h e recommendations used f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Using an algorithm which i s developed, a f t e r t h e n e c e s s a r y information has been f e d i n t o t h e computer, t h e experimental d a t a a r e processed i n t h e machine. If t h e mechanisms o f t h e machine b e i n g s t u d i e d have f r e q u e n c i e s which are i d e n t i c a l o r m u l t i p l e s of each o t h e r , s e v e r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s e n s o r s must b e used. A f t e r t h e "useful" p e r i o d i c s i g n a l s and p u l s e components have been s e p a r a t e d , t h e "random" p e r i o d i c components are analyzed f o r purposes of r e c o g n i t i o n . A n experimental check o f t h e method performed u s i n g t h e POL-6 two-color o f f s e t machine , gave p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s .
/64
88
The
measurements are performed i n t h e t i m e between two neighboring i n t e r s e c t i o n s of This method of a n a l y s i s of o s c i l l a t i o n s i s used, f o r example, i n determining t h e smoothness i n d i c a t o r s of t h e c a r s u s i n g t h e
number o f p u l s e s i n t h e t r a i n s , t h e p u l s e a n a l y z e r s o r t s o s c i l l a t i o n s as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e i r parameters and r e c o r d s t h i s information i n memory. s u l t s of p r o c e s s i n g o f long r e a l i z a t i o n s of t h e process a r e o u t p u t as c o r r e l a t i o n t a b l e s , f u l l y d e f i n i n g t h e one-dimensional d i s t r i b u t i o n s of each o f t h e parameters s t u d i e d and allowing t h e s t o c h a s t i c dependences between them t o be studied. These c o r r e l a t i o n t a b l e s a r e i n p u t t o a u n i v e r s a l d i g i t a l computer f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e smoothness i n d i c a t o r s (by p r o c e s s i n g of v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s of t h e c a r body) t h e process parameters s t u d i e d .
4.
/E
one-dimensional p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s and c o r r e l a t i o n f a c t o r s of
I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p r o b a b i l i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t h e v i b r a t i o n s o f I n t h i s case,
any two s t r u c t u r a l elements, f o r example between t h e v i b r a t i o n s o f t h e body and t r u c k s of a r a i l r o a d c a r , i s t h e most d i f f i c u l t form o f a n a l y s i s . when t h e mutual c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s v a l u e s of t h e two 89
p r o c e s s e s i s s t u d i e d , t h e s i g n a l s must be q u a n t i z e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o time and t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s v a l u e s of s i g n a l s converted t o p u l s e t r a i n s as d e s c r i b e d above. C o r r e l a t i o n t a b l e s of two p r o c e s s e s can b e used n o t only t o c a l c u l a t e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , b u t a l s o t o determine v a r i o u s s t a t i s t i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e r a t i o s of t h e two random v i b r a t i o n s . studied. These c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e t h e t a n g e n t s of t h e i n c l i n a t i o n a n g l e s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s of t h e p r o c e s s e s b e i n g
5.
A l l c a l c u l a t i o n s i n p r o c e s s i n g of t h e v i b r a t i o n d a t a a r e performed by
e l e c t r o n i c d i g i t a l computer, allowing t h e p r o c e s s of i n v e s t i g a t i o n of v i b r a t i o n s
t o b e automated.
90
M E T H O D OF MEASUREMENTS DURING INVESTIGATION OF MOTORCYCLE NOISE Yu. V. Skoryukin, A . A Yudin (Moscow) S t r o k i n , A. S . Terekhin, V . V . Tupov and Ye. Y a .
A t t h e p r e s e n t time, t h e r e i s no s a t i s f a c t o r y t h e o r y f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of
o f experimental s t u d y a r e of c o n s i d e r a b l e s i g n i f i c a n c e .
Therefore, tuning
/E
of t h e i n t a k e and exhaust m u f f l e r system h a s a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e on t h e power Under p l a n t c o n d i t i o n s , measurement o f t h e s e i n d i c a t o r s g e n e r a l l y i s performed on s t a b l e , s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d t e s t Therefore, t h e n e c e s s i t y f r e q u e n t l y a r i s e s of u s i n g t h e s e s t a n d s a l s o f o r measurement of t h e n o i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of e n g i n e s . closely t o natural conditions. I n o r d e r t o confirm t h e c o r r e c t n e s s of t h i s method, w e s t u d i e d t h e a c o u s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t e s t s t a n d s a t t h e V . A. Degtyarev P l a n t .
F o r t h i s same purpose, w e performed comparative measurements o f t h e sound
W e suggest t h a t t h e
power o f a motorcycle engine i n a f r e e sound f i e l d by t h e r e f l e c t e d sound f i e l d method, showing good convergence o f t h e two methods. t e s t s of motorcycles. Furthermore, t h e r e s u l t s o f measurements under t e s t s t a n d c o n d i t i o n s were t e s t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by road To do t h i s , t h e t e s t s t a n d measurement d a t a were used t o The road c a l c u l a t e t h e expected sound p r e s s u r e spectrum under road c o n d i t i o n s . mental d a t a . Based on t h e s t u d i e s performed, we can c o n s i d e r t e s t s t a n d a c o u s t i c a l measurements r e l i a b l e . This allows us t o expand s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h e experimental c a p a b i l i t i e s of t e s t s t a n d s of t h i s t y p e , a v a i l a b l e i n v a r i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , f i t t i n g them siniultaneously f o r measurement n o t o n l y o f power b u t of a c o u s t i c a l i n d i c e s of engines.
91
DETERMINATION AND CALCULATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS - - .. .NOISE -C.. REATED - . .. BY TURBO-. OF . PROP PASSENGER AIRCRAFT INTHE- A a A OF- AIRPORTS
V. S. Okorokov (Moscow) A method i s suggested f o r determining t h e maximum n o i s e l e v e l o f a i r c r a f t ,
b o t h when parked and when i n f l i g h t . The i n i t i a l parameters used a r e t h e power a p p l i e d t o t h e p r o p e l l e r , r a t e of p r o p e l l e r r o t a t i o n , diameter and t h e number o f b l a d e s , f l i g h t a l t i t u d e and speed and t h e arrangement of t h e power p l a n t . The formulas and nomograms suggested allow t h e n o i s e o f a i r c r a f t i n o p e r a t i o n and newly designed a i r c r a f t with turboprop engines t o b e c a l c u l a t e d with accuracy s u f f i c i e n t f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes. Estimation o f n o i s e i s performed i n e f f e c t i v e p e r c e i v e d n o i s e l e v e l s i n correspondence with t h e recommendations of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standards Organization and t h e p l a n f o r t h e corresponding domestic All-Union S t a t e Standard
/z
92
(Kaunas)
of any t y p e and a pneumatic loom shows t h a t t h e n o i s e c r e a t e d by pneumatic looms c o n s i s t s of h i g h frequency aerodynamic and t u r b u l e n c e n o i s e . respectively. The p r i n c i p a l sources o f h i g h frequency n o i s e i n a pneumatic loom are t h e u n i t s supplying compressed a i r and drawing away t h e w e f t . shows an o s c i l l o g r a m of t h e n o i s e of t h e a i r supply u n i t . Figure l a and b The d u r a t i o n o f an
In t h e octave
/E
. -
210b-
180"
b
360"
Figure 1. Oscillogram o f Noise of A i r Feed Unit: a , 180" r o t a t i o n o f main s h a f t ; b , 180-360" r o t a t i o n of main s h a f t ; time mark r e p r e s e n t s 500 H z . P u l s a t i o n s i n a i r p r e s s u r e f a r from t h e zone of t h e a i r stream anL i n i t are studied. S i n c e t h e a i r f l o w f i e l d i n t h e stream i s random, a s t a t i s t i c a l The r e l a t i o n s h i p between p r e s s u r e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e phenomena i s p r e s e n t e d .
p u l s a t i o n s i n t h e a i r s t r e a m and t h e narrow band n o i s e s p e c t r a i s determined. An experimental s t u d y of t h e p u l s a t i o n s of a i r p r e s s u r e i n t h e stream was performed u s i n g a multichannel r e c o r d i n g a p p a r a t u s . methods on a d i g i t a l computer. The d a t a o f experimental s t u d i e s , produced i n t h e form o f o s c i l l o g r a m s , a r e processed by s t a t i s t i c a l
93
I n o r d e r t o e s t i m a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n i n s u l a t i o n o f v a r i o u s d e v i c e s , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o have a p o i n t s o u r c e o f n o i s e a c t i o n , w i t h a broad spectrum, s t a b l e and e a s i l y r e p r o d u c i b l e e f f e c t . D . G . Tonkonogov This r e p o r t h a s suggested t h a t a stream o f l i q u i d b e used f o r t h i s purpose, s p r a y i n g a t
p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f s t u d i e s of t h e s p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e n o i s e e x c i t e d
W e know t h a t a s t r e a m o f w a t e r i s u n s t a b l e i n a i r and a t some d i s t a n c e from t h e nozzle i s broken i n t o i n d i v i d u a l d r o p s , t h e mean r a d i u s of which i s approximately equal t o t h e diameter of t h e a p e r t u r e : R " d (see [1,2]). The The mean formation o f drops i s a random p r o c e s s and t h e r e f o r e when t h e broken s t r e a m s t r i k e s a s o l i d s u r f a c e , a random sequence o f p u l s e s o f f o r c e a r i s e s . mass. then p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n frequency v can b e determined from t h e law of conservation of
I f M i s t h e flow r a t e of water p e r u n i t t i m e , v i s t h e s t r e a m v e l o c i t y ,
I n o r d e r t o determine t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of t h e random f o r c e , i t i s necessary t o know t h e p u l s e form. S i n c e i t has been noted t h a t t h e p u l s e has a s t e e p l e a d i n g edge and a more g r a d u a l t r a i l i n g edge, t h e f o l l o w i n g e m p i r i c a l formula can b e used t o approximate t h e p u l s e form:
F ( t )= c (v, R )
/%
r2-6 (;!-I
c1
Here T = K/v i s t h e e f f e c t i v e p u l s e l e n g t h ,
change when
E or
s e r v a t i o n o f momentum:
4ZR' pv c = __ __
3PTr (4
~ ( w ) =
~ ( i n ')~ f t i r = 4 x ~ 3 p -~i ( wl p ~ ) - a .
0
94
Figure 1 shows t h e r e s u l t s o f an experimental d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e s p e c t r a l dens i t y of t h e n o i s e of t h e stream. Measurements were performed u s i n g a piezoThe p o i n t s r e l a t i n g t o v a r i o u s e l e c t r i c r e c e i v e r , t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of which i n t h e frequency a r e a s t u d i e d (10-100 KHz) can b e considered c o n s t a n t . a p e r t u r e diameters and v a r i o u s stream v e l o c i t i e s f a l l n e a r t h e curve c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g formula ( 4 ) with t h e v a l u e s of t h e parameters a = 1 , 2 ; B = 1. where w S V/fi, Thus, -3.4 t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y drops o f f a s frequency i n c r e a s e s as w
iY
I
-a
-2c
.1
Figure 1.
to
_I
$0
Rayleigh, Z'eoriya Zvuka [The Theory o f Sound], Vol. 2 , Moscow, 1955. Panasenkov, N . S . , ZhTF, Vol. 2 1 , No. 2 , pp. 160-166, 1951.
95
NOISE AT ACOUSTICAL RECEIVER RESULTING FROM SPATIALLY . NONCORRELATED SOURCES . DISTRIBUTED O V E R A SURFACE
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e response f u n c t i o n H(M,f), equal t o t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e o u t p u t of t h e r e c e i v e r upon e x c i t a t i o n o f p o i n t M o f t h e s u r f a c e a t frequency f by a v a r i a b l e f o r c e w i t h u n i t amplitude. measured. This f u n c t i o n can b e experimentally The n a t u r e of t h e s o u r c e s can b e d e s c r i b e d by a f u n c t i o n o f t h e Assuming t h e
A s an example, l e t us analyze a d i s k with r e c e i v e r s s e t i n t h e c e n t e r , f o r which f u n c t i o n s H and u have t h e form shown on Figure 1. Figure 2.
Hhl
Ho
The r e s u l t s of c a l -
n:O
a
- _. .
P
where r
o r as t h e corresponding l i m i t i n a t t e m p t s t o decrease t h e n o i s e on t h e r e c e i v e r , r e s u l t i n g from t h e s u r f a c e a r e a s surrounding t h e r e c e i v e r . If t h e a r e a o f e x c i t a t i o n i s remote from t h e r e c e i v e r ( r l > r o ) , t h e n o i s e l e v e l depends s t r o n g l y on t h e v a l u e o f n, t h i s dependence being s t e e p e r , t h e g r e a t e r which can b e used t o determine means of p r o t e c t i o n from n o i s e o r f o r a e 1 t e r m i n a t i o n of r on t h e b a s i s of r e s u l t s of measurement o f n o i s e a t v a r i o u s 1 n . For case of a x i a l symmetry with a c i r c u l a r boundary of e x c i t a t i o n a t d i s t a n c e r along t h e g e n e r a t r i x ( i f , where r > r l , f u n c t i o n u ( r , f ) does not i n c r e a s e t o compensate f o r t h e d e c r e a s e i n f u n c t i o n H ( r , f ) ) f o r v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s H(r,f)
, the
In o t h e r words, f o r t h i s c a s e such c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as H(0,f) ; n; dimensions and form o f a r e a s of t h e s u r f a c e remote from t h e r e c e i v e r have no s i g n i f i c a n c e . follows from (2) t h a t i f f o r a c e r t a i n device t h e n o i s e U 1( f ) and t h e response f u n c t i o n a r e known with an accuracy equal t o c o e f f i cient
It
/E
fi 1(r1, f )
f o r another device
defined a s :
(3)
Figure 2. Noise Level a s a Function o f P o s i t i o n of E x c i t a t i o n Boundary r with Various Exponential Decreases 1 i n Response Function n and Dimensions of D i s k R.
where R ( r , , f )
without a b s o l u t e c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e
Yu. Deykus, V. Lukanin, V. Efros (Kaunas) I n v e s t i g a t i o n s have shown t h a t t h e n o i s e i n t h e o p e r a t o r ' s s e a t o f a t r a c t o r i s r a d i a t e d by t h e p a n e l s of t h e cab, e x c i t e d by f o r c e s developed as t h e engine o p e r a t e s , and a l s o as a r e s u l t o f p r o p a g a t i o n o f sound energy through t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e t r a c t o r . S t u d i e s were performed u s i n g t y p e MTZ-50 t r a c t o r s , equipped with water cooled (D-50) and a i r cooled (D-37Ye) e n g i n e s . connection t o t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e t r a c t o r . V i b r a t i o n s can b e decreased by making s t r u c t u r a l changes t o t h e method o f connection of t h e engine t o t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n . Figure 1 shows t h e r e s u l t s o f measurement o f v i b r a t i o n s a t a p o i n t on t h e f l o o r of t h e cab. Spectrum 1 was produced with s t a n d a r d connection o f t h e engine t o t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n , spectrum 2--with t h e engine disconnected, spectrum 3--shows v i b r a t i o n s o f t h e engine i t s e l f . The n o i s e i n t h e o p e r a t o r ' s seat was 104 db and 98 db r e s p e c t i v e l y . The engine i n a l l cases operated a t 1800 rpm w i t h o u t load. This f i g u r e shows t h e expediency o f reducing t h e v i b r a t i o n p r o p a g a t i n g from t h e engine t.o t h e cab. The s p e c i f i c s o f arrangement o f t h e engine on t h e t r a c t o r i n c l u d e r i g i d mounting on motor mounts and f l a n g e
Figure 1.
98
Comparison of n o i s e i n t h e cab o f t h e t r a c t o r u s i n g engines with v a r i o u s t y p e s of c o o l i n g shows t h a t t h e a i r - c o o l e d engine causes a n o i s e l e v e l o f 101 db, while t h e water-cooled engine causes a n o i s e l e v e l o f 108 db. was made a t 1750 rpm, without load. The comparison
99
AUTOMATIC METHOD OF STUDYING SOUND INSULATION OF CYLINDRICAL TUBES WITH VARIOUS SOUND RADIATION CONDITIONS
~ ~
D. R. Guzhas (Vil'nyus)
The s t u d y o f t h e sound i n s u l a t i o n (SI) o f c y l i n d r i c a l t u b e s i s becoming
/%
I n gas supply
The i n s t a l l a t i o n developed allows t h e S I of t u b e s up t o 10 m i n l e n g t h with diameters up t o 1 m t o b e s t u d i e d with sound s o u r c e s both o u t s i d e and i n s i d e t h e t u b e (Figure 1 ) .
LoudspeaKer
generator
, u r e 1. The i n s t a l l a t i o n i n c l u d e s guide tubes i n s t a l l e d o u t s i d e t h e t u b e , on which s p e c i a l r o l l e r c o l l a r s are s e a t e d . The c o l l a r s c a r r y a s u p p o r t i n g r i n g f o r The microphone s i x microphones l o c a t e d a t a n g l e s of 60" around t h e t u b e . s p e c i a l d r i v e system.
/76
r i n g i s moved a u t o m a t i c a l l y along t h e t u b e with a s t r i p c h a r t r e c o r d e r and a The microphone w i t h i n t h e t u b e can b e moved u s i n g a The unevenness of t h e sound f i e l d through l i n e along t h e a x i s of t h e t u b e .
support t r u c k .
This t r u c k i s moved a u t o m a t i c a l l y by t h e r e c o r d e r .
A measuring
/E
speaker i s used t o supply t h e sound p r e s s u r e . The master channel allows sound s o u r c e s t o b e e x c i t e d with s i n e wave
r .
Freq. 1,aoo H z l ',;]Freq. 850 Hz e-530-1.000 Hz band 800-1.250 Hz band'.l,OOO-l. 600 Hz band
cm) and
The measured l e v e l of sound p r e s s u r e along t h e t u b e with bl = 8 mm when e x c i t e d by bands o f white n o i s e and s i n e wave t o n e s i s shown on Figure 2 . The s o l i d curves show t h e r e s u l t s from t h e s i n e wave t o n e s , t h e d o t t e d curves show t h e r e s u l t s from t h e white n o i s e bands, t h e heavy curves were measured a t 0 . 5 m , t h e f i n e curves--at 5-10 mm; curves c show r e s u l t s o f measurements o u t s i d e , curves b show r e s u l t s of measurements i n s i d e . 101
The sound i n s u l a t i o n o f c y l i n d r i c a l t u b e s d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g frequency by an average o f 5-6 db p e r o c t a v e , i . e . , of p l a t e s . t h e frequency tendency of t h e sound i n s u l a t i o n o f s h e l l s i s o p p o s i t e t o t h e tendency of t h e sound i n s u l a t i o n
102
SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION ON CERTAINTY OF UNSTABLE NOISE I N THE PROCESS OF ITS ACTION ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM
G . A . Suvorov and A. M . L i k h n i t s k i y (Leningrad) I t i s suggested t h a t an i n f o r m a t i o n d e s c r i p t i o n o f u n s t a b l e n o i s e be
added t o t h e power e v a l u a t i o n (mean power) and s p e c t r a l e v a l u a t i o n (timeaveraged spectrum), u s i n g f o r t h i s purpose t h e s t a t i s t i c a l envelope o f t h e process :
where Pm s ( t ) i s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l envelope o f t h e p r o c e s s , P ( t ) i s t h e i n s t a n taneous sound p r e s s u r e , h ( t ) i s a weight f u n c t i o n . Function h ( t ) d e s c r i b e s t h e t i m e window w i t h i n which t h e human e a r i s i n s e n s i t i v e t o t h e phase s t r u c ture of a signal. b e A t o = 10 msec. The e f f e c t o f n o i s e with a complex envelope i s analyzed as t h e r e s u l t o f i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e organism with a s t i m u l u s which changes w i t h time; as t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e organism develops a s t r a t e g y t o minimize t h e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t o f t h e n o i s e ( s o - c a l l e d dynamic a d a p t a t i o n ) , t h e l e a s t i n f l u e n c e o f an u n s t a b l e s t i m u l u s b e i n g n o t e d when i t s parameters are known i n advance.
I t i s assumed t h a t t h e human organism p a r t i a l l y s o l v e s t h e d i f f i -
/=
c u l t i e s r e s u l t i n g from a d e l a y i n i t s p r o t e c t i v e r e a c t i o n t o sudden effects by e x t r a p o l a t i n g f u t u r e moments o f appearance o f a s t i m u l u s on t h e b a s i s o f i n formation concerning t h e envelope o f t h e n o i s e p r o c e s s i n the, p a s t . The minim u m a t t a i n a b l e u n c e r t a i n t y can be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r o b a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n o i s e envelope. I t i s assumed t h a t t h e e n t r o p y i s used
as t h e measure o f u n c e r t a i n t y .
I n o r d e r t o determine t h e most c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of dynamic adapt a t i o n , w e s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t s o f u n s t a b l e n o i s e , an a p e r i o d i c sequence o f short rectangular white noise pulses t t h i s sequence f o l l o w s P o i s s o n s r u l e .
U
i n length.
I n t h e f i r s t approximation,
The u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e moments o f
Since t h e i n t e r v a l s 103
w (P ) =
- T(i)
(T(') 2 0)
Dimensionality I / A t
r e p r e s e n t s t h e p e r m i s s i b l e u n c e r t a i n t y of t h e expec-
/E
The s t u d y of t h e s p e c i f i c s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f n o i s e a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of sequences o f p u l s e s of equal mean power i n time showed t h a t t h e most s h a r p l y expressed b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i s t h a t o f a p e r i o d i c n o i s e , charact e r i z e d by t h e maximum u n c e r t a i n t y o f e x p e c t a t i o n i n t e r v a l s between p u l s e s , t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e n o i s e i n c r e a s i n g with i n c r e a s i n g e n t r o p y .
104
THE PROBLEM OF THE STATIC CALCULATION OF VIBRATION INSULATION SYSTEMS WITH SIX AND TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Yu. P . Busarov (Vladimir) Various systems o f e q u a t i o n s a r e concluded f o r s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e v i b r a t i o n i n s u l a t i o n systems with s i x and twelve degrees of freedom. following g o a l s can b e achieved by s o l v i n g t h e s e e q u a t i o n s :
1. C a l c u l a t i o n o f l i n e a r displacements and angles o f r o t a t i o n of v i b r a t i o n -
The
insulated object.
2 . C a l c u l a t i o n o f deformations and r e a c t i o n s o f shock a b s o r b e r s .
3 . C a l c u l a t i o n o f i n s e r t s and r e c e s s e s beneath shock absorbers used f o r
S o l u t i o n of t h e equations involved i n n o n l i n e a r s t a t i c design o f v i b r a t i o n i n s u l a t i o n systems i s performed u s i n g t h e method of s u c c e s s i v e approximations. The n o n l i n e a r remainders a r e discarded i n c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e f i r s t approximat ion.
The work i n v o l v e s t h e apparatus of m a t r i x c a l c u l u s and n-dimensional vect o r s , which i s convenient for s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n s by d i g i t a l computer.
105
REDUCTION OF NOISE AND VIBRATION OF- PNEUMATIC LOOM USING VIBRATION-INSULATING ..._... . SUPPORTS
~
One means of d e c r e a s i n g dynamic loads on t h e b a s e and reducing t h e n o i s e of looms i s t h e use o f v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s . s u p p o r t s a r e suggested. During a q u a l i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n of v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s , t h e dynamic loads on t h e b a s e and v i b r a t i o n s o f t h e f l o o r were measured d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n of a pneumatic loom i n s t a l l e d on t h e second f l o o r of a b u i l d i n g . V i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s are designed f o r t h e P-125 pneumatic loom. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s of t h e new design i n o r d e r t o d e c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t s o f dynamic l o a d s on t h e base and reduce t h e n o i s e o f t h e machine i s demonstrated. R e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e r e d u c t i o n o f n o i s e l e v e l of t h e pneumatic loom when i n s t a l l e d on v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s of t h e design suggested. R e s u l t s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d from a c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e dec r e a s e i n t o t a l n o i s e power i n a room c o n t a i n i n g 36 t y p e P-125 machines when t h e y are s e t on v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i n g s u p p o r t s o f t h e d e s i g n s suggested. Experimental s t u d y o f t h e dynamic loads on t h e machine and v i b r a t i o n s of t h e b a s e i s performed u s i n g a multichannel r e c o r d i n g a p p a r a t u s with seismic and p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s . methods by d i g i t a l computer. The d a t a on v i b r a t i o n s of machine and base a r e produced i n t h e form of o s c i l l o g r a m s and processed by s t a t i s t i c a l dynamics New designs of v i b r a t i o n
/%
106
Yu. P. Busarov (Vladimir) The h y p o t h e s i s o f Ye. S. Sorokin i s extended t o e l a s t i c damping elements with n o n l i n e a r e l a s t i c i t y curve. l e n t r i g i d i t y C(A,w) The g e n e r a l i z a t i o n i s performed by t h e method o f d i r e c t l i n e a r i z a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c i t y curve, allowing t h e equivao f an e l a s t i c element, g e n e r a l l y depending on amplitude This e q u i v a l e n t r i g i d i t y
/g
i s used i n p l a c e o f t h e c o n s t a n t r i g i d i t y i n r e c o r d i n g t h e a b s o r p t i o n f a c t o r
where N i s t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e e l a s t i c element;
i s t h e deformation of t h e e l a s t i c element.
Based on t h e g e n e r a l i z e d h y p o t h e s i s , t h e amplitude-frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e n o n l i n e a r o s c i l l a t i n g system w i t h mass m and one degree of freedom, p e r t u r b e d by a harmonic f o r c e with amplitude F form
0'
i s w r i t t e n i n t h e convenient
known f o r t h e c a s e of l i n e a r o s c i l l a t i o n s .
I t i s demonstrated t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e n o n l i n e a r e q u a t i o n of an os-
c i l l a t i n g system
mx + N (x) = Fo sin ut,
(4)
where N(x) i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e e l a s t i c damping element i n t h e form of an experimental h y s t e r e s i s loop, by t h e v a r i o u s approximate methods of 107
Galerkin-Ritz, t h e small parameter method, t h e harmonic b a l a n c e method, t h e averaging method and o t h e r s a l s o l e a d s i n t h e f i r s t approximation t o e x p r e s s i o n
( 3 ) , although by a more complex means.
A t t h e same t i m e , i n o r d e r t o perform c a l c u l a t i o n s u s i n g formula (3) i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o know o n l y t h e dependence o f r i g i d i t y S and a b s o r p t i o n f a c t o r y on t h e amplitude and frequency o f deformation, which can b e e a s i l y produced by p r o c e s s i n g o f e x p e r i m e n t a l l y produced h y s t e r e s i s loops.
108
OSCILLATIONS OF ELASTICALLY SUSPENDED BODY WITH CENTER OF GRAVITY MISMATCHED TO CENTER OF ELASTICITY OF SUPPORT
A. P . Zhurevskaya (Moscow)
The c a s e o f e l a s t i c placement o f t h e body o f an e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s on a p l a t f o r m which performs v e r t i c a l o s c i l l a t i o n s according t o a harmonic r u l e i s studied. I t i s assumed t h a t t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y o f t h e body n o t o n l y does The n o t correspond t o t h e c e n t e r o f e l a s t i c i t y of t h e s u p p o r t , b u t i s n o t l o c a t e d above it--which i s r a t h e r f r e q u e n t l y encountered i n a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e s . s o l u t i o n of t h e problem i s performed i n t h e primary c o o r d i n a t e s , which a r e t h e angles of r o t a t i o n o f t h e body r e l a t i v e t o t h e c e n t e r s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l osc i l l a t i o n s l o c a t e d with t h e s t a t i c placement o f t h e body i n t h e same p l a n e as t h e c e n t e r of e l a s t i c i t y of t h e support. of t h e support of t h e body a r e determined. "breakdown" of t h e suspension i s p o s s i b l e . The deformations o f e l a s t i c elements Conditions a r e s t u d i e d under which
/E
109
. A. DAMPING ONE METHOD OF DAMPING . . PARAMETRIC OSCILLATIONS ..O . F A ROD CONSIDERING ... . . SUSPENSION-
D. Kh. T s v e n i a s h v i l i (Moscow) Problems o f t h e dynamic s t a b i l i t y o f a rod s u b j e c t t o t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a l o n g i t u d i n a l p u l s a t i n g t r a c k i n g load are s t u d i e d when a supplementary mass (damper) i s a t t a c h e d t o i t through an e l a s t i c element. works of Ya. G . Panovko, e t a l ) . The r o d i s r e p r e s e n t e d
where
m i s t h e c o n c e n t r a t e d mass o f t h e rod, m
r i g i d i t y of t h e s p r i n g , f , ( t )
i s t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e mass from t h e p o s i t i o n of s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m , K i s
is the partial natural 1 frequency o f t h e damper, q i s t h e damping f a c t o r , P and P are c o n s t a n t s , 0 t E 1 i s t h e r i g i d i t y of t h e rod. System (1) i s non-Hamiltonian. t h e n a t u r a l frequency of t h e rod without t h e damper, R
2 2 . C o e f f i c i e n t R 2 ( t ) = i~ ( t ) = w ( - t ) , i . e . ,
p /p
t o
~ 1 , i . e . , we c o n s i d e r
a small
w e have
110
A=?&,
i2=Af4.
&a
COS
2 4 + ...,
t e r i s t i c i n d i c a t o r s n e a r t h e c r i t i c a l v a l u e s of parameter A .
Analysis i s
metric resonances.
t h e r o d , w e produce, i n p l a c e o f a s i n g l e a r e a o f simple p a r a m e t r i c resonance f o r t h e case o f a system without a damper, two a r e a s of simple p a r a m e t r i c resonance and one a r e a of summary combination resonance. o f adjustment o f t h e damper K / Q
1
By proper s e l e c t i o n
/E
and combination p a r a m e t r i c resonances such t h a t a t what were t h e c r i t i c a l f r e quencies o f t h e system without t h e damper, i n s t a b i l i t y occurs only when a c e r t a i n load l e v e l i s achieved. Consideration of damping l e a d s t o r i s i n g of t h e a r e a s of i n s t a b i l i t y above t h e a b s c i s s a .
111
112
I N STRUCTURE (FIELD) THEORY OF MULTICHANNEL COMPENSATION. SYSTEM FOR OSCILLATIONS - OF ARBITRARY FORM
B , D. T a r t akovskiy (Moscow) The p o s s i b i l i t i e s of u s i n g r a d i a t i n g systems f o r compensation of o s c i l l a t i o n s a t any number o f p o i n t s i n a s t r u c t u r e ( f i e l d ) of a r b i t r a r y form a r e s t u d i e d . The compensating o s c i l l a t i o n s ( f i e l d ) are considered known, a s s i g n e d from witho u t o r developing w i t h i n t h e s t r u c t u r e . L i m i t a t i o n s o f l i n e a r i t y a r e p l a c e d on t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f o s c i l l a t i o n s through t h e s t r u c t u r e (on t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e s t r u c t u r e (sound f i e l d ) a t a c e r t a i n ( a r b i t r a r y ) number o f p o i n t s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e (sound f i e l d ) a t one o r more f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e n e c e s s a r y parameters o f t h e electromechanical multichannel feedback system are studied. The d a t a produced a r e used f o r determination of o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e s t r u c t u r e (sound f i e l d ) o u t s i d e t h e t e s t e d p o i n t s i n t h e mechanical system, providing f o r a fi x e d a t t e n u a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i o n s a t t h e s el ect ed t e s t p o i n t s , located a t the l i m i t o r outside t h e s t r u c t u r e .
A f t e r c a l c u l a t i o n o f parameters
/E
of t h e multichannel feedback system, t h e a r e a s of compensation of o s c i l l a t i o n and zoaes o f t h e i r a m p l i f i c a t i o n a r e determined, a s w e l l a s c o n d i t i o n s l i m i t i n g a u t o e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e multichannel feedback system. t o a b r o a d e r c l a s s of f u n c t i o n s . The p r i n c i p a l equations o f t h e theory developed a r e : a t t e s t p o i n t s Z and o s c i l l a t i o n s r r V . a t p o i n t s of a p p l i c a t i o n s o f f o r c e by s e n s o r s i n system Y
1. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between o s c i l l a t i o n s U
1
The t h e o r y developed i s
vixi,=
i= I
- ( 1 -a,)u,
(where
xir
a
i s t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e ,
i s t h e r e q u i r e d degree o f a t t e n u a t i o n ) ,
allowing us t o determine
113
P l a c i n g a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s on t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e l e c t r o mechanical channels o f t h e system, w e can determine t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s e l f e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e multichannel feedback system and t h u s l i m i t t h e maximum v a l u e s o f compensation o f o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e a t t h e t e s t p o i n t s , which may n o t correspond with t h e f i x e d p o i n t s . t i o n s Kij; The primary q u a n t i t i e s charact e r i z i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e ( f i e l d ) i n t h e t h e o r y developed are t h e t r a n s f e r func-
xir,
r e l a t i n g t h e v a l u e s of o s c i l l a t i n g parameters a t p o i n t s o f
1
respondingly a t t h e t e s t p o i n t s Z
and cor-
r'
r'
we produce t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
C
i= 1
vixir= -(I
-a,) wr,
/E
Since
n n
t h e n from t h e e q u a t i o n
j=l
c r e a t e d by t h e electromechanical feedi' back channels, t o t h e summary o s c i l l a t i o n s a t p o i n t s o f r e c e p t i o n U + U j j through t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f conversion o f t h e e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l feedback and f u r t h e r o f t h e f i e l d ij c r e a t e d by t h e system o u t s i d e t h e t e s t p o i n t s (V ) , e x p r e s s i n g i t through t h e P values at t h e fi x e d t e s t p o i n t s
I channels " i j , we can determine t h e values of $
r e l a t i n g t h e o s c i l l a t i n g parameters V
114
CERTAIN .TYPES OF~ MULTICHANNEL SYSTEMS FOR COMPENSATION OF. STRUCTURAL OSCILLA. . . . .. . ._ . . . . . TIONS
~~ ~ ~
B. D. Tartakovskiy (Moscow)
The p r o p e r t i e s o f multichannel systems used i n c e r t a i n c a s e s when i t i s exp e d i e n t t o s i m p l i f y a feedback system are s t u d i e d . The compensated o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e (sound f i e l d ) a r e n o t made s p e c i f i c , which allows t h e general i t y of t h e r e s u l t s produced t o b e r e t a i n e d and allows them t o b e used when feedback systems a r e used f o r v a r i o u s s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e s , s a t i o n systems o f t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s are s t u d i e d : I . System . . con .s .i .s -t i . n g .o.f. i . d.e n t i. c_ al _ . r . e c. e.i v.e r s .and .. . s e. n.s~ o.r . s , -symmetrically . .~. 10~
Multichannel compen-
/%
c a t e d i n a homogeneous s t r u c t u r e ( f i e l d ) ,
By i n t r o d u c i n g c e r t a i n average p a r a -
I n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e , systems c o n s i s t i n g
vij;
t h e number o f c o n v e r t e r s i s mn. a r e d i v i d e d i n t o two groups:
(J.
i= 1+ri;
j = 1 tin'
I t i s demonstrated t h a t when c o n v e r t e r s (J
mxn m + n'
System .. with e l e c t r i c a l l y i n s u l a t e d c h a n n e l s .
(J
By e l i m i n a t i n g e l e c t r i c a l
( t , j - n ) , we produce a i j system which c o n s i s t s o f n s i n g l e - c h a n n e l subsystems ( i n t e r c o n n e c t e d by o s c r o s s connection ( i # j ) i n a system of g e n e r a l form c i l l a t i o n s of the s t r u c t u r e ( f i e l d ) ) . The formulas f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of t h i s system a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y s i m p l i f i e d s i n c e i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r compensation o f o s c i l l a t i o n s are comparatively l i t t l e l i m i t e d i n comparison t o a g e n e r a l system.
I f system I11 c o n s i s t s o f i d e n t i c a l l i n k s (system IV), t h e r e s u l t s of
, with
many
115
a r e combined, systems of s e n s o r s and c o n t r o l p o i n t s , r e c e i v e r s and c o n t r o l p o i n t s , as w e l l a s s e n s o r s , r e c e i v e r s and c o n t r o l p o i n t s a r e a l s o analyzed. The o s c i l l a t i o n e q u a t i o n s produced f o r t h e s e systems f o r t h e combination of s t r u c t u r e p l u s feedback system a r e analyzed t o determine t h e r e q u i r e d p a r a meters of t h e system t o p r o v i d e f i x e d compensation a t t e s t p o i n t s and condit i o n s f o r p r e v e n t i n g s e l f - e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e system. These.problems a r e i l l u s The r e s u l t s produced t r a t e d by c a l c u l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n s f o r a two channel system ( r e g a r d l e s s of t h e t y p e of o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e [ f i e l d ] ) . a d i g i t a l computer. can be used f o r composition of an algorithm f o r c o n t r o l o f a feedback system i n
116
The method suggested allows t h e a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r o f systems w i t h l a r g e l o s s e s t o b e determined. c i t y and a c c e l e r a t i o n . the attenuation factor. The a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r o f an a c t u a l system may have an a r b i t r a r y frequency dependence, b u t i n d i v i d u a l s e c t o r s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c can b e approximated by s t r a i g h t l i n e s , corresponding t o v a r i o u s t y p e s o f l o s s i n t h e system. models o f frequency dependence o f t h e d i s s i p a t i v e f o r c e are used: R R Three
I t i s based on d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s h i f t i n r e s o n a n t
/E
- a.
- d; R - v;
factors
R-v
.
R-a
-
..
q =
?=
.
_ _
t-
'1=
..
Using t h e s e formulas, w e can a l s o determine t h e form o f l o s s e s i n t h e system. This method i s convenient f o r measurement o f t h e a t t e n u a t i o n f a c t o r n o t only f o r c o n c e n t r a t e d b u t a l s o f o r d i s t r i b u t e d systems. In t h e l a t t e r case, t h e problem i s complicated by simultaneous e x c i t a t i o n o f a number o f modes. In connection w i t h t h i s , c o r r e c t i o n s which depend on t h e form a f t h e specimen and type o f o s c i l l a t i o n s e x c i t e d must be c o n s i d e r e d .
117
The l o s s f a c t o r o f a damped rod w i t h f r e e ends was determined, i n which bending o s c i l l a t i o n s were e x c i t e d . The measurements were performed i n t h r e e Using t h e v a l u e s of frequency ranges: 72-76 H z , 126-132 H z and 278-287 H z . culated.
/g
I
I
Resonant a r e a
72-76
-.
'
By w i d t h : By of oeak ! formula
0.19
-.
1
~
I,-
Hz
Hz
125-132
-j
j
I
'
.
0.17 0.2
-
0.22 0.26
- . . .-
__. -.
278-287
. -.
Hz
-
0.21
. . . .
A s t h e l o s s e s i n c r e a s e , t h e divergence between t h e s e r e s u l t s i n c r e a s e s as
1.
Vyalyshev, A. I . and B . D . Tartakovskiy, !'The Problem o f O s c i l l a t i o n s of Systems With Large Losses," Trudy V I Vses. A k u s t . Konf., S e k t s i y a I @ 20 [Transactions o f S i x t h All-Union Acoustical Conference, S e c t i o n MP 10, 1968.
118
STUDY OF DYNAMIC PULSE TYPE LOADS TRANSMITTED TO . FOUNDATION BY NEW TYPES OF .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .- - . . . .. . SHUTTLELESS- LOOMSYa. I . K o r i t y s s k i y and R. I . Suchkova (Moscow) I n connection with t h e reequipping o f t e x t i l e e n t e r p r i s e s with p r o g r e s s i v e equipment, i n p a r t i c u l a r new types o f looms, t h e n e c e s s i t y a r i s e s o f developing methods o f determining t h e peak dynamic loads t r a n s m i t t e d by t h e machines t o t h e foundation. Together w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l methods, an experimental method i s developed, based on d e t e r m i n a t i o n of loads u s i n g f o r c e measuring devices i n t r o d u c e d as s u p p o r t s between t h e foundation and t h e b a s e of t h e machine. I n o r d e r t o r e c o r d l o a d s with minimum dynamic d i s t o r t i o n , t h e machinef o r c e meter system must s a t i s f y t h e requirements p l a c e d on q u a s i - s t a t i c i n s t r u ments. I n r e c o r d i n g t h e l o a d s from s h u t t l e t y p e looms with a f o u r - l i n k d r i v e of t h e s l a y , t h e s e l e c t i o n of f o r c e meter parameters r e p r e s e n t s no d i f f i c u l t i e s , s i n c e t h e r u l e o f change of t h e p e r t u r b i n g f u n c t i o n i s p e r i o d i c and can b e repr e s e n t e d as a sum of s e v e r a l harmonics. This problem i s more d i f f i c u l t t o s o l v e when f o r c e meters a r e used f o r new types of machines with cam-driven s l a y , t h e o p e r a t i o n of which e x c i t e s p u l s e type loads. This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an o p e r a t i o n a l method of e v a l u a t i n g t h e dynamic l o s s e s of i n s t r u m e n t s , i n which due t o incomplete damping t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n has significant oscillations.
This method i s p a r t i c u l a r l y convenient f o r c a s e s
/E
when t h e n a t u r e of t h e p e r t u r b i n g f u n c t i o n i s known only approximately i n t h e form o f an approximate graph. t h e meters. Recommendations a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r s e l e c t i o n o f dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e system o f machine f o r c e meters and parameters of
119
R e g u l a r i t i e s are found, e x p l a i n i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e o f a c o n t r o l l a b l e electromechanic o s c i l l a t i o n damper o p e r a t i n g over a broad frequency range. Figure 1 shows one p o s s i b l e p l a n f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i o n damper f o r a r o d . f i g u r e shows a rod of c o n s t a n t c r o s s s e c t i o n F and l e n g t h The
2.
The f i g u r e shows t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t , r e p r e s e n t e d as a combination o f elements L , R , C , an a m p l i f i e r w i t h g a i n f a c t o r S and a c t u a t i n g element AE, cont a i n i n g two electromagnets with a t o t a l c l e a r a n c e o f A . t h e power winding o f t h e AE i s L
I2
(The inductance o f
t h e r e s i s t a n c e i s Ro.)
Figure 1. On t h e assumption t h a t w i t h i n c e r t a i n l i m i t s o f t e n s i o n and magnetic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h e AE can b e looked upon a s a l i n e a r quadrupole and t h e o p e r a t i n g mode o f t h e a m p l i f i e r and t h e AE i s f a r from s a t u r a t i o n , a mathemat i c a l model i s c o n s t r u c t e d :
d Y + 4 Y + u pardz(x,. I ) 4t - = (s- 1 ) L
du dt
= UYS ( x - SI) + P
( t ) 6 (x -.h)
120
o f t h e rod,
)I
i s t h e resis-
t a n c e f o r c e t o o s c i l l a t i n g motion, U i s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f electromechanical
, 6 (x1)
a r e t h e d e l t a functions.
The v i b r a t i o n - i n s u l a t i o n con-
o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e rod; y,$. are t h e complex v a l u e s o f c u r r e n t i n t h e anode I c i r c u i t and t h e p e r t u r b i n g f o r c e , u . ( x ) and u . ( x ) a r e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e beam I 1 I o f u n c t i o n s o f t h e rod a t x = x and x = x are t h e e l e c t r i c a l impe1 0 Zel = Z X dances of t h e AE and c o n t r o l c i r c u i t . Thus, i n o r d e r t o d e c r e a s e v i b r a t i o n i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l impedances o f t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t Z converter Z el and b e equal i n magnitude and opposite i n s i n e .
-+
/%
el
where
Here
c1
d e c r e a s e s . consequently, t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of SUP damping o f o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e rod i s a l s o decreased. F i g u r e 2 shows t h e c a l c u l a t e d (continuous) and experimental ( d o t t e d l i n e s ) amplitude-frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e rod and n o t e s t h e decreased l e v e l of vibrations. The frequency of t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t was tuned t o t h e f r e quency of t h e p e r t u r b i n g f o r c e , w h i l e t h e AE was p l a c e d i n t h e antinodes of t h e
/%
121
I j / I
J.5
(I
(#
f.2
Figure 2 .
122
A T INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF THE LITHUANIAN SSR STUDY OF NOISE I N. .VIBRATION . . Yu. D. Valanchyaukas, M. E . Akelis and V . K. Naynis (Kaunas) The study o f p r o d u c t i o n n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n s a t i n d u s t r i a l e n t e r p r i s e s o f t h e Republic h a s shown t h a t i n designing new machines and equipment, i n planning new production b u i l d i n g s and t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s , t h e new methods of cont r o l l i n g n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n are s t i l l n o t b e i n g s u f f i c i e n t l y u t i l i z e d .
A t newly c o n s t r u c t e d e n t e r p r i s e s , i n many work a r e a s t h e n o i s e and v i b r a -
The s i t u a t i o n i s
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s show t h a t t h e n o i s i e s t e n t e r p r i s e s i n t h e Republic a r e t h e t e x t i l e and c o n s t r u c t i o n materials e n t e r p r i s e s , and t h a t f o r g i n g - p r e s s i n g , metal working and s h i p b u i l d i n g shops have high n o i s e l e v e l and high l e v e l s o f vibrations.
A t most e n t e r p r i s e s , compressor devices a r e b u i l t i n t o production rooms,
Sound i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s
123
The de-
/E
The d e v i c e i n c l u d e s :
--a t u n a b l e harmonic g e n e r a t o r ; --a polyharmonic g e n e r a t o r ; --an o s c i l l a t i n g - f r e q u e n c y g e n e r a t o r w i t h t u n a b l e middle frequency, band o f o s c i l l a t i o n and o s c i l l a t i n g r a t e ; --a w h i t e n o i s e g e n e r a t o r ; --a v i b r a t o r amplitude- frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e q u a l i z e r ; --a wide band random v i b r a t i o n former w i t h t h e r e q u i r e d spectrum. The r e p o r t a n a l y z e s methods o f forming wide band random v i b r a t i o n s with t h e required spectral c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
A l i n e a r l o c a l - g l o b a l method o f forming random v i b r a t i o n s with t h e r e q u i r e d
spectrum i s suggested, based on s e p a r a t e formation o f t h e wide band p o r t i o n o f t h e spectrum and narrow band peaks and drops i n t h e spectrum w i t h subsequent a d d i t i o n o f t h e s i g n a l s formed. Formation o f t h e even p o r t i o n o f t h e spectrum i s performed by a wide band a m p l i f i e r w i t h a d j u s t a b l e c o r r e c t i o n s i n t h e low and h i g h frequency a r e a s , w h i l e formation o f narrow band peaks and drops i n t h e spectrum i s performed by s e l e c t i v e a m p l i f i e r s , and t h e u s e of cophase-antiphase a d d i t i o n allows t h e number o f s e l e c t i v e a m p l i f i e r s t o b e reduced and formation o f peaks and drops t o b e performed by t h e same f u n c t i o n a l u n i t s .
124
-.-_
......................
- . . . . . . . . ....- ............
I
111 I 1 111
THE PROBLEM OF PERFORMING STUDIES OF __ HARMONIC _ _ ~- LOADS AND L O A D S WHICH ATTENUATE WITH TIME V. V. Karamyshkin (Moscow)
Under a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s , an o b j e c t b e i n g t e s t e d i s a c t e d upon by a complex form o f load o r k i n e m a t i c e x c i t a t i o n , and i t would be i d e a l t o reproduce t h e s e e x c i t a t i o n s i n experiments i n o r d e r t o p l a c e t h e t e s t o b j e c t under c o n d i t i o n s
/%
as c l o s e as p o s s i b l e t o a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
Due t o t e c h n i c a l d i f f i -
I t is
f u r t h e r assumed t h a t experimental d a t a are a v a i l a b l e on t h e amplitudes o f o s s t u d i e d and t h a t we must f i n d a t which p o i n t s o f t h e system harmonic e f f e c t s must be a p p l i e d t o i n o r d e r t o reproduce t h e measured amplitudes. must b e s t u d i e d i n d i v i d u a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o each frequency. d e r i v a t i v e s are w r i t t e n as
n
In t h e case of The d i f f e r e n t i a l
171,
s, +
k-l
...,
11).
(1)
where w i s t h e o s c i l l a t i n g frequency, Q
i s t h e amplitude o f t h e summary a c t i o n
and s e e k i n g t h e s o l u t i o n
i n t h e form
X , = .Us cia'
(2)
125
where w e r e p r e s e n t p
= w b + c k = 1, 2 n , P = Q eiS. sk i sk sk S S s i r e d s o l u t i o n w i l l b e t h e imaginary p o r t i o n o f e x p r e s s i o n ( 2 ) .
,...,
The de-
an i n v e r s e t r a n s f o r m ) , w e produce t h e e x p r e s s i o n
n
According t o t h e t h e o r y of l i n e a r t r a n s f o r m s , t h e v a l u e s o f X unambiguously only i f t h e number o f e x t e r n a l a c t i o n s P of p o i n t s a t which t h e d e s i r e d amplitudes a r e e x c i t e d . place of the quantities X r - t h masses r e s p e c t i v e l y .
k
a r e determined
i s e q u a l t o t h e number
Analyzing ( 3 ) , w e can In
2
/E
S i m i l a r d i s c u s s i o n s a r e performed f o r beams with c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d s . Free o s c i l l a t i o n s of a system with one degree o f freedom a r e d e s c r i b e d by t h e expression
x = e-rr ( A sin wt +Bcos at).
(5)
Suppose t h e q u a n t i t y w i s Then
Each i n t e r m e d i a t e i n s t a n t a n e o u s p u l s e adds two independent parameters--the i n t e n s i t y and a p p l i c a t i o n time o f t h e pulse--and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y appears o f a s s u r i n g t h e d e s i r e d displacement a t two more moments i n time.
126
V. I . P e t r o v i c h (Moscow)
The frequency range of vibration-measuring apparatus w i t h i n e r t i a l v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s i s determined by t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e i s m i c system of t h e v i b r a t i o n sensor. The dynamic range of such v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s , t h e s e i s m i c system of which o p e r a t e s i n t h e vibrometer mode, d e f i n e d a s t h e r a t i o of t h e frequency o f h i g h e s t resonances t o n a t u r a l frequency, does n o t exceed 20.
W e can expand t h e dynamic range u s i n g p o s i t i v e feedback with r e s p e c t t o
displacement (+OCC).
w i l l be:
l/fSt,
where f
f
a i s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of depth of t h e +OCC,
/E
divider
127
+occ.
Using +OCC, t h e frequency range can be expanded by approximately f i v e times. F u r t h e r expansion o f t h e frequency range i s l i m i t e d by c o n d i t i o n s o f stability
.
/E
The new BIP-6 v i b r a t i o n - m e a s u r i n g apparatus h a s been developed, u s i n g v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s with +OCC, o p e r a t i n g i n t h e 6-350 HZ frequency range i n the 1-2000
p amplitude r a n g e .
128
STUDY AND ELIMINATION OF INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS I N PIPE.SYSTEMS ON OPERATING. .PROCESS ~. AND VIBRATION . . .OF. . ELE-MENTS. . .. . OF- PISTON . COMPRESSOR STATION
V. A. Malyshev, B. M. P i s a r e v s k i y and V. M . P i s a r e v s k i y (MOSCOW)
1.
In o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e t h e harmful i n f l u e n c e o f p u l s a t i n g g a s flow,
s p e c i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s a t i o n damping a p p a r a t u s i s i n c l u d e d i n p i p e l i n e s . However, i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s i s q u i t e low, s i n c e t h e damping i n s t a l l a t i o n s do n o t i n c l u d e d e v i c e s f o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f changes i n t h e charact e r i s t i c s o f t h e p u l s a t i n g gas flow on t h e o p e r a t i n g p r o c e s s and o p e r a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p i s t o n compressor s t a t i o n .
A method i s s u g g e s t e d a l l o w i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p u l s a t i n g gas flow on t h e
/E
129
ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC O- I . S-E. A R I. SIN G A S. ... L I Q-U. ID FLOWS OVER. . ROUGH SURFACES _ ~ _ - . . .- N . . . . . . -. .. . . .. . .. ... . . . .... . .
L . A. S u l ' b i (Tartu)
A s a l i q u i d flows o v e r a rough s u r f a c e (course f i n i s h i n g , e r o s i o n , s t e p s ,
f o r a n a l y s i s of t h e o p e r a t i o n o f h y d r a u l i c s t r u c t u r e s .
Comparison of t h e com-
p o s i t i o n and i n t e n s i t y o f t h e n o i s e spectrum allows us t o make judgments conc e r n i n g t h e flow modes and c o n d i t i o n o f working s u r f a c e s i n i n s t a l l a t i o n s being t e s t e d .
130
I n o r d e r t o r e v e a l t h e primary f a c t o r s which have s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e p r o c e s s o f v i b r a t i o n movement o f a p a r t , a method was developed f o r experimental s t u d i e s , allowing t h e wave p i c t u r e o f motion o f a p a r t i n each c y c l e t o b e determined, allowing t h e parameters o f motion o f t h e p a r t , i n c l u d i n g phase angles o f s e p a r a t i o n and encounter, t h e maximum s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e p a r t from t h e b a s e and i t s phase a n g l e , t h e presence and i n f l u e n c e o f attachment phenomena, t h e i n f l u e n c e o f e l a s t i c impact on t h e n a t u r e and p i c t u r e o f motion o f t h e p a r t , t o b e determined. The t o t a l p i c t u r e o f motion o f a p a r t was produced by r e c o r d i n g oscillograms o f t h e v e r t i c a l and l o n g i t u d i n a l displacements o f t h e p a r t r e l a t i v e t o t h e b a s e on t h e t a p e o f a m a g n e t o e l e c t r i c o s c i l l o g r a p h , which r e q u i r e d t h e development of a s p e c i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n and v i b r a t i o n measuring a p p a r a t u s . The experimental i n s t a l l a t i o n allowed simultaneous recording o f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e b a s e , l o n g i t u d i n a l displacement and motion i n t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n of t h e p a r t r e l a t i v e t o t h e base f o r several cycles. The i n s t a l l a t i o n i s equipped with an automatic c o n t r o l system, allowing r e c o r d i n g s t o be performed during s t a b l e motion o f t h e p a r t , and c o n t a i n s a combination o f h i g h frequency i n d u c t i v e , i n d u c t i o n and p h o t o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s . /l o0 -
131
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF CHANGES OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH. . . SPEED ROTORS OPERATING .. . . . K ~ .Z L L. -. ~.B .E .A R .I . N MoUNTS--WITHG- . . ~ ... PASSAGE . . . O.F. ,TI&.. .
~
a r i s i n g d u r i n g r o t a t i o n o f t h e r o t o r , t o b e determine.:. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
M a u r i e l l o , A . and V. Poplawski , "Skidding i n L i g h t l y Loaded High-speed Ball Thrust Bearings," Paper Amer. SOC. Mech. Eng., Nr. Lubs-20, 1969. Atsyukovskiy, V. A . , Yemkostnyye D i f f e r e n t s i a Z 'nyye Datehiki Peremesheheniya [ C a p a c i t i v e D i f f e r e n t i a l Motion S e n s o r s ] , Gosenergozidat P r e s s , MoscowLeningrad, 1960. Foreyt , I . , Yemkostnyye Datehiki Nee Zektrieheskikh VeZiehin [ C a p a c i t i v e Sensors f o r Non-Electric Q u a n t i t y ] , Energiya P r e s s , Moscow-Leningrady 1966.
132
method, t h e system i s d i v i d e d i n t o a s e t of i t s p a r t s , each o f which i s reIn contrast t o the The defors e c t o r r e p l a c e d , t h e FE h a s a f i n i t e number o f degrees o f freedom.
mation and p o s i t i o n of t h e FE i n space are determined by t h e v e c t o r of g e n e r a l i z e d c o o r d i n a t e s s e t ) , t h e components of which a r e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e nodal p o i n t s , which a r e common f o r neighboring elements. attachment a r e formulated a t t h e s e p o i n t s . becomes a d i s c r e t e model of FE.
2.
The c o n d i t i o n s of t h e i r
As a r e s u l t , t h e d i s t r i b u t e d system
I n c o n s t r u c t i o n of F E , t h e displacement f u n c t i o n w ( r , t ) o f a s e c t o r of
t h e i n i t i a l system i s l i m i t e d by a c l a s s of c e r t a i n b a s i c f u n c t i o n s
T1(r),
as
i s done i n t h e d i r e c t methods
w(r, t)
=
5'
( r ) II a II q ( t )
Using t h e dynamic p r i n c i p l e of v i r t u a l displacements, t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s est a b l i s h e d between c ( t ) and t h e v e c t o r Q ( t ) , t h e components o f which a r e t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e s o f i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e elements. llMllr(t) + IIKllq(t) = q ( t ) + P ( t ) F ( t ) i s t h e v e c t o r of e x t e r n a l f o r c e s , equal t o F ( t ) where f ( r , t ) i s t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e e x t e r n a l load.
IIMII =
=
R
d f ( r , t ) v(r) d r
1
R
IIall
'
( r ) @ ( r ) $ (Hall r) d r 3
i s t h e m a t r i x of i n e r t i a of t h e FE.
I t s form i s determined by t h e c o n c r e t e expres-
IIKII i s t h e r i g i d i t y m a t r i x .
s i o n f o r t h e energy o f e l a s t i c deformation. The s e t of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , w r i t t e n f o r each element, t o g e t h e r with t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e i r coupling and boundary c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b e t h e dynamics o f t h e model of FE.
3.
133
systems o f b a s i c f u n c t i o n s . dependences.
I n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e t h e v i b r a t i o n s by t h e method o f f i n i t e elements by d i g i t a l computer, an a l g o r i t h m i s composed, allowing m a t r i c e s o f r i g i d i t y and i n e r t i a o f t h e e n t i r e system a s a whole t o b e produced. o f t h e system t o a predetermined a c t i o n f ( r , t ) . 4.
As an example, t h e v i b r a t i o n s o f a c e r t a i n wing o f an a i r c r a f t 8 r e
analyzed.
e l a s t i c and i n e r t i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f a continuous s e c t o r by t h e corresponding element, we can i n c r e a s e t h e accuracy o f c a l c u l a t i o n without i n c r e a s i n g t h e number o f degrees of freedom o f t h e model o f FE.
134
.-
._ .. ..
A. K .
The c o n d i t i o n s o f e q u i l i b r i u m o f an o s c i l l a -
CZ,
C Pi
COS (ut
d ' Y
s+ky =
c i 11a t i on ;
y i s t h e angle of d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e a x i s of t h e r o t o r d u r i n g o s c i l l a t i o n ;
t o t h e p l a n e o f o s c i l l a t i o n s p a s s i n g through t h e c e n t e r o f mass;
P . i s t h e c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e o f t h e r o t a t i n g mass;
1
M. i s t h e moment of c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e P
1
i'
of mass;
a
w is
t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e rotor;
t is time.
A method i s p r e s e n t e d for performing dynamic b a l a n c i n g of e l e c t r i c a l
d a t a on t h e BP-1 b a l a n c i n g d e v i c e are p r e s e n t e d .
A block diagram o f t h i s device i s shown on Figure 1.
135
Figure 1.
D1,
D2,
V i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s ; RU, Decision d e v i c e ; K , C a l i b r a t o r ; SU, S e l e c t i v e a m p l i f i e r ; D, D e t e c t o r ; I , Arrow i n d i c a t o r ; F , Phase r e v e r s e r ; UO, A m p l i f i e r - l i m i t e r ; FC, S t r o b i n g p u l s e former; S , S t r o b e lamp. The e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l i s a m p l i f i e d by a narrow-band s e l e c t i v e a m p l i f i e r , r e c t i f i e d and s e n t t o t h e n e e d l e i n d i c a t o r . amplitude v a l u e o f t h e imbalance s i g n a l . The c o n t r o l of t h e s t r o b e lamp i s performed by t h e p u l s e s formed from t h e a m p l i f i e d and l i m i t e d v o l t a g e o f t h e imbalance s i g n a l . The phase i n v e r t e r e l i m i n a t e s t h e i n v e r s i o n o f phase i n t r o d u c e d by t h e a m p l i f i e r . C a l i b r a t i o n of t h e a m p l i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e l e c t i v e a m p l i f i e r i s performed using the voltage of t h e c a l i b r a t o r . Experimental r e s u l t s produced during b a l a n c i n g o f e l e c t r i c a l machines i n assembled form a r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e end o f t h e work. /lo4 The n e e d l e i n d i c a t o r shows t h e
136
I n o r d e r t o e x p l a i n t h e a c t i o n of a b a l l b e a r i n g on o s c i l l a t i o n s o f a r o t o r , a dynamic model i s s t u d i e d , corresponding t o a v e r t i c a l r i g i d r o t o r , r o t a t i n g i n a prestressed r a d i a l - t h r u s t b a l l bearing. The system has t h r e e degrees o f freedom with t h r e e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c e n t e r of mass of t h e r o t o r x, y , z. The body and s h a f t a r e considered a b s o l u t e l y r i g i d , while t h e c o n t a c t s of t h e r o l l i n g bodies with t h e e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l r i n g s of t h e b e a r i n g a r e cons i d e r e d n o n l i n e a r s p r i n g s , t h e b a l l s are considered m a s s l e s s . The o s c i l l a t i o n s The t o t a l of t h e r o t o r a r e e x c i t e d by e r r o r s i n t h e manufacture o f t h e b a l l b e a r i n g . Each of t h e b a l l s i n f l u e n c e s e x c i t a t i o n of o s c i l l a t i o n s s e p a r a t e l y . p l i t u d e s of t h e geometric e r r o r s i n t h e shapes o f each b a l l . i n f l u e n c e can be g r e a t e r o r l e s s due t o t h e random n a t u r e of phases and amTherefore, t h e Differential "average" b a l l i s analyzed, and i t s e f f e c t i s a random f u n c t i o n .
e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e system a r e d e r i v e d by Lagrange's method f o r t h e c a s e when deformation of c o n t a c t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e f o r c e of t h e p r e l i m i n a r y i n t e r f e r e n c e i n c r e a s e s t h e a d d i t i o n a l deformation r e s u l t i n g form displacement of t h e r o t o r and e r r o r i n t h e form of r i n g s and b a l l s . t i a l equations f o r t h i s case a r e solved. The l i n e a r i z e d d i f f e r e n The s t u d i e s performed allow us t o
137
TRANSMI STUDY OF ssTHE ION ON~~.v~I~B.~.T.Io~N. INFLUENCE OF RESONANT .N.o'I.sE. TWISTING IN. TH.E. .cL*. OSCILLATIONS B- - . .. - - . . . . .I N. A. . MOTOR . . . . VEHICLE . ... . - ..
.-
..
.- -
..
..
. .
. ..
/lo5
mobile was r e p l a c e d by an e q u i v a l e n t 7-mass dynamic system and t h e Holzer method was used t o determine t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s , which were compared with t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e e x c i t i n g harmonic moments o f v a r i o u s o r d e r s from t h e engine throughout i t s e n t i r e working speed range. T h i s allowed analyt i c e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f p o s s i b l e r e s o n a n t o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e motor and c o r r e s -
ponding r e s o n a n t speeds o f t h e Moskvich-412 automobile, which were subsequently used t o analyze t h e experimental d a t a . phase diagrams were s t u d i e d . order oscillations--single, I n o r d e r t o determine t h e zones o f resonance e x c i t e d by even harmonics o f t h e model 412 engine, i t s v e c t o r and The most dangerous f o r t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n a r e low double and t r i p l e - n o d e . The r e s u l t s produced showed
t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t o s c i l l a t i o n o f moment with a single-node form i s observed on t h e c r a n k s h a f t and h a l f a x l e , with t h e double-node formed--on t h e wheel and h a l f a x l e and with t h e t r i p l e - n o d e formed on t h e primary s h a f t of t h e t r a n s mission. Furthermore, c a l c u l a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t under a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g conThe c a l c u l a t e d The experimend i t i o n s , resonance may develop i n second g e a r a t 36.2 km/hr, 47.9 km/hr and 72.5 km/hr, and i n t h i r d g e a r a t 50;6 km/hr and 67.5 km/hr. v a l u e s o f f r e q u e n c i e s a r e compared with t h e v i b r a t i o n spectrum. loaded r o l l e r s u s i n g s t r a i n - g a g e s . V i b r a t i o n s i n t h e body o f t h e v e h i c l e during t h e experiment were recorded by a s p e c i a l l y designed device allowing t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e body over t h e f r o n t and r e a r wheels t o be measured.
138
The s t u d y o f v i b r a t i o n a c t i v i t y o f mechanisms i n a n a l y t i c form i s a complex t a s k and cannot b e performed completely without s i g n i f i c a n t s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s . I n an experimental s t u d y , t h e p a r t i a l dependences o f i n d i v i d u a l parameters are produced.
I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o compare t h e r e s u l t s o f t e s t s of mechanisms o f
/%
various types. Analysis o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s i m i l a r i t y o f mechanisms as t o v i b r a t i o n a c t i v i t y allows us t o estimate t h e i n f l u e n c e o f v a r i o u s t e c h n o l o g i c a l , d e s i g n and mode parameters o f t h e machine on i t s v i b r a t i o n a c t i v i t y , t o determine t h e volume and method o f experimental s t u d y . For a system d e s c r i b e d by t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n
Mq +R q +c q P , sin wt
The c r i t e r i a K t h e system.
we can w r i t e :
L =f ( q u / q o = ) f ( P a / M q o ;w,/w; C / R w ) .
(3)
where
Pa -M --=idem; i
O D --
= idem;
C = idem. RW
(4)
139
IT i s t h e u n i t f r e -
The c o n d i t i o n o f unam-
b i g u i t y must b e f u l f i l l e d , i n c l u d i n g analogy o f t h e d e s i g n s o f t h e mechanisms, technology o f manufacture, t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , e t c . /Mq ) , t h i s f u n c t i o n a m 0 e x p r e s s e s t h e e m p i r i c a l dependence o f t h e o v e r a l l l e v e l s o f v i b r a t i o n of pumps For t h e p i s t o n pumps s t u d i e d , c o n s i d e r i n g L = f(P on t h e v i b r a t i o n a c t i v i t y f a c t o r
/I07
where t h e product o f d e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e P t e r i s t i c of t h e p e r t u r b i n g f o r c e .
140
.. .
L 20 Ig 4 . 101*= 20 lg
m vi - lo'* fkER
.
(11)
KPs
t h e i r v i b r a t i o n a c t i v i t y during t h e p l a n n i n g s t a g e .
141
I n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e t h e behavior of o s c i l l a t i n g systems i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of i n c r e a s i n g and d e c r e a s i n g time, i t i s suggested t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s b e used, allowing a s i g n i f i c a n t s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n of f r e e o s c i l lations, areas o f capture, areas of existence, etc.
I f t h e motion o f a system i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of i n c r e a s i n g t i s d e s c r i b e d by
/lo8
_- .
dt
(2)
where x i s a g e n e r a l i z e d c o o r d i n a t e , t i s t i m e i n t h e i n c r e a s i n g d i r e c t i o n ,
-+
t = -t i s time i n t h e d e c r e a s i n g d i r e c t i o n .
dx
and i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f d e c r e a s i n g time
-- 2h dx -h,
f l X
sign = + p 2 x = - A sin w t ,
dt
dx
d ?
dt
where t h e
lr+rt
and
"-'1
i n t h e first d e r i v a t i v e s r e p r e s e n t t h e v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e
142
143
CONTACTLESS METHOD OF MEASURING . VELOCITY OF IMPACTING ELEMENTS . . . . . . - . . . . .. . - . . . . . . . . . _ . . .. Yu. M. V a s i l ' y e v , A . V. Mikhailov, Yu. K. Skvortsov, V. A . Smirnov (Moscow) The essence o f t h e method b e i n g s t u d i e d i s t h a t t h e c a v i t y i n a body i n which t h e impacting element moves i s e x c i t e d a t t h e corresponding wave l e n g t h
/l o9 -
x0
as a high-frequency c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r , r e t u n e d p e r i o d i c a l l y as t h e impacting
The resonance occurs f o r
element moves due t o t h e change i n l o n g i t u d i n a l s i z e o f t h e r e s o n a t o r , and t h e frequency o f r e t u n i n g o f t h e r e s o n a t o r i s r e c o r d e d . equal t o a whole number o f h a l f waves X / 2 , where: b
a c y l i n d r i c a l c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r a t moments when t h e l e n g t h o f t h e r e s o n a t o r i s
a c i r c u l a r wave guide;
i s t h e c r i t i c a l wave l e n g t h f o r t h e t y p e o f wave cr selected. The frequency of r e t u n i n g o f t h e c y l i n d r i c a l c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r F ( l / t i m e between neighboring r e s o n a n t peaks) depends on Xb and t h e r a t e o f motion o f t h e impacting element V:
Recording frequency F a l l o w s u s t o f i n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v e l o c i t y on t h e p a t h o f t h e impacting element. Figure 1 shows t h e diagram o f measurement of t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e impacting element i n an a i r hammer. Impacting element 2 moves i n body 1, changing t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r 3 , which ' i s e x c i t e d
a t wave l e n g t h Xo = 8 mm as a c y l i n d r i c a l c a v i t y
Figure 1. Block Diagram o f Measuring Installation. 144 r e s o n a t o r by c i r c u l a r wave guide 4 , p a s s i n g through t h e i n s e r t 5 and f e d by g e n e r a t o r 6 through a t t e n u a t o r 7 and guiding t a p 8 . Inset 5 is inserted into
In order t o r e t a i n the
I n case o f a complex dependence o f adjustment frequency on speed o f t h e impacting element, s t a t i c c a l i b r a t i o n must be performed, i . e . , t h e dependence o f t h e s i g n a l from t h e d e t e c t o r on t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e impactor i n t h e c y l i n d e r
/110 -
145
I1
I I
The o s c i l l a t i n g system o f a b a l l b e a r i n g w i t h a r a d i a l c l e a r a n c e (Figure 1 ) i n which t h e k i n e m a t i c e x c i t i n g f a c t o r c o n s i s t s o f e r r o r s i n t h e form o f t h e r o l l i n g t r a c k s , s o - c a l l e d waviness, was s t u d i e d . t h e waviness was used as a v i b r a t o r . Position of sensor The waviness was expanded
/111 -
by e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s i n a F o u r i e r s e r i e s , and one o f t h e harmonics o f Due t o compact e l a s t i c i t y between b a l l s and r i n g - s and bending - oscillations of t h e o u t e r r i n g , t h e v i b r a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n a t frequency f be
flki~r = B
I
i/-t
ki
will
(f)Hk;r,
of t h e r i n g a t v a r i o u s f r e q u e n c i e s , i t i s e a s y t o c a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e s o f
t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f dynamism and c o n s t r u c t on t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e v a l u e s t h e amplitude-frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e system. The experiments were performed on a t e s t s t a n d . The i n n e r r i n g o f t h e In o r d e r t o measure
146
Spectographic profile of
race of t h e i n t e r n a l r i n g No. 33, t h e amplitude of which was 0.05 p (Figure 2 ) . Various b e a r i n g s were assembled w i t h t h i s same i n n e r r i n g and t h e i r amplitude-frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were measured by t h e method d e s c r i b e d .
Figure 2 .
147
THE EXCITATION OF PERIODIC _ . AND RANDOMTORSIONAL . . OSCILLATIONS I N ROTATING -SYSTEMS R . Yu. Bansevichyus and K . M. R a g u l ' s k i s (Kaunas) The d e v i c e used f o r a p p l i c a t i o n of l o a d i n g t o r q u e o f any s i g n and form t o
148
IDENTIFICATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDER BY- '*BLACK BOX" METHOD DURING GRINDINGS Yu.-V.
P . Astrauskas and R. A. Ionushas (Vil'nus)
The dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e "grinding processt1 and multiple-bushink hydrodynamic f r i c t i o n b e a r i n g of t h e s p i n d l e o f a g r i n d i n g wheel with r e s p e c t t o i n p u t and o u t p u t s i g n a l s a p p l i e d during t h e g r i n d i n g p r o c e s s are s t u d i e d .
Ifgrinding process1' l i n k as a d i a g n o s t i c o b j e c t , r e l a t i n g t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y of i n p u t and mutual s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y o f i n p u t and output s i g n a l s . I n determining t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n o f t h e hydrodynamic f r i c t i o n b e a r i n g on t h e b a s i s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l diagram of t h e b e a r i n g , t h e n a t u r e o f couplings between s p i n d l e and g r i n d i n g head was s t u d i e d . on each b e a r i n g bushing were used. E l a s t i c and damping couplings I n o r d e r t o analyze t h e dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c s o f t h e f r i c t i o n b e a r i n g , i t was p r e l i m i n a r i l y t r e a t e d as an o s c i l l a t i n g
l i n k with damping, with two i n p u t s and two o u t p u t s . The i n p u t s i g n a l s a r e t h e i r r e g u l a r i t y o f t h e geometry o f t h e neck o f t h e g r i n d i n u s p i n d l e i n c i r c u l a r c r o s s s e c t i o n and t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e g r i n d i n g f o r c e s , while t h e o u t p u t s i g n a l s a r e t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e a x i s of r o t a t i o n o f t h e s p i n d l e i n two p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n s . The f o r c e o s c i l l a t i o n s from t h e e l e c t r i c motor of t h e d r i v e o f t h e g r i n d i n g /114 -wheel are taken as n o i s e a c t i n g on t h e i n p u t o f t h e l i n k , while t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s from t h e F v d r a u l i c s o f t h e machine a r e t a k e n as n o i s e a c t i n g on t h e t r a n s f e r link. The s t a t i s t i c c h a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t s i g n a l s determined are used t o produce a t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n (dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ) o f t h e hydrodynamic f r i c t i o n bearing.
149
SPECTRAL-CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS AVIATION ENGINE UNDER TEST . . STAND .. . . . . ... ... _ _ OF ... . . . . ........ . .
CONDITIONS~
S . G . Gershman, N . G . Dubravskiy, V .
I . Povarkov (MOSCOW)
V i b r a t i o n s o f t h e body o f a j e t a i r c r a f t engine t y p e RG-9B were s t u d i e d . The s i g n a l s from f o u r v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s i n s t a l l e d a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s on t h e body o f t h e engine were a m p l i f i e d by a wide band a m p l i f i e r and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y recorded by a f i v e channel magnetic r e c o r d e r . produced f o r subsequent a n a l y s i s . S p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s was performed by a s p e c t r a l a n a l y z e r w i t h a r e s o l v i n g c a p a c i t y of 6 H z i n t h e 20-20,000 Hz frequency r a n g e . Correlation analysis was performed by an analog c o r r e l a t o r with continuous change o f d e l a y t i m e . Recordings o f v i b r a t i o n of t h e engine i n f o u r s t a t e s were produced and analyzed:
1. F u l l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ; 2 . Damaged--with one t u r b i n e b l a d e c u t o f f a t o n e - t h i r d o f i t s l e n g t h ;
3 . Damaged--with a t u r b i n e b l a d e c u t o f f t o o n e - s i x t h o f i t s l e n g t h ;
4 . Damaged--with a d e f e c t on t h e r a c e o f t h e middle b e a r i n g .
The power s p e c t r a o f v i b r a t i o n of t h e engine i n p r o p e r c o n d i t i o n c o n s i s t s of continuous, smooth, wide band n o i s e with superimposed d i s c r e t e t o n e s , r e l a t e d t o t h e r o t a t i n g frequency o f t h e r o t o r . Some of t h e s e t o n e s r e p r e s e n t Some d i s c r e t e tones a r e t h e n o i s e of r o t a t i o n o f compressor o r t u r b i n e s t a g e s .
combination f r e q u e n c i e s o f n o i s e s o f r o t a t i o n o f v a r i o u s s t a g e s . The s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e dependences of s p e c t r a l v i b r a t i o n d e n s i t i e s f o r s e n s o r s remote from each o t h e r i s l e s s than t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f s p e c t r a from neighboring v i b r a t i o n s e n s o r s . The a n a l y s i s o f v i b r a t i o n s f o r v a r i o u s o p e r a t i n g c y c l e s of t h e engine showed good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of spectrograms. The d e f e c t s i n t e n t i o n a l l y i n t r o duced t o t h e engine caused c e r t a i n changes i n t h e spectrograms and correlograms. For example, i n t h e experiment when one b l a d e i n t h e second s t a g e o f t h e t u r b i n e was c u t o f f to one t h i r d i t s h e i g h t , a change was noted i n t h e low f r e quency a r e a o f t h e wide band n o i s e , with an i n c r e a s e i n t h e harmonic a t t h e r o t a t i n g frequency o f t h e r o t o r , p l u s t h e appearance o f s i d e bands around thr. n o i s e frequency of r o t a t i o n o f t h e second s t a g e o f t h e t u r b i n e . These changes /115 -
150
a l s o influence t h e autocorrelation analysis. I n t h e experiment with a t u r b i n e b l a d e c u t o f f t o o n e - s i x t h , s i m i l a r changes were observed, b u t expressed more weakly. s i g n a l i n t h e s e l e c t e d frequency band. They can b e s e e n p r e c i s e l y only by c o r r e l a t i o n methods i n combination w i t h p r e l i m i n a r y f i l t e r i n g o f t h e
I n o r d e r t o allow c o r r e l a t i o n e v a l u a -
t i o n o f changes i n t h e parameters o f t h e spectrograms and correlograms, a c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n i s i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e work, a measure o f t h e change which c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e degree o f damage. I n t h e experiment w i t h a d e f e c t i v e b e a r i n g , a change was n o t e d i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y o f t h e continuous n o i s e which i s obviously a r e s u l t of t h e disassembly of t h e engine which was r e q u i r e d t o i n s t a l l t h e &fect i v e bearing. Various harmonics o f t h e r o t o r r o t a t i o n frequency i n c r e a s e d . I n most c a s e s , Spikes appeared on t h e spectrograms a t f r e q u e n c i e s which were m u l t i p l e s o f t h e c y c l i n g frequency o f b a l l s i n t h e e x t e r n a l b e a r i n g c i r c l e . t h e y were s m a l l i n amplitude and t h e r e f o r e , a c e r t a i n s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s was performed, demonstrating t h e nonrandom o r i g i n of t h e s e n o i s e b u r s t s . The harmonics o f t h e c y c l i n g frequency o f b a l l s i n t h e e x t e r n a l r i n g o f t h e b e a r i n g were a l s o r e v e a l e d by t h e c o r r e l a t i o n method. However, t h e u s e o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n method was hindered by t h e p r e s e n c e o f s t r o n g e r secondary d i s c r e t e b u r s t s , t h e frequency o f which d i f f e r e d l i t t l e from t h e frequency o f cycling o f t h e b a l l s .
151
Experimental r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d from t h e measurement of t h e r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s , c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s and mutual c o r r e l a t i o n coe f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e v i b r a t i o n n o i s e s of an RD-9B a i r c r a f t engine. Recordings o f v i b r a t i o n s of t h e engine i n two states were analyzed: f u l l y c o r r e c t o p e r a t i n g /116 s t a t e and d e f e c t i v e s t a t e (one t u r b i n e b l a d e c u t o f f t o o n e - t h i r d h e i g h t ) . ' The c o r r e l a t i o n s between d i s c r e t e components, as w e l l as r e l a t i o n s h i p s between envelopes i n v a r i o u s a r e a s o f t h e high frequency spectrum were s t u d i e d . The s e l e c t i o n of s p e c t r a l s e c t o r s was performed on t h e b a s i s of spectrograms made e a r l i e r .
1.
As a r e s u l t o f t h e s e measurements, it was e s t a b l i s h e d :
In t h e d e f e c t i v e s t a t e of t h e engine, t h e r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y n o n l i n e a r
quency components and t h e envelopes of t h e high frequency a r e a s o f t h e spectrum. In t h e normal engine, no n o n l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s were n o t e d .
3.
Q u a n t i t a t i v e p r o c e s s i n g and t h e numerical r e s u l t s o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s
of t h e r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s , c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n r a t i o s and mutual c o r r e l a t i o n showed t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s between v a r i o u s components o f t h e n o i s e spectrum of t h e a v i a t i o n engine a r e c l o s e t o f u n c t i o n a l . The s t r o n g e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p appears between t h e main r o t a t i n g frequency of t h e r o t o r and i t s second and t h i r d components (with d e f e c t i v e engine o p e r a t i o n ) , allowing us t o l i m i t ours e l v e s i n a n a l y s i s t o t h e f i r s t f o u r terms of t h e s e r i e s of t h e polynomial regress ion. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n Lines and c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n r a t i o s and mutual c o r r e l a t i o n was performed using methods and a p p a r a t u s analyzed i n [ l ]
.
REFERENCES
1.
Gershman, S . G . , V . P . Prikhodlkol and V . D . S v e t , "Some Problems i n t h e Application of t h e Two-Dimensional P r o b a b i l i t y D i s t r i b u t i o n Function f o r Analysis of A c o u s t i c a l Noise and S i g n a l s " ( s e e t h i s c o l l e c t i o n ) .
152
SOME PROBLEMS I N THE APPLICATION OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION- .FUNCTION. . . . . FOR . ANALYSIS. . .. . .. OF. ACO~~STICAL .. - . . . NOISE .. AND--SIGNALS~~~
In many problems o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n a c o u s t i c a l n o i s e , i t i s f r e q u e n t l y
s u f f i c i e n t 20 know t h e two-dimensional d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n being s tu d i e d . reasons. Actual a c o u s t i c a l n o i s e s f r e q u e n t l y do n o t f o l l o w t h e normal d i s t r i b u t i o n , which i n d i c a t e s t h e s p e c i f i c s o f t h e i r n o i s e formation, while t h e parameters c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e s e d i s t r i b u t i o n s from normal c o n t a i n usef u l information. Another s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e of t h e two-dimensional d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n i s t h a t i t c o n t a i n s a l l n e c e s s a r y parameters f o r e s t i m a t i o n ( i n t h e general case) o f t h e a r b i t r a r y s t o c h a s t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p between two random processes. I n p a r t i c u l a r , d e t e r m i n a t i o n of W ( x , y , ~ ) allows us t o use methods from t h e general t h e o r y of c o r r e l a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g r e g r e s s i o n and d i s p e r s i o n a n a l y s i s . Furthermore, f o r many problems measurement of W ( x , y , ~ ) allows us t o produce a l a r g e number o f s t a t i s t i c a l parameters, n e c e s s a r y f o r d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e phenomena b e i n g s t u d i e d . t i o n W(x,y,.-) T h e r e f o r e , t h e measurement o f t h e j o i n t d i s t r i b u t i o n funci s o f d e f i n i t e i n t e r e s t i n problems i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e p h y s i c a l
W(x ,y , T ) of
/117
a f u n c t i o n a l diagram o f a s p e c i a l i z e d device i s p r e s e n t e d .
I n combination with
d i g i t a l computers , t h e device allows t h e following measurement problems t o b e solved: a) p r e l i m i n a r y s e l e c t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f p r o c e s s e s being s t u d i e d by accumulation and v i s u a l i z a t i o n of W(x,y,-t) i n r e a l t i m e ; b ) i n p u t of a l a r g e mass o f information t o a d i g i t a l computer; c) d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e d p r o c e s s i n g algorithm, thereby e l i m i n a t i n g t h e b a s i c d i f f i c u l t y i n a p p l i c a t i o n o f modern d i g i t a l computers f o r massive s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s i n g . Experimental r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r measurement o f t h e two-dimensional
153
d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n and t h e i r parameters f o r v a r i o u s a c o u s t i c a l s i g n a l s . The r e s u l t s produced confirm t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of u s i n g W ( x , y , ~ ) i n problems i n v o l v i n g a n a l y s i s o f a c o u s t i c a l n o i s e and s i g n a l s and t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of t h i s method of measurement.
154
TURES.
During d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s and l o s s e s o f e l a s t i c osc i l l a t i o n s o f s o l i d s t r u c t u r e s , e r r o r s a r i s e due t o t h e attachment o f c o n t a c t electromechanical c o n v e r t e r s t o t h e s t r u c t u r e s . This d e f e c t is n o t t r u e of t h e method o f e x c i t a t i o n o f n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s o f r e s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e s by a r a d i a t o r l o c a t e d i n t h e surrounding medium, and measurement of t h e frequency charac-
/=
t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e and t h e r a t e of a t t e n u a t i o n o f n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s
by a s e n s o r a l s o l o c a t e d i n t h e surrounding medium. Keeping i n mind t h e more f a v o r a b l e r a t i o o f impedancesof e l a s t i c s t r u c -
t u r e s ( p l a t e s , r o d s , envelopes and t h e i r combinatlons) w i t h t h e wave impedance o f f l u i d s i n comparison with g a s e s , we developed a method f o r measurement of e l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s submerged i n a l i q u i d ( w a t e r ) . t h i n aluminum s p h e r e s and c y l i n d e r s . The specimens s t u d i e d were The sound f i e l d was c r e a t e d by a r a d i a t o r With a continuous change
i n t h e frequency of e x c i t a t i o n , t h e r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c i e s o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f t h e specimens were determined, t h e n t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e r a d i a t o r were c u t off a t t h e s e f r e q u e n c i e s , t h u s r e c o r d i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f a t t e n u a t i o n a t each of t h e resonant f r e q u e n c i e s u s i n g a s t r i p c h a r t r e c o r d e r . examples o f t h e r e s u l t s produced. On Figure 1 w e show a s e c t o r o f t h e frequency charact e r i s t i c of oscillations of a specimen. Figure 1. Frequency C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f O s c i l l a t i o n s o f a Specimen: 1, Resonances o f specimen. E x c i t a t i o n of t h e a t t e n u a t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e specimen was performed a t t h e resonant f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e specim.en t h u s determined. The r e c o r d i n g o f t h e p r o c e s s o f a t t e n u a t i o n of n a t u r a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e specimen b e i n g s t u d i e d on t h e s t r i p c h a r t r e c o r d e r i s shown on Figure 2 . Obs e r v i n g t h i s p r o c e s s from l e f t t o r i g h t , w e can see a t f i r s t t h e summary sound 155 Figures 1 and 2 show
I
3
156
DESIGN OF VIBRATION-PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM VIBRATION ACTION - . __ ~. P . N . I l g a k o i s (Kaunas) I n t h i s work, v i b r a t i o n - p r o t e c t i v e systems are c a l c u l a t e d w i t h random o s c i l l a t i o n s a p p l i e d t o t h e b a s e w i t h one predominant o s c i l l a t i n g frequency. During planning o f v i b r a t i o n - p r o t e c t i v e systems f o r p r e c i s i o n equipment, e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s , it must b e considered t h a t t h e v i b r a t i o n e f f e c t s are._not always d e t e r m i n i s t i c ; t h e r e f o r e , t h e y cannot b e d e s c r i b e d by d e t e r m i n i s t i c f u n c t i o n s o f time and t h e v i b r a t i o n e f f e c t s must be looked upon a s a random process. The problem o f c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e optimal v a l u e s o f t h e n a t u r a l frequency o f a v i b r a t i o n - i s o l a t e d o b j e c t and t h e amount o f damping when v i b r a t i o n i s o l a t i n g s u p p o r t s with a s p e c i f i c e l a s t i c i t y curve a r e used a r e analyzed with random o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e t y p e mentioned above as t h e e x c i t a t i o n . The method of c a l c u l a t i o n p r e s e n t e d allows t h e expediency and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e u s e o f a v i b r a t i o n - p r o t e c t i v e system t o be e s t i m a t e d .
/%
157
M. D. Genkin and V. I . Sergeyev (Moscow) The b a s i c p o s i t i o n s o f machine a c o u s t i c s , as one new area i n t h e g e n e r a l t h e o r y o f machines, have been p r e s e n t e d i n p r e c e d i n g works.
A t t h e p r e s e n t time, it seems e x p e d i e n t i n t h e s o l u t i o n of a p p l i e d problems
t o perform i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g main a r e a s . F i r s t o f a l l , methods must b e developed t o reduce t h e v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e machines, which must be based on s t u d y o f v i b r a t i o n - a c o u s t i c a l parameters o f t h e most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o b j e c t s o f v a r i o u s t y p e s o f machine building, investigation of t h e i r vibration-acoustical f i e l d s, consisting of i n t e r c o n n e c t e d u n i t s f o r e x c i t a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i n g energy and s e c t o r s o f s t r u c t u r e s (bodies, supports, e t c . )
, which,
r e a c t i n g t o t h i s e x c i t a t i o n , are a I t should a l s o be
k e p t i n mind t h a t t h e s e s t r u c t u r a l s e c t o r s a r e i n t u r n secondary s o u r c e s o f e x c i t a t i o n f o r a t t a c h e d p a r t s , t h u s c r e a t i n g a system o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d v i b r a t i o n guides--channels through which o s c i l l a t i n g energy p r o p a g a t e s , working with external loads. Secondly, t h e methods o f s o l u t i o n o f t h i s range o f problems must be based on s t u d i e s o f t h e p h y s i c a l p r i n c i p l e s o f v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l e x c i t a t i o n i n machines and t h e i r elements; i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h i s connection o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e random n a t u r e o f l o a d i n g with s t a t i s t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e v a l u e s o f parameters o f s y s t e m s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e deformation o f l i n k s i n k i n e m a t i c c i r c u i t s , s t u d y o f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f complex systems o f mechanisms and s t r u c t u r e s r e s u l t i n g from t h i s e x c i t a t i o n , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e o s c i l l a t i n g s t a t e s , development o f t h e o r i e s f o r modeling t h e dynamic and a c o u s t i c a l p r o c e s s e s , as well as methods f o r s y n t h e s i s and o p t i m i z a t i o n o f machine s t r u c t u r e s on t h e b a s i s of t h e c r i t e r i o n o f minimum v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l a c t i v i t y , s t u d y o f t h e p r o c e s s e s o f dynamic i n t e r a c t i o n o f mechanisms and s t r u c t u r e s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p r o p a g a t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n o f wave energy i n d i s c r e t e and continuous heterogeneous s t r u c t u r e s , s t u d y o f t h e d i s p e r s i o n p r o p e r t i e s and problems o f d i f f r a c t i o n i n mechanical s t r u c t u r e s . One e f f e c t i v e means f o r c o n t r o l l i n g v i b r a t i o n s i s a change i n t h e d e s i g n 158
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I;
o f elements o f machine u n i t s , i n c l u d i n g s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e s . Another promising method f o r reducing t h e l e v e l o f v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f machine u n i t s as a whole (by s h u t t i n g o f f t h e flow o f o s c i l l a t i n g energy w i t h i n each u n i t ) i s t h e u s e o f a c t i v e a n t i v i b r a t o r s , c r e a t i n g c o u n t e r phase v i b r a t i o n . systems. sions.
As t h e development o f g e n e r a l methods has shown, a d e c r e a s e i n t h e v i b r a -
t i o n a c o u s t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f machine u n i t s should be based on s t u d y of t h e properties of the vibration acoustic f i e l d s of t h e u n i t s . I n t h i s connection, t h e r e i s g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e development o f experimental methods and apparatus f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e corresponding c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e v i b r a tion acoustical f i e l d s . Usually i n complex mechanical systems, t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n elements perform o s c i l l a t i o n s i n v a r i o u s forms and t h e r e f o r e one o f t h e most important problems
i s t h e d i v i s i o n o f s p e c i a l o s c i l l a t i o n s o f r o t a t i n g p a r t s i n t o components.
A no l e s s important t a s k i s t h e measurement o f t h e band parameters of
multi-dimensional o s c i l l a t i n g mechanical systems i n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e dynamic i n t e r a c t i o n o f mechanisms and f o u n d a t i o n s , and a l s o t o determine t h e l e v e l s o f o s c i l l a t i n g energy t r a n s m i t t e d by a mechanism t o t h e f o u n d a t i o n , i . e . , determine t h e degree of v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e machines. This problem i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f a combination of methodol o g i c a l problems d i r e c t e d toward c r e a t i o n o f new s p e c i a l measurement a p p a r a t u s and e s t i m a t i o n o f i t s accuracy. The v i b r a t i o n a c o u s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of machines a r e a l s o used f o r diagnost i c purposes.
A s we know, an i d e a of t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and e f f i c i e n c y o f a machine, as
w e l l as a p r e d i c t i o n o f i t s f u t u r e b e h a v i o r can be produced by o b s e r v a t i o n o f
i t s operating condition.
o f a machine, g e n e r a l l y speaking, i s i n f i n i t e .
.
oil /122 -
p r e s s u r e , r a d i a t i o n , sound, e t c . ) t h e most e f f e c t i v e i s t h e sound s i g n a l . There are many systems f o r a c o u s t i c a l d i a n o s i s , adapted f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s of machines. They a l l u s e t h e p h y s i c a l s p e c i f i c s o f a d e f i n i t e t y p e of machine E x t e r n a l l y , a l l t h e s e systems d i f f e r s t r o n g l y But t h e number o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s used i s l i m i t e d . and a r e u n s u i t a b l e f o r o t h e r s . from each o t h e r .
Artobolevskiy, I . I . , M. D . Genkin, e t a l . , "Acoustical Machine Diagnosis," Vestnik AN SSSR, No. 11, "Nauka" Press, 1968.
160
DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF MECHANICAL OSCILLATING SYSTEMS ON THE BASIS OF THE AMPLITUDE-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS AS A MEANS OF VIBRATIONDIAGNOSIS OF MACHINES
and t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i r manufacture and assembly, as a r u l e , determines t h e v i b r a t i o n and n o i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of extremely complex and important u n i t s . The r e s u l t s o f d e t a i l e d t e s t i n g of t h e q u a l i t y of manufacture of i n d i v i d u a l g e a r s or t e s t s t a n d experiments o f i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s a s assembled f r e q u e n t l y do n o t correspond t o t h e i r o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s when t h e y are a c t u a l l y i n u s e .
A method i s suggested f o r determining t h e a c t u a l v a l u e s of e r r o r i n g e a r s
during o p e r a t i o n , allowing e s t i m a t i o n n o t o n l y o f t h e magnitude o f t o o t h and c y c l i c a l e r r o r s , b u t a l s o o f t h e q u a l i t y i n d i c a t o r s such a s , f o r example, dev i a t i o n i n t h e s i z e o f t h e contact spot of a tooth p a i r . The method i s based on comparison o f t h e experimentally produced frequency spectrum with t h e c a l c u l a t e d v i b r a t i o n spectrum o f a dynamic model. The dependence i s t h u s e s t a b l i s h e d between t h e components of t h e frequency spectrum and t h e elements of t h e dynamic model r e f l e c t i n g s p e c i f i c p a r t s of t h e s t r u c ture. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e component f r e q u e n c i e s of t h e spectrum determined by r i g i d i t y of each of t h e meshed g e a r s i n t h e u n i t being s t u d i e d can b e d e f i n e d . R e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d from d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e a c t u a l g e a r and c y c l i c a l e r r o r s i n v a r i o u s o p e r a t i n g modes of t r a n s m i s s i o n s . /123 -
161
.... .
PROBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION-OF DYNAMIC BASED ON TAPE DRIVES . . .. . .. . . . . PARAMETERS . . _ . . . . . . OF. . . . . SYSTEMS . .... ... ..
~
Skurkayte (Kaunas)
This work p r e s e n t s one method f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m a l mechanical and dynamic parameters i n s t u d i e s of complex dynamic systems c o n t a i n i n g both e l e c t r o n i c and mechanical p a r a m e t e r s . Such systems i n c l u d e v a r i o u s types o f magnetic r e c o r d i n g a p p a r a t u s , an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e accuracy o f information t r a n s m i s s i o n ( e l e c t r o n i c p a r a m e t e r s ) of which i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e funct i o n o f t h e t a p e d r i v e mechanisms and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t systems (mechanical p a r a meters).
F
The s t a t i s t i c a l and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e systems s t u d i e d , a f t e r composition and s o l u t i o n o f mathematical models, cannot f u l l y show t h e c o n c r e t e mechanical and dycn
/1 24 -
T,
s t a t i s t i c a l and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s -
tics.
mn-7
-----
Figure 1. Dynamic Model. F , Friction force; P, Perturbing f o r c e ; y , Damping f a c t o r ; C y R i g i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t ; m y Drive mass. magnetic t a p e i s shown on F i g u r e 1.
One such dynamic model f o r a t a p e d r i v e mechanism w i t h a c l o s e d loop of The masses o f s e c t o r s o f magnetic t a p e m y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d by e l a s t i c i t y C and damper y , are p e r t u r b e d by t h e t a p e d r i v e u n i t s and o t h e r s o u r c e s of e x c i t a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f f r i c t i o n f o r c e s F and p e r t u r b a t i o n f o r c e s P , which g e n e r a l l y a r e random and u n s t a b l e i n n a t u r e . I n o r d e r t o s i m p l i f y and a p p l y t h e s o l u t i o n s t o e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e ,
i t was assumed t h a t t h e p e r t u r b i n g f a c t o r s a r e random and s t a b l e i n n a t u r e ,
f o l l o w i n g type :
n n
where i = 1 , 2 , . . . , n ,
In t h i s e q u a t i o n , t h e n o n l i n e a r e x p r e s s i o n f o r d r i v e f r i c t i o n was appro-2 + Zi yk, a r e p r e s e n t s t h e d r i v e n i k k masses, b are t h e summary c o e f f i c i e n t s o f damping and d r y f r i c t i o n , c ik ik are t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f d r y f r i c t i o n , are t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f e l a s t i c i t y , Zi k yi = y . ( t ) are t h e displacements o f t h e d r i v e n masses, P . ( t ) are t h e p e r t u r -
ximated by a p a r a b o l i c e x p r e s s i o n b .
yk
b i n g f o r c e s a p p l i e d t o c e r t a i n o f t h e r o l l e r s o r t h e magnetic t a p e .
1
The
In the l a t t e r case, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n function of the s t a b l e process P l ( t ) , t h e v a l u e s o f which were f i x e d by a t a b l e , was considered known. The problem was s t a t e d o f determining displacements y i J when P . ( t ) i s a
1
random s t a b l e p r o c e s s .
163
NEW METHODS OF STUDYING THE .DYNAMICS OF IMPACT PROCESSES ~. .-. . . B. V. Rudgal'vis (Kaunas)
/125
I t i s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t modern impact s t a n d s , i n p l a c e o f a r e c t a n g u l a r
o r s i n u s o i d a l h a l f wave p u l s e as i n d i c a t e d i n t h e t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a c t u a l l y produce a p u l s e which i s a polyharmonic a t t e n u a t i n g o s c i l l a t i n g pro-
i s determined.
I t i s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t an i n c r e a s e i n a c c e l e r a t i o n upon r e a l i z a -
a r e suggested f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e impact p r o c e s s , such as t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y , s p e c t r a l energy, e f f e c t i v e d u r a t i o n , e f f e c t i v e s p e c t r a l width, form c o e f f i c i e n t of impact p u l s e , as w e l l as amplitude and frequency o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t components d e f i n e d on t h e curve of t h e spectrum.
A new apparatus i s developed f o r r e c o r d i n g one-time wide band impact p r o -
c e s s e s with a scanning r a t e allowing automatic d i s c r e t i z a t i o n f o r t h e p e r f o r mance o f o p e r a t i v e s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s by computer. The p r i n c i p l e o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c recording i s used i n combination with a drum d r i v e n t y p e r e c o r d i n g device, t h e information c a r r i e r of which i s h e l d i n p o s i t i o n by a p r e s s u r e drop on each s i d e . This d e v i c e allows t h e information c a r r i e r ( e l e c t r o g r a p h i c paper s t r i p ) t o be d r i v e n a t a speed of up t o 100 m/sec and t h e r e c o r d i n g of impact p r o c e s s e s , t h e frequency spectrum of which reaches 50 KHz with a curve r i s e s l o p e o f n o t over 82". The time r e q u i r e d t o develop an image o f t h e p r o c e s s
i s about 1 min.
164
Furthermore, t h e r e a c t i o n s of p r e c i s i o n electromechanical systems t o impact p u l s e s with v a r i o u s s p e c t r a l parameters were measured u s i n g e l e c t r o n i c mathemat i c a l analogs. The zones of t h e i r v i b r a t i o n and impact s t a b i l i t y were d e t e r mined, recommendations were made f o r o p t i m i z a t i o n of systems a s concerns v i b r a ti on impact s t ab i li t y
165
NEW METHODS OF STUDYING AND INCREASING THE. DYNAMIC. . ACCURACY OF PRECISION JIG .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ BORING M A C H R .E . S
~~
K. P . Dzidolikas (Kaunas)
metric e r r o r s i n t h e shape o f t h e s u p p o r t .
lates.
I t c o n t a i n s t h e s e n s o r made w i t h
two s e r i e s - c o n n e c t e d c a p a c i t a n c e s , one o f which changes as t h e s p i n d l e o s c i l A n o s c i l l o g r a m r e c o r d s only t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e s p i n d l e which i n f l u e n c e t h e accuracy and q u a l i t y o f o p e r a t i o n d i r e c t l y . Using t h i s d e v i c e , a s t u d y was made o f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s of a range of s p i n d l e s o f p r e c i s i o n j i g b o r i n g machines w i t h an o p t i c a l c o o r d i n a t e r e a d i n g system. The r e a l i z a t i o n s produced were computer p r o c e s s e d . This work p r e s e n t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s and s p e c t r a l d e n s i t i e s o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g p r o c e s s both d u r i n g i d l e and d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n . This allowed t h e predominant s o u r c e s o f o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e s p i n d l e t o b e determined. In c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e dynamic model of t h e u n i t s o f t h e t o o l f o r t h e e n t i r e t o o l as a whole, v a r i o u s methods are used t o determine t h e r i g i d i t y charact e r i s t i c o f elements o f t h e t o o l . The work d e s c r i b e s an o r i g i n a l method f o r The determining c i r c u l a r compliance diagrams, a l l o w i n g a continuous curve o f c i r c u l a r r i g i d i t y t o be produced c l e a r l y on t h e s c r e e n of t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e . method i s based on t h e u s e o f c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s as t h e l o a d i n g f o r c e s and t h e r e c o r d i n g o f deformations i n t h e p l a n e u s i n g two c a p a c i t i v e s e n s o r s connected with a c o n v e r t i n g a p p a r a t u s . T h i s method i s used t o s t u d y t h e c o n t a c t and n a t u r a l deformations o f elements of t h e machine and c o n s t r u c t a c i r c u l a r d i a gram o f t h e compliance o f t h e s p i n d l e s o f machines r e l a t i v e t o t h e t a b l e s .
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