Voda

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Water is Gold
WATER IS GOLD
(Karan Singh, Shell Chemicals, 8/9/00) Rising population growth, coupled with economic growth, is straining many of our natural resources and, among these,water is certain to become the most critical. Our industry has long held the belief that water is free and chemicals are expensive - but that myth is about to be blown apart CUED CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The tragedy of the Aral Sea

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What is Water?
A clear, colourless, tasteless, odourless liquid that is essential for plant and animal life and constitutes, in impure form, rain, oceans, rivers, lakes etc People dont demand water - except for drinking and cooking. They actually ask for these services: buildings - washing and cleaning and waste disposal transport - carrying capacity industry - feedstock, cooling, dilution, waste disposal leisure, enjoyment, beauty - sights, sounds, smells, exercise
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Water - a critical issue for the 21st century

Intricately connected to climate - and affected by climate change... Touches on everything: Energy, Food, Human/environmental health In many places, the way that we have provided these services through our past and present water technologies, is no longer sustainable. To maintain all the services that water provides, we have to change the way we think about it
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Water
Global water availability and use
Water availability - globally, and regional variations Water use - agriculture, industry and domestic

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Availability of Freshwater
Total volume of water on Earth = 1,400,000,000 cubic kilometres (represented by 1 gallon) Total freshwater on Earth = 35,000,000 cubic kilometres (represented by one teacup - 3%)

Available freshwater = 200,000 cubic kilometres (represented by 1/7 teaspoon - <<1%)

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Annual Average Fresh Water Availability - by country (Global Av. is meaningless)

7000 1921-85 average annual availability in cubic kilometers per year Per Country per Year 6000 Per Person per Year 100 120 Annual average availability per person (2000 population figures) in million litres per year

5000 80 4000 60 3000 40 2000

1000

20

0 Brazil Russia Canada USA China India Australia Mexico

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Water Availability and Use

(litres/person/day)
Brazil
Total Availability Total Used (% of available) Domestic Use Industrial Use
Agricultural Use

Russia

Canada

USA

China

India

Australia

Mexico

98,630 592 (<1%) 255 101 236

76,712 290,410 27,397 1,444 (2%) 274 896 288 3,921 (1%) 430 3,134 312 4,625 (6%) 556 2,129 1,943

6,027 1,129 (18%) 58 203 869

4,109 1,362 (31%) 68 41 1,252

57,534 2,589 (4%) 389 258 1,942

10,950 2,151 (20%) 129 173 1,849

The different balance of uses shows up patterns of huge variation and inequality - between developed and developing countries. CUED CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Global freshwater use - categories

Domestic Use 10%

Industrial Use 25%

Agricultural Use 65%

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Water Use by Category and Country

(Litres/Person/Day)
5000 4500 liters per person per day 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Compare: UK average domestic water use is ~ 145 litres/person/day

Domestic

Industrial

Agricultural

Br az il

us tra lia

SA

Ca na da

Ru ss

Ch in a

In di a

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M ex i

co

ia

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5000 4500 4000

Agriculture - Water Use in Food Production

Meat takes >> more: beef: 15 to 70,000 chicken: 3 to 6,000

quantity of water (litres)

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Compare: UK average domestic water use is ~ 145 litres/person/day

growing 1kg wheat

growing 1kg rice

growing 1kg sugar beet

growing 1kg potatoes

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Food - reflecting the true ecological cost?

1 serving of hamburger, fries and soda requires 7000 litres of water to produce it.

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Industry - Water Use in Manufacturing

3500 3000

quantity of water (litres)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1 litre beer 1kg paper 1kg bricks 1kg steel 1kg aluminium 1kg fertiliser 1kg refined crude oil 1kg synthetic rubber

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Domestic - Water Use in the (UK) House

2500

quantity of water (litres)

2000

Range
1500

1000

500

per lavatory flush

bath

shower, per minute

automatic washing machine, per load

dishwather, per watering garden, load for one hour

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UK Domestic Daily Use Per Person

miscellaneous 32% WC Flushing 32%

dishwasher 1% drinking 3% outside 3% washing machine 12%

All is treated to very high EU quality standards; only these (33%) need to be, for health reasons

bath / shower 17%

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But of course we dont all use the same - global inequality in domestic use
Poor Africa - 5 litres/p/d

Rich West - 550 litres/p/d

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Impact now - over-extraction of Groundwater

India - Water deficit just over 200 Billion cubic meters per year Water tables dropping by 0.7 m per year in some areas Salt invasion of coastal aquifers - over-pumping is contaminating drinking water Bangladesh - During dry season, water tables often drop below tube-well suction levels Pakistan - Groundwater pumping exceeds recharge by 27% China - Water deficit of 30 Billion cubic meters per year Water tables dropping by 1 - 1.5 m per year in northern and central plains USA - Groundwater over-pumping at a rate of 1.6 Billion cubic meters per year (15% of annual use) in major food and vegetable producing areas Saudi Arabia - 85% of water demand met by mining non-renewable groundwater Current water debt around 6 Billion cubic meters per year Much of the rest by using salt water - desalination North Africa - Depletion at a rate of 10 Billion cubic meters per year, 40% of which occurs in Libya...

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Schemes to put water where it isnt

Libya - Great Man-Made River Project $25 billion scheme launched in 1991 Water pumped from desert aquifers in the South at a planned rate of 2.2 Billion cubic meters per year; but wells may be dry within 40-60 years Transported 1,500 km North in 4,000 km of 4m diameter concrete pipe 80% destined for agriculture (See also California, and Las Vegas!) CUED CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Agricultural water impact - Cotton

To produce 1kg of cotton requires 17,000 litres of irrigation water

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The Aral Sea story

Once the worlds fourth largest inland body of water 7.9 million hectares irrigated and used for cotton production By 1990 combined river inflow was reduced to 13% of pre-1960 flow The Sea has lost half its area and three-quarters of its volume in 40 years
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The social & environmental tragedy of the Aral Sea

Fishing industry that supported 60,000 jobs and produced 44,000 tonnes a year in the 1950s has disappeared Each year, 100 million tonnes of toxic dust-salt mixture are blown by the wind from the dry seabed and deposited on surrounding farmland, killing crops

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Pollution sources
Rural Drainage
(mainly diffuse)
Nitrates (& phosphates) from fertilisers Soil particles from ploughed fields Organic waste - slurries and silage from farms Pesticides from fields

Urban Drainage
(mainly point source)
Storm overflows -from combined sewer systems Sewage treatment effluents Industrial treatment effluents Hydrocarbons & other chemicals from paved areas
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Pollution impacts
Solids - visual pollution; colour and reduced light penetration and diversity; silt deposition; blanketing food sources and spawning grounds Organics: BOD/COD - oxygen reduction during natural purification, fish kills, diversity reduction; NH3 - fish kills Nitrates and phosphates - eutrophication; drinking water abstraction limits Bacteria and viruses - drinking, bathing and recreation use restrictions; wildlife infection; prevention of some food uses - eg shellfish Persistent chemicals - pesticides, THMs, oestrogen-mimicers etc - long term (unknown?) health effects
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Climate Change - what changes can we expect?

rising temperatures rising evaporation changed rainfall patterns rising sea-level increased storm frequency/intensity more flooding new crop patterns
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Water is Gold- an industrial view

Karan Singh, Commercial Operations Manager, Shell Chemicals SE Asia - INSEAD Sustainable Development Panel, Singapore, 8/9/00: Our latest scenario planning programme has identified a number of major discontinuities that are very likely to impact on industry in the years ahead, and the first of these is what we call:

WATER IS GOLD
Rising population growth, coupled with economic growth, is straining many of our natural resources and, among these,water is certain to become the most critical. Our industry has long held the belief that water is free and chemicals are expensive - but that myth is about to be blown apart CUED CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Technology - agricultural improvements

10% of current global harvest is being produced by depleting water supplies how to meet the water demand needed to feed an increasing global population? Two-thirds of water withdrawn for human use goes to irrigation 93% of irrigated areas receive water by furrow and flood irrigation, this method may use only half of water applied Indian results, 1990s, shifting from furrow to drip irrigation - yields up 2 to 52 %; productivity (yield/water use) up 46 to 255 % on a range of mainstream crops. (LEPA: Low-Energy Precision Application)

Metode navodnjavanja Brazde Brazda s ventilima Niskotlana prskalica Kap-po-kap LEPA prskalica

Tipina efikasno st 60% 80% 80% 95% 90-95%

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Tehnologija efikasnost uporabe industrijske vode

Vie naknade za kanalizaciju i zabrana kemikalija Sheme minimiziranja i prerade i ponovne uporabe na licu mjesta dovode do uteda ak do 90% u ukupnoj potronji vode Velike utede uinjene povratkom otpadne vode u ponovnu uporabu u proces. Primjena Nula otpada strategije i moj otpad je sirovina za tvoj proces sheme (Denmark)

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Poboljanja u domainstvu
Toilets (32% household water use) Standard units use 5 to 7 gallons, improved units use 1.6 gallons per flush Composting toilets using no water are available Baths / showers (17% household water use) Old units use 6 to 8 gallons, improved units use 1.0 to 1.5 gallons/minute Sinks / taps Taps can mix air with water to reduce water use without loss of amenity Clothes washing (12% household water use) Horizontal axis machines (Europe) use as little as 25% of the water needed by vertical axis machines (US) Dishwashers (1% household water use) Models to adjust water use to dirtiness of load; Ecotech dish washer uses no energy, just the pressure of hot water from the tap CUED CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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