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INTRODUCTION
Fiber Glass
Distilled water
Collector
Water
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AIM
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Dropwise Condensation
In dropwise condensation, vapour condenses on the surface in the
form of drops, and consequently a large part of cooling surface is always bare to
vapour for undergoing consideration. ( Fig.) The rate of heat transfer is many
times larger than what is achieved in firm condensation. Dropwise condensation
occurs on a nonwettable cooling surface where the liquid condensate drops do not
spread.
Bare surface
Liquid condensate
drops
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the material medium. Mercury in contact with air has a certain surface tension.
With water, mercury has another surface tension. Let us consider the equilibrium
of a liquid drop on a solid surface ( Fig. ) σ being the surface tension as shown.
σ 1
θ Liquid Drop
θ 1
Air
σ σ
2 Solid 3
σ 2-σ 3
cos θ 1 = = - cos θ
σ 1
σ 2-σ 3
If ( σ 1 cos θ + σ 3 ) > σ 2, the liquid drop spreads and the surface is wettable
( e.g. water in glass ). When θ is obtuse, he surface is nonwettable, and if θ is
acute, the surface is wettable.
Dropwise condensation is much desirable because of its higher heat
transfer rates. However, it hardly occurs on a cooling surface. When the surface
is coated with some promoter like mercaptan, oleic acid and so on, drop
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condensation can occur for some time. But the effectiveness of the promoter
gradually decays due to fouling, oxidation or its slow removal by the flow of the
condensate. Condensers are usually designed on the basis that film condensation
would prevail.
Greenhouse Effect
Glass transmits over 90 % of radiation in the visible range and is
almost opaque to infrared wavelengths ( λ > 3 µ m ). Thus, glass allows the
solar radiation to enter, but does not allow infrared radiation from the interior
surfaces to exit. This causes a rise in the interior temperature, with heat thus being
trapped. This heating effect due to the nongray characteristic of glass or clear
plastics is known as the greenhouse effect. (Fig.)
Solar Radiation
Greenhouse
Fig. : Greenhouse which traps energy by allowing the solar radiation to come
in, but not allowing the infrared radiation to go out.
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transmit the bulk of the solar radiation during the day, but absorb infrared
radiation emitted by the surfaces to the earth at night. Thus, the energy trapped on
earth by the atmosphere causes global warming, and drastic changes in whether
conditions.
QA + QR + QTr + = Q
QA + QR + QTr
or, = 1
Q Q Q
α + ρ + τ = 1
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the surface is rough, the incident radiation is distributed in all directions, and the
reflection is said to be diffuse. ( Fig. )
Most gases have high value of τ and low values of α and ρ . Air
at atmospheric pressure and temperature is transparent to thermal radiation for
which τ = 1 and α = ρ = 0. Gases like CO2 and H2O vapour are highly
absorptive at certain ranges of wavelengths.
QA Absorbed
radiation
Transmitted
QTr radiation
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Normal
Incident Reflected
rays rays
(a)
Normal
Incident
rays
Reflected
rays
(b)
Normal
Incident
rays Reflected
rays
(c)
θi θr
Fig. : Types of reflection a surface; (a) actual or irregular (b) diffuse and
(c) specular or mirror
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Power Density
The insolation is the power incident on a unit area of surface. Near
equatorial regions the radiant power density is about 1.4 kW/m 2 on a horizontal
surface at noon. This quantity varies with time of day and with latitude in two
time cycles : the day ( 8.64 x 104 sec. ) and the year ( 3.15 x 107 sec. ). At the
higher latitudes, the lower thermal input results in a colder climate. At any time,
solar power is attenuated by the atmosphere and its components – molecular gases,
clouds, and dust. The fraction absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere depends on
meteorological, geological ( e.g., volcanoes ), and geometric aspects. The
geometric factors result in variations in the solar power over time and location as
shown in Fig.
An important aspect of solar power is that a large surface area is
required to collect amounts of it which compare to that currently provided by
fossil fuels. Consider each person’s continuous need for 1-10 kW the range of
which depends on economic status from Third World inhabitant to industrial man.
The atmosphere absorbs on average 30 % of the solar power ( this fraction
depends strongly on the local climate ), which is available only about 35 % of the
time ( the rest of the time is twilight and night ), and can be collected for present
or later use with an efficiency of say 10 %. These considerations alone dictate
that, on a per capita basis, the surface area requirement of the order of 30-300 m2
( 300-3000 ft2). This area requirement is significantly larger than that required for
food production alone. Setting aside the question of cost for this area, it is
doubtful that is would even be available where it is needed: in or near cities and
towns. If one takes the view that solar energy is to be used for supplying all of the
needs of US inhabitants ( 200-300 million ), then the land area required is about
one entire large western state. The environmental impact is certainly severe. Even
if such power-gathering systems were distributed throughout the land, it would be
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difficult to have a place where it would not have at least a visual impact. The
ocean surface has been suggested for such a purpose. If such numbers are applied
to western Europe or some regions of Asia, where the population density is large,
the difficulty of replacing present fossil fuel exploitation with solar power
becomes apparent.
Equator = 00
Solar power–kW–hours per day
10
400
800
0
Fig :Jan
Variation ofMar
solar energyMay Julsurface of Sep
incident on the the Earth as Nov
a
function of time of year for three latitudes.
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DESCRIPTION
fiber glass body. In this instrument the water is heated up to 100 - 200C by sun
light and causes it to evaporate. The resulting vapor rises, condenses as distilled
water on the underside of the cover and flow into condensate collection channel on
the sides. An out put of about 2 to 3 liters / m2 when the apparatus is well
This instrument is totally made from fiber glass and it can be kept on
energy as the light comes from the fiber glass, in only sunny time. If this
instrument kept on a room of 12 X 12 Sq. feet, it will save electricity near about
Rs. 400 / year. As there is no need of artificial light source in sunny days.
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It can also give cooling effect into factory because some of the heat
is absorbed by water and fiber glass sheet rest of the heat is reflected thus it gives
You know that the precision machinery viz. CNC machine &
computer system are kept in totally packed controlled room as there is a need of
Thus if we use this instrument as a roof then it will automatically save electricity
in the form of light source. And some electricity use for Air conditioning .
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Time
9.00 am to 12.00 am
Time
12.00 am to 3.00 pm
Time
3.00 pm to 6.00 pm
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use.
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Behind every 1 m2 area 3 liter distilled water / day of 9 hrs between it will
produced.
≈ 40 liter / day.
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USE OF FIBERGLASS
Fiberglass Production
The production of glass fibers starts with dry mixing of silica sand
and limestone, boric acid and a number of other products such as clay, coal and
temperature of the melt being dependent on the glass composition, but s generally
about 12600 ( 23000 ). The molten glass then flows directly to the fiber-drawing
furnace in a direct melt flow process or into a marble making machine. These
marbles can be sorted and can eventually be remelted and drawn into fibers.
Continuous glass fibers are produced when molten glass from the
alloy tank called a bushings. The droplets of molten glass that extrude from each
correct dimensions, passed through a water spray and over a revolving belt that
applies a protective and lubricating coating known as a size or binder. The fibers
are then gathered together in a suitably shaped shoe to form a bundle called a
This package of fibers is then dried or conditioned prior to further processing and
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Staple fibers are produced by passing a jet of air across the openings
20 – 40 cm ( 8-15 in ) long from the molten glass that is extruding from each
sprayed with size and gathered into a strand. This package of filaments is again
conditioned or dried prior to processing into a specific product for further use.
Each individual fiber is drawn from the bushing opening and must
of filament diameters by varying the number of openings in the bushing and the
drawing conditions.
As demand has dictated over the years, the fiberglass industry has
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Glass Composition
and phosphorus that are converted into glass when combined with oxygen, sulfur,
atom in the middle, bonded to each oxygen atom. Silicon by itself requires
extremely high temperatures for liquefaction. Therefore, other elements are added
to the mix to reduce temperatures and to produce a viscosity in the molten glass
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Miscellaneous 0.7 - - -
Types of Fiberglass
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1) A-glass : A high alkali or soda glass is made into fibers for use in
offers higher physical strength. Fibers produced from this glass have an
glass composition.
5) D-glass : This fiber made from a low dielectric composition has dielectric
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8) Hollow fiber : Special glass whose fibers are tube-like or hollow; the
could be significant.
application.
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Fiberglass Properties
humid environments.
choice for electrical insulation, where designers can make use of the
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1) Storage tank.
2) Nuclear industries.
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Glass and glass ceramic composites are classic examples for use to
1) Replace super alloys in gas turbines and jet engines, and in other
systems.
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Fossil Fuels :-
around 1980 and is now slowly declining. On the other hand, the
that most of the reserves of oil and natural gas are likely to be
maximum some where between the years 2030 and 2060 and that 80
using fossil fuels exclusively for such purposes may become greater.
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Water Power :-
power all over the world. Water power is indirectly obtained from solar energy
Nuclear Power :-
energy sources. The immediate need would be to alleviate the problems caused by
the depletion of oil and natural gas, while the long term need would be to develop
means to replace presently used nuclear fusion technology and then coal. These
the future can be broadly classified under four categories. These are
4. Miscellaneous sources.
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alternatives.
various energy alternatives. It is hoped that these descriptions will help the reader
attention from the next chapter on wards on the solar energy option and more
power from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8 X 10” MV,
which is many thousand of times larger than the present consumption rate on the
earth of all commercial energy could supply all the present and future energy
In addition to its size, solar energy has two other factors in its favor.
Firstly, unlike fossil facts and nuclear power, it is an environmentally clean source
However, there are many problems associated with its use. The
main problem is that it is a dilute source of energy. Even in the hottest regions on
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earth, the solar radiation flux available rarely exceeds 1 kwh / m2 and the total
radiation over a day is at best about 7 kwh / m2 . These are low values from the
A second problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its
availability varies widely with time. The variation in availability occurs daily
because of the day-night cycle and also seasonally because of the earth’s orbit
local weather conditions. Consequently, the energy collected when the sun is
shining must be shored for use during periods when it is not available. The need
for storage also adds significantly to the cost of any system. Thus, the real
methods of collection and storage so that the large initial investments required at
utilization is given in table. It can be seen that the energy from the sun can be
used directly and indirectly. The direct means include the use of water power.
The winds, biomass, wave energy and the temperature difference in the ocean.
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Thermal Photovolatic
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1985.
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AN ECONOMICAL
1. The cost of shed / roof is totally removal. For 12 x 10 s.q. ft. room the cost
of slap is near about Rs. 10,000/- & for steel roof near about Rs. 2,000/- &
above. The cost multipurpose distillation roof is near about Rs. 18 – 20
thousand.
2. But :- it gives 40 litre /day & for one month it gives 1200 litre distilled
water in general the cost of distilled water is in bet Rs. 8 – 10 / litre. So we
save Rs. 96,00/-. Thus we replaced the manufacturing cost of multipurpose
Distillation in next 2-3 month only.
The electricity utilized in artificial light source nearly Rs. 432 /- per year.
Which is totally saved by the this instrument.
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MULTIPURPOSE DISTILLATOR
Advantages
As the fiber glass can not corrode or deformed in other shape because it
sustain at about 2000 C & no reaction with water or any other aquarium
2) Low Maintenance :-
Only for cleaning the water impurities deposited in the term of scale are to
remove there will be some expense then after that there is no maintenance
expenditure.
3) Save Electricity :-
electric tubes or bulbs. Thus we can use this instrument in day time then we
can save electricity. And you should know that the rate of electricity per
Investment :-
We know that the age of sun is more than the earth so the solar energy
source is life long source. And this instrument is not an costly as compared
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The clouds are from sea water vapor and thus the rain water is pure water.
Hence we can use the Saline water or Hard water in this instrument for
Distilled water / pure water production. As you know that the water for
earth.
6) Cooling Effect :-
The sun rays are firstly transferred from fiber glass & then to water so the
part percentage of solar heat is absorbed by the water and fiber glass
Disadvantages
1) For Indian climate preferable use for 8 to 9 months only ( Oct to May ).
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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
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1. Manhole :- You will use this instrument in wide range then there is a need of
one man hole for cleaning purpose. After prolonged use of maltidistilatar. The
improves and the scales are form in the inner side a instrument which should
be clean per weak.
2. Blow off cock :- There is a need of blow off cock for taking out the muddy
particles and impurities. The blow off cock should be apply at evening, after
sun set.
CONCLUSION
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As in future the oil & natural gas will be consumed totally in coming
50 years. It is likely that the production of coal stock will likely to touch maximum
need. Although not for yet but for the future trend it will be an essential.
As it is always said :-
REFERENCES
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1. Solar Energy.
By - S. P. Sukhatme.
By - Peter.
3. Physics
By - Bhandarkar
4. Heat Transfer
5. Energy Conversion