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Ch. 5.4
A black hole is an accumulation of mass so dense that nothing can escape its gravitational force, not even light. Two types of black holes exist : Small: Heavy stars collapse under their own gravitation after burning out, forming a supernova. If they have enough mass (>30 solar masses), they collapse into a black hole (after shedding 90% of their mass). Large: A black hole with millions of solar masses lurks at the center of many galaxies including ours.
Simulated view of a black hole of 10 solar masses viewed from 600 km, just before falling in (acceleration of 400 million g). The black hole acts as strong gravitational lens (Lect. 16, Slides 8,9).
Supernova in a distant galaxy The supernova is about as bright as 400 billion other stars in the galaxy.
This star was not heavy enough to become a black hole. It is now a neutron star at the center of the exploding gases.
Indirect way to detect black holes: Artists view of a black hole drawing matter from a nearby normal star. Hot gas forms an accretion disk around the black hole. Jets are emitted along the rotation axis. Such features are observed for both small and large black holes, as well as for neutron stars.
Three images of the Crab Nebula Need X-ray vision to see accretion disk and jets.
X-rays (hot)
Visible
Infrared (cool)
A pair of jets emitted from a black hole, but on a much grander scale: This giant black hole sits at the center of a galaxy. The jets are imaged by a radio telescope array at =6 cm. This is the brightest radio source in the sky (Cygnus A), despite its huge distance of 0.6 billion light years.
Spitzer: Infrared
COBE satellite 1996: Got the first results. Nobel prize 2006
WMAP satellite 2003: Higher resolution. Larger features of the COBE picture reproduced. Planck satellite 2009: Detects polarization.