Performance Analysis of VMC and CMCs of

Switch-Mode Converters for Photovoltaic

Applications

Abstract- The voltage mode control (VMC) technique of switch-
mode converters has been widely used in renewable PV system
applications. The feasibility of the current mode control (CMC)
techniques in PV applications is also promising because of the
irregular nature of the PV source. This paper presents a
comparative assessment of the VMC and four different CMCs of
switch-mode converters for photovoltaic (PV) applications.
Voltage control, average current control, current programmed
control, hysteretic current control and nonlinear career control
methods are considered in this paper. The feasibility of these
control techniques has been investigated considering the input
fluctuations and load variations. Transient analysis, parameter
sensitivity and harmonic analysis of PV systems have been
analyzed as well. The performance of the above controllers as
PV converter controller has been investigated and compared for
the same input conditions and circuit parameters.
Keywords: Voltage mode control, current mode control,
photovoltaic system, switch-mode converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the interest in solar power generation is
increasing because of rising fuel price and environmental
concerns. The PV system requires enhanced control and
operation strategy to improve the power supply stability and
reliability [1-2]. Currently, the PV power system suffers from
high cost and low efficiency though it has abundant and free
generating source [3]. Moreover, as the PV power is fully
dependent on weather conditions, its control requires reliable
regulation. Generally, PV array power becomes usable after a
dc-dc conversion followed by a dc-ac conversion. The former
stage usually boosts up the voltage and ensures maximum
utilization of PV array power while the latter stage does the
dc-ac conversion and load or utility interaction [4]. Since
some appliances are fed with dc power [5], it is better to have
control over dc-dc converter as well as the inverter. Fig.1
shows the block diagram of a typical PV system.
Control strategies have high importance in photovoltaic
applications. In addition to extracting the maximum power
from the input source, the input side controller is also
responsible for the protection of the converters [6]. Many of
the literatures recommend the voltage mode control
techniques for ease of implementation, good noise immunity
and stability irrespective of the duty ratio [7]. Disadvantages
of the current mode control are mentioned in some literatures
in current sensing, sub-harmonic oscillation instability and
signal to noise ratio [8]. Some recent works offer the
solutions for typical problems of current mode control [8-11].
These reference papers have addressed the problems of
current control methods and propose the solutions for easy
compensation of external ramp to prevent sub harmonic
oscillation for enhancement of the stability of the feedback
loop and to increase the noise immunity.
Current mode control methods are recommended for the
systems natured with current source power supply, where
faster dynamic response is needed. Current mode control is
also suitable to eliminate delayed response and gain variation
with changes in input voltages [12-17]. Considering the facts
mentioned above, it seems that the current control method can
be a good solution for PV system control.
In this paper, different control strategies of the dc-dc
converter for PV applications are investigated to evaluate
their performances in order to optimize the operation of the
PV systems. This paper is organized as follows: PV
characteristics and the converter control methods are
reviewed in Section II, Control strategies of switch-mode
converter for photovoltaic application are discussed in section
III. Simulation results are presented in section IV. A
Comparative analysis of the VMC and CMCs is given in
section V. Finally, conclusions are drawn in section VI.
II. PV CHARACTERISTICS
A PV module, which converts light into electricity, can be
modeled as a single diode model, as shown in Fig.2. The
relationship among different currents and voltages of the
equivalent circuit model of PV module is given by the well
known KCL and KVL,
0 = I
R
V
I I
sh
D
D LG
(1)
s D
IR V V = (2)
where, I
LG
(A) is the light generated current; I
D
is the diode
current; V
D
is the voltage drop across the diode; R
sh
() is the
shunt resistance; R
s
() is the series resistance; I (A) and V
(V) are PV module output current and voltage, respectively.
K. N. Hasan, M. E. Haque and M. Negnevitsky
Centre for Renewable Energy and Power Systems
School of Engineering
University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
Email: knhasan@utas.edu.au, mehaque@utas.edu.au,
Michael.Negnevitsky@utas.edu.au
K. M. Muttaqi
Integral Energy Power Quality and Reliability Centre
School of Electrical, Computer and
Telecommunication Engineering
University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Email: kashem@uow.edu.au
315 978-1-4244-1766-7/08/$25.00 2008
The operating equation of the PV module can be easily
derived as [18],
sh
R
s
IR V s
IR V
nkT
q
e
sat
I I I
LG
+

+
= 1
) (
(3)
where, I
sat
(A) is the PV module saturation current; T (K) is
the PV module temperature and k is Boltzmann constant.
The electrical output characteristics of the PV module are
shown in Fig. 3. This figure is exposed to a specified amount
of irradiance level (1000 Wm
-2
) at a constant ambient
temperature (25
0
C). The PV panel is operated usually at or
near maximum power point (MPP) for optimum performance
of the system.
III. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF SWITCH-MODE CONVERTER
FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
Several methods are proposed for the control of dc-dc
converters. The working principles of the voltage mode
control and four most popular current mode control methods
are briefly explained and their performances are analyzed.
A. Voltage control
The implementation of VMC is simple. The controller
senses the output voltage and compares it with a reference
voltage to make an error signal. Then the error signal
provides the duty ratio as switching pulses. The simple block
diagram of the VMC is shown in Fig. 4.
B. Average current control
Average current control (ACC) method senses the input
current and compares it with a reference voltage. Comparison
of the voltage proportional to the input current (i
s
) and
feedback voltage produces an error signal to drive the
controller and the PWM modulator. Fig.5 presents the block
diagram of the ACC.
C. Current programmed control
In this method, converter switch current (i
sw
) is sensed and
compared with the control current. Control current comes
from the feedback loop. The comparator output drives a latch
which passes the switching signal. The block diagram of the
CPC is shown in Fig. 6.
D. Hysteretic current control
The hysteretic current control (HCC) method operates at a
variable frequency. The hysteretic controller provides the
gating signal for switch on-off as necessary to maintain a
waveform within a given limit. The switch is either on or off
position according to the response of zero current detector
(ZCD). ZCD senses the inductor current (i
L
). Fig.7 shows the
block diagram of HCC.
E. Nonlinear career control
The nonlinear career control (NCC) method uses a current
transformer to obtain the switch current (i
sw
), which is then
integrated. The output of the integrator is compared with the
output of the nonlinear career generator. The career voltage is










Fig. 1. Block diagram of the simulated PV system.
+

V
I
R
s
R
sh
I
LG
V
D
I
D

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of PV module.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PV module output voltage, Vpv (V)
P
V

m
o
d
u
l
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

I
p
v

(
A
)

a
n
d

p
o
w
e
r
,

P
p
v

(
W
)


Ppv-Vpv
Ipv-Vpv

Fig. 3. Current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of a PV module at
a constant temperature and specified irradiance.






Fig. 4. Block diagram of voltage mode control method for the control of
photovoltaic boost converter.
DC-DC converter
G
cv
(s)
G
c
(s)

i
s
v
s
v
out
V
ref
d(t)
+
-
+ -

Fig. 5. Block diagram of average current control method for the control of
photovoltaic boost converter.
DC-DC converter
G
cv
(s)
S-R latch

i
sw
v
s
v
out
V
ref
d(t)
+
-
+
+
Clock

Fig. 6. Block diagram of current programmed control method for the control
of photovoltaic boost converter.
DC-DC converter
G
c
(s)

v
out
V
ref
d(t)
+
-
PV
source
DC-DC
converter
DC-AC
inverter Load
Control Control
=

=
=
316 978-1-4244-1766-7/08/$25.00 2008
generated from the double integration of the feedback
voltage. Then, the output of the comparator goes to the latch
which generates gating pulses. The block diagram of the NCC
is shown in Fig 8.
As the PV source is usually assumed as current source,
current control method can be a suitable solution for
converter control dilemma in PV systems.
There are some factors to be considered for the current
mode control techniques. Those are modulator gain, slope
compensation and the suitable slope of the compensating
ramp. The slope compensation depends on the relation of
average current to the value of the current at the time the
sample is taken [19].
Control-to-output gain of a boost converter can be expressed
as,
) (
1
R K R
R
K
V
V
m out
out
m
c
out
+
= (4)
where, the current sense gain,
s
R G R =
1 1
, the current sense
amplifier gain, G
1
, the resistance of the series resistor, R
s
, the
modulator voltage gain,
( )
out
SL
m
V
V
L
T
R D
K
+
=
1
5 . 0
1
(5)
and the fixed slope,
T S V
E SL
= (6)
The dominant pole of the transfer function appears at,

+ =
1
1 1 1
R K R C
m out out
p
(7)
The inductor pole appears when the impedance of the
inductor equals the current loop gain,
L
R K
m
L
1

= (8)
An optimal compensating slope can ensure the stability of
the current loop, by damping the tendency of sub harmonic
oscillation. The optimum slope of the ramp presented in the
modulating comparator input is equal to the sum of the
absolute value of the inductor up-slope and down slope scaled
by the current sense gain.
Hence, the current mode slope compensation is,
L
R
V
T
V
in
ramp
1
= (9)
Ramp slope for the boost converter can be expressed as,
Up-slope,
L
R
V
in
1
(10)
Down-slope,
L
R
V V
in out
1
) ( (11)
The type of control has been analyzed here uses the
instantaneous value of the inductor current once in every
switching cycle to control either the turn-on or turn-off of the
power switches.
DC-DC converter
G
cv
(s)
S-R latch

i
sw
v
s
v
out
V
ref
d(t)
+
-

i
L ZCD

Fig. 7. Block diagram of hysteresis current control method for the control of
photovoltaic boost converter.
DC-DC converter
G
cv
(s)
S-R latch

i
sw
v
out
V
ref
d(t)
+
-
Clock

Fig. 8. Block diagram of nonlinear current control method for the control of
photovoltaic boost converter.
Inductor current
Sensed voltage
Error voltage
Ramp voltage
On
PWM
Off

Fig. 9. General concept of current control method for the control of
photovoltaic boost converter.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A simulation model has been developed using
Matlab/Simulink/Simpower dynamic system simulation
software. A Simulink model of PV module, shown in fig.10,
is used as the PV source [20]. This model takes solar
irradiance and PV module current as input and gives PV
module voltage and power as the output. Different parameters
of the circuit, such as short circuit current, open circuit
voltage, current and voltage at MPP can also be set in the
model. The PV module is designed for 3kW output power
which can support a typical residential system. The dc-dc
converter of the system is designed for 200V dc input
voltage, which can be boosted up to 400V dc. The inverter
output provides a 230 V, 50 Hz voltage while 2 kW, 3 phase
parallel RLC load is fed by the PV system. The simulation
model is designed according to the system power capability
requirements. All of the PI and PID controller parameters of
the control loops are tuned using Zeigler-Nichols tuning
method and have chosen the optimum values for the system
specifications [21]. Table I shows the specifications of the
system. The parameters are chosen on trial and error basis to
support the specified loads.
The responses of different control techniques on PV power
conversion systems are obtained from simulation results.
Figs. 11-18 show the results of PV systems using voltage
control and four current control techniques discussed earlier.
System stability, transient response and power quality (PQ)
issues are investigated.
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A. Effect of Control on Converter Output Voltage
Output voltages of the dc-dc boost converters for PV
applications are shown in Fig.11 using VMC and four
different CMCs. The VMC (15%), ACC (25%) and CPC
(42%) get high percentage of overshoot. The HCC has a low
overshoot and only a small fluctuation of the output voltage.
The NCC has also no overshoot though it contains some
ripple at the output voltage. Here, the VMC (396V), ACC
(395V), CPC (398V) and NCC (405V) can support the
desired 400V output voltage level at the converter output,
while the HCC (373V) is far below this level.
B. Effect of Control on Dynamic Performance
Dynamic responses of the control methods are presented in
Fig.12. To investigate the dynamic performance, loads are
disconnected at time 0.6 sec. and then connected again at time
0.7 sec. By this time, the VMC and ACC get a voltage
fluctuation of 29% below and 34% above of its steady state
value. For CPC, voltage goes down by 33% and rises up to
51% of average dc level. HCC (27% below and 40% above)
and NCC (53% below and 15% above) also suffer significant
fluctuations in output voltage during dynamic response
analysis.
C. Effect of Input Variations on Control Schemes
The simulation system is designed such a way that it can
support for 200V input. If the input is around 10% below and
above the specified limit, then the converter output voltage is
like as in fig.13. The HCC offers the best performance with
input variations. After changing the input voltage to dc-dc
converter by 10%, the output voltage of dc-dc converter
changes for VMC (by 4%), ACC (by 2%) and CPC (by 3%)
while HCC (by 1.5%) and NCC (by 2.6%) gets fluctuations
and ripple.
D. Effect of Parameter Sensitivity on Control Schemes
To investigate the control techniques with parameter
sensitivity, the input inductor of a boost converter is changed
from 10mH to 100 mH. Obtained results are shown in Fig.14.
In this case, the CPC is the most sensitive to parameter
changes. Output voltage of the VMC and CPC changes by
2%. The HCC offers good results in this case. Dynamic
response is highly fluctuates for the ACC (397V-400V) and
the CPC (390V-400V). The HCC (372V-373V) and the NCC
(325V-329V) reacts favorably in this case.
E. Effect of External Disturbance on Control Schemes
PV system is subjected to sudden external disturbance
from the input side. The disappearance of sunlight for
sometimes due to cloud is a common event. With sudden
external disturbance, such as insolation falls to zero and then
regains again, the CPC (345V-440V) offers the best result, as
shown in Fig.15. In this case, the NCC (80V-430V) shows
the worst performance. The performance of the VMC (200V-
550V), ACC (180V-580V) and the HCC (215V-374V) are
also not satisfactory.
Vpv
2
Ppv
1
Switch
Saturation
Product
Ns
Ns
MinMax
max
Gain 1
Rs
Gain
G
Fcn1
Io*(exp(u/Vt )-1)
Fcn
-Vt*log ((u/Io)+1)
Constant
Diode
Algebraic Constraint
f (z) z
Solve
f(z) = 0
1/Rp
1/Rp
Insolation
2
Ipv
1

Fig. 10. Simulink model of the PV module.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


CPC
ACC
NCC HCC VMC

Fig. 11. Output voltage of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
CMCs.
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


HCC
ACC
CPC
VMC
NCC

Fig. 12. Dynamic Response of output voltage of photovoltaic boost
converter using VMC and CMCs.
180 184 188 192 196 200 204 208 212 216 220
300
315
330
345
360
375
390
405
420
435
450
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Input Voltage (V)
NCC
HCC
CPC
ACC
VMC

Fig. 13. Output voltage of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
different CMCs. (input voltage varies between 180V to 220V)

318 978-1-4244-1766-7/08/$25.00 2008
F. Effect of Control on inductor currents
Value of inductor current is an important phenomenon
since it has great impact on IGBT switch selection. Effects of
control techniques on inductor currents of the dc-dc converter
are shown in Fig.16. Initially the current rises up to 160, 165
and 164A for VMC, ACC and CPC, respectively. For HCC
the initial current spike is 80A while for NCC it is 50 A. The
steady state value of inductor current is within 20A to 22 A
for VMC, ACC and HCC. CPC has average inductor current
of 6A whereas for NCC this is 45 A.
G. Effect of Load Change on Control Schemes
To investigate the performance of the control strategy of
dc-dc PV converter regarding load variation, load is changed
from 1kW to 3 kW (Fig. 17). Firstly, 3 kW load is fed by the
PV system. Then, at 0.4 sec. time, another 3 kW load is added
in parallel. At this time, voltage level is rises for the HCC and
the NCC by 20%. But, for the VMC, ACC and the CPC,
some fluctuations occur at the voltage level. At the time of
0.6 sec, three 3kW loads are connected in parallel to the
system. There is no significant change of voltage at this load
variation. After that, at the time of 0.8 sec., the system returns
again to 3 kW loads. The simulation result suggests that the
HCC and the NCC is the most responsive with load change.
On the other hand, the CPC shows the best performance with
load fluctuations. The VMC and ACC also perform well with
modified loads.
H. Effect of Control on Inverter Harmonics
The THD is an important factor of PV power system since
switching action and power electronic interfaces are
associated with this system. Simulation study reveals that the
simulated system offers THD below the IEEE standard
recommended limits (THD<5%) [22]. The HCC shows best
performance regarding THD whereas the VMC has the
highest THD among all of the observed control methods (Fig.
18). Among the CMCs, ACC offers the highest THD.
VI. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTROL METHODS
Table II represents different power quality (PQ) issues of
PV systems associated with voltage mode control (VMC) and
four different current mode control techniques. It is shown
that the VMC has the highest settling time and high
overshoot. Transient response of the VMC is also not
satisfactory. The ACC has very high overshoot and the
highest THD. This control method performs well during
transient response and in case of sudden load changes. The
ACC and NCC provides high ripple (6%) in converter output
voltage. The ACC has the highest settling time (0.45 s) while
the NCC reaches very fast to its final steady state value. The
CPC shows good performance in case of input variations,
load changes and external disturbances. Overshoot is very
high for the CPC. It offers the worst dynamic performance.
On the other hand, the HCC provides very low percentage of
overshoot. The HCC also shows a promising result regarding
input variations. The response of the HCC is the worst with
load changes. The NCC is not suitable for input variations,
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


CPC
VMC
ACC
NCC
HCC

Fig. 14. Output voltage of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
different CMCs. (input inductor changes from 10 mH to 100 mH)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


NCC
VMC
ACC
CPC
HCC

Fig. 15. Output voltage of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
different CMCs. (solar irradiance changes from 1000 Wm
-2
to 0 Wm
-2
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)


NCC HCC CPC ACC VMC

Fig. 16. Inductor current of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
CMCs.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)


3 kW 3kW||3kW||3kW 3kW||3kW 3 kW
HCC
NCC
ACC
CPC
VMC

Fig. 17. Output voltage of photovoltaic boost converter using VMC and
different CMCs.

319 978-1-4244-1766-7/08/$25.00 2008
load changes and external disturbances. The NCC performs
well concerning parameter sensitivity. Table II reveals that
the output voltage of inverter is within the desired band limit
for all of the current control methods. Simulation results
demonstrate that the THD remains within acceptable limits
for all four methods although the HCC provides the best
performance (2.33%).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The performance analysis of VMC and CMCs of switch-
mode converters under various operating conditions for
photovoltaic applications are presented in this paper. A PV
system together with its converter and different controllers
are implemented using Matlab/Simulink/Simpower. The
performances of the VMC, ACC, CPC, HCC, and NCC
techniques have been analysed and compared. Transient
response and power quality issues of the PV systems operated
with different current controllers at different working
conditions have been investigated. Effects of input variations,
load fluctuations and external disturbances have also been
examined. It is evident from the simulation study that none of
the control method can offer an ideal solution. The control
techniques can be selected based on the operating conditions.

0
1
2
3
4
5
VMC ACC CPC HCC NCC
T
H
D

(
%
)

Fig. 18. THD of VMC and CMCs at the output of the inverter.
TABLE I
SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
Input voltage 180 ~ 220 V
Switching frequency 25 kHz
Converter mode VMC, CMC
Inductor value 10 mH
Capacitor value 500 F
Converter output voltage 380 V dc
Inverter output voltage 230 V ac
TABLE II
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CONTROL METHODS
Criterion

Control

VMC ACC CPC HCC NCC
Converter output (V) 396 395 398 373 405
Converter output ripple (V)
8 6 2 1.5 6
Delay time (sec) 0.04 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.0045
Rise time (sec) 0.06 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.025
Settling time (sec) 0.50 0.45 0.17 0.12 0.04
% Overshoot 15 25 42 0.8 no
Inverter output (V) 233 234 230.7 233.4 236.7
THD of inverter (%) 4.5 3.69 3.04 2.33 2.35


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