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D-1 IN 5 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 6 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 7 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 8 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 9 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 10 Subject Inorganic chemistry Fundamentals of chemical analysis Industrial inorganic chemistry Coordination chemistry Organometallic chemistry Bioinorganic chemistry Advanced inorganic chemistry Selected topics in inorganic chemistry Chemistry of inorganic materials Inorganic clusters and supra molecular chemistry Physical methods in inorganic chemistry Group theory and applied inorganic chemistry
CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 11 CHE-Ph.D-1 IN 12
Index of Ph.D Course work syllabus Group-II Organic Chemistry Subject Code CHE-PhD-2 OR 1 CHE-PhD-2 OR 2 CHE-PhD-2 OR 3 CHE-PhD-2 OR 4 CHE-PhD-2 OR 5 CHE-PhD-2 OR 6 CHE-PhD-2 OR 7\ CHE-PhD-2 OR 8 CHE-PhD-2 OR 9 Subject Organic chemistry stereochemistry and reaction mechanism Organic reactions and mechanism Carbohydrates and peptides Advanced organic chemistry Organic spectroscopy Advanced organic synthesis Drug and heterocyclic chemistry Bio organic chemistry Chemistry of natural products
CHE-PhD-2 OR 10 CHE-PhD-2 OR 11
Index of Ph.D Course work syllabus Group-III Physical Chemistry Subject Code CHE-PhD-3 PH 1 CHE-PhD-3 PH 2 CHE-PhD-3 PH 3 CHE-PhD-3 PH 4 CHE-PhD-3 PH 5 CHE-PhD-3 PH 6 CHE-PhD-3 PH 7 CHE-PhD-3 PH 8 CHE-PhD-3 PH 9 CHE-PhD-3 PH 10 CHE-PhD-3 PH 11 Subject Principles of physical chemistry Applied physical chemistry and chemical dynamics Advanced physical chemistry Solid state chemistry Equilibrium and statistical thermodynamics Chemical kinetics Surface, interfaces, dispersed systems and macromolecules Principles of quantum mechanics Photochemistry Nuclear and radio chemistry Electrochemistry
CHE-PhD-3 PH 12 CHE-PhD-3 PH 13
CHE-PhD-3 PH 14
Index of Ph.D Course work syllabus Group-IV Analytical Chemistry & Allied Subjects Subject Code CHE-PhD-4 AN 1 CHE-PhD-4 AN 2 CHE-PhD-4 AN 3 CHE-PhD-4 AN 4 CHE-PhD-4 AN 5 CHE-PhD-4 AN 6 CHE-PhD-4 AN 7 CHE-PhD-4 AN 8 CHE-PhD-4 AN 9 CHE-PhD-4 AN 10 CHE-PhD-4 AN 11 CHE-PhD-4 AN 12 CHE-PhD-4 AN 13 Subject Fundamentals of chemical analysis Separation techniques Advanced analytical chemistry. Applied analytical chemistry Spectroscopy Chemistry in industry Environmental chemistry Advanced optical spectroscopy Chemistry of the earths atmosphere Medicinal chemistry Food chemistry Polymer chemistry Chemical analysis in agro, food andPharmaceutical industries Advanced nano technology
CHE-PhD-4 AN 14
13) M. C. Day and J. Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Reinhold, EWAP 14) A. H. Hanney, Solid State Chemistry, A. H. Publications 15) O. A. Phiops, Metals and Metabolism 16) Cullen Dolphin and James, Biological aspects of Inorganic Chemistry 17) Williams, An Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry 18) M. N. Hughes, Inorganic Chemistry of Biological Processes 19) Ochi, Bioinorganic Chemistry 20) John Wulff, The structure an properties of materials 21) L. V. Azoroff, J. J. Brophy, Electronic processes in materials, Mc Craw Hill 22) F. A. Cotton, R. G. Wilkinson. Advanced Inorganic chemistry 23) Willam L. Jooly, Modern Inorganic Chemistry 24) ManasChanda, Atomic Structure and Chemical bonding 25) N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of elements,.Pergamon 26) Chakraburty, Soild State Chemistry, New Age International 27) S. J. Lippard, J.M . Berg, Principles of bioinorganic Chemistry, University Scienc e Books 28) G. L. Eichhron, Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol I and II, Elesevier 29) Progress Inorganic chemistry ,Vol 18 and 38, J. J. Loppard, Wiley.
standards,titration curves, effect of water, determining the applicationsdetermination of carboxylic acids, phenols and amines.
equivalence
point,
typical
REFERENCES 1. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, Holler and Crouch 8th edition, 2005, Saunders College Publishing, New York. 2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, 5th ed., 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc, India. 3. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day and A.L. Underwood, 6th edition,1993 prentice Hall, Inc. New Delhi. 4. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes and M.J.K. Thomas, 6th edition, Third Indian Reprint.2003 Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Analytical Chemistry Principles, John H. Kennedy, 2nd edition, Saunders College Publishing, California, 1990. 6. Principles and Practicals of Analytical Chemistry, F. W. Fifield and Kealey, 3rd edition, 2000, Blackwell Sci., Ltd. Malden, USA. 7. Modern Analytical Chemistry, David Harvey, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000.
Reference Books: 1. Physical Method in Chemistry, R.S.Drago, Saunders College Publishing. 2. Quantum Chemistry, R.K.Prasad, New Age. 3. Introductory Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata MacGraw -Hill. 4. Quantum Mechanics, Chatwal&Anand, Himalya Publishing House. 5. Introduction ToMagnetochemistry, Alan Earnshaw, Academic Press. 6. Elements of Magnetochemistry, Dutta&Syamal, S. Chand & Company. 7. Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry Vol .I &II, A.Singh&R.Singh, Campus International Publication 8. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton Wilkinson, W S E Wiley 9. Vogels Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS
2. C.N.R. Rao, Solid State Chemistry : Dekker 3. Wilcox : Preparation and Properties of Solid State Materials: Vol I & II, Dekker 4. Hagenmuller, Preparative Methods in Solis State Chemistry 5. LohnWulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials Vol. IV, Electronic Properties (Wily Eastern) 6. N.N. Greenwood: Ionic Crystals, Lattice Defects and Nonstiochiometry (Butterworth's) 7. L.V. Azoroof and J.J. Brophy: Electronic Processes in Materials, MacGraw Hills. 8. T.J. Rey et al : The Defect Solid State ( Interscience) 9. E.A. Kroger, Chemistry of Imprefect Crystals (Holland) 10. A.R. West, Solid State Chemistry 11. H.V.K Keer, Principles of the Solid State Chemistry, Wiley Eastern. 12. S.O. Pillai Academic press: Solid state physics.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Definition, therotical basis of DTA,instrumentation of DTA apparatus, factors affecting DTA curves, applications ofDTA, adventages and disadventages of DTA,applications of DTADifferentialSanningCalorimetry(DSC): Defination,comparison of DTA andDSC technique,instrumentation of DSC,factors affecting DSC curves,applications of DSC. Reference: 1. Physical methods in Inorganic Chemistry, R.S.Drago, RenholdPuublishing CorporationR.S.Drago 2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis,6thedition,Willard,Merit,Dean. 3. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis,5thedition,GoldenW.Ewing 4. Principals of Instrumental Analysis,3rdedition,DouglasA.Skoog 5. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis,Anand,hatwal 6. Quantative Inorganic Analysis,A.I.Vogel
3. Concept and application of Group theory by KishorArroraAnmol publications Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi 4. Nanotechnology : Principles and particles Sulabha K. Kulkarni (Capital Publication Co.) 5. Recent Advances in the liquid phase synthesis of Inorganic Nano particles B.L. Cushing, V.L. Kolesnichenko and C.J.O connor chemical Review 104, 3893- 3946 (2004) 6. Nano The text revolution Mohan sundaraRajan (National book trust India) 7. Concise Inorganic Chemistry fifth edition, J.D.Lee 8. Inorganic Chemistry by A.G. Sharpe third edition. 9. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Fifth edition by F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson. 10. Inorganic Chemistry by J.E. Huhey 11. Electrons & Chemicals bonding by H.B. Gray.
References :
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, ELBS Longmann, Vol. I & II, 1984. 2. E. L. Elliel and S. H. Wilen, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1994. 3. Introduction to stereochemistry K. Mislow. 4. R. K. Bansal, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1993. 5. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley Interscience, 1994. 6. E. S. Gould, Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry, Halt, Rinhart& Winston, New York, 964. 7. A Guide book to mechanism in Organic Chemistry Petersykes 8. Stereochemistry and mechanism through solved problems P. S. Kalsi. 9. F. A. Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B, 3rd edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 10. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1991. 11. S. K. Ghosh, Advanced General Organic Chemistry, Book and Alleied (P) Ltd, 1998.
3. E. S. Gould, Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry, Halt, Rinhart& Winston, New York, 1964. 4. F. A. Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B, 3rd edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 5. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis B. M. Trost and I. Fleming series, Pergamon Press, New York, 1991. 6. A Guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry Petersykes. 7. S. K. Ghosh, Advanced General Organic Chemistry, Book and Alleied (P) Ltd, 1998 8. R. K. Bansal, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1993
Advanced Stereochemistry:Prochirality: Homotopic, Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces. StereochemicalDescriptors : Application to reduction of carbonyl compounds, cyanohydrins formation, addition of water to alkenes. Unit-III Optical activity due to molecular dissymmetry :Allenes, Spiranes, Biphenyls, Atropisomerism, Molecular Crowding. Conformational analysis of cyclohexane, mono substituted and disubstituted (1,2, 1,3, 1,4) cyclohexanes. Cis and Trans Decalins.Chirality of cyclohexanes. Unit-IV Carbohydrates:Conformational representation of monosaccharides. Mechanism of Mutarotation- Base catalysedIsomerisation of Aldoses and ketoses. Epimerisation, Anomericeffect.Glycosides, Ether and Ester derivatives of carbohydrates.Acetone, amino and Deoxysugars.Oxidation and reduction reactions of carbohydrates. Disaccharides: Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose. Polysaccharides: Structure and degradation of starch, cellulose and glycogen. Reference: 1. Advanced Organic Chemistry part A and B F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, 4th Edition, Plenum Publishers (2000). 2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism and Structure J March, 3rd Edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (2004). 3. Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic chemistry Peter Sykes Oriant- Longman (1985). 4. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds Eliel, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (1976). 5. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Principles and Applications D. Nasipuri, Wiley Eastern Ltd.(1992). 6. Organic Chemistry Vol-I, II, III S.M.Mukherji, S.P.Singh and R.P.Kapoor, New Age International Ltd, New Delhi (2000). 7. Organic Chemistry Volume-I, II - I. L. Finar, 6th Edition, ELBS London (2004). 8. Chemistry of Carbohydrates G.C.Percival. 9. Carbohydrates Chemistry and Biochemistry Pigman and Harton. 10.Heterocyclic Chemistry T.L.Gilchrist, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Delhi, (2005).
CHE-PhD-2 OR 5
Organic Spectroscopy
Unit I Electronic, Chiroptical and Vibrational Spectroscopy: Electronic and ChiropticalSpectroscopy :Introduction. Energy considerations.Experimental methods.Beer-Lamberts law.Theory and classification of electronic transitions.Terminology, substituent and solvent effects.UV spectral study of alkenes, dienes, polyenes, carbonyl and aromatic compounds. Steric effects, isobestic points, model compounds, charge transfer bands. ORD Cotton effect, Octant and Haloketone rules, Applications in the determination of configuration of cyclic and steroidal ketones. Unit-II Vibrational Spectroscopy:Introduction and Experimental methods. Units, Notation and Regions.Dispersive and FT-IR.Sampling techniques.Complimentarity of IR and Raman.Fundamental vibrations, overtones, Group frequencies, factors affecting group frequencies; Conjugation, inductive, resonance, steric effects.Mechanical coupling, Fermi resonance, Applications of IR in the study of H-bonding, stereoisomerism, tautomerism. Identification of the following organic compounds by IR : Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic compounds, Aldehydes, Ketones, Alcohols, Thiols, Acids, Acid chlorides, Amides, Amines, Esters, halides, nitro compounds, etc Unit III Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction- Magnetic properties of nuclei- Resonance condition. Field Frequency diagram.Precession of Nuclei, Relaxation- CW and PFT-methodsInstrumentation and Sample handling.Chemical shift- Mechanism of shielding and deshielding- in Alkanes, Alkyl halides, Alkenes, Aromatic compounds, Carbonyl compounds and Annulenes. Chemical shifts of Different types of Organic compounds. Empirical rules.Spin-spin coupling, geminal-vicinal coupling-Relative intensities.Karplus equation-Curve.Equivalence of protonschemical and magnetic equivalence. Spin-systems First order and second order patterns. Long Range coupling Spin decoupling, CIDNP, NOE.Lanthanide Shift reagents. Proton attached to elements other than carbon. Exchange phenomena, Temperature effects.
Unit-IV Multi-Nuclear NMR and Correlation Spectroscopy: 13C-NMR. Broad Band and Off resonance decoupling methods of detection. 13C- Chemical shifts of different classes of Organic compoundsAlkanes, Alkyl halides, Alkenes, Alcohols, Ethers, Carbonyl compounds and Aromatic compounds. 13C H Coupling DEPT. Introductory aspects of 15N, 19F, 31P - NMR. Correlation NMR
sequences.
FT-Methods.
1H
1H
(COSY)
and
13C
Mass Spectroscopy and Composite Problems: Ionisation and Mass analysis. Instrumentation, methods of ionization, EI, CI, DI, SI Methods.Fragmentation : principles, odd and EE ions, molecular ion and base peak, Nitrogen rule, metastable ions. Isotope effects in chloro and bromo compounds.Stevenson rule. Fragmentation of : i) Normal and Branched Alkanes. ii) Alkenes. iii) benzene and its derivatives. iv) Alcohols. v) Aldehydes. vi) Ketones. vii) Acids. viii) Esters. ix) Ethers. x) Amines. xi) Nitro compounds. xii) Halo compounds. xii) Peptides Reference: 1. Introduction to Spectroscopy by D.L.Pavia, G.M.Lampman and G.S.Kriz, 2. Saunders Golden Sunburst Series London, (1979). 3. Spectroscopic Identification of organic compounds by R.M.Silverstein and 4. F.X.Webster, 6th Edition, Wiley and Sons, India Ltd (2006). 5. Organic Spectroscopy by William Kemp, 3rd Edition, Palgrave publishers, (2002). 6. Organic Structural Spectroscopy by J.B. Lambert, H.F.Shurvell, D.A.Lightner, 7. R.G.Cooks, Prentice Hall Publishers, Jersey (1998). 8. Organic Spectroscopy by D.W.Brown, A.J.Floyd and M.Sainsbury, John Wiley and Sons. 9. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by J.R Dyer 10. Prentice Hall Publishers, New Delhi (1969). 11. Interpretation of Mass Spectroscopy by McLafferty. 12. Organic Spectroscopy by V.R. Dani, Tata McGraw-Hill, Ltd (1995). 13. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by P.S. Kalsi, 4th Edition, New Delhi (2005). 14. Organic Spectroscopy by Jag Mohan (Narosa Publishing House) 2001.
Unit IV Newer reactions:Mechanism and Strategic applications of the following Named reactions : i) Suzuki coupling. ii) Prins reaction iii) Shapiro reaction.iv) Mitsunobu reaction. v) Robinson annulation. vi) Junjappa Ila aromatic and heteroaromatic annulation. vii) PausonKhandreaction.viii) Simon -Smith reaction. ix) Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction x) Heck arylation.. xi) Hoffmann Loffler- Freytag Reaction Modern Techniques in Organic Synthesis..
Reference: 1. Organic Synthesis The Disconnection Approach - Stuart Warren 2. Designing Organic Synthesis Stuart Warren. 3. Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry H.O.House, W.A.Benjamin INC, New York (1969). 4. Principles of Organic Synthesis R.O.C.Norman and J.M.Coxon, 3rd Edition, Nelson Thrones, UK (2003). 5. Synthetic Approaches in Organic Chemistry Raj K. Bansal, Narosa Publishing House (1998). 6. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis Carruthers. 7. Organic Reactions and Their Mechanisms P.S. Kalsi, 2nd Edition, New Age International publishers (2002).
Unit-IV a) Six membered Heterocycles with one heteroatom :Synthesis and reactions of pyrilium salts and pyrones and their comparison pyridiniumand thiopyrylium salts and pyridones. Synthesis and reactions of coumarins, chromones.b) Six membered Heterocycles with two and more Heterocycles .Synthesis and reactions of diazines&triazines.c) Seven membered Heterocycles Synthesis and reactions of azepines, oxepines&thiepines. Reference: 1. Burger : Medicinal Chemistry. 2.A. Kar : Medicinal Chemistry (Wiley East) 3. W. O. Foye : Principals of medicinal chemistry. 4. Wilson, Gisvold&Dorque: Text book of organic medical and pharmaceutical chemistry 5. Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia. 6. R. M. Acheson : An introduction to chemistry of heterocyclic compounds
(Interscience). 7. Joule &Smith : Heterocyclic chemistry (Van Nostrand). 8. R. K. Bansal: Heterocyclic chemistry (Wiley E). 9. L. A. Paquitte : Principals of modern heterocyclic chemistry. 10. M. H. Palamer : The structure and reactions of heterocyclic compounds. 11. A. R. Katritzky: Advances in Heterocyclic chemistry (A.P.). 12. Finar: Organic chemistry (Vol. 1& 2) 13. Cohn &Stumpt : Outline of Biochemistry. 14. Williams : Introduction to the chemistry of enzyme action. 15. The Organic Chemistry of Drug design and Drug action, R. B. Silverman Academic press. 16. Strategies for Organic Drug synthesis and Design, D. Lednicer, J. Willey. 17. Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol-1-3, R. R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Veriag. 18. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme 19. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J. A. Joule, K. Mills and G. F. Smith, Chapman and Hall 20. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T. L. Gilchrist, Longman Scientific Technical 21. Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry, G. R. Nikome and W. W. Poudler, Willey. 22. An Introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds, R. M. Acheson, J. Willey 23. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A. R. Katrizky and C. W. Rees.
Reference: 1. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, F. A. Carey and R. A. Sundberg, , Fifth edition, Springer, New York, 2007 2. Mechanism and theory in organic chemistry, Second edition, T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Harper & Row, New York, 1981 3. Physical Organic Chemistry, N. S. Isaacs, ELBS, Longman, UK, 1987. 4. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds. Principles and Applications, D. Nasipuri, Second Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1994. Ch.2-6 and 9-12. 5. Stereochemistry, D. G. Morris, , RSC Tutorial Chemistry Text 1, 2001 6. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen, , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994. 7. Principles of Biochemistry 6th edition, 2006 - Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and LubertStryer (W.H. Freeman & Co.) 8. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th edition, 2008 - Nelson, D. L. and M. M. Cox. (W. H. Freeman &Co.). 9. Outlines of Biochemistry 5th edition 2001- Conn, E.E., Stumpf, P. K. Bruening, G. and Doi, R.H. (John Wiley and Sons). 10. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry - R.K. Murray et al. (McGraw Hill) .
Gibbs Duhem equation-partial molar volume- determination of fugacity- Thermodynamics derivation of Raoults Law. UNIT-II Surface phenomenon and phase equilibria- surface tension- capillary action- pressure difference across curved surface(young laplace equation)- Vapour pressure of small droplets(Kelvin equation)- Gibbs-Adsorption equation- BET- equation Estimation of surface area- catalytic activity of surfaces-ESCA and Augar electron spectroscopy. Surface active agents- classification of surface active agents- Micillisation- critical Micelle concentration (CMC) - factors affecting the CMC of surfactants, nicroemulsions- reverse licellesHydrophobic interaction. UNIT-III Electrochemistry-I- Electrochemical cells measurement of EMF Nernst equation Equilibrium constant from EMF data pH and EMF data- concentraon cells with and without transference Liquid junction potential and its determination Activity coefficients Determination by EMF
method- Determination of solubility product from EMF measurements. Debye Huckel limiting law and its verifications. Effect of dilution in equivalent conductance of electrolytes anomalous behaviour of strong electrolytes. Debye Huckel-Onsagar equation- verification and limitations- Bjerrum treatment of electrolytes- conduct metric titrations.
UNIT-IV Chemical kinetics- Methods of deriving rate laws- complex reactions- Rate expressions for opposing parallel and consecutive reactions involving unimolecular steps. Theories of reaction rates collision theory- Steric factor- Activated complex theory- thermodynamic aspects- Unimolecuar reactions- Lindemanns theory- Lindemann- Hinshelwood and RRKM theories. Reactions in solutions- Influence of solvent- Primary and secondary salt effects- Elementary account of linier free energy relationships Hammet- Taft equation- Chain reactions Rate laws of H2-Br2 , photochemical reaction of H2-Cl2 Decomposition of acetaldehyde and ethane Rice Herzfeld mechanism. References: 1. 2. 3. 4. Physical chemistry P.W. Atkins, Chemical Kinetics- KJ. Laidler, McGrawhill pub. The text book of physical chemistry, Samuel Glasstone, Mcmillan Pub. Physical Chemistry, G.W. Castellan. Narosa
Unit IV:
Chemical Dynamics: Dynamic Chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane), photochemical (hydrogen-bromine and hydrogen-chlorine reactions) and oscillatory reactions (Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction), homogeneous catalysis, kinetics of enzyme reactions, general features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by flow method, relaxation method, flash photolysis and the nuclear magnetic resonance method.
Reference Books:
(1) Barrow G M : Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, Mcgraw Hill Co. (1968). (2) Atkins P W : Physical Chemistry, 3rd Ed, EIBS (1987). (3) GlasstoneS : Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Affiliated East West Press. (4) GlasstoneS : Thermodynamic for Chemists, Affiliated East West Press. (5) Gurdeep and Rajesh : Thermodynamics, Goel Publishing House, Meerut. (6) Gowarikar U R, Vishwanathan N V, ShreedharJ : Polymer Science, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (7) Hennay H B : Solid State Chemistry, Prentice Hall Inc. (8) Laidler K J : Chemical Kinetics, Mcgraw Hill.
Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. R. West, Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 1984. L. Smart and E. Moore, Solid State Chemistry - An Introduction, Chapman & Hall, 1992. H. V. Keer, Principles of the Solid State, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1993. K. Chakrabarty, Solid State Chemistry, New Age Publishers, 1996.
Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. D. A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science Books, 1983. P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1983. I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 3rd edition, Allyn and Bacon, 1983. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Pearson Education, 2005. H. Kuhn, H.-D. Frsterling, and D.H. Waldeck, Principles of Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edn., Wiley, (2009). 6. J. P. Lowe, Quantum Chemistry, K. A. Peterson, Third edition, Academic Press, 2006. 7. Principles of quantum chemistry, R.K.Prasad, McgrwHill publications.
CHE-PhD-3 PH 9 PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Unit-I Principles and concepts: An overview of: Laws of photochemistry, Beer-Lambert law, electronic energy levels, atomic and molecular term symbols, singlet-triplet state, intensity and strength of electronic transition, selection rules for electronic transition, Jablonski diagram and hotophysical processes, Franck-Condon principle. Excited state lifetime, steady state and time resolved emission, factors affecting excited state energy: solvent effect, TICT. Unit-II Excited state kinetics, quantum yield expressions, excimer and exciplex, kinetics of luminescence quenching: static and dynamic, Stern-Volmer analysis, deviation from Stern-Volmer kinetics. Photoinduced electron transfer rates, free energy dependence of electron transfer on rate, Photoinduced energy transfer, FRET, rate and efficiency calculation of FRET. Unit-III Methods: Measurement of fluorescence and phosphorescence and lifetimes. Introduction to timeresolved techniques for absorption and emission measurements, detection and kinetics of reactive intermediates.Examples of low temperature matrix isolation of reactive intermediates. Unit-IV Reactions: Photochemistry of alkene, cis-trans isomerization, photocycloaddition reactions of alkene, photochemical electrocyclic and sigmatropic reactions, di-pi-methane rearrangment, electron transfer mediated reactions of alkene. Photochemistry of carbonyl compounds, Norrish type I and type II reactions, enone and dienonecycloadditions. Photochemistry of aromatic systems, electron transfer and nucleophilic substitution reactions.Photochemistry of nitro, azo and diazo compounds.Photochemistry involving molecular oxygen, generation and reactions of singlet oxygen. References: 1. Fundamental of Photochemistry, K. K. Rohatgi-Mukherjee, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1986. 2. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd Ed., J. R. Lakowicz, Springer, New York, 2006. 3. Fundamentals of Photoinduced Electron Transfer, G. J. Kavarnos, VCH publishers Inc., New York, 1993. 4. Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications, B. Valeur, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 2002. 5. Modern Molecular Photochemistry of Organic Molecules, N. J. Turro, V. Ramamurthy, J. C. Scaiano, University Science, Books, CA, 2010.
Reference: 1. Nuclear Chemistry and its applications By. Haissionsky Addison Wesley 2. Nuclear and Radio Chemistry By. G. Friedlander, J. W. Kennedy, E. S. Macias and J. M. Miller A Wiley Interscince Publication, John Wiley and Sons III rd Edition. 3. Radio Chemistry By An. N. Nesmeyanov, Mir Publishers. 4. Artificial Radioactivity By. K. NarayanaRao and H. J. Arnikar Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi
CHE-PhD-3 PH 11 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Unit-I Ionics:Ions in solution:Deviationf rom ideal behavior. Ionic act ivity, ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions.Expression for f ree energy. Debye-Huckel-Bjerrum model.Expression for the mean act ivitycoef f icient.Applicat ions of Debye-Huckel limiting law -Diverse ion effect Extent of dissociat ion of a weak electrolyte in the presence of an iner t electrolyte. Arrhenius theory.Limitat ions, vant Hof f factor and its relat ion to colligative proper t ies.Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes. Debye Huckel length and potent ial around a cent ral ion, its interpretat ion Transpor t of ions in Solut ion: Electrolytic conduct ion- Debye-Huckel-Onsager treatment of the conductance of strong electrolyte-Experimental ver if ication and limitat ions. Evidence for the existence of ionic atmosphere. Ion associat ion and triple ion format ions. Anomalous conductance of non aqueouselectrolyticsolut ion. Abnormal mobility of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. UNIT - II Electrical Double Layer: Introduction to electrical double layer Evidences for electrical double layer. Electrocapillary phenomena-Electro capillary curves, surfactants Lipmanns equat ion, interpretat ion and electro-kinetic phenomena. Zeta potential and its applicat ions. . Structure of electrical double layer Helmholtz-Perr in, Guoy-Chapmann and Stern models of electrical double layer- Applicat ions and limitat ions. UNIT - III Electrodics of elementary electrode reactions: Behavior of electrodes:Standard electrodes and electrodes at equilibrium. Ohmic and non-Ohmic behaviors .Study of electrode reaction.The model of three electrode system. Sign convent ions. Rates of electro chemical react ions. Over potential and chemical & electro chemical condit ions for the discharge of ions. . Rates of simple electrode react ions Elementary electron electrode process. But ler-Volmerequat ion-Exchange current density and symmetry factor-Experimental determinat ions-Electrode rectificat ion. Nernst equat ion as a special case of But ler -Volmerequat ion Reaction resistance- Polar isable& non-polarisable electrodes-Low and high f ieldapproximat ions-Tafelequat ions. . UNIT - IV Electrodics of multistep multi electron system: Rates of multi step electrode react ionsExamples of multi electron react ions. But ler -Volmerequat ion for a multi step reaction. The concept of rate determining step of an electrode react ion. Transfer coef f icients and stoichiometric number . Electro-chemical react ion mechanisms Proposal of electro-chemical reaction mechanismsElectrochemical react ion order. Surface coverage-Rate expressions.Reduct ion of (i) I3 - and (ii) Fe2+ . Dissolution of iron to iron(I I) . Over voltage and evolut ion of (i) oxygen and ( ii) hydrogen at differentpH. Symmetry factors vs transfer coef f icients. Reference: 1. J.O.M.Bockris and A.K.N.Reddy, Morden Electro chemistry vol.1 & 2, Plenum Press , New York ,1970. 2. S.Glasstone, Electro chemistry, Affiliated East-West Press, Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, 1974. 3. L.Antropov , Theoretical Electro Chemistry, Mir Publications , Moscow , 1977.
1. Steinfeld, J. I., Francisco, J.S. and W.L., Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998. 2. Baer, T and Hase, W.L., Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics: Theory Experiments, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996. 3. Allen, D.J. and Tildesley, M.P., Computer Simulation in Liquids, Oxford University Press , U.S.A., 1996. 4. Haile, J.M., Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Wiley, U.S.A., 1997. 5. Taylor, J.R., Scattering Theory: The Quantum Theory of Non-relativistic Collisions, Dover, New York, 2006. 6. Levine, R.D., Molecular Reaction dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 7. Levine, R.D., Quantum Mechanics of Molecular Rate Processes, Dover, New York, 1999. 8. W.H. Miller, in Dynamics of Chemical Reactions, ed.R.E. Wyatt, Marcel-Dekker, U.S. A., 1998.
hardness of water, magnesium and aluminium in antacids, magnesium, manganese and zinc in a mixture, titrations involving unidentate ligands-titration of chloride with Hg2+ and cyanide with Ag+. Reference: 1. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, Holler and Crouch 8th edition, 2005, Saunders College Publishing, New York. 2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, 5th ed., 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc, India. 3. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day and A.L. Underwood, 6th edition,1993 prentice Hall, Inc. New Delhi. 4. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes and M.J.K. Thomas, 6th edition, Third Indian Reprint.2003 Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Analytical Chemistry Principles, John H. Kennedy, 2nd edition, Saunders College Publishing, California, 1990.
Unit-III High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): Apparatus, pumps, column packing,characteristics of liquid chromatographic detectors-UV, IR, refractometer and fluorescence detectors,advantages and applications. Ion-exchange chromatography(IEC): Definitions, requirements for ion-exchange resin, synthesisand types of ion-exchange resins, principle, basic features of ion-exchange reactions, resin propertiesion-exchange capacity, resin selectivity and factors affecting the selectivity, applications of IEC inpreparative, purification and recovery processes. Exclusion chromatography: Theory and principle of size exclusion chromatography,experimental techniques for gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) and gel-permeationchromatography (GPC), materials for packing-factors governing column efficiency,methodology and applications. UNIT-IV Affinity chromatography: Definitions, separation mechanism-matrices, matrix activation, role ofspacer arms and applications.
Ultracentrifugation: Principle sedimentation constant, sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentationvelocity, methodology and applications. Capillary electrophoresis: Overview, types, the basis for electrphoretic separations, migration ratesand plate heights, electroosmotic flow, instrumentation, capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gelelectrophoresis, capillary isoelectrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing. Capillary electrochromatography: Packed column electrochromatography, micellarelectrokinetic capillary chromatography and applications. Supercritical fluid chromatography: Properties of supercritical fluids, instrumentation and operatingvariables, comparison of supercritical to other types of chromatography, applications.Supercritical fluid extraction: Advantages of supercritical fluid extraction, instrumentation, supercritical fluid choice, off-line and on-line extractions, typical applications of supercritical fluidextraction. Reference: 1. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, Holler and Crouch 8th edition, 2005, Saunders College Publishing, New York. 2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, 5th ed., 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc, India. 3. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day and A.L. Underwood, 6th edition,1993 prentice Hall, Inc. New Delhi. 4. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes and M.J.K. Thomas, 6th edition, Third Inidan Reprint.2003 Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Analytical Chemistry Principles, John H. Kennedy, 2nd edition, Saunders College Publishing, California, 1990.
CHE-PhD-4 AN 5 SPECTROSCOPY
Unit-I Electromagnetic Radiations: Introduction, nature and interaction of electromagnetic radiation, classification of electromagnetic radiation, atomic and molecular transitions, selection rules, factors influencing intensity and position of spectral lines. Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic and poly atomic molecules, types of transition and their theoretical interpretation. Ligand field and charge transfer spectra, Beers law Lamberts law. Beer-Lambert law, limitations; chromophores, auxochromes, effect of substituents on position and intensity of an absorption band. Instrumentation, effect of solvent and structure on max, prediction of max for polyenes, ,-unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones (Wood WardFiesers Rules), aromatic systems and their derivatives, application quantitative and qualitative, spectrometric titrations, simultaneous determination of copper and a nickel in a mixture Pka value of an indicator. Unit-II IR Spectroscopy: Theory, types and number of modes of vibrations, selection rules, group frequencies and their dependence on chemical environment (bond order, conjugation, hydrogen bonding, ring size, over tones, Fermi resonance, instrumentation, Interpretation of IR, application to structural elucidation of simple molecules, effects of coordination and symmetry of the donor molecules, effects of coordination and symmetry of donor molecules the IR spectra. Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Introduction, Principle, flames and flame spectra vibration of emission intensity with flames, flame back ground, metallic spectra inflame, total consumption and premix burners, interferences, role of temperature on absorption, atomic absorption spectroscopy, sources, hallow cathode lamp, line sources, comparative study of AAS and flame spectroscopy; applications of AAS and Flame photometry. Luminescence Spectroscopy (Molecular Luminescence): Introduction, Fluorescence and phosphorescence, excited states, deactivation processes, variable that affect fluorescence and phosphorescence. Relation between intensity and concentration, Instrumentation, Basic difference in the measurement of fluorescence and phosphorescence, general scope of application, comparison of flourimetry and phosphometry, Flourescent indicators, applications; flourimetric analysis of inorganic, organic, pharmaceutical and biological materials; chemilumineacencess.
Unit-III Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Types of nuclei, (classical and quantum) relaxation process-chemical shifts, mechanism of shielding, factors influencing chemical shifts, spin-spin coupling, rules governing the interpretation of first order spectra, Low and high resolution NMR, Karplus equation, line broadening, chemical exchange, Decoupling techniques, shift reagents, fluxional molecules, nuclear Over Hauser effect, COSY-2D NMR, continuous wave and FT NMR, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Application to structure elucidation of simple organic molecules. Use of NMR in paramagnetic complexes, FTNMR, C13 NMR-basic theory, natural abundance of C13 NMR, chemical shift, multiplicity of signal, applications, NMR of solids. Unit-IV Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy: Basic principle, interaction between electron spin and magnetic field; Origin of spectral lines; intensity, width and position of spectral lines; Relaxation process; multiplicity in ESR hyper fine splitting; g-value and factors affecting; Rules for interpretation of spectra; zero field splitting and Krammers degeneracy, John-Tellers distortion, isotropic and Anisotropic coupling constants; Nuclear quadrapole coupling interaction; spin Hamiltonian, ESR spectra of radical containing a single set of equivalent protons-methyl, p-benzoquine anion, cyclopentadienyl, benzene, cycloheptatrienyl anions; ESR spectra of transition metal complexes; applications. Mass Spectrometry: Introduction, basic theory, instrumentation, mass spectrometer. Methods of generation of positive charged ions, chemical ionization, fast atom bombardment (FAB), mass analyzers resolving power, molecular ion peak, base peak, meta stable peak, modes of fragmentations, McLafferty rearrangement, Retro Diels Alder reaction, ortho effect, structural elucidation of some organic compounds, negative ion mass spectrometry, determination of appearance potential and ionization potential, determination of molecular weight and molecular formulae, application of mass spectrometry in quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Reference: 1. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis R.D. Braun 1986. 2. Molecular structure and Spectroscopy G. Aruldas, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi. 3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Skoog, Hollar and Niemann, Harcourt Asian Pvt ltd India, New Delhi, 5th edition 1998. 4. Instrumental method of chemical analysis B.K. Sharma, Goel publishing House, Meerut 2000. 5. Instrumental method of analysis Willard, merit and Dean, 7th edition 1998. 6. Organic spectroscopy William Kemp, 3rd Edition ELBS 1991. 7. Organic spectroscopy Kalasi, Tata Mc.Graw Hill 1993. 8. Identification of organic compounds, Silerstain, Bessler and Morril. John Wiley and Sons, 5th edition 1991. 9. Element of magneto chemistry R.I. Duna and Symal, 2nd Edition, Affiliated, East-West press Pvt.Ltd. 10. Nuclear Nagnetic Resonance, Basic principles, Atta-ur-Rahman, springer Verleg, New York, Inc. 1986.
Reference: 1. Chemistry of the elements N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon press, 1985 2. Inorganic chemistry J.E. Huheey. 3. Inorganic polymers G.R. Chatwal, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi. 4. Solid state chemistry and its applications- A.R.West. John Wiley and Sons.
magnesium.Micronutrient elements and their analysis.Pesticide residues in soil, their separation and determination. Reference: 1. Standard Methods of chemical Analysis, A.J.Weleher(part B), Robert E.Kriegor Publishing Co.USA, 1975. 2. Environmental chemistry, S.E. Manahan Willard grant press, London, 1983. 3. Environmental chemical Analysis, Iain L Marr and Malcolm S. Cresser, Blackie and Son, ltd, London, 1983. 4. Chemistry for environmental engineering, Chair N. Sawyer and Perry L. M Canty, Mcgraw Hill Book, Co., Newyork 1975. 5. The Air Pollution Hand Book, Richard Mabey, Penguin, 1978. 6. The pollution Hand Book, Richard Mabey, Ponguin 1978. 7. Soil Chemical Analysis, M.L.Jackson, Prentice Hall of India pvt, ltd., New Delhi,1973. 8. Experiments in environmental chemistry,P.D.Vowler, and D.W.Counel, Pergamon press, Oxford 1980. 9. Manual Soil Laboratory Testing-vol I, K.H. Head, Pentech Press, London 1980. 10. A Text Book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control., S.S. Dara, S.Chand and co. Ltd. New Delhi 2004. 11. Air pollution Vol II edn. by A.C. Stern, Academic Press Newyork, 1968. 12. Instrumental Methods for automatic air monitoring systems in Air Pollution Control, PartIII edn by W.Stranss, John-wiley and sons, New york, 1978. 13. Analysis of Air pollutants, P.O.Warner, John Wiley and sons, New York, 1976. 14. The Chemical Analysis Air pollutants, Interscience, New York, 1960. 15. The Analysis of air pollutants, W.Liethe, Ann Arbor Science Pub.Inc. Michigan 1970. 16. Environmental chemistry, A. K. De.
Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Modern Spectroscopy, J M Hollas, John Wiley & Sons, 4thEdn, 2004 Modern Optical Spectroscopy, William W Parson, Springer, Student Edn, 2009 Fundamentals of Photochemistry, K KRohatgi-Mukhejee, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1992 Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, J R Lakowicz, Springer, 3rdEdn, 2006 Laser Spectroscopy- Basic concepts and instrumentation W. Demtroder (Springer 3rd edition, 2004) .
1. Atmospheric chemistry and Physics by John H. Seinfeld, Spyros N. Pandis; Second edition, John Wiley, 1997. 2. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry by Daniel J. Jacob, Princeton University Press, 1999. 3. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry by Peter V. Hobbs, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2000.
Unit-IV Drug Types - II (a) Antiinfective drugs: Mode of action and synthesis of sulphonamides, furazolidone, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, daspone, isoniazide. (b) Antipyretic Analgesics: Classification and mode of action of antipyretic analgesics; Synthesis of paracetamol, chincophan, Novalgin and mefenamic acid. (c) Antihistamines: SAR and mode of action of H1-receptor antagonists; Synthesis of bromazine, mepyramine, methapyriline, antazoline, promethazine and phenindamine. (d) Antimalarial drug: Nitrogen heterocycles as antimalarial agents, their classification and mode of action, synthesis of chloroquine, pamaquine, primaquine, Mepacrine and pyrimethamine. Introductory idea on Artemisinin, artemether and arteether. Reference: 1. Burger. Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vol-1, Ed. M. E. Wolff, John Wiley (1994). 2. Goodman & Gilman. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-HilI (2005). 3. S. S. Pandeya& J. R. Dimmock.Introduction to Drug Design, New Age International.(2000). 4. D. Lednicer. Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design, John Wiley (1998). 5. Graham & Patrick. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry (3rd edn.), OUP (2005).
1. F.W. Billmeyer, Jr., Text Book of Polymer Science, 3 edition (1984), Wiley-Interscience, New York.
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2. G. Odien, Principles of Polymerization, 3 edition (1991) John Wiley & Sons, Singapore. 3. P. Bahadur and N.V. Sastry, Principles of Polymer Science, (2002) Narosa, New Delhi.
Reference: 1. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry by D. A. Skuog , D. M. West and F. J. Honer, W. B. Saunders. 2. Chromic phenomenon , The Technological application of color chemistry Peter Bamfield .
Unit-II Nanomaterials and composites Introduction, Nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH) - Synthesis, Characterization; Epoxy nanocomposites, Epoxylayered silicate nanocomposites, Epoxy-nanocomposites based on other nanofillers, Ternary epoxy nanocomposite systems, Biodegradable polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites, Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite technology, structure-property relationships, olypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites, Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites, Organically modified clay, polystyrene/clay nanocomposite, Poly(ethyl acrylate)/bentonitenanocomposites, Nanocomposites based on water soluble polymers, Rubber-clay nanocomposites, Flammability and thermal stability of nanocomposites, Barrier properties of nanocomposites, Nanotubes, nanoparticles and inorganicorganic hybrid systems, Single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy, Fullerene/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites, Filled polymer nanocomposites containing functionalized nanoparticles, Magnetic polymer nanocomposites, Polymer/graphite nanocomposites, Wear resisting polymer nanocomposites.
Unit-III Nanomagnetic Materials Basics of ferromagnetism, Effect of bulk structuring of Magnetic properties, Dynamics of Nanomagnets,Nanopore containment of magnetic properties, Nanocarbonferromagnets, Giant Magnetoresistance, Colossal magnetoresistance, Applications in data storage, Feerofluids, Band structure in magnetic fields,Parallel and perpendicular field, Magnetic susceptibilities, Disorder order transformations, Superparamagnetism, Effect of grain-size, Magneto-transport, Fermis golden rule and mean free path, Ballistic vs. diffusive regimes, Persistent currents, Magnetization, Ferroelectrics, Electronic Properties and Quantum Effects, Magneto-electronics:Magnetism and Magnetotransport in Layered Structures, Magnetooptics.
Thin films, Atomic layer deposition (ALD), Electrochemical deposition (ECD), Sol-Gel films. Special Nano Materials, Carbon fullerence and nano tubes: carbon fullerness ,formation, properties and applications. Carbon nano tubes: formation and applications Unit-IV Surface Science with Nanomaterials: Scanning-tunnelling microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, magnetic-force microscopy (MFM), scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), etc. Important technical aspects: electronics, vibration-isolation, actuators and motors for nanodisplacements, etc. Applications: microscopy, spectroscopy, tribology and atomic manipulation. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics, AFM/FFM and Various Measurement Techniques, Friction and Adhesion, Friction Force Microscopy in UltraHigh Vacuum, The Tomlinson Model, Thermal Effects on Atomic Friction, Wear on the Atomic Scale, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Atomic Friction and Wear, Surface Forces and Nanorheology, Types of Surface Forces, Methods Used to StudySurface Forces, Normal Forces Between Dry (Unlubricated) Surfaces, Normal Forces Between Surfaces in Liquids, Adhesion and Capillary Forces, Self-Assembled Monolayers. Reference: 1. Nanomaterials AK Bandyopadhyay, Newage International (p) limited publishers. 2. Nanomaterials- J Dutta and H Hofmann 3. Nanostructured materials processing, properties and applications- Carl C Koch, Jaico publishing house. 4. Nanotechnology- William Illsey Atkinson, Jaico publishing house.