CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The design and construction of underground transmission line differs from the overhead line due to several significant challenges that need to overcome. The first one is the insulation material to cover a cable between few inches from the grounded material and the dissipating heat during the operational of electric cable. Transmission and distribution of electric energy requires cables that can withstand the chemical, mechanical and electromagnetic stress during the transmission and installation. In power transmission, the idea of utilizing fiber optic cable (FOC) can be considered as a novel approach since many features that found in FOC can be used to enhance the disadvantages associated with the copper cables.Fiber-provided electrical power has the advantage of providing total immunity from electrical noice and complete isolation of the source and system (Ari & Taplamacioglu,2010).

For power transmission through underground route where it is constatntly exposed with chemical reaction from the soil and fluctuation in temperature due to electrical transmission and its surrounding humidity, the fiber that is made of silica glass for its core is much stronger and durable especially when it is covered with a jacket compared to copper (per unit area). For places where high voltage circuits are situated, utilizing FOC can be seen as practical measure to provide power link for ancillary equipments for control purposes such as thermosensors at power plants where the copper links are constantly exposed not only to heat but electromagnetic interference (EMI) as well.

This thesis presents a study on the feasibility of utilizing FOC in power transmission and issues relating to the application of FOC which are used to modify and improve the existing FOC for power transmission purposes. The main points of this thesis will touch on the losses incurred in FOC, material modification of semiconductor and the application of certain amplifier for longer and loss-reduction during long power transmission.

The study is seperated into three parts (1) basic technical characteristics of FOC, (2) the construction of FOC system, (3) circuit simulation using Optisystem 7.0 and (4) study on the attenuation loss. Low attenuation loss can be acheived by structural design, rather than high transperancy of material selection, where in this case the fiber glass. Defence Advanced ResearchProject Agency (DARPA) has came out with hollowed core where the light will be forced to travel through air instead of glass.

During the research process I contend that there are not many researches conducted on improvement of the FOC for power transmission purposes. The physical features of the FOC along with lack of successful application of the FOC for high voltage transmission are the two main keys that made this idea hard to be implemented especially in Malaysia where FOC is mainly used for data transmission purposes. FOC is limited in optical sensors application such as Oxygen Sensors System where FOC is used to carry the excitation light produced by Light Emitting Device (LED) to thin-film coating at the probe tip. Since the diameter of the core is of minute scale, several devices are require to amplify and ensure that the losses during power transmission is at minimum.

As far as my research is concern, I have yet to find any paper on FOC for power transmission conducted by Malaysian researchers. However it is hoped after finishing this thesis that there will be more researches done on this topic since this can be very promising for the industry especially in safety and health, where the condition of the personnel involved with high voltage maintenance is at utmost important. However with good cooperation both between Universiti Teknologi MARAs Power Research Centre and Telecommunication Research Centre will open a new horizon in pioneering research in this subject. Support from the industry and initiatives from Malaysian government play bigger roles in achieving common goals; reduction in production cost for the indusrty and high efficiency of power for all electricty users.

To ensure the objective above achieved I need to understand the fundamental of FOC. The type of energy that can flow through the cable, requirement for the system utilizing FOC and the losses incurred during power transmission through FOC. Based on the finding, I tried to relate and compare with copper cable in power transmission particularly on the connection between the cables and the devices. Since there is yet any paper that indicates the differences between the power transmitted through FOC and copper, the simulation is done solely on the FOC alone to observe and investigate the losses occured during power transmission.

My research has incorporated with interviews conducted with academicians and technicians from Universiti Teknologi MARAs Telecommunication Department, online correspondence with Computer Simulation Softwares technical experts.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The idea of transmitting electrical energy through FOC is a novel and promissing venture to the current industry especially when high voltage is concern. Not only it is desirable to have optimum power transmission with high reliability and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) but also free from radio frequency (RF) effects and the material can be obtained and constructed at affordable price. FOC has long been used to provide illumination, communication lins and a sensing platform but has been little utilized as a mean for providing electrical power through conversion of light into a usable voltage and current ( M.Ari,M.C Taplamacioglu,2010). There is a need to find a combination between FOC and power engineering as an alternative for power transmission. The capability of FOC to send power signal lies on how much the capacity it can carry with small diameter and with a core that can focus high concentrated beam from the source of light to the receiver. Most of the papers found for this thesis comprised of scattered studies and experiments on each component of optical system such as the source of light, transmitter, FOC, amplifier and receiver. Each of the components plays an important role and influence the efficiency of the light injected through FOC. When it comes to transmitting energy in photons instead of electrons, it is about converting electrical current that is more than mA value. Most of fiber optic source (FOS) can transmit energy within range of microwat to miliwatt. The amount of light injected into the core depends on type of source to be attached to the cable. Drive current for typical LED is between 50 to 100mA and its output power is linearly proportional to the drive current. Other factor that affect the optical output is the temperature (Fiber Optics.Info,2013). For Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER), the light produced is more coherent , in a sense , most of the photons produced contribute to its output power compared to LED. Both act based on spontaneous emission of photons except for LASER once the photons reached a threshold value, the amount of output power increased linearly with incoming current and when represented in terms of graph (i.e. output versus incoming current), a steep slope can be seen on LASER application as compared to LED.

Light source must be able to focus its light with FOC. The less the dispersion process the higher capacity it can go through FOC and hence, narrower emersion spectra. High peak power pulses are required in this application. Laser exhibiting high peak power pulses are used in wide range of spaceflight applications such as ranging, autonomous docking systems and optical communications between satellites to ground-based systems. To achieve such objective the system requires high pulses for accurate detection of transmitted or reflected signals (W.J.Thomes,Jr, M.N.Ott, R.F.Chuska, R.C. Switzer,D.E.Blair, 2010).

The material used for the coating and core must be chosen based on refractive index it can give. The maximum incident angle that can make the light reflected and travel within the core is determined by the refractive indices of the core and cladding. The ratio of the light speed in the vacuum and light speed in the medium is then can be used to determine the refractive index. The amount of light dispersed from the course as it travels along the core influenced the propagation of light and hence optimum power received at the end part of the FOC.

The light must hit the core-cladding boundary at a very low angle to avoid from being refracted through the boundary and hence,out of the FOC. The mechanism that caused the light to be reflected in the core is known as total internal reflection. In FOC, the light travels based on total internal reflection and refraction. Therefore allignment between the source and FOC will determine the propagation of light down the cable. Fiber selection and endface preparation are key to produce FOC with excellent damage threshold limit (W.J.Thomes,Jr, M.N.Ott, R.F.Chuska, R.C. Switzer,D.E.Blair, 2010). There are limitation to how much the light can travel such as amount of power it can absorp. Typical sillica can theoretically handled up to 100kW of optical power in 100-micron diameter of FOC (M.Ari, M.C. Taplamacioglu,2010).

One of the criteria for cable installation is the ability to receive high incoming current with high flexibility(Dr Ahmed El-Shenawy,2011). Glass optical fibers must posses adequate strength and flexibility to be of practical value to withstand the stresses of cable manufacturing as well as in-service enviromental conditions of lightguide transmission system (W.F.Wright,2003). Therefore it requires protective coating where the surface of the glass fiber is never touched. Even though the glass core can withstand high tensile pressure compared to steel core of the same diameter, a small macrosopic flaw on its surface can lead to physical damage and this shows the vulnerability of the core within FOC when it is applied for high voltage cable

installation. Such detrimental stress can cause lead to its physical breakdown and suceptible to even low stress level.

As the light travels along the FOC two types of main losses occur; dispersion and attenuation. In telecommunication system, typical loss for single core FOC having diameter of 8micron to 10-micron meter for wavelength of 1300 to 1310-nano meter is 0.3dB whereas for multimode with diameter of 62.5-micron meter and same wavelength the loss is 1.4dB. The difference between the loss value relies on mode of propagation between the two modes. Even though multimode able to receive incoming light larger compared to single core, the density of the light is less and the tendency for the light to be less focused during injection process is high (i.e. stray light),hence affecting the output power.

Since the overall output is small for FOC as compared to conventional copper cable and due to attenuation along the process, an amplification of the light energy is needed. From what I have found, there are two main amplifiers that are used in boosting the light energy along the FOC namely Raman Amplifier and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). Both are optical amplifier type (OA, another type is regenerator). The surface of the end face itself provides another challenge in gaining better power output. The majority of FOC used are step-indexed fused silica fiber, however other fiber types such as hollow core and custom-doped are under investigation with one FOC end surface design by Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) where there is a hollow on the cores end-face ,forcing the light to travel through air instead of glass.

Physically any core will contain a very minute scale of flaw in its glass matrix. During light injection, these minute flaws can be negelected but as time goes by, it can be quite a major problem when associated with high pulse transmission where the treeing effect occurs. The absoprtion of light due to this will be damaging to the FOC due to heating and changes in physical shape of the glass. The size might becomes bigger than before and eventually destroying the end-face of the core. The process of slicing the core for installation and methods used to get near-to-perfect end-face play crucial rule for optimum power send-off and received. The cleaving process usually ends having a very small damage to the end-face, a potruding part that can lead to chipping and cracking, hence damaging to the FOC.

The photodetector manufacturing process influence on how much the light is absorbed and converted back to electric signal. In telecommunication, the inefficiency during fabrication of this element directly onto silicon chip results in slower broadband speed. Germanium is seen as the best choice for absorping material but suffer from high dark current. Dark current is an induced current produced in reversed condition in absent of indicent optic power due to shunt resistant of photodiode (L.Vivien,L.Virot, D.Marris-Morrini, J.M Hartmann, P.Crozat, E.Cassan, C.Baudot, F.Boeuf, J.M. Fedeli,2013).

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

i.

Study the fundamental of FOC and requirements for an optical system to operate

ii.

Identify the limitations in utilizing FOC in power transmission and study the findings done by researchers conversion. in increasing power output in photoelectro

iii.

Make a deduction after comparing between copper and FOC in power transmission application.

iv.

Determine the possible effectiveness of utilizing FOC along with improvement done on each of elements involved in power transmission via FOC

v.

Suggest possible ways to utilize FOC in power transmission application for future prospects.

1.4

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Most of the research papers found are focusing more on how to increase the output power in FOC by enhancing certain elements in optical power system and scarely any paper up to this completion of this thesis that touch on improving the cable. A research lead by a professor from Tokyo University for example has came out with a fiber optic power supply that convert light (laser) into electric power with efficiency approximately 30%. Photonic Power Systems Inc., from California has developed a system that utilized PV array with special material of indium phosphate, that converts back the light into electricity.

This study is novel and benefit to industry as far as I am concern, due to the advantages that can be found in FOC for power transmission compared to copper cable. Advantages that have been explained in section 1.1 previously can be used to improve the limitiations and disadvantages associated with copper cable particularly in high voltage enviroment. As noted in IEEE Spectrum dated October 2005, having live wires running through passenger jets fuel tank for monitoring purposes can no longer be considered practical and safe. Likewise for wires connecting the thermocouples attached to the boilers in power plants where it have to withstand a the possible of not only chemical reaction due to high temperature but also the possible of fatal electric shock.

Furthermore, it is important to understand the nature of energy that travels through the FOC and to make comparison with electricity that flows through copper wires. In electric power transmission, electrons are the main carriers whereas for optic fiber the carriers are photons and mostly used in sending small signals and data typically in a form of light pulses from transmitter to the receiver. Therefore overall, the significance of this study can be seen in terms of improving the architecture of each of the element involved for the performance of the FOC. As a power engineering student, the fundamental about semiconductor device and material science are two main keys when it comes to enhance the performance of FOC particularly in increasing the amount of energy flow without overheating the cable.

I personally believe not only telecommunication netwok should be made efficient in terms of energy conversion but also in power system, particularly in power transmission. The reduction of power due to power quality problems such as voltage sag, harmonics and ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) and the physical and mechanical stress experienced by the conventional cables need to be improved to have optimum power received at the output of a given system. Therefore by gathering and proposed possible solutions to achieve the objectives of this thesis, it is hoped that, not only the power consumption can be managed properly and effectively but also encouraging the participants to move towards greener and better energy.

A number of techniques are being developed to improve the power handling capabilities of FOC in safe manners. Failures during interconnecting between the cables and the devices can be reduced by introduction of new techniqes in splicing and interfacing. A research conducted on focusing incoming rays from the sun light onto a specific point on a PV array can be studied to implement such idea in focusing the light to the end-face of the FOC (D.J. Farell, N.J.EkinDukes,2011)

1.5

SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this study encompasses on the possibile utilization of FOC in power transmission. Several interviews and online correspondence conducted among academicians, technician from Electrical Engineering of Universiti Teknologi MARA and two experts from Computer Simulation Technology. Simulation packages are studied beforehand and one of it chosen for circuit analysis. The analysis of the circuit is made to investigate the output power coming from the FOC with the input signal using laser with adjustment on the FOC diameter. The limitation of the FOC comprised of power losses are investigated based on variation of the FOCs diameter, types of input signal used and types of receivers used.

This paper also concentrates on the material used for development of power converter and type of photodetector that can be used and the possible of the devices and optical system to be connected with Photovoltaic (PV) array for high voltage production and transmission. On FOC itself, the splicing techniques used for near perfect surface on its end-face are focused by relating to the research conducted by a group of researchers from MEI Technologies and The National Aerounatics and Space Administration. The usage of FOC near high voltage enviroment are also studied as to investigate the feasibility to implement it for power transmission in larger scale.

The parameters of FOC that determines the optimization of the power transmission through it are also within the scope. The parameters are wavelength, type of mode and the length of FOC to be studied and getting the right simulation package to utilize the parameters with the FOC. The effect of varying the three parameters are studied based on the waveforms and magnitude of power output received. All the stated above are studied by using Optisystem 7.0 software. Most of the finding within this thesis are made based on the simulation done and from the researches that are available. In Universiti Teknologi MARA, up until now, there is yet a research conducted either from Center of Power and Center of Communication for this project. The simulation is initially planned to be done by using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST-MWS) or Mathworks MatrixLaboratory (MATLAB) software but due to difference in application and limitation of finding the right waveguide in its library Optisystem 7.0 is chosen.

The study is also done on the design criteria of FOC and the characteristics of criteria that make FOC possible to be installed. Finally underground installation of the cable is also featured in this thesis after discussion with supervisor regarding current installation of FOC for underground transmission for regional data communication network (K.Ahmad,TM

Malaysia,2005). The aerial installation of FOC in wireless service is also studied to understand the requirements in depth understanding on its network (Maxis,2013).

1.6

CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1

The first section of the chapter touches on the background of study and scope covered for this thesis. As indicated above, the content inside this thesis are mostly based on three main research papers found in IEEE Spectrum website, researches done by Tokyo University on power laser and technical paper by Murat Ari and M.Cengiz Tablamacioglu from Cankiri Karatekin University and Gazi University, Turky respectively. Two fiber optic cable installation projects conducted by TM Malaysia Berhad and Maxis Berhad are studied for further understanding and to as well to investigate the possibility of installing FOC for power transmission purposes. A depth understanding on FOC fundamental, the limitations and advantages over copper cables are studied to get a clear view on implementing FOC for high voltage application. Once the parameters of FOC are obtained and after chosing the right simulation pacage to use, a circuit will be designed and result will be in the form of graphical representation on output power produced and losses inccured. Both of the output parameters depend on the diameter size, type of input signal to be used and length of the FOC.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CASE STUDY

Recent growth in heavy industry along with dermographic changes in Malaysia has lead to increase in energy demand hence more changes and alteration in power transmission such as the need to redispatch power from generators and additional high voltage cable installation. For power producers this can be considered as a good news and at the same time, placing safety as top priority in providing power to the consumers. It is no longer consider practically safe to have many electrical live wires running from central control room to the potentially exploded equipment such as boilers and transformers. In aviation industry, even though it is noted that having live wire running through a fuel tank of a jet can expose the aircraft to possible fatal elecric shock, the aircraft makers have no choice since it needs electric current to send the signal back and forth[1]. Most of the sensors devices relies on small electric signals for triggering an action.

Boeing 747-100 of Trans World Airlines exploded and crached into Atlantic Ocean on July 17th, 1996 killing 230 passengers on board. Kerosene vapour and high oxygen concentration led to explosive in a nearly empty tank. The investigation team has found that the cause for the explosion is due to the electric short circuit at the central wing tank. It severed the fuselage hence, led to the crash[2]. From power system fault analysis, it is shown that most of the incident due to switchgear faults are due to the human error and aging equipments[3]. Arc fault can give serious physical injuries such as severe burn to those who are working within certain proximity. The effect can be damaging since it can lead to flash fire and fire gases which can be harmful to human and equipments nearby. If left untreated it can lead to total shutdown of the affected area. Therefore, uninterrupted signal flow through wire to in control and monitoring system is very crucial to ensure its safety and reduce the percentage serious damage.

During my short intership at one of power plants in Klang, I have noticed the sensors were not placed appropriately on the generator and some of it were old and its maintenance cost is high which prompted some of it to be retrofitted instead of replacing it with new onces. The flame scanners are not mounted properly on its place and without advanced flame detection and no proper installation guidelines, equipments safety such as boiler is greatly reduced. To overcome the issue, the flame scanner is placed properly to allow a special lense into the flame scanner system where it will focus the light to the scanner to allow better view of the flames and hence improve the sensitiviy of the system.

When it comes to power quality (PQ) issues,it touches on how load has changes over the years. The non-linear devices such as computers, electronic ballasts and speed variable motors consumed power differently or the current is drawn inconsistently from the source. This condition is known as harmonics and will affect the system and its load. Such phenomena will lead to voltage fluctuation and current distortion and hence affect the amount and quality of power to the load. This in return will lead to short lifespan of equipment attached to the system, significant energy losses and its power efficiency.

A proper mitigation technique is needed to ensure the power is drawn at consistent value with respect to time. The variation in current can be refered to Ohms Law where it relates to system harmonic impedance and harmonic voltage. When the flow of current changes from linear to non-linear, the grounding system is then changed from just being a safety measure for the personnel involved with maintenance but to ensure it does not intefere with another type fo equipment. The possible solution is to improve circuit design with additional wirings. Provides bigger distribution transfomer and shared natural line. Another alternative is to provide seperate branches with its own neutral line hence, limiting the usage of the line to reduce possible neutral-to-ground voltage.

Another PQ issues associated in power transmission is voltage sag. Salt River Project (SRP) in Phoenix, Arizona is one of example for the case study where its purpose is to provide water and power utility services to 800,000 customers[4]. Therfore for better service and power quality, an effective and reliable monitoring system need to be installed at key points of the system. This is crucial especially when it planned to expand its project.

Therefore determining the number of PQ monitors to be installed and at which location within the system will influence the cost incurred. From the year of its operation total number of PQ monitors was 67 with two third of it are connected to control center through Ethernet and SRP planned to increase it all by implementing FOC to all its substations.

In high voltage application, due to advanced in technology and design, underground cable has become better alternative in better energy transmission efficiency compared to overhead lines. Due to increasing demand in energy and rapid growth in infrastructures particularly in urban areas, underground cables are prefereable compared to overhead lines. One of important factor in power transmission is ability to reduce the EMI and Electromagnetic Field (EMF) propogation as much as possible and underground installation is a better choice compared to overheadlines.

Before this, the cost for underground installation can be four to fifteem times higher than overhead line installation due to time, material, process and the use of extensive labor[5]. It also requires specific route as not to overlapp with other underground installation such gas and water piping. It also requires tedious procedures should the cables to be installed beneath certain places like road, highway and river and it requires special techniques to install the cables. But with lower production cost and improved technologies, the cost difference between overhead and underground cables can be narrowed[6]. The real monitoring system can be applied which make it more reliable in electric problem. Corning Cable Systems LLC has indentifed one of the issues pertaining pertaining to limitation of FOC in underground installation is physical damage due to corona, flash over, tracking and dry-band arcing[7].

2.2

CASE STUDY

Several case studies relating to conventional cables were lay out. Safety is top priorities when implementing and maintenance servicing electrical equipments in working space. To ensure optimum safety, it comes with extra cost such as better monitoring equipment and possible of replacing copper cables with FOC. Therefore having FOC replacing copper cables for sensoring and monitoring purposes can reduce the percentage of electric shor circuit which can be damaging to power system as a whole. The introduction in conventional copper cable application on new techniques to reduce PQ problem can be seen as another additional advantage to FOC should it replace the copper cables.

With FOC and Ethernet as vast area can be convered for monitoring due to high speed signal movement from one point to another and this helps to expediate any action needed wheneever a problem arise. Underground installation avoid visual hindrance and the possibility to produce external field is near to zero. Since the advancement in technology and improved underground technique it can be deduced that the possibility to replace conventional cable with FOC can be an advantage in improving efficiency of power with less perturbance from PQ. The condition of the soil and the material used for the cable jacket will influence the safety of the conductor inside. Corona is known to be caused by ionization of air surrounding the conductor and when it exceed the breakdown limit of the the air. Since this occur due to humidity difference and heat generated by the current flow in copper cable, such disadvantage can be greatly reduced if the copper is replaced with FOC. The foundation of laying FOC for long transmission line is prepared in brief by considering factors that can reduce and interrupt energy transfer along FOC. The condition of FOC surface are explained in section 1.1 and the components associated for better power conversion are also discussed in section 1.5

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology in this research followed by objective and target mentioned in Chapter 1. The steps taken to prepare this thesis and to obtain the output from circuit simulation were shown as follows:

1. A literature review was performed on FOC and the possibilities to be implemented in power transmission. The basis on FOC operation is also included in the review to give an in depth on the optical principles that allows FOC as a channel for the light to go through. Case studies on the possible implementation of FOC for monitoring and sensoring are also taken into consideration as well as current research on improving the amount of pulses shot into FOC and improvement on power conversion at FOCs end-face.

2. The parameters for a circuit simulation are identified. The compatibality with FOC that need to be simualted is checked in terms of its diameter , source of power and type of photodetector attached to the output of FOC. The length of the FOC is also determined and its relationship with attenuation is studied. 3. Once the circuit is simulated, the output is investigated and recorded. The variation in output signal is made by varying the diameter of the FOC. Type of signal generator and photodetector are made constant. Basically when one parameter is changed, the other two parameters, source of input signal to be generated and type of photodetector at the end-face of FOC are kept constant. The procedure is then repeated when one of the parameters is varied while the rest were kept constant. 4. The result are tabulated and analysed. The difference in terms of output power are related to the FOC diameter since FOC is the main subject for this research. From diameter changes, the type of mode is determined and a decision is made for type of mode.

5. Since this approach can be cosidered novel due to the fact simulation package is not enough, a comparative and thorugh study were made for the FOC in terms of material development for its core and cladding, the associated components related to FOC and how the system can be used for underground installation in power transmission. There is still limitation in terms of availability of testing it at lab since the highest current available for FOC testing is 13mA maximum value.

6. After the above procedures are done, thesis writing was commenced and technical paper on the subject is prepared for presentation.

The flowchart for above procedures is shown in Figure 1 below:

Start

Literature Review

Study on fiber optic cable

Study on Opti System 7.0 for simulation

Study the requirement for the energy transmission via fiber optic

Design & simulation process

No?

Output Power Generated

No?

Yes?
Result & discussion

Technical Paper writing

Technical Paper presention

End

Figure 1 Processes of completing the projet

3.2

CIRCUIT SIMULATION METHODOLOGY

The objective of the simulation is to check the output power and amount of attenuation experience by FOC at different diameter given. The procedures are divided into transmission of the signal and receiving of the signal. For transmission of the signal, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplification (EDFA) FOC are used with amplification using EDFA amplifier. The length is 80KM for the FOC.

1. Four input sources are selected. Continuous Wave (CW) lasers are used. The first CW laser is set with 193.1THz and incremented 0.1THz subsequently. The noise is introduced with frequency of 1THz.

2. Mach-Zehnder is used for optical modulator and is attached to each of the CW lasers for modulation. The exticntion raio is set at 30dB.

3. Multiplexer is chosen based on number of signals to be used. 4x1 mux is chosen. The variation on the frequency for channels involved are set automatically from the system. 4. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is chosen for optical amplification. Forward pump power is set at 100mW. 5. The FOC cable is chosen with length of 80KM and attenuation of 0.2dB and another EDFA with the same set parameters as in (4) is placed after the FOC. A loop control withnumber of loop of three is placed in the diagram. At the output of the loop control, a demux of 1x4 is placed. 6. At first channel on 1x4 demux, optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) and WDM analyzer (WDMA) are placed at first channel of 1x4 demux. Optional to put another set of the same analyzers at the first EDFA. 7. For receiver part, a photodetector is chosen to receive incoming light signal and to convert it to electric signal. Due to the losses along the transmission, the electric signal is amplified using electrical amplifier.

3.3

CONCLUSION ON METHODLOGY

In depth of FOC and its related components is crucial before simulation can be done. This process includes a thorough understanding on the subjects parameters involved. Variation on one parameter for optimization of the output does not guarantee the system will improve its performance as a whole, since such variation on one parameter will result side effect on other part of a system. The procedures before simulation comprised mainly on going through the research papers on FOC, underground cable installation, high voltage cables and optical system for telecommunication. All the topics covered in general are studied to get a better view on the limitation in trying to utilize the FOC for power transmission purposes.

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1

BRIEF EXPLANATION ON FOCS DIAMETER VARIATION

Among parameter that influenced the energy transmission is the cross sectional area of the core. Variation on the diameter will influence shape and the density of the light that travels through it. The difference on the diameter of the FOC will be made based on definition of single mode and multimode. The diameter is varied starting from 8 to10-micron meter. Theoretically, the range of such diameter is made to ensure the beam that flows through the core is confined and the rate of dispersion is reduced. Furthermore, an enlargement of the diameter will influence the value of refractive index and hence the total internal reflection inside the core. In terms of power transmission, the density of light that travels through the core is crucial to ensure the total of light that received at photodetector is at optimum level.