Course Title: Pharmacognosy I Course Title: Pharmacognosy I

Course Code: PHR 242

Week number: 1
Lecture number: 1 Lecture number: 1
Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk
Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy
Why? y
IntendedLearningOutcome(ILOs)
A KnowledgeandUnderstanding B IntellectualSkills A. KnowledgeandUnderstanding
A1 Identifythedifferentofficialand
importantnonofficialdrugsderivedfrom
barks,woods,seedsandflowers.
A2 Describemorphologicaland
B.IntellectualSkills
B1 Discoverdifferentcivilization&efforts
ofthesecivilizationtodevelopscience
focusingonmedicalones.
B2 Classifycrudedrugsaccordingtotheir A2 Describemorphologicaland
histologicalcharactersofeachdrug.
A3Listpowderelementsofeachdrug.
A4 Summarizetheactiveconstituentsof
eachdrug
B2 Classifycrudedrugsaccordingtotheir
plantorgans,morphologicaland
histologicalcharacters,activeconstituents
andmedicinaluses.
B3 Determinethemorphologicaland eachdrug.
A5 Describethemedicinalusesofeach
drug.
A6 Identifyeachdrugbymeanofchemical
tests
B3 Determinethemorphologicaland
histologicalcharactersforthedrugstoease
theiridentification.
B4 Determinethepowderelementsforthe
drugs tests.
A7 Distinguishbetweeneachdrugandits
adultrants eithermorphologicallyor
histologically.
drugs.
B5 Comparebetweenthegenuinedrugand
itsadulterants.
IntendedLearningOutcome(ILOs)
C.ProfessionalSkills
c1 Manipulatewithmicroscope.
c2 Preparedifferentmicroscopicalmounts.
c3 PerformTransversesectionsinthedifferent
l t
D.GeneralSkills
d1 Communicatewithothers,totransfer
knowledgeandinformationprovidedbythe
coursebothorallyandwritten.
d U i t tt li h i d plantorgans.
c4 Manipulatewithchemicalreagents.
c5 Manipulatewithherbalspecimens.
c6 Preparedifferentteasthatareusedinthe
treatmentofdifferentdiseases.
d2 Useinternettoaccomplishrequired
assignments.
d3 Practiceteamworkthroughgroup
presentationandgroupdiscussions.
c7 Examinedifferentteasandherbsthatare
usedmedicinallybymicroscope.
c8 Examinetheactiveconstituentsofteasand
herbsbyusingchemicaltest.
c9 Distinguishbetweenmedicinalplants and c9 Distinguishbetweenmedicinalplants,and
itsadultrants bothmorphologically,
histologicallyorchemically.
c10 Distinguishmedicinalplantsfromtoxic
plantsandotherswhichhavenomedicinal
actionseithermorphologically,histologicallyor
chemically.
c11 Analyzethepresenceofthedifferentnatural
productsinplants.
c12 Examineanyplantthatisusedinfolk c12 Examineanyplantthatisusedinfolk
medicineschemewise.
c13 Inferthesafetyuseofplantsusedinfolk
midicine
C A t CourseAssessment
Fi l Wi E (40%) 120 k Final Written Exam (40%) 120 marks
Final Oral Exam (10%) 30 marks
Midterm Exam (1) (5%) 15 marks ( ) ( )
Midterm Exam (2) (15%) 45 marks
Course work (30%) 90 marks
Practical work 30 marks Practical work 30 marks
Lecture Activity 20 marks
i l k Tutorial work 10 marks
Assignement 10 marks
Final Practical Exam 20 marks
Course Calendar CourseCalendar
Week
no.
Date Lecture Title Lecturer Practical Tutorial
1 Sun. 29/9
Mon 30/9
Barks I: Introduction of Barks
ActivityI
Dr. Hanan QuickreviewonCelldifferentiation&
cellcontents Mon. 30/9
ActivityI cellcontents
2
Mon. 7/10 Barks II: Barks contains Volatile Oils
& Barks containing alkaloids
Activity II
Dr. Hanan Cinnamon & Cassia & Cinchona barks
Cascara & Frangula(odd NO. groups)
Barks I
3 Sun. 13/10 Barks II: Barks contains Volatile Oils
& Barks containing alkaloids
Activity II
Dr. Hanan Cinnamon & Cassia & Cinchona barks
Cascara & Frangula(odd NO. groups)
Barks I
y
4
Sun. 20/10
Mon. 21/10
Barks III: Barks containing glycosides
Activity III
Dr. Hanan Cinnamon & Cassia & Cinchona barks
Cascara & Frangula(even NO. groups)
Barks II
5
Sun. 27/10
Mon. 28/10
Flowers I: Introduction +compositous
flowers
Prof. Taha Chamomile, Santonica, Pyrethrum,
Lavander (odd NO. groups)
Flowers
6
Sun. 3/11
Mon. 4/11
Flowers II: Chamomile, Santonica,
Pyrethrum
Prof. Taha Chamomile, Santonica, Pyrethrum,
Lavander (evenNO groups)
Flowers
Midterm Exam I
Mon. 4/11 Pyrethrum Lavander (even NO. groups)
Midterm Exam I
7
Sun. 10/11
Mon. 11/11
Flowers III: Clove, Lavander,
Karkadeh
Prof. Taha Quassiaand Galls +revision
(odd NO. groups)
Flowers
8
Sun. 17/11
Mon. 18/11
Woods & Galls Prof. Nabila Quassiaand Galls +revision
(even NO. groups)
Woods & Galls
9 Mid term Exam II
10
Sun. 1/12
Mon. 2/12
Seeds I: Introduction +Linseed Prof. Nabila Foenugreek& Nuxvomica& White &
Black Mustard (odd NO. groups)
Seeds
11 Sun. 8/12
Mon. 9/12
Seeds II: Foenugreek +Cardamom Prof. Nabila Foenugreek& Nuxvomica& White &
Black Mustard (even NO. groups)
Seeds
12
Sun. 15/12
M 16/12
Seeds III: Nux vomica, Strophanthus Prof. Nabila Revision
( ddNO )
Seeds
Mon. 16/12 (odd NO. groups)
13
Sun. 22/12
Mon. 23/12
Seeds IV: Plantago, Psyllium, Castor Prof. Nabila Revision
(even NO. groups)
Seeds
14
Sun. 29/12
Mon. 30/12
Seeds V: White and Black mustard Prof. Nabila
Powder exam Spot Exam
Whats Bark?
Bark in Pharmacognosy:
Is the portion of the trunk, stem,
branches or roots of woody plants, like y p ,
trees and shrubs, exterior to the
cambium.
Its all the tissues outside the cambium
General Scheme for Description of General Scheme for Description of
Barks
Name: Arabic & English
Origin
Odour
Origin
Condition
Colour
Taste
Diagram
Colour
Shape
Surface:
g
Powder
Constituents
Surface:
a) Outer b) Inner
Fracture
Constituents
Uses
Fracture
Chemical tests
Sh Shape
Barks tend to curve transversely;
thus being concave on the inner g
side, but it remains longitudinally
straight why?? g y
1. As the hard and strong elements
are in a longitudinal arrangement are in a longitudinal arrangement
2. The tissues of the inner part are
more shrinkable more shrinkable
1
2
1- Flat
C
1
2
3
2- Curved
3- Channeled
4 Si l ill 4- Single quill
5- Double quill
6 C d
4
5
6
6- Compound
double quill
Flat: when quite flat as very thick barks e.g.
Q ill i Ci h Quillaia, Cinchona
Curved: when slightly concave on the inner side
R d h li htl th t Recurved: when slightly concave on the outer
side
Channelled: when deeply concave on the inner Channelled: when deeply concave on the inner
side
Single quill: when so deeply concave on the g q p y
inner side that the edges of the bark nearly
overlap
D bl ill h b th d t l Double quill: when both edges separately
inrolled
Compound quill: when single or double quills Compound quill: when single or double quills
are backed inside one another
O f Outer surface
Characterized by the presence of:
Epiphytes (lichens, liverworts, p p y ( , ,
moss)
Lenticels Lenticels
Longitudinal or transverse
furrows furrows
Fissures
Ridges & furrows
3 I f 3- Inner surface
Described as:
Smooth Smooth
Finely striated
Coarsely striated
Corrugated (transverse parallel Corrugated (transverse parallel
wrinkles)
[ Pieces of wood may still adhering]
FFracture
Definition:
Is the behavior of the bark when broken
transversely and the character of the
exposed surfaces. It gives an idea about p g
the nature of tissues present.
It may be: short, splintery, fibrous,
horny, granular, brittle, flexible, even or y, g , , ,
smooth, uneven, resinous, laminated
Short=breaks quickly & straight across and the
fractured surface is smooth fractured surface is smooth
Splintery=breaks irregularly across with jagged
projecting points in the broken surface.
Fibrous=when resisting during breaking and fibrous Fibrous=when resisting during breaking and fibrous
projections protruding from the broken surface.
Horny=very hard to break & exhibiting hard horn like
broken surface broken surface.
Granular=the broken surface show grain- like
appearance.
B ittl il b k i t f t Brittle=easily broken into fragments
Flexible=when breaks only by tearing or twisting
Even or smooth=when breaks with smooth surface
Uneven=when breaks with irregular surface
Resinous=when showing smooth glossy broken
surfaces surfaces
Laminated=when the fractured region tends to break
into tangentially arranged layers.
Differences between Stem and
Root Bark Root Bark
Stem Bark Root Bark
1- Colour
Outer surface is
lighter in colour
th th i
Both outer & Inner
surface has the same
l than the inner
(why?)
colour
2- Outer
1 Has epiphytes 1 No epiphytes
2- Outer
Surface
1. Has epiphytes
2. Show lenticels
1. No epiphytes
2. No lenticels
3-
Thicker Thinner
Thickness
Thicker Thinner
4 Sh 4- Shape
Flat, curved, quilled Irregularly quilled or
twisted
Structure of Bark Structure of Bark
=Histology = Microscopical characters
Commercial bark consist of some or all of the Commercial bark consist of some or all of the
following tissues:
Rh id 1. Rhytidoma
2. Periderm: (cork, phelloderm, phellogen)
3. Primary cortex
4 Pericycle 4. Pericycle
5. Primary phloem
6 S d hl 6. Secondary phloem
Diagram
Sector
Cork = ck
Ph ll d 2 C Phelloderm = 2ry Cortex
Cortex ct Cortex ct
Secretory canal = SC
S d Phl Secondary Phloem
a) Phloem fibers
b) Phloem parenchyma b) Phloem parenchyma
c) Medullary rays
d) Collapsed primary d) Collapsed primary
phloem (if present)
Whats Decortication? What s Decortication?
And Why?
Is the removal of part or Is the removal of part or
whole tissues outside the
secondary phloem It is secondary phloem. It is
done as:
1. They contain no or low % . ey co ta o o o %
of active constituents.
2. They contain undesirable y
amounts of tannins,
coloring matters or any
h d bl other undesirable
constituents.
Answer Sheet
Students Name:
Students ID:
Activity I (a):
1.
Activity I (b):
1. a)Shape:
2.
) p
b) Fracture:
) S f c) Surface:
Activity I (c):
a
2.
a.
b.
3.