IDI 245- INTRODUCTION

The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempts to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register are not considered literature.

List of countries where English is an official language

!rom "ikipedia, the free encyclopedia# The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where $nglish is an official language. Several of these countries, such as %akistan, &reland, New 'ealand, (anada and the%hilippines, use $nglish as an official language but not the sole official language (although usually not the main official language . This list does not include countries where $nglish is the dominant language, but does not have official status. &n )ustralia, $nglish is spoken by the vast ma*ority of the population and is the only language used in government institutions, yet )ustralia does not have an official language. This is the same in the +.S. although some states and regions within the +.S. have $nglish as an official language.

,ap of nations using $nglish as an official language or as the predominant language. )lmost all of these countries are current or former colonies or dependencies of the +nited -ingdom (see also .ritish $mpire . The notable e/ceptions are ,adagascar and 0wanda which are former !rench and .elgian colonies respectively with $nglish1speaking neighbors2 %hilippines, which became a +.S. dependent territory in 3454 by action of the the Treaty of %aris2 and 6iberia which, after being privately coloni7ed beginning in 3483 by the )merican (oloni7ation Society, developed into the 0epublic of 6iberia. &ndia9s linguistic picture is comple/. )ccording to the (onstitution of &ndia, :;indi in the <evanagari script: is the official language of the union=3> and $nglish the 9subsidiary official language92=8> however, $nglish is mandated for the authoritative te/ts of all federal laws and Supreme (ourt decisions, and (along with ;indi is one of the two languages of the &ndian %arliament. See ?fficial languages of &ndia.
1

So ereign states
(ountry Antigua and Barbuda[3] (ontinent North America %opulation1 85,000

AUSTRAL A ! The Bahama'[3] Bang(ade'h[!] Barbado'[5] Be(i,e -3.+/[!]0 Bot'2ana -*.1/[!]0 1ameroon[3]

S"UT#$RN #$% S&#$R$

North America A'ia North America 1entra( America A3rica A3rica

331,000 1)1,300,000 *+!,000 *88,000 1,88*,000 18,5!+,000

1anada 3 4ominica[3] 6i7i[3] The 8ambia[3]

North America

33,531,000

North America "ceania A3rica

)5,000 8*5,+00 1,50+,000

8hana[3] 8renada[3] 8u9ana[)]

A3rica North America South America

*3,!58,000 10),000 538,000

A'ia ndia -a''ociate 'tatu'0

[!]

1,1!3,5!0,000

re(and[3] ;amaica[5] <en9a[3] <iribati[3] Le'otho[3] Liberia[3] %adaga'car[3] %a(a2i[8] %a(ta[3] %ar'ha(( '(and'[3]

$uro:e North America A3rica "ceania A3rica A3rica A3rica A3rica $uro:e "ceania

!,515,800 *,51!,000 35,538,000 +5,000 *,008,000 3,550,000 1+,)83,000 13,+*5,000 !1*,)00 5+,000

%auritiu'[3] %icrone'ia[3] Namibia[3] Nauru[+] Ne2 =ea(and1![3] Nigeria[3][10] &a>i'tan[3] &a(au -+.!/[!]0 &a:ua Ne2 8uinea[11][1*] &hi(i::ine'[3][13] R2anda[3] Saint <itt' and Ne?i'[1!] Saint Lucia[3] Saint @incent and the 8renadine'[15] Samoa[1)]

A3rica "ceania A3rica "ceania "ceania A3rica A'ia "ceania "ceania A'ia A3rica North America North America

1,*)*,000 111,000 *,05!,000 10,000 !,*+!,350 1!8,0+3,000 1)5,!!+,000 *0,000 ),331,000 +0,!55,*00 +,5*5,000 50,000 1)5,000

North America

1*0,000

"ceania

188,35+

Se9che((e'[3] Sierra Leone[3] Singa:ore[15] So(omon '(and'[3]

A3rica A3rica A'ia "ceania

85,000 5,8)),000 !,83+,!00 50),++*

A3rica South A3rica Sudan[3] S2a,i(and[3] Tan,ania[3] Tonga[1+] Trinidad and Tobago[3] Tu?a(u[!] Uganda[3]
[18]

!5,850,500

A3rica A3rica A3rica "ceania North America "ceania A3rica

38,5)0,000 1,1!1,000 !0,!5!,000 100,000 1,333,000 11,000 30,88!,000

United <ingdom

$uro:e

)1,)1*,300

N"RT# A%$R 1A T#$ UN T$4

5

STAT$S

* "ceania A3rica A3rica **),000 11,+**,000 13,3!+,000

@anuatu[*1] =ambia[3] =imbab2e[3]

Non-sovereign entities $ntity American Samoa11 Angui((a[3] Bermuda+[3] Briti'h @irgin '(and'[3] 1a9man '(and' -+5/[!]0 1hri'tma' '(and1*[3] 1oo> '(and'[3] 6a(>(and '(and' 8ibra(tar[3] (ontinent "ceania North America North America North America North America "ceania "ceania South America $uro:e %opulation1 )5,000 13,000 )5,000 *3,000 !5,000 1,508 *0,*00 3,000 *+,*55

8uam! 8uern'e910 #ong <ong*[3] '(e o3 %an8 ;er'e9)[3] %ont'errat[!] Niue Nor3o(> '(and[3] Northern %ariana '(and'5 &itcairn '(and'13[3] &uerto Rico3 Saint #e(ena[!] -inc(ude' Tri'tan da 1unha0 To>e(au [!] Tur>' and 1aico' '(and'[3] U.S. @irgin '(and'5

"ceania $uro:e A'ia $uro:e $uro:e North America "ceania "ceania "ceania "ceania North America

153,000 )1,811 ),+85,*00 80,058 8+,300 5,+00 1,)00 1,8*8 8!,000 50 3,++1,000

A3rica

),)00

"ceania North America North America

1,!00 *),000 111,000

!istor" of English Literature

I.

&ntroduction

$nglish 6iterature, (iterature :roduced in $ng(and, 3rom the introduction o3 "(d $ng(i'h b9 the Ang(oASaBon' in the 5th centur9 to the :re'ent. The 2or>' o3 tho'e ri'h and Scotti'h author' 2ho are c(o'e(9 identi3ied 2ith $ng(i'h (i3e and (etter' are a('o con'idered :art o3 $ng(i'h (iterature Thi' :eriod eBtend' 3rom about !50 to 10)), the 9ear o3 the NormanA 6rench conCue't o3 $ng(and. The 8ermanic tribe' 3rom $uro:e 2ho o?erran $ng(and in the 5th centur9, a3ter the Roman 2ithdra2a(, brought 2ith them the "(d $ng(i'h, or Ang(oASaBon, (anguage, 2hich i' the ba'i' o3 %odern $ng(i'h. The9 brought a('o a ':eci3ic :oetic tradition, the 3orma( character o3 2hich remained 'ur:ri'ing(9 con'tant unti( the termination o3 their ru(e b9 the NormanA6rench in?ader' 'iB centurie' (ater.

). %oetry %uch o3 "(d $ng(i'h :oetr9 2a' :robab(9 intended to be chanted, 2ith har: accom:animent, b9 the Ang(oASaBon scop, or bard. "3ten bo(d and 'trong, but a('o mourn3u( and e(egiac in ':irit, thi' :oetr9 em:ha'i,e' the 'orro2 and u(timate 3uti(it9 o3 (i3e and the he(:(e''ne'' o3 human' be3ore the :o2er o3 3ate. A(mo't a(( thi' :oetr9 i' com:o'ed 2ithout rh9me, in a characteri'tic (ine, or ?er'e, o3 3our 'tre''ed '9((ab(e' a(ternating 2ith an indeterminate number o3 un'tre''ed one'. Thi' (ine 'tri>e' 'trange(9 on ear' habituated to the u'ua( modern :attern, in 2hich the rh9thmica( unit, or foot, theoretica((9 con'i't' o3 a con'tant number -either one or t2o0 o3 unaccented '9((ab(e' that a(2a9' :recede or 3o((o2 an9 'tre''ed '9((ab(e. Another un3ami(iar but eCua((9 'tri>ing 3eature in the 3orma( character o3 "(d $ng(i'h :oetr9 i' 'tructura( a((iteration, or the u'e o3 '9((ab(e' beginning 2ith 'imi(ar 'ound' in t2o or three o3 the 'tre''e' in each (ine. A(( the'e Cua(itie' o3 3orm and ':irit are eBem:(i3ied in the e:ic :oem Beowulf 2ritten in the 8th centur9. Beginning and ending 2ith the 3unera( o3 a great >ing, and com:o'ed again't a bac>ground o3 im:ending di'a'ter, it de'cribe' the eB:(oit' o3 a Scandina?ian cu(tura( hero, Beo2u(3, in de'tro9ing the mon'ter 8rende(, 8rende(D' mother, and a 3ireAbreathing dragon. n the'e 'eCuence' Beo2u(3 i' 'ho2n not on(9 a' a g(oriou' hero but a' a 'a?ior o3 the :eo:(e. The "(d 8ermanic ?irtue o3 mutua( (o9a(t9
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bet2een (eader and 3o((o2er' i' e?o>ed e33ecti?e(9 and touching(9 in the aged Beo2u(3D' 'acri3ice o3 hi' (i3e and in the re:roache' hea:ed on the retainer' 2ho de'ert him in thi' c(imactic batt(e. The eBtraordinar9 arti'tr9 2ith 2hich 3ragment' o3 other heroic ta(e' are incor:orated to i((umine the main action, and 2ith 2hich the 2ho(e :(ot i' reduced to '9mmetr9, ha' on(9 recent(9 been 3u((9 recogni,ed. Another 3eature o3 Beowulf i' the 2ea>ening o3 the 'en'e o3 the u(timate :o2er o3 arbitrar9 3ate. The in7ection o3 the 1hri'tian idea o3 de:endence on a 7u't 8od i' e?ident. That 3eature i' t9:ica( o3 other "(d $ng(i'h (iterature, 3or a(mo't a(( o3 2hat 'ur?i?e' 2a' :re'er?ed b9 mona'tic co:9i't'. %o't o3 it 2a' actua((9 com:o'ed b9 re(igiou' 2riter' a3ter the ear(9 con?er'ion o3 the :eo:(e 3rom their 3aith in the o(der 8ermanic di?initie'. Sacred (egend and 'tor9 2ere reduced to ?er'e in :oem' re'emb(ing Beowulf in 3orm. At 3ir't 'uch ?er'e 2a' rendered in the 'ome2hat 'im:(e, 'tar> 't9(e o3 the :oem' o3 1aedmon, a humb(e man o3 the (ate 5th centur9 2ho 2a' de'cribed b9 the hi'torian and theo(ogian Saint Bede the @enerab(e a' ha?ing recei?ed the gi3t o3 'ong 3rom 8od. Later the 'ame t9:e o3 'ub7ect matter 2a' treated in the more ornate (anguage o3 the Ang(oASaBon :oet 19ne2u(3 and hi' 'choo(. The be't o3 their :roduction' i' :robab(9 the :a''ionate E4ream o3 the Rood.F n addition to the'e re(igiou' com:o'ition', "(d $ng(i'h :oet' :roduced a number o3 more or (e'' (9rica( :oem' o3 'horter (ength, 2hich do not contain ':eci3ic 1hri'tian doctrine and 2hich e?o>e the Ang(oASaBon 'en'e o3 the har'hne'' o3 circum'tance and the 'adne'' o3 the human (ot. EThe GandererF and EThe Sea3arerF are among the mo't beauti3u( o3 thi' grou: o3 "(d $ng(i'h :oem'. .. %rose &ro'e in "(d $ng(i'h i' re:re'ented b9 a (arge number o3 re(igiou' 2or>'. The im:o'ing 'cho(ar'hi: o3 mona'terie' in northern $ng(and in the (ate 5th centur9 reached it' :ea> in the Latin 2or> Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum -$cc(e'ia'tica( #i'tor9 o3 the $ng(i'h &eo:(e, 5310 b9 Bede. The great educationa( e33ort o3 A(3red, >ing o3 the Ge't SaBon', in the +th centur9 :roduced an "(d $ng(i'h tran'(ation o3 thi' im:ortant hi'torica( 2or> and o3 man9 other', inc(uding De Consolatione Philosophiae -The 1on'o(ation o3 &hi(o'o:h90, b9 Boethiu'. Thi' 2a' a 'igni3icant 2or> o3 (arge(9 &(atonic :hi(o'o:h9 ea'i(9 ada:tab(e to 1hri'tian thought, and it ha' had great in3(uence on $ng(i'h (iterature.
9

&&&. ,iddle $nglish %eriod $Btending 3rom 10)) to 1!85, thi' :eriod i' noted 3or the eBten'i?e in3(uence o3 6rench (iterature on nati?e $ng(i'h 3orm' and theme'. 6rom the NormanA6rench conCue't o3 $ng(and in 10)) unti( the 1!th centur9, 6rench (arge(9 re:(aced $ng(i'h in ordinar9 (iterar9 com:o'ition, and Latin maintained it' ro(e a' the (anguage o3 (earned 2or>'. B9 the 1!th centur9, 2hen $ng(i'h again became the cho'en (anguage o3 the ru(ing c(a''e', it had (o't much o3 the "(d $ng(i'h in3(ectiona( '9'tem, had undergone certain 'ound change', and had acCuired the characteri'tic it 'ti(( :o''e''e' o3 3ree(9 ta>ing into the nati?e 'toc> number' o3 3oreign 2ord', in thi' ca'e 6rench and Latin one'. Thu', the ?ariou' dia(ect' o3 %idd(e $ng(i'h ':o>en in the 1!th centur9 2ere 'imi(ar to %odern $ng(i'h and can be read 2ithout great di33icu(t9 toda9. The %idd(e $ng(i'h (iterature o3 the 1!th and 15th centurie' i' much more di?er'i3ied than the :re?iou' "(d $ng(i'h (iterature. A ?ariet9 o3 6rench and e?en ta(ian e(ement' in3(uenced %idd(e $ng(i'h (iterature, e':ecia((9 in 'outhern $ng(and. n addition, di33erent regiona( 't9(e' 2ere maintained, 3or (iterature and (earning had not 9et been centra(i,ed. 6or the'e rea'on', a' 2e(( a' becau'e o3 the ?igorou' and une?en gro2th o3 nationa( (i3e, the %idd(e $ng(i'h :eriod contain' a 2ea(th o3 (iterar9 monument' not ea'i(9 c(a''i3ied.

II.

). )llegory n the north and 2e't, :oem' continued to be 2ritten in 3orm' ?er9 (i>e the "(d $ng(i'h a((iterati?e, 3ourA'tre'' (ine'. "3 the'e :oem', The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman , better >no2n a' Piers Plowman, i' the mo't 'igni3icant. No2 thought to be b9 Gi((iam Lang(and, it i' a (ong, im:a''ioned 2or> in the 3orm o3 dream ?i'ion' -a 3a?orite (iterar9 de?ice o3 the da90, :rote'ting the :(ight o3 the :oor, the a?arice o3 the :o2er3u(, and the 'in3u(ne'' o3 a(( :eo:(e. The em:ha'i', ho2e?er, i' :(aced on a 1hri'tian ?i'ion o3 the (i3e o3 acti?it9, o3 the (i3e o3 unit9 2ith 8od, and o3 the '9nthe'i' o3 the'e t2o under the ru(e o3 a :uri3ied church. A' 'uch, de':ite ?ariou' 3au(t', it bear' com:ari'on 2ith the other great 1hri'tian ?i'ionar9 :oem, La i!ina comme ia -The 4i?ine 1omed90, b9 4ante. 6or both, the 2atch2ord' are hea?en(9 (o?e and (o?e o:erati?e in thi' 2or(d. A 'econd and 'horter a((iterati?e ?i'ion :oem, The Pearl, 2ritten in north2e't $ng(and in about 1350, i' 'imi(ar(9 doctrina(, but it' tone i'
10

ec'tatic, and it i' 3ar more de(iberate(9 arti'tic. A::arent(9 an e(eg9 3or the death o3 a 'ma(( gir( -a(though 2ide(9 ?ar9ing re(igiou' a((egorica( inter:retation' ha?e been 'ugge'ted 3or it0, the :oem de'cribe' the eBa(ted 'tate o3 chi(d(i>e innocence in hea?en and the need 3or a(( 'ou(' to become a' chi(dren to enter the :ear(9 gate' o3 the Ne2 ;eru'a(em. The 2or> end' 2ith an im:re''i?e ?i'ion o3 hea?en, 3rom 2hich the dreamer a2a>e'. n genera(, :oetr9 and :ro'e eB:re''ing a m9'tica( (onging 3or, and union 2ith, the deit9 i' a common 3eature o3 the (ate %idd(e Age', :articu(ar(9 in northern $ng(and.

.. Tales of (hivalry and )dventure A third a((iterati?e :oem, 'u::o'ed(9 b9 the 'ame anon9mou' author 2ho 2rote The Pearl, i' "ir Gawain an the Green #night -(ate 1300'0, a romance, or ta(e, o3 >night(9 ad?enture and (o?e, o3 the genera( medie?a( t9:e introduced b9 the 6rench. %o't $ng(i'h romance' 2ere dra2n, a' thi' one a::arent(9 2a', 3rom 6rench 'ource'. %o't o3 the'e 'ource' are concerned 2ith the >night' o3 <ing Arthur -see Arthurian Legend0 and 'eem to go bac> in turn to 1e(tic ta(e' o3 great antiCuit9. n "ir Gawain, again't a bac>ground o3 chi?a(ric ga((antr9, the ta(e i' to(d o3 the >nightD' re'i'tance to the b(andi'hment' o3 another manD' beauti3u( 2i3e.

(. (haucer T2o other im:ortant, nona((iterati?e ?er'e romance' 3orm :art o3 the 2or> o3 8eo33re9 1haucer. The'e are the :'9cho(ogica((9 :enetrating Troilus an Crise$ e -1385H0, a ta(e o3 the 3ata( cour'e o3 a nob(e (o?e, (aid in #omeric Tro9 and ba'ed on %l filostrato, a romance b9 the 1!thAcentur9 ta(ian author 8io?anni BoccaccioI and The #night&s Tale -138*HI (ater inc(uded in 1haucerD' Canter'ur$ Tales0, a('o ba'ed on Boccaccio. mmer'ed in court (i3e and charged 2ith ?ariou' go?ernmenta( dutie' that carried him a' 3ar a' ta(9, 1haucer 9et 3ound time to tran'(ate 6rench and Latin 2or>', to 2rite under 6rench in3(uence 'e?era( 'ecu(ar ?i'ion :oem' o3 a 'emia((egorica( nature -The Boo( of the Duchess, The House of )ame, The Parliament of )owls 0 and, abo?e a((, to com:o'e The Canter'ur$ Tales -:robab(9 a3ter 13850. Thi' (atter 2or> con'i't' o3 *! 'torie' or :art' o3 'torie' -mo't(9 in ?er'e in a(mo't a(( the medie?a( genre'0 recounted b9 1haucer through the mouth' and in the 'e?era( manner' o3 a grou: o3 :i(grim' bound 3or 1anterbur9 1athedra(, 2ho 2ere re:re'entati?e o3 mo't o3 the c(a''e' o3 medie?a( $ng(and. 1haracteri,ed b9 an eBtraordinar9 'en'e o3 (i3e and 3erti(it9 o3 in?ention, the'e narrati?e' range 3rom The #night&s Tale to 'ometime' inde(icate but remar>ab(e ta(e' o3 (o2 (i3e, and the9 concern a ho't o3 'ub7ect'J re(igiou' innocence, married cha'tit9, ?i((ainou' h9:ocri'9, 3ema(e ?o(ubi(it9Ka(( i((umined b9 great humor. Gith eBtraordinar9 arti'tr9 the 'torie' are made to characteri,e their te((er'.
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<. )rthurian 6egends n the 15th centur9 a number o3 :oet' 2ere ob?iou'(9 in3(uenced b9 1haucer but, in genera(, medie?a( (iterar9 theme' and 't9(e' 2ere eBhau'ted during thi' :eriod. Sir Thoma' %a(or9'tand' out 3or hi' great 2or>, Le morte &Arthur -The 4eath o3 Arthur, 1!)+A1!500, 2hich carried on the tradition o3 Arthurian romance, 3rom 6rench 'ource', in $ng(i'h :ro'e o3 remar>ab(e ?i?idne'' and ?ita(it9. #e (oo'e(9 tied together 'torie' o3 ?ariou' >night' o3 the Round Tab(e, but mo't memorab(9 o3 Arthur him'e(3, o3 8a(ahad, and o3 the gui(t9 (o?e o3 Lance(ot and ArthurD' Cueen, 8uine?ere. 4e':ite the great ?ariet9 o3 incident and the com:(ication' o3 :(ot in hi' 2or>, the dominant theme i' the need to 'acri3ice indi?idua( de'ire 3or the 'a>e o3 nationa( unit9 and re(igiou' 'a(?ation, the (atter o3 2hich i' en?i'ioned in term' o3 the dream(i>e but inten'e m9'tica( '9mbo(i'm o3 the #o(9 8rai(.

&@. The 0enaissance A go(den age o3 $ng(i'h (iterature commenced in 1!85 and (a'ted unti( 1))0. %a(or9D' Le morte &Arthur 2a' among the 3ir't 2or>' to be :rinted b9 Gi((iam 1aBton, 2ho introduced the :rinting :re'' to $ng(and in 1!5). 6rom that time on, reader'hi: 2a' ?a't(9 mu(ti:(ied. The gro2th o3 the midd(e c(a'', the continuing de?e(o:ment o3 trade, the ne2 character and thoroughne'' o3 education 3or (a9:eo:(e and not on(9 c(erg9, the centra(i,ation o3 :o2er and o3 much inte((ectua( (i3e in the court o3 the Tudor and Stuart monarch', and the 2idening hori,on' o3 eB:(oration ga?e a 3undamenta( ne2 im:etu' and direction to (iterature. The ne2 (iterature ne?erthe(e'' did not 3u((9 3(ouri'h unti( the (a't *0 9ear' o3 the 1500', during the reign o3 Lueen $(i,abeth . Literar9 de?e(o:ment in the ear(ier :art o3 the 1)th centur9 2a' 2ea>ened b9 the di?er'ion o3 inte((ectua( energie' to the :o(emic' o3 the re(igiou' 'trugg(e bet2een the Roman 1atho(ic 1hurch and the 1hurch o3 $ng(and, a :roduct o3 the Re3ormation. The $ng(i'h :art in the $uro:ean mo?ement >no2n a' humani'm a('o be(ong' to thi' time. #umani'm encouraged greater care in the 'tud9 o3 the (iterature o3 c(a''ica( antiCuit9 and re3ormed education in 'uch a 2a9 a' to ma>e (iterar9 eB:re''ion o3 :aramount im:ortance 3or the cu(tured :er'on. Literar9 't9(e, in :art mode(ed on that o3 the ancient', 'oon became a 'e(3Acon'ciou' :reoccu:ation o3 $ng(i'h :oet' and :ro'e 2riter'. Thu', the richne'' and meta:horica( :ro3u'ion o3 't9(e at the end o3 the centur9 indirect(9 o2ed much to the educationa( 3orce o3 thi' mo?ement. The mo't immediate e33ect o3 humani'm (a9, ho2e?er, in the di''emination o3 the cu(ti?ated, c(ear, and 'en'ib(e attitude o3 it' c(a''ica((9 educated adherent', 2ho re7ected medie?a( theo(ogica( mi'teaching and 'u:er'tition. "3 the'e 2riter', Sir Thoma' %ore i' the mo't remar>ab(e. #i' Latin :ro'e narrati?e *topia -151)0 'atiri,e' the irrationa(it9 o3 inherited a''um:tion' about
12

:ri?ate :ro:ert9 and mone9 and 3o((o2' &(ato in de:(oring the 3ai(ure o3 >ing' to ma>e u'e o3 the 2i'dom o3 :hi(o'o:her'. %oreD' boo> de'cribe' a di'tant nation organi,ed on :ure(9 rea'onab(e :rinci:(e' and named Uto:ia -8ree> 3or Eno2hereF0. ). 0enaissance %oetry The :oetr9 o3 the ear(ier :art o3 the 1)th centur9 i' genera((9 (e'' im:ortant, 2ith the eBce:tion o3 the 2or> o3 ;ohn S>e(ton, 2hich eBhibit' a curiou' combination o3 medie?a( andRenai''ance in3(uence'. The t2o greate't inno?ator' o3 the ne2, rich 't9(e o3 Renai''ance :oetr9 in the (a't Cuarter o3 the 1)th centur9 2ere Sir &hi(i: Sidne9 and $dmund S:en'er, both humani'tica((9 educated $(i,abethan courtier'. Sidne9, uni?er'a((9 recogni,ed a' the mode( Renai''ance nob(eman, out2ard(9 :o(i'hed a' 2e(( a' in2ard(9 con'cientiou', inaugurated the ?ogue o3 the 'onnet c9c(e in hi' Astrophel an "tella -2ritten 158*HI :ub(i'hed 15+10. n thi' 2or>, in the e(aborate and high(9 meta:horica( 't9(e o3 the ear(ier ta(ian 'onnet, he ce(ebrated hi' idea(i,ed (o?e 3or &ene(o:e 4e?ereuB, the daughter o3 Ga(ter 4e?ereuB, 1't ear( o3 $''eB. The'e (9ric' :ro3e'' to 'ee in her an idea( o3 2omanhood that in the &(atonic manner (ead' to a :erce:tion o3 the good, the true, and the beauti3u( and con'eCuent(9 o3 the di?ine. Thi' idea(i,ation o3 the be(o?ed remained a 3a?ored moti3 in much o3 the :oetr9 and drama o3 the (ate 1)th centur9I it had it' root' not on(9 in &(atoni'm but a('o in the &(atonic ':ecu(ation' o3 humani'm and in the chi?a(ric idea(i,ation o3 (o?e in medie?a( romance. The greate't monument to that idea(i'm, broadened to inc(ude a(( 3eature' o3 the mora( (i3e, i' S:en'erD' uncom:(eted )aerie +ueene -Boo>' A , 15+0I Boo>' @A@ , 15+)0, the mo't 3amou' 2or> o3 the :eriod. n each o3 it' com:(eted 'iB boo>' it de:ict' the acti?itie' o3 a hero that :oint to2ard the idea( 3orm o3 a :articu(ar ?irtue, and at the 'ame time it (oo>' 3or2ard to the marriage o3 Arthur, 2ho i' a combination o3 a(( the ?irtue', and 8(oriana, 2ho i' the idea( 3orm o3 2omanhood and the embodiment o3 Lueen $(i,abeth. t i' entire(9 t9:ica( o3 the im:u('e o3 the Renai''ance in $ng(and that in thi' 2or> S:en'er tried to create out o3 the inherited $ng(i'h e(ement' o3 Arthurian romance and an archaic, :art(9 medie?a( 't9(e a nob(e e:ic that 2ou(d ma>e the nationa( (iterature the eCua( o3 tho'e o3 ancient 8reece and Rome and o3 Renai''ance ta(9. #i' e33ort in thi' re':ect corre':onded to the ne2 demand' eB:re''ed b9 Sidne9 in the critica( e''a9 The Defence of Poesie, origina((9 Apologie for Poetrie -2ritten 1583HI :o'thumou'(9 :ub(i'hed 15+50. S:en'erD' conce:tion o3 hi' ro(e no doubt con3ormed to Sidne9D' genera( de'cri:tion o3 the :oet a' the in':ired ?oice o3 8od re?ea(ing eBam:(e' o3 mora((9 :er3ect action' in an ae'thetica((9 idea( 2or(d 'uch a' mere rea(it9 can ne?er :ro?ide, and 2ith a gra:hic and concrete con?iction that mere :hi(o'o:h9 can ne?er achie?e. The :oetic and narrati?e Cua(itie' o3 The )aerie +ueene 'u33er to a degree 3rom the ?ariou' theoretica( reCuirement' that S:en'er 3orced the 2or> to meet. n a number o3 other (9rica( and narrati?e 2or>' Sidne9 and S:en'er di':(a9ed the
13

ornate, 'ome2hat 3(orid, high(9 3igured 't9(e characteri'tic o3 a great dea( o3 $(i,abethan :oetic eB:re''ionI but t2o other :oetic tendencie' became ?i'ib(e to2ard the end o3 the 1)th and in the ear(9 :art o3 the 15th centurie'. The 3ir't tendenc9 i' eBem:(i3ied b9 the :oetr9 o3 ;ohn 4onne and the other 'oAca((ed meta:h9'ica( :oet', 2hich carried the meta:horica( 't9(e to height' o3 daring com:(eBit9 and ingenuit9. Thi' o3ten :aradoBica( 't9(e 2a' u'ed 3or a ?ariet9 o3 :oetic :ur:o'e', ranging 3rom com:(eB emotiona( attitude' to the 'im:(e inducement o3 admiration 3or it' o2n ?irtuo'it9. Among the mo't im:ortant o3 4onneD' 3o((o2er', 8eorge #erberti' di'tingui'hed 3or hi' care3u((9 con'tructed re(igiou' (9ric', 2hich 'tri?e to eB:re'' 2ith :er'ona( humi(it9 the emotion' a::ro:riate to a(( true 1hri'tian'. "ther member' o3 the meta:h9'ica( 'choo( are #enr9 @aughan, a 3o((o2er o3 #erbert, and Richard 1ra'ha2, 2ho 2a' in3(uenced b9 1ontinenta( 1atho(ic m9'tici'm. Andre2 %ar?e(( 2rote meta:h9'ica( :oetr9 o3 great :o2er and 3(uenc9, but he a('o re':onded to other in3(uence'. The in?o(?ed meta:h9'ica( 't9(e remained 3a'hionab(e unti( (ate in the 15th centur9. The 'econd (ate Renai''ance :oetic tendenc9 2a' in reaction to the 'ometime' 3(ambo9ant (u'hne'' o3 the S:en'erian' and to the 'ometime' tortuou' ?erba( g9mna'tic' o3 the meta:h9'ica( :oet'. Be't re:re'ented b9 the accom:(i'hed :oetr9 o3 Ben ;on'on and hi' 'choo(, it re?ea(' a c(a''ica((9 :ure and re'trained 't9(e that had 'trong in3(uence on (ate 3igure' 'uch a' Robert #erric> and the other 1a?a(ier :oet' and ga?e the direction 3or the :oetic de?e(o:ment o3 the 'ucceeding neoc(a''ica( :eriod. The (a't great :oet o3 the $ng(i'h Renai''ance 2a' the &uritan 2riter ;ohn %i(ton, 2ho, ha?ing at hi' command a thorough c(a''ica( education and the bene3it o3 the :receding ha(3 centur9 o3 eB:erimentation in the ?ariou' 'choo(' o3 $ng(i'h :oetr9, a::roached 2ith greater maturit9 than S:en'er the ta'> o3 2riting a great $ng(i'h e:ic. A(though he adhered to Sidne9D' and S:en'erD' notion' o3 the in':ired ro(e o3 the :oet a' the (o3t9 in'tructor o3 humanit9, he re7ected the 3anta'tic and mi'ce((aneou' machiner9, in?o(?ing c(a''ica( m9tho(og9 and medie?a( >nighthood, o3 The )aerie +ueene in 3a?or o3 the centra( 1hri'tian and bib(ica( tradition. Gith grand 'im:(icit9 and :oetic :o2er %i(ton narrated in Para ise Lost -1))50 the machination' o3 Satan (eading to the 3a(( o3 Adam and $?e 3rom the 'tate o3 innocenceI and he :er3ormed the ta'> in 'uch a 2a9 a' to E7u'ti39 the 2a9' o3 8od to manF and to eB:re'' the centra( 1hri'tian truth' o3 3reedom, 'in, and redem:tion a' he concei?ed them. #i' other :oem', 'uch a' the e(eg9 L$ci as -1)350, Para ise ,egaine -1)510, and the c(a''ica((9 :atterned traged9 "amson Agonistes -1)510, 'imi(ar(9 re?ea( a'toni'hing :oetic :o2er and grace under the contro( o3 a :ro3ound mind. .. 0enaissance <rama and %rose The :oetr9 o3 the $ng(i'h Renai''ance bet2een 1580 and 1))0 2a' the re'u(t o3 a remar>ab(e outbur't o3 energ9. t i', ho2e?er, the drama o3 rough(9 the 'ame :eriod
14

that 'tand' highe't in :o:u(ar e'timation. The 2or>' o3 it' greate't re:re'entati?e, Gi((iam Sha>e':eare, ha?e achie?ed 2or(d2ide reno2n. n the :re?iou' %idd(e $ng(i'h :eriod there had been, 2ithin the church, a gradua( broadening o3 dramatic re:re'entation o3 'uch doctrina((9 im:ortant e?ent' a' the ange(D' announcement o3 the re'urrection to the 2omen at the tomb o3 1hri't. U(timate(9, :er3ormance' o3 re(igiou' drama had become the :ro?ince o3 the cra3t gui(d', and the entire 1hri'tian 'tor9, 3rom the creation o3 the 2or(d to the (a't 7udgment, had been reenacted 3or 'ecu(ar audience'. The Renai''ance drama :ro:er ro'e 3rom thi' (ate medie?a( ba'e b9 a number o3 tran'itiona( 'tage' ending about 1580. A (arge number o3 comedie', tragedie', and eBam:(e' o3 intermediate t9:e' 2ere :roduced 3or London theater' bet2een that 9ear and 1)!*, 2hen the London theater' 2ere c(o'ed b9 order o3 the &uritan &ar(iament. Li>e 'o much nondramatic (iterature o3 the Renai''ance, mo't o3 the'e :(a9' 2ere 2ritten in an e(aborate ?er'e 't9(e and under the in3(uence o3 c(a''ica( eBam:(e', but the :o:u(ar ta'te, to 2hich drama 2a' e':ecia((9 'u'ce:tib(e, reCuired a 3(ambo9ance and 'en'ationa(i'm (arge(9 a(ien to the ':irit o3 8ree> and Roman (iterature. "n(9 the Roman tragedian Luciu' Annaeu'Seneca cou(d :ro?ide a mode( 3or the ear(ie't :o:u(ar traged9 o3 b(ood and re?enge, The "panish Trage $ -158+H0 o3 Thoma' <9d. <9dD' '>i((3u((9 managed, com:(icated, but 'en'ationa( :(ot in3(uenced in turn (ater, :'9cho(ogica((9 more 'o:hi'ticated re?enge tragedie', among them Sha>e':eareD' Hamlet- 1hri'to:her %ar(o2e began the tradition o3 the chronic(e :(a9, about the 3ata( deed' o3 >ing' and :otentate', a 3e2 9ear' (ater 2ith the tragedie' Tam'urlaine the Great, &art -15850, and E war %% -15+*H0. %ar(o2eD' :(a9', 'uch a' The Tragical Histor$ of Dr- )austus -1588H0 and The .ew of /alta -158+H0, are remar>ab(e :rimari(9 3or their daring de:iction' o3 2or(dA 'hattering character' 2ho 'tri?e to go be9ond the norma( human (imitation' a' the 1hri'tian medie?a( etho' had concei?ed them. The'e 2or>' are 2ritten in a :oetic 't9(e 2orth9 in man9 2a9' o3 com:ari'on to Sha>e':eareD'. (. Shakespeare $(i,abethan traged9 and comed9 a(i>e reached their true 3(o2ering in Sha>e':eareD' 2or>'. Be9ond hi' art, hi' rich 't9(e, and hi' com:(eB :(ot', a(( o3 2hich 'ur:a'' b9 3ar the 2or> o3 other $(i,abethan dramati't' in the 'ame 3ie(d, and be9ond hi' unri?a(ed :ro7ection o3 character, Sha>e':eareD' com:a''ionate under'tanding o3 the human (ot ha' :er:etuated hi' greatne'' and made him the re:re'entati?e 3igure o3 $ng(i'h (iterature 3or the 2ho(e 2or(d. #i' comedie', o3 2hich :erha:' the be't are As 0ou Li(e %t -15++H0 and Twelfth 1ight -1)00H0, de:ict the endearing a' 2e(( a' the ridicu(ou' 'ide' o3 human nature. #i' great tragedie'K Hamlet -1)01H0, 2thello -1)0!H0, #ing Lear -1)05H0, /ac'eth -1)0)H0, and Anton$ an Cleopatra -1)0)H0K(oo> dee:(9 into the ':ring' o3 action in the human 'ou(. #i' ear(ier dar> tragedie' 2ere imitated in 't9(e and 3ee(ing b9 the tragedian ;ohn Geb'ter in The White De!il-1)1*0 and The Duchess of /alfi -1)13A1)1!0. n Sha>e':eareD' (a't :(a9', the 'oAca((ed dramatic romance', inc(uding The Tempest -1)11H0, he 'et' a mood o3 Cuiet acce:tance and u(timate reconci(iation
15

that 2a' a 3itting c(o'e 3or hi' (iterar9 career. The'e :(a9', b9 ?irtue o3 their m9'teriou', eBotic atmo':here and their Cuic>, 'ur:ri'ing a(ternation' o3 bad and good 3ortune, come c(o'e a('o to the tone o3 the drama o3 the 'ucceeding age. <. 6ate 0enaissance and 3Ath (entury The mo't in3(uentia( 3igure in 'ha:ing the immediate 3uture cour'e o3 $ng(i'h drama 2a' Ben ;on'on. #i' care3u((9 :(otted comedie', 'atiri,ing 2ith inimitab(e ?er?e and imagination ?ariou' de:arture' 3rom the norm o3 good 'en'e and moderation, are 2ritten in a more 'ober and care3u( 't9(e than are tho'e o3 mo't $(i,abethan and ear(9 15thAcentur9 dramati't'. Tho'e Cua(itie', indeed, de3ine the character o3 mo't (ater Re'toration comed9. The be't o3 ;on'onD' comedie' are Volpone -1)0)0 and The Alchemist -1)100. &ro3e''ing them'e(?e' hi' di'ci:(e', the dramati't' 6ranci' Beaumont and ;ohn 6(etcher co((aborated on a number o3 'oA ca((ed tragicomedie' -3or eBam:(e, Philaster, 1)10H0 in 2hich mora((9 dubiou' 'ituation', 'ur:ri'ing re?er'a(' o3 3ortune, and 'entimenta(it9 combine 2ith ho((o2 rhetoric. The out'tanding :ro'e 2or>' o3 the Renai''ance are not 'o numerou' a' tho'e o3 (ater age', but the great tran'(ation o3 the Bib(e, ca((ed the <ing ;ame' Bib(e, or Authori,ed @er'ion, :ub(i'hed in 1)11, i' 'igni3icant becau'e it 2a' the cu(mination o3 t2o centurie' o3 e33ort to :roduce the be't $ng(i'h tran'(ation o3 the origina( teBt', and a('o becau'e it' ?ocabu(ar9, imager9, and rh9thm' ha?e in3(uenced 2riter' o3 $ng(i'h in a(( (and' e?er 'ince. Simi(ar(9 'onorou' and 'tate(9 i' the :ro'e o3 Sir Thoma' Bro2ne, the :h9'ician and 'emi'cienti3ic in?e'tigator. #i' reduction o3 2or(d(9 :henomena to '9mbo(' o3 m9'tica( truth i' be't 'een in ,eligio /e ici -Re(igion o3 a 4octor0, :robab(9 2ritten in 1)35. @. The 0estoration %eriod and the 34th (entury Thi' :eriod eBtend' 3rom 1))0, the 9ear 1har(e' 2a' re'tored to the throne, unti( about 158+. The :re?ai(ing characteri'tic o3 the (iterature o3 the Renai''ance had been it' re(iance on :oetic in':iration or 2hat toda9 might be ca((ed imagination. The in':ired conce:tion' o3 %ar(o2e, Sha>e':eare, and %i(ton, the true origina(it9 o3 S:en'er, and the daring :oetic 't9(e o3 4onne a(( 'u::ort thi' genera(i,ation. 6urthermore, a(though near(9 a(( the'e :oet' had been 3ar more bound b9 3orma( and 't9(i'tic con?ention' than modern :oet' are, the9 had de?e(o:ed a (arge ?ariet9 o3 3orm' and o3 rich or eBuberant 't9(e' into 2hich indi?idua( :oetic eB:re''ion might 3it. n the 'ucceeding :eriod, ho2e?er, 2riter' reacted again't both the imaginati?e 3(ight' and the ornate or 'tart(ing 't9(e' and 3orm' o3 the :re?iou' era. The Cua(it9 o3 the (ater age i' 'ugge'ted b9 it' 2riter'D admiration 3or Ben ;on'on and hi' di'ci:(e'I the tran':arent and a::arent(9 e33ort(e'' :oetic medium o3 the E'choo( o3 Ben,F a(ong 2ith it' em:ha'i' on good ta'te, moderation, and the 8ree> and Latin c(a''ic' a' mode(', a::ea(ed :ro3ound(9 to the ne2 generation.
16

Thu', the re'toration o3 1har(e' u'hered in a (iterature characteri,ed b9 rea'on, moderation, good ta'te, de3t management, and 'im:(icit9. The hi'torica( :ara((e( bet2een the ear(9 im:eria(i'm o3 Rome and the re'tored $ng(i'h monarch9, both o3 2hich had re:(aced re:ub(ican in'titution', 2a' not (o't on the ru(ing and (earned c(a''e'. Their a::reciation o3 the (iterature o3 the time o3 the Roman em:eror Augu'tu' (ed to a 2ide':read acce:tance o3 the ne2 $ng(i'h (iterature and encouraged a grandeur o3 tone in the :oetr9 o3 the :eriod, the (ater :ha'e o3 2hich i' o3ten re3erred to a' Augu'tan. n addition, the idea(' o3 im:artia( in?e'tigation and 'cienti3ic eB:erimentation :romu(gated b9 the ne2(9 3ounded Ro9a( Societ9 o3 London 3or m:ro?ing Natura( <no2(edge -e'tab(i'hed in 1))*0 2ere in3(uentia( in the de?e(o:ment o3 c(ear and 'im:(e :ro'e a' an in'trument o3 rationa( communication. 6ina((9, the great :hi(o'o:hica( and :o(itica( treati'e' o3 the time em:ha'i,e rationa(i'm. $?en in the ear(ier 15th centur9, 6ranci' Bacon had mo?ed in thi' direction b9 ad?ocating rea'oning and 'cienti3ic in?e'tigation in A !ancement of Learning -1)050 and The 1ew Atlantis -1)*50. Essa$ Concerning Human *n erstan ing -1)+00, b9 ;ohn Loc>e, i' the :roduct o3 a be(ie3 in eB:erience a' the eBc(u'i?e ba'i' o3 >no2(edge, a ?ie2 :u'hed to it' (ogica( eBtreme in An En3uir$ Concerning Human *n erstan ing -15!80 b9 4a?id #ume. Loc>e him'e(3 continued to :ro3e'' 3aith in di?ine re?e(ation, but thi' re'idua( be(ie3 2a' 2ea>ened among the 'imi(ar(9 rationa(i't 4ei't', 2ho tended to ba'e re(igion on 2hat rea'on cou(d 3ind in the 2or(d 8od had created around human'. n :o(itica( thought, the arbitrar9 acce:tance o3 the monarchD' di?ine right to ru(e -a conce:tion :o:u(ar in the Renai''ance0 had 'o near(9 'uccumbed to '>e:tica( critici'm that Thoma' #obbe' in hi' Le!iathan -1)510 3ound it nece''ar9 to de3end the idea o3 :o(itica( ab'o(uti'm 2ith a rationa((9 concei?ed 'anction. According to him, the monarch 'hou(d ru(e not b9 di?ine right but b9 an origina( and indi''o(ub(e 'ocia( contract in order to 'ecure uni?er'a( :eace and materia( grati3ication. Simi(ar(9 rationa(i'tic, but o::o'ed to thi' rigorou' 'ubordination o3 a(( organ' o3 the 'tate to centra( contro(, 2ere Loc>eD' t2o Treatises on Go!ernment -1)+00, in 2hich he 'tated that the authorit9 o3 the go?ernor i' deri?ed 3rom the a(2a9' re?ocab(e con'ent o3 the go?erned and that the :eo:(eD' 2e(3are i' the on(9 :ro:er ob7ect o3 that authorit9. &erha:' the greate't hi'torica( 2or> in $ng(i'h i' The Histor$ of the Decline an )all of the ,oman Empire -) ?o(ume', 155)A15880, b9 $d2ard 8ibbon. Notab(e 3or it' 'tate(9, ba(anced 't9(e, it i' :ermeated 2ith rationa(i'tic '>e:tici'm and di'tru't o3 emotion, :articu(ar(9 re(igiou' emotion. The 'ucce''i?e 'tage' o3 (iterar9 ta'te during the :eriod o3 the Re'toration and the 18th centur9 are con?enient(9 re3erred to a' the age' o3 4r9den, &o:e, and ;ohn'on, a3ter the three great (iterar9 3igure' 2ho, one a3ter another, carried on the 'oAca((ed
17

c(a''ica( tradition in (iterature. The age a' a 2ho(e i' 'ometime' ca((ed the Augu'tan age, or the c(a''ica( or neoc(a''ica( :eriod.

). )ge of <ryden The :oetr9 o3 ;ohn 4r9den :o''e''e' a grandeur, 3orce, and 3u((ne'' o3 tone that 2ere eager(9 recei?ed b9 reader' 'ti(( ha?ing 'omething in common 2ith the $(i,abethan'. At the 'ame time, ho2e?er, hi' :oetr9 'et the tone o3 the ne2 age in achie?ing a ne2 c(arit9 and in e'tab(i'hing a 'e(3A(imiting, 'ome2hat im:er'ona( canon o3 moderation and good ta'te. #i' :o(i'hed heroic cou:(et -a unit o3 t2o rh9ming (ine' o3 iambic :entameter, genera((9 endA'to::ed0, 2hich he inherited 3rom (e'' accom:(i'hed :redece''or' and then de?e(o:ed, became the dominant 3orm in the com:o'ition o3 (onger :oem'. n a number o3 critica( 2or>' 4r9den de3ined the 't9(i'tic re'traint, com:re''ion, c(arit9, and common 'en'e that he eBem:(i3ied in hi' o2n :oetr9 and that he 'ho2ed to be (ac>ing in much o3 the :oetr9 o3 the :receding age, :articu(ar(9 in the eBuberant and mechanica((9 com:(eB meta:horica( 2it o3 the o(der meta:h9'ica( 'choo(. #i' re:utation re't' :rimari(9 on 'atire. Thi' 3orm became the dominant :oetic genre o3 the age, both becau'e o3 the re(igiou' and :o(itica( 3actiona(i'm o3 the time' and becau'e moc>ing denunciation o3 the (udicrou'ne'' or ra'ca(it9 o3 the o::o'ition come' natura((9 to an age 2ith 'o 'trong a :ub(ic 'en'e o3 norm' o3 beha?ior. A'salom an Achitophel -1)81A1)8*0 and /ac )lec(noe -1)8*0 are the mo't remar>ab(e o3 4r9denD' :o(itica( 'atire'. Among hi' other :oetic 2or>' are note2orth9 tran'(ation' o3 Roman 'atiri't' and o3 the 2or>' o3 @irgi(, and the &indaric ode EA(eBanderD' 6ea't,F a tour de 3orce o3 ?aried cadence', 2hich 2a' :ub(i'hed in 1)+5. The bu(> o3 4r9denD' 2or> 2a' in drama. B9 mean' o3 it, 3o((o2ing the ne2 mode o3 (i?ing o3 the :ro3e''iona( (iterar9 man, he cou(d deri?e hi' 'u::ort 3rom a (arge :ub(ic rather than 3rom :ri?ate :atron'. n hi' heroic tragedie' The Con3uest of Grana a -1)500 and All for Lo!e4 or, The Worl Well Lost -1)580, a re2riting o3 Sha>e':eareD' Anton$ an Cleopatra in the ne2 ta'te, 4r9den 'ho2ed a di33erent and not a(2a9' 'ati'39ing 'ide o3 hi' ta(ent and eBem:(i3ied the dominant Cua(it9 o3 a(( Re'toration traged9. n order to achie?e ':(endor and 'ur:ri'e on the 'tage, he 'acri3iced rea(it9 o3 characteri,ation and con'i'tenc9 in moti?ation 3or 'en'ua( di':(a9 in eBotic (oca(e' and eBtra?agance in :(ot and 'ituation, :re'ented in a 't9(e ?erging on the bomba'tic. The a33initie' o3 thi' >ind o3 drama are 2ith Beaumont and 6(etcher rather than 2ith the great $(i,abethan ageI and the indirect in3(uence o3 Ben ;on'on i' a::arent a('o, 3or the'e t2o men 2ere ;on'onD' di'ci:(e'. &robab(9 the be't eBam:(e o3 thi' genre o3 traged9 2a' :roduced b9 Thoma' "t2a9, 2ho'e Venice Preser!e -1)8*0 a?oid' the 2or't eBce''e' to 2hich thi' 3orm i'
18

(iab(e and a('o :o''e''e' con'iderab(e tenderne'' and 'en'ibi(it9. B9 thi' time, ho2e?er, the ?ogue o3 heroic traged9 2a' coming to an endI the 't9(e a(read9 had been 'ucce''3u((9 :arodied in The ,ehearsal -1)510, b9 8eorge @i((ier', *nd du>e o3 Buc>ingham, and hi' co((aborator'. The comed9 o3 the time i' much more 'ucce''3u( than the traged9. t i' deri?ed direct(9 3rom the comedie' o3 Ben ;on'on but trie' 3or more re3inement 2hi(e di':(a9ing (e'' 'trength. n a coo(, 'atiric ':irit, it critici,e' midd(eAc(a'' ambition and other ?ariation' 3rom the court(9 'ocia( norm, o3 2hich the canon' are ari'tocratic good ta'te and good 'en'e, rare(9 con?entiona( mora(it9. n the e9e' o3 'ucceeding generation', the chie3 de3ect' o3 Re'toration comed9 are it' reduction o3 'entiment and emotion to 'i((ine'' and it' 3reCuent amora(it9. Reaction again't thi' t9:e o3 comed9, >no2n a' the comed9 o3 manner', a(read9 had de?e(o:ed b9 the time that it' greate't :ractitioner, Gi((iam 1ongre?e, 2a' di':(a9ing hi' 'ubt(e arti'tr9 in Lo!e )or Lo!e -1)+50 and The Wa$ of the Worl -15000. ;u't a' 4r9denD' :oetr9 de3ined the tone o3 hi' time, 'o too did hi' ea'9, in3orma(, c(ear :ro'e 't9(e, notab(9 in hi' Essa$ of Dramatic Poesie -1))80 and in ?ariou' :re3ace' to hi' :(a9' and tran'(ation'. Note2orth9 :ro'e o3 a rather di33erent nature 2a' :roduced b9 t2o other 3igure' o3 the age, Samue( &e:9' and ;ohn Bun9an. The a::etite o3 the :eriod 3or (i3e at a(( (e?e(', but :articu(ar(9 3or the (i3e o3 the 'en'e', i' 'ugge'ted b9 the 'ecret diar9 o3 Samue( &e:9', a high o33icia( o3 the Admira(t9 "33ice. Thi' eBtraordinar9 2or>, ?a(uab(e a' it i' a' a document o3 contem:orar9 ta'te, ha' much to 'a9 o3 the :ri?ate, unheroic (i3e and (onging' o3 :eo:(e o3 a(( time'. A 3igure in 'tronger contra't to &e:9' cou(d hard(9 be imagined than ;ohn Bun9an, a &uritan :reacher, com:(ete(9 a(ien to the ari'tocratic and :ro3e''iona( 2or(d o3 (etter'. Bun9an 2rote The Pilgrim&s Progress from This Worl to That Which %s to Come -1't :art :ub(i'hed in 1)58I *nd :art, 1)8!0 and The Life an Death of /r- Ba man -1)800, t2o roughAhe2n, mo?ing, a((egorica( narrati?e' o3 the human 7ourne9 at the (e?e( o3 the 3undamenta( ?eritie' o3 (i3e, death, and re(igion. The 3ir't o3 the'e i' no2 a (iterar9 c(a''ic, but in ':ite o3 the :enetrating characteri,ation and ?ita(it9 o3 both 2or>', the9 initia((9 attained :o:u(arit9 on(9 among arti'an', merchant', and the :oor. .. )ge of %ope n the age o3 A(eBander &o:e -dated 3rom about the death o3 4r9den in 1500 to &o:eD' death in 15!!0, the c(a''ica( ':irit in $ng(i'h (iterature reached it' highe't :oint, and at the 'ame time other 3orce' became mani3e't. 4r9denD' :oetr9 had achie?ed grandeur, am:(itude, and 'ub(imit9 2ithin a :articu(ar de3inition o3 good ta'te and good 'en'e and under the tute(age o3 the Roman and 8ree> c(a''ic'. To the :oetr9 o3 &o:e thi' characteri,ation a::(ie' e?en more 'tringent(9. %ore than an9 other $ng(i'h :oet, he 'ubmitted him'e(3 to the reCuirement that the eB:re''i?e 3orce o3 :oetic geniu' 'hou(d i''ue 3orth on(9 in a 3ormu(ation a' rea'onab(e, (ucid, ba(anced, com:re''ed, 3ina(, and :er3ect a' the :o2er o3 human rea'on can ma>e it.
19

&o:e did not ha?e 4r9denD' ma7e't9. &erha:', gi?en hi' :redi(ection 3or correctne'' o3 detai(, he cou(d not ha?e had it. A('o, the reader' o3 'ucceeding time' ha?e conc(uded that the dictate' o3 rea'on do not a(( con?erge on on(9 one :oetic 3ormu(a, 7u't a' the heroic cou:(et, 2hich &o:e brought to 3ina( :er3ection, i' not nece''ari(9 the mo't genera((9 'uitab(e o3 $ng(i'h :oetic 3orm'. Ne?erthe(e'', the ea'e, harmon9, and grace o3 &o:eD' :oetic (ine are 'ti(( im:re''i?e, and hi' Cua(it9 o3 :reci'e but ne?er (abored eB:re''ion o3 thought remain' uneCua(ed. &o:eD' re:utation re't' in (arge :art on hi' 'atire', but hi' didactic bent (ed him to 3ormu(ate in ?er'e An Essa$ on Criticism -15110 and An Essa$ on /an -153*A153!0. The 3ormer attem:t' to 'ho2 that :oetr9 mu't be mode(ed on natureI but hi' conce:tion o3 nature, a traditiona( one 'hared b9 a(( hi' contem:orarie', di33er' 3rom that o3 'ucceeding generation'. 6or &o:e, nature meant the ru(e' that right rea'on ha' di'co?ered to be immanent in a(( thing', 'o that 2hat the eB:erience o3 rea'onab(e mind' through the age' ha' 'ho2n to be the greate't :oetr9Kname(9, that o3 c(a''ica( antiCuit9K:ro?ide' a :er3ect mode( 3or modern time'. A 'imi(ar con'er?ati'm rea::ear' in An Essa$ on /an, 2hich conc(ude' 2ith the much debated genera(i,ation that EGhate?er i', i' right.F &o:eD' bri((iant 'atiric ma'ter:iece, The ,ape of the Loc( -151*I re?i'ed edition 151!0, ma>e' an e:ic theme o3 a tri3(ing dra2ingAroom e:i'odeJ the contention ari'ing 3rom a 9oung (ordD' ha?ing co?ert(9 'ni::ed a (oc> o3 hair 3rom a 9oung (ad9D' head. #i' mo't 'u'tained 'atire, The Duncia -15*8I 3ina( ?er'ion 15!30, 3o((o2' 4r9denD' /ac )lec(noe in it' e(egant(9 :ointed, o3ten ma(iciou' but a(2a9' highA ':irited moc>er9 o3 the (iterar9 du((ard' 2ho 2ere &o:eD' enemie'. Li>e 4r9den, &o:e made tran'(ation' o3 c(a''ica( 2or>', notab(9 o3 the %lia , 2hich 2a' a great :o:u(ar and 3inancia( 'ucce''. #i' edition o3 Sha>e':eareD' 2or>' bear' 2itne'' to a range o3 ta'te not u'ua((9 a'cribed to him. t i' on(9 natura( that the 18thAcentur9 :reoccu:ation 2ith the :o2er o3 rea'on and good 'en'e 'hou(d ha?e :roduced a (arge number o3 2or>' in the more 'ober medium o3 :ro'e.;onathan S2i3t, 2ho 2a', (i>e &o:e, a Tor9 con'er?ati?e 3or the (atter ha(3 o3 hi' (i3e and a 'atiri't, 2rote a number o3 mordant(9 'atirica( :ro'e narrati?e' in 2hich a :ro3ound and de':airing :erce:tion o3 human 'tu:iditie' and e?i( are in contra't 2ith the 'ocia( critici'm o3 hi' great contem:orarie'. S2i3tD' Tale of a Tu' -150!0 reduce' the Cuarre(' among three im:ortant re(igiou' di?i'ion' o3 hi' da9 to an a((egor9 o3 three di're:utab(e brother'. #i' generou' anger on beha(3 o3 the :oor o3 re(and :roduced EA %ode't &ro:o'a(F -15*+0, in 2hich, 2ith horri39ing moc> 'eriou'ne'', he :ro:o'ed that the chi(dren o3 the :oor 'hou(d be rai'ed 3or '(aughter a' 3ood 3or the rich. #i' be'tA>no2n 2or>, Gulli!er&s Tra!els -15*)0, :ur:ort' to be a 'hi: doctorD' account o3 hi' ?o9age' into 'trange :(ace', but in rea(it9 it i' a ca'tigation o3 the human race. The account' o3 8u((i?erD' 3ir't t2o ?o9age' are o3ten read a' a chi(drenD' boo>. The (a't :art abandon', ho2e?er,
20

de(icate 3anc9 and unma'>' the 'e(3i'h and 'ic> be'tia(it9 o3 humanit9 in the gui'e o3 the 'oAca((ed Mahoo', 2ho are the 'a?age and im:ro?ident 'er?ant' o3 a race o3 a::arent(9 rea'onab(e and nob(e hor'e', ca((ed #ou9hnhnm'. Thi' 2or>, (i>e a(( o3 S2i3tD', i' 2ritten in a :ro'e o3 unri?a(ed (ucidit9, energ9, and :o(emica( '>i((. Simi(ar(9 note2orth9 3or the Cua(it9 o3 their :ro'e are the "pectator :a:er' -1511A 151*I 151!0, 2ritten main(9 b9 ;o'e:h Addi'on and Richard Stee(e. &ub(i'hed dai(9, the'e e''a9', (i>e man9 other', corre':onded to the ne2(9 3e(t need o3 the da9 3or :o:u(ar 7ourna(i'm, but their en(ightened comment and their critici'm o3 contem:orar9 'ociet9 'e:arate them 3rom the ma'' o3 'imi(ar :ub(ication'. The main intent o3 Addi'on and Stee(e ma9 be de3ined in their o2n 2ord'J ETo en(i?en mora(it9 2ith 2it, and to tem:er 2it 2ith mora(it9.F n a 'erie' o3 in3orma(, con?er'ationa( e''a9' de'cribing the acti?itie' o3 ?ariou' idea( re:re'entati?e' o3 'ocia( grou:', 'uch a' the Tor9 countr9 'Cuire Sir Roger de 1o?er(e9 and the Ghig merchant Sir Andre2 6ree:ort, Addi'on and Stee(e 'a(?aged and united 'ome o3 the be't 'ide' o3 the contem:orar9 $ng(i'h character. The (ight(9 borne, 3reeAandAea'9 manner' o3 the court and the o(der (anded c(a''e' 'hou(d, according to the'e :a:er', eBi't 'ide b9 'ide 2ith the indu'tr9, u:rightne'', and dee:(9 3e(t mora(it9 o3 the ne2(9 rich cit9 merchant'. The amora(it9 a''ociated 2ith the one and the 'tubborn narro2ne'' o3 the other 'hou(d di'a::ear. The em:ha'i' on :ub(ic decorum and indi?idua( rectitude and on '9m:ath9 2ith oneD' 3e((o2 being' in the "pectator :a:er' i' a mea'ure o3 their di'tance 3rom the coo( indi33erence and 3reCuent (icentiou'ne'' o3 much Re'toration (iterature, :articu(ar(9 comed9, a(though the :ur:o'e o3 both 2a' to re:re'ent rea'on, moderation, and common 'en'e. A Cuite di33erent >ind o3 7ourna(i'm i' re:re'ented b9 the 2or> o3 the midd(eAc(a'' ad?enturer, hac> 2riter, and :o(itica( agent 4anie( 4e3oe. Se:arated 3rom the (i3e o3 the u::er c(a''e' and their erudite 2riter', a' Bun9an had been be3ore him, he :roduced, among man9 :iece' o3 commi''ioned 2riting, a 'erie' o3 :ur:orted(9 true but actua((9 3ictitiou' memoir' and con3e''ion'. The 3ir't o3 the'e, and the greate't, i' ,o'inson Crusoe -151+0, 2hich re:ort' the (i3e and ad?enture' o3 a 'hi:2rec>ed 'ai(or.

(. )ge of Bohnson The age o3 Samue( ;ohn'on, 3rom 15!! to about 158!, 2a' a time o3 changing (iterar9 idea('. The de?e(o:ed c(a''ici'm and (iterar9 con'er?ati'm a''ociated 2ith ;ohn'on 3ought a rearguard action again't the cu(t o3 'entiment and 3ee(ing a''ociated in ?ariou' 2a9' 2ith the harbinger' o3 the coming age o3 romantici'm. ;ohn'on com:o'ed :oetr9 that continued the tradition' and 3orm' o3 &o:e, but he i' be't >no2n a' a :ro'e 2riter and a' an eBtraordinari(9 gi3ted con?er'ationa(i't and
21

(iterar9 arbiter in the cu(ti?ated urban (i3e o3 hi' time. #i' con'er?ati'm and 'turd9 common 'en'e are 2hat might be eB:ected gi?en hi' inte((ectua( tradition, but hi' indi?idua( Cua(it9 ha' (itt(e to do 2ith (iterar9 tendencie'. #i' curiou'(9 (o?ab(e and u:right :er'ona(it9, a(ong 2ith hi' inte((ectua( :reeminence and idio'9ncra'ie', ha?e been :re'er?ed in the mo't 3amou' o3 $ng(i'h biogra:hie', the Life of "amuel .ohnson -15+10, b9;ame' Bo'2e((, a Scotti'h 2riter 2ith an a::etite 3or (iterar9 ce(ebritie'. ;ohn'on 2or>ed hi' 2a9 u: 3rom :o?ert9 b9 hone't (iterar9 (abor', among 2hich 2a' hi' Dictionar$ of the English Language -15550. A great 'ucce'', it 2a' the 3ir't 'uch 2or> :re:ared according to modern 'tandard' o3 (eBicogra:h9. Li>e Addi'on and Stee(e, ;ohn'on :roduced a 'erie' o3 7ourna(i'tic e''a9', The ,am'ler -1550A155*0, but becau'e o3 their 'ome2hat :edantic 't9(e and Latinate ?ocabu(ar9, the9 (ac> the ea'9 in3orma(it9 o3 the "pectator :a:er' and 'er?e to accentuate the o::o'ition bet2een hi' neoc(a''ica( 3orma(it9 and the 'ucceeding romantic idea( o3 heartAtoA heart communication. ;ohn'onD' :hi(o'o:hica( ta(e ,asselas -155+0, o3 2hich the mora( i' that Ehuman (i3e i' e?er92here a 'tate in 2hich much i' to be endured, and (itt(e to be en7o9ed,F i' remini'cent o3 S2i3t -a' 2e(( a' o3 hi' contem:orar9 the 6rench 2riter @o(taire in hi' ta(e Can i e0 in it' :erce:tion o3 the ?anit9 o3 human 2i'he'. 6or a(( hi' :e''imi'm, ho2e?er, the ama,ing detai(, inde:endence, and inte((ectua( 3aci(it9 o3 ;ohn'onD' critica( biogra:hie' o3 $ng(i'h :oet' 'ince 1)00 -Li!es of the Poets, 155+A15810, 2ritten in hi' o(d age, 'ho2 2hat critica( di'crimination and inte((ectua( integrit9 can accom:(i'h. ;ohn'onD' 3riend "(i?er 8o(d'mith 2a' a curiou' miBture o3 the o(d and the ne2. #i' no?e( The Vicar of Wa(efiel -15))0 begin' 2ith dr9 humor but :a''e' Cuic>(9 into tear3u( ca(amit9. #i' :oem The Deserte Village -15500 i' in 3orm remini'cent o3 &o:e, but in the tenderne'' o3 it' '9m:ath9 3or the (o2er c(a''e' it 3ore'hado2' the romantic age. n 'uch :(a9' a' "he "toops to Con3uer -15530 8o(d'mith, (i>e the 9ounger Richard Sheridan in hi' "chool for "can al -15550, demon'trated an o(der tradition o3 'atirica( Cua(it9 and arti'tic adroitne'' that 2a' to be anathema to a 9ounger generation.

The 'ign' o3 thi' ne2er 3ee(ing, 2hich re'u(ted in romantici'm, can be traced in the :oetr9 o3 Gi((iam 1o2:er and o3 Thoma' 8ra9. The cu(ti?ation o3 a :en'i?e and me(ancho(9 'en'ibi(it9 and the interru:tion o3 the ru(e o3 the heroic cou:(et, a' in 8ra9D' E$(eg9 Gritten in a 1ountr9 1hurch9ardF -15510, hint at the :eriod to come, a' doe' 8ra9D' intere't in medie?a(, nonc(a''ica( (iterature. Ne2 intere't' are e?en more ob?iou' in the high(9 origina( :oetr9 o3 the 'e(3Aeducated arti't and engra?er Gi((iam B(a>e. #i' 2or> con'i't' in :art o3 'im:(e, a(mo't chi(d(i>e (9ric' -"ongs of %nnocence, 158+0, a' 2e(( a' o3 :o2er3u( but (ength9 and ob'cure dec(aration' o3 a ne2 m9tho(ogica( ?i'ion o3 (i3e - The Boo( of Thel, 158+0. A(( B(a>eD' :oetr9 eB:re''e' a re?o(t again't the idea( o3 rea'on -2hich he con'idered
22

de'tructi?e to (i3e0 and ad?ocate' the (i3e o3 3ee(ingKbut in a more ?ita( and a''erti?e 'en'e than i' the ca'e 2ith the other :re?iou'(9 mentioned :reromantic'. Simi(ar(9 robu't and :a''ionate are the (9ric' o3 the Scotti'h :oet Robert Burn', 2hich are characteri,ed b9 hi' u'e o3 regiona( Scotti'h ?ernacu(ar. The 'im:(icit9, 3orce3u(ne'', and :o2er3u( emotion o3 the ancient ba((ad' o3 the Scotti'hA$ng(i'h border region, a' re?ea(ed in ,eli3ues of Ancient English Poetr$ -15)50, b9 Bi'ho: Thoma' &erc9, 2ere (i>e2i'e in3(uentia( in the de?e(o:ment o3 romantici'm. Among 2riter' o3 the no?e(Ka ne2(9 :o:u(ar 3orm in thi' :eriodKan ad?ocate o3 'entiment and 'im:(e, innocent 3ee(ing' had a(read9 a::eared in the :er'on o3 Samue( Richard'on. n hi' 'entimenta( no?e( Clarissa -15!5A15!80, the :(ight o3 a 9oung, innocent gir(, de'tro9ed b9 the man 'he (o?e', i' re:re'ented through (ength9 (etter' interchanged among the character'. Thi' de?ice :ermit' an un:recedented re?e(ation o3 moti?e' and 3ee(ing'. Richard'onD' contem:orar9 #enr9 6ie(ding e?inced hi' connection 2ith the ear(ier 'atirica( ':irit in hi' no?e(.oseph An rews -15!*0, 2hich :arodie' Richard'onD' other no?e( o3 ?irtue be'ieged, Pamela -15!00. 6ie(dingD' greate't no?e(, Tom .ones -15!+0, re?ea(' a robu't and hea(th9 ':irit o3 good 'en'e and comed9, in 2hich 2e((Aintentioned ?igor 2in' out o?er eBce''i?e h9:ocri'9. 6ie(dingD' contem:orar9, the Scotti'hAborn Tobia' Smo((ett, 2rote a number o3 no?e(' o3 :icare'Cue ad?enture, the (a't and :robab(9 be't o3 2hich i' Humphr$ Clin(er -15510. The Life an 2pinions of Tristram "han $, Gentleman -155+A15)50, the ma'ter:iece o3 another great Briti'h no?e(i't o3 the centur9, Laurence Sterne, indu(ge' in the ne2 cu(t o3 'entiment, but b9 rea'on o3 it' ca't o3 eccentric character' and the '>i((ed 2ea?ing o3 the mo't eBtraordinar9 beha?ior into the de:iction o3 their :er'ona(itie', thi' no?e( (ie' out'ide the u'ua( hi'torica( categorie'. @&. The 0omantic )ge $Btending 3rom about 158+ unti( 1835, the romantic age 'tre''ed emotion o?er rea'on. "ne ob7ecti?e o3 the 6rench Re?o(ution -158+A15++0 2a' to de'tro9 an o(der tradition that had come to 'eem arti3icia(, and to a''ert the (ibert9, ':irit, and heart3e(t unit9 o3 the human race. To man9 2riter' o3 the romantic age thi' ob7ecti?e 'eemed eCua((9 a::ro:riate in the 3ie(d o3 $ng(i'h (etter'. n addition, the romantic age in $ng(i'h (iterature 2a' characteri,ed b9 the 'ubordination o3 rea'on to intuition and :a''ion, the cu(t o3 nature much a' the 2ord i' no2 under'tood and not a' &o:e under'tood it, the :rimac9 o3 the indi?idua( 2i(( o?er 'ocia( norm' o3 beha?ior, the :re3erence 3or the i((u'ion o3 immediate eB:erience a' o::o'ed to genera(i,ed and t9:ica( eB:erience, and the intere't in 2hat i' di'tant in time and :(ace. ). The 0omantic %oets The 3ir't im:ortant eB:re''ion o3 romantici'm 2a' in the L$rical Balla s -15+80 o3 Gi((iam Gord'2orth and Samue( Ta9(or 1o(eridge, 9oung men 2ho 2ere arou'ed
23

to creati?e acti?it9 b9 the 6rench Re?o(utionI (ater the9 became di'i((u'ioned 2ith 2hat 3o((o2ed it. The :oem' o3 Gord'2orth in thi' ?o(ume treat ordinar9 'ub7ect' 2ith a ne2 3re'hne'' that im:art' a certain radiance to them. "n the other hand, 1o(eridgeD' main contribution, EThe Rime o3 the Ancient %ariner,F ma'ter3u((9 create' an i((u'ion o3 rea(it9 in re(ating 'trange, eBotic, or ob?iou'(9 unrea( e?ent'. The'e t2o direction' characteri,e mo't o3 the (ater 2or>' o3 the t2o :oet'. 6or Gord'2orth the great theme remained the 2or(d o3 'im:(e, natura( thing', in the countr9'ide or among :eo:(e. #e re:roduced thi' 2or(d 2ith 'o c(o'e and under'tanding an e9e a' to add a hitherto un:ercei?ed g(or9 to it. #i' re:re'entation o3 human nature i' 'imi(ar(9 'im:(e but re?ea(ing. t i' at it' be't, a' in ETintern Abbe9F or E"de on ntimation' o3 mmorta(it9,F 2hen he ':ea>' o3 the m9'tica( >in'hi: bet2een Cuiet nature and the human 'ou( and o3 the ':iritua( re3re'hment 9ie(ded b9 humanit9D' '9m:athetic contact 2ith the re't o3 8odD' creation. Not on(9 i' the immediac9 o3 eB:erience in the :oetr9 o3 Gord'2orth o::o'ed to neoc(a''ica( notion', but a('o hi' :oetic 't9(e con'titute' a re7ection o3 the immediate :oetic :a't. Gord'2orth condemned the idea o3 a ':eci3ica((9 :oetic (anguage, 'uch a' that o3 neoc(a''ica( :oetr9, and he 'tro?e in'tead 3or 2hat he con'idered the more :o2er3u( e33ect' o3 ordinar9, e?er9da9 (anguage. 1o(eridgeD' natura( bent, on the other hand, 2a' to2ard the 'trange, the eBotic, and the m9'teriou'. Un(i>e Gord'2orth, he 2rote 3e2 :oem', and the'e during a ?er9 brie3 :eriod. n 'uch :oem' a' E<ub(a <hanF and E1hri'tabe(,F the beautie' and horror' o3 the 3ar di'tant in time or :(ace are e?o>ed in a 't9(e that i' neither neoc(a''ica( nor 'im:(e in Gord'2orthD' 3a'hion, but that, in'tead, reca((' the ':(endor and eBtra?agance o3 the $(i,abethan'. At the 'ame time 1o(eridge achie?ed an immediac9 o3 'en'ation that 'ugge't' the natura( a(though hidden a33init9 bet2een him and Gord'2orth, and their common re7ection o3 the 18thA centur9 ':irit in :oetr9. Another :oet 2ho 3ound de(ight in the 3ar di'tant in time 2a' Sir Ga(ter Scott, 2ho, a3ter e?incing an ear(9 intere't in the ancient ba((ad' o3 hi' nati?e Scot(and, 2rote a 'erie' o3 narrati?e :oem' g(ori39ing the acti?e ?irtue' o3 the 'im:(e, ?igorou' (i3e and cu(ture o3 hi' (and in the %idd(e Age', be3ore it had been a33ected b9 modern ci?i(i,ation. n 'uch o3 the'e :oem' a' The La $ of the La(e -18100 he em:(o9ed a 't9(e o3 (itt(e origina(it9. #i' 2or>, ho2e?er, 2a' the more :o:u(ar among hi' immediate contem:orarie' 3or that ?er9 rea'on, (ong be3ore the 3u(( 'tature o3 Gord'2orthD' more im:re''i?e :oetr9 2a' recogni,ed. Some o3 ScottD' Ga?er(e9 no?e(', a 'erie' o3 hi'torica( 2or>', ha?e gi?en him a more :ermanent re:utation a' a 2riter o3 :ro'e. A 'econd generation o3 romantic :oet' remained re?o(utionar9 in 'ome 'en'e throughout their :oetic career', un(i>e 1o(eridge, Gord'2orth, and Scott. 8eorge 8ordon, Lord B9ron, i' one o3 the eBem:(ar' o3 a :er'ona(it9 in tragic re?o(t again't 'ociet9. A' in hi' 'torm9 :er'ona( (i3e, 'o a('o in 'uch :oem' a' Chil e Harol &s Pilgrimage -181*0 and Don .uan -181+A18*!0, thi' generou' but egoti'tica( ari'tocrat re?ea(ed 2ith une?en :atho' or 2ith 'tri>ing iron9 and c9nici'm the ?agrant 3ee(ing' and action' o3 great 'ou(' caught in a :ett9 2or(d. B9ronD' 'atirica( ':irit and 'trong
24

'en'e o3 'ocia( rea(i'm >e:t him a:art 3rom other $ng(i'h romantic'I un(i>e the re't, he :roc(aimed, 3or eBam:(e, a high regard 3or &o:e, 2hom he 'ometime' imitated. The other great :oetAre?o(utionar9 o3 the time, &erc9 B9''he She((e9, 'eem' much c(o'er to the grand(9 'eriou' ':irit o3 the other romantic'. #i' mo't thought3u( :oetr9 eB:re''e' hi' t2o main idea', that the eBterna( t9rann9 o3 ru(er', cu'tom', or 'u:er'tition' i' the main enem9, and that inherent human goodne'' 2i((, 'ooner or (ater, e(iminate e?i( 3rom the 2or(d and u'her in an eterna( reign o3 tran'cendant (o?e. t i', :erha:', in Prometheus *n'oun -18*00 that the'e idea' are mo't com:(ete(9 eB:re''ed, a(though She((e9D' more ob?iou' :oetic Cua(itie'Kthe natura( corre':ondence o3 metrica( 'tructure to mood, the :o2er o3 'ha:ing e33ecti?e ab'traction', and hi' etherea( idea(i'mKcan be 'tudied in a 2ho(e range o3 :oem', 3rom E"de to the Ge't GindF and ETo a S>9(ar>F to the e(eg9 EAdonai',F 2ritten 3or ;ohn <eat', the 9ounge't o3 the great romantic'. %ore than that o3 an9 o3 the other romantic', <eat'D' :oetr9 i' a re':on'e to 'en'uou' im:re''ion'. #e 3ound neither the time nor the inc(ination to e(aborate a com:(ete mora( or 'ocia( :hi(o'o:h9 in hi' :oetr9. n 'uch :oem' a' EThe $?e o3 St. Agne',FF"de on a 8recian Urn,F and E"de to a Nightinga(e,F a(( 2ritten about 181+, he 'ho2ed an unri?a(ed a2arene'' o3 immediate 'en'ation and an uneCua(ed abi(it9 to re:roduce it. Bet2een 1818 and 18*1, during the (a't 3e2 9ear' o3 hi' 'hort (i3e, thi' ':iritua((9 robu't, acti?e, and 2onder3u((9 rece:ti?e 2riter :roduced a(( hi' :oetr9. #i' 2or> had a more :ro3ound in3(uence than that o3 an9 other romantic in 2idening the 'en'uou' rea(m o3 :oetr9 3or the @ictorian' (ater in the centur9. .. 0omantic %rose 1ertain romantic :ro'e :ara((e(' the :oetr9 o3 the :eriod in a number o3 2a9'. The e?o(ution o3 3undamenta((9 ne2 critica( :rinci:(e' in (iterature i' the main achie?ement o3 1o(eridgeD'Biographia literaria -18150, but (i>e 1har(e' Lamb -"pecimens of English Dramatic Poets, 18080 and Gi((iam #a,(itt -Characters of "ha(espeare&s Pla$s, 18150, 1o(eridge a('o 2rote a (arge amount o3 :ractica( critici'm, much o3 2hich he(:ed to e(e?ate the re:utation' o3 Renai''ance dramati't' and :oet' neg(ected in the 18th centur9. Lamb i' 3amou' a('o 3or hi' occa'iona( e''a9', the Essa$s of Elia -18*3, 18330. An in3(uentia( romantic eB:eriment in the achie?ement o3 a rich :oetic Cua(it9 in :ro'e i' the :hanta'magoric, im:a''ioned autobiogra:h9 o3Thoma' 4e Luince9, Confessions of an English 2pium5 Eater -18*10. @&&. The @ictorian $ra The @ictorian era, 3rom the coronation o3 Lueen @ictoria in 1835 unti( her death in 1+01, 2a' an era o3 'e?era( un'ett(ing 'ocia( de?e(o:ment' that 3orced 2riter' more
25

than e?er be3ore to ta>e :o'ition' on the immediate i''ue' animating the re't o3 'ociet9. Thu', a(though romantic 3orm' o3 eB:re''ion in :oetr9 and :ro'e continued to dominate $ng(i'h (iterature throughout much o3 the centur9, the attention o3 man9 2riter' 2a' directed, 'ometime' :a''ionate(9, to 'uch i''ue' a' the gro2th o3 $ng(i'h democrac9, the education o3 the ma''e', the :rogre'' o3 indu'tria( enter:ri'e and the con'eCuent ri'e o3 a materia(i'tic :hi(o'o:h9, and the :(ight o3 the ne2(9 indu'tria(i,ed 2or>er. n addition, the un'ett(ing o3 re(igiou' be(ie3 b9 ne2 ad?ance' in 'cience, :articu(ar(9 the theor9 o3 e?o(ution and the hi'torica( 'tud9 o3 the Bib(e, dre2 other 2riter' a2a9 3rom the immemoria( 'ub7ect' o3 (iterature into con'ideration' o3 :rob(em' o3 3aith and truth. ). Nonfiction The hi'torian Thoma' Babington %acau(a9, in hi' Histor$ of Englan -5 ?o(ume', 18!8A18)10 and e?en more in hi' Critical an Historical Essa$s -18!30, eB:re''ed the com:(acenc9 o3 the $ng(i'h midd(e c(a''e' o?er their ne2 :ro':erit9 and gro2ing :o(itica( :o2er. The c(arit9 and ba(ance o3 %acau(a9D' 't9(e, 2hich re3(ect' hi' :ractica( 3ami(iarit9 2ith :ar(iamentar9 debate, 'tand' in contra't to the 'en'iti?it9 and beaut9 o3 the :ro'e o3 ;ohn #enr9 Ne2man. Ne2manD' main e33ort, un(i>e %acau(a9D', 2a' to dra2 :eo:(e a2a9 3rom the materia(i'm and '>e:tici'm o3 the age bac> to a :uri3ied 1hri'tian 3aith. #i' mo't 3amou' 2or>, Apologia pro !ita sua -A:o(og9 3or #i' Li3e, 18)!0, de'cribe' 2ith :'9cho(ogica( 'ubt(et9 and charm the ba'i' o3 hi' re(igiou' o:inion' and the rea'on' 3or hi' change 3rom the Ang(ican to the Roman 1atho(ic church. Simi(ar(9 a(ienated b9 the materia(i'm and commercia(i'm o3 the :eriod, Thoma' 1ar(9(e, another o3 the great @ictorian', ad?anced a heroic :hi(o'o:h9 o3 2or>, courage, and the cu(ti?ation o3 the god(i>e in human being', b9 mean' o3 2hich (i3e might reco?er it' true 2orth and nobi(it9. Thi' ?ie2, borro2ed in :art 3rom 8erman idea(i't :hi(o'o:h9, 1ar(9(e eB:re''ed in a ?ehement, idio'9ncratic 't9(e in 'uch 2or>' a' "artor resartus -The Tai(or Retai(ored, 1833A183!0 and 2n Heroes, Hero5 Worship, an the Heroic in Histor$ -18!10. "ther an'2er' to 'ocia( :rob(em' 2ere :re'ented b9 t2o 3ine @ictorian :ro'e 2riter' o3 a di33erent 'tam:. The 'ocia( critici'm o3 the art critic ;ohn Ru'>in (oo>ed to the curing o3 the i((' o3 indu'tria( 'ociet9 and ca:ita(i'm a' the on(9 :ath to beaut9 and ?ita(it9 in the nationa( (i3e. The e'ca:e 3rom 'ocia( :rob(em' into ae'thetic hedoni'm 2a' the contribution o3 the "B3ord 'cho(ar Ga(ter &ater. .. %oetry The three notab(e :oet' o3 the @ictorian Age became 'imi(ar(9 ab'orbed in 'ocia( i''ue'. Beginning a' a :oet o3 :ure romantic e'ca:i'm, A(3red, Lord Tenn9'on, 'oon mo?ed on to :rob(em' o3 re(igiou' 3aith, 'ocia( change, and :o(itica( :o2er, a' in
26

ELoc>'(e9 #a((,F the e(eg9 %n /emoriam -18500, and % $lls of the #ing -185+A18850. A(( the characteri'tic mood' o3 hi' :oetr9, 3rom brooding ':(endor to (9rica( '2eetne'', are eB:re''ed 2ith 'mooth technica( ma'ter9. #i' 't9(e, a' 2e(( a' hi' :ecu(iar(9 $ng(i'h con'er?ati'm, 'tand' in 'ome contra't to the inte((ectua(it9 and bracing har'hne'' o3 the :oetr9 o3 Robert Bro2ning. Bro2ningD' mo't im:ortant 'hort :oem' are co((ected in Dramatic ,omances an L$rics -18!1A18!)0 and /en an Women -18550. %atthe2 Arno(d, the third o3 the'e midA@ictorian :oet', 'tand' a:art 3rom them a' a more 'ubt(e and ba(anced thin>erI hi' (iterar9 critici'm - Essa$s in Criticism, 18)5, 18880 i' the mo't remar>ab(e 2ritten in @ictorian time'. #i' :oetr9 di':(a9' a 'orro23u(, di'i((u'ioned :e''imi'm o?er the human :(ight in ra:id(9 changing time' -3or eBam:(e, E4o?er Beach,F 18)50, a :e''imi'm countered, ho2e?er, b9 a 'trong 'en'e o3 dut9. Among a number o3 (e''er :oet', A(gernon 1har(e' S2inburne 'ho2ed an e'ca:i't ae'thetici'm, 'ome2hat 'imi(ar to &aterD', in 'en'uou' ?er'e rich in ?erba( mu'ic but 'ome2hat di33u'e and :a((id in it' eB:re''ion o3 emotion. The :oet 4ante 8abrie( Ro''etti and the :oet, arti't, and 'ocia(i't re3ormer Gi((iam %orri' 2ere a''ociated 2ith the &reARa:hae(ite mo?ement, the adherent' o3 2hich ho:ed to inaugurate a ne2 :eriod o3 hone't cra3t and ':iritua( truth in :ro:ert9 and :ainting. 4e':ite the other2or(d(9 or archaic character o3 their romantic :oetr9, %orri', at (ea't, 3ound a 'ocia( :ur:o'e in hi' de'ign' 3or hou'eho(d ob7ect', 2hich :ro3ound(9 in3(uenced contem:orar9 ta'te. (. The @ictorian Novel The no?e( gradua((9 became the dominant 3orm in (iterature during the @ictorian Age. A 3air(9 con'tant accom:animent o3 thi' de?e(o:ment 2a' the 9ie(ding o3 romantici'm to (iterar9rea(i'm, the accurate ob'er?ation o3 indi?idua( :rob(em' and 'ocia( re(ation'hi:'. The c(o'e ob'er?ation o3 a re'tricted 'ocia( mi(ieu in the no?e(' o3 ;ane Au'ten ear(9 in the centur9 -Pri e an Pre6u ice, 1813I Emma, 181)0 had been a harbinger o3 2hat 2a' to come. The romantic hi'torica( no?e(' o3 Sir Ga(ter Scott, about the 'ame time -%!anhoe, 181+0, t9:i3ied, ho2e?er, the ':irit again't 2hich the rea(i't' (ater 2ere to react. t 2a' on(9 in the @ictorian no?e(i't' 1har(e' 4ic>en' and Gi((iam %a>e:eace Thac>era9 that the ne2 ':irit o3 rea(i'm came to the 3ore. 4ic>en'D' no?e(' o3 contem:orar9 (i3e -2li!er Twist, 1838I Da!i Copperfiel , 18!+A1850I Great E7pectations, 18)1I 2ur /utual )rien , 18)50 eBhibit an a'toni'hing abi(it9 to create (i?ing character'I hi' gra:hic eB:o'ure' o3 'ocia( e?i(' and hi' :o2er' o3 caricature and humor ha?e 2on him a ?a't reader'hi:. Thac>era9, on the other hand, indu(ged (e'' in the 'entimenta(it9 'ometime' 3ound in 4ic>en'D' 2or>'. #e 2a' a('o ca:ab(e o3 greater 'ubt(et9 o3 characteri,ation, a' hi' Vanit$ )air -18!5A18!80 'ho2'. Ne?erthe(e'', the re'triction o3 concern in Thac>era9D' no?e(' to midd(eA and u::erAc(a'' (i3e, and hi' (e''er creati?e :o2er, render him 'econd to 4ic>en' in man9 reader'D mind'. "ther im:ortant 3igure' in the main'tream o3 the @ictorian no?e( 2ere notab(e 3or a ?ariet9 o3 rea'on'. Anthon9 Tro((o:e 2a' di'tingui'hed 3or hi' gent(9 ironic 'ur?e9' o3 $ng(i'h ecc(e'ia'tica( and :o(itica( circ(e'I $mi(9 BrontN, 3or her :enetrating 'tud9 o3
27

:a''ionate characterI 8eorge $(iot, 3or her re':on'ib(e idea(i'mI 8eorge %eredith, 3or a 'o:hi'ticated, detached, and ironica( ?ie2 o3 human natureI and Thoma' #ard9, 3or a :ro3ound(9 :e''imi'tic 'en'e o3 human 'ub7ection to 3ate and circum'tance. A 'econd and 9ounger grou: o3 no?e(i't', man9 o3 2hom continued their im:ortant 2or> into the *0th centur9, di':(a9ed t2o ne2 tendencie'. Robert Loui' Ste?en'on, Rud9ard <i:(ing, and ;o'e:h 1onrad tried in ?ariou' 2a9' to re'tore the ':irit o3 romance to the no?e(, in :art b9 a choice o3 eBotic (oca(e, in :art b9 articu(ating their theme' through :(ot' o3 ad?enture and action. <i:(ing attained 3ame a('o 3or hi' ?er'e and 3or hi' ma'ter9 o3 the 'ing(e, concentrated e33ect in the 'hort 'tor9. Another tendenc9, in a 'en'e an inten'i3ication o3 rea(i'm, 2a' common to Arno(d Bennett, ;ohn 8a('2orth9, and #. 8. Ge(('. The'e no?e(i't' attem:ted to re:re'ent the (i3e o3 their time 2ith great accurac9 and in a critica(, :art(9 :ro:agandi'tic ':irit. Ge(('D' no?e(', 3or eBam:(e, o3ten 'eem to be 'ocio(ogica( in?e'tigation' o3 the i((' o3 modern ci?i(i,ation rather than 'e(3Acontained 'torie'.

<. 35th1(entury <rama The 'ame ':irit o3 'ocia( critici'm in':ired the :(a9' o3 the ri'hAborn 8eorge Bernard Sha2, 2ho did more than an9one e('e to a2a>en the drama 3rom it' 1+thAcentur9 'omno(ence. n a 'erie' o3 :o2er3u( :(a9' that made u'e o3 the (ate't economic and 'ocio(ogica( theorie', he eB:o'ed 2ith enormou' 'atirica( '>i(( the 'ic>ne'' and 3atuitie' o3 indi?idua(' and 'ocietie' in $ng(and and the re't o3 the modern 2or(d. /an an "uperman -1+030, An rocles an the Lion -1+130, Heart'rea( House -1+1+0, and Bac( to /ethuselah -1+*10 are notab(e among hi' 2or>'. #i' 3ina( :re'cri:tion 3or a cure, a :hi(o'o:h9 o3 creati?e e?o(ution b9 2hich human being' 'hou(d in time 'ur:a'' the bio(ogica( (imit o3 ':ecie', 'ho2ed him going be9ond the (imit' o3 'ocio(ogica( rea(i'm into ?i'ionar9 2riting.

28

+N&T$< -&NC<?,
$L$%$NTS "6 L T$RATUR$ $:ic :oetr9 An epic -3rom 8ree>J 89:; or <9=>? O2ord, 'tor9, :oemO[1]0 i' a (ength9 narrati?e :oem, ordinari(9 concerning a 'eriou' 'ub7ect containing detai(' o3 heroic deed' and e?ent' 'igni3icant to a cu(ture or nation.[*] "ra( :oetr9 ma9 Cua(i39 a' an e:ic, and A(bert Lord and %i(man &arr9 ha?e argued that c(a''ica( e:ic' 2ere 3undamenta((9 an ora( :oetic 3orm. Nonethe(e'', e:ic' ha?e been 2ritten do2n at (ea't 'ince #omer, and the 2or>' o3 @9a'a,@irgi(, 4ante A(ighieri and ;ohn %i(ton 2ou(d be un(i>e(9 to ha?e 'ur?i?ed 2ithout being 2ritten do2n. The 3ir't e:ic' are >no2n a' :rimar9, or origina(, e:ic'. $:ic' that attem:t to imitate the'e (i>e @irgi(D' The Aenei and ;ohn %i(tonD' Para ise Lost are >no2n a' (iterar9, or 'econdar9, e:ic'. "ne 'uch e:ic i' the Ang(oASaBon 'tor9 Beo2u(3.[3] Another t9:e o3 epic poetry i' ep$llion -:(ura(J e:9((ia0 2hich i' a brie3 narrati?e :oem 2ith a romantic orm9tho(ogica( theme. The term, 2hich mean' D(itt(e e:icD, came in u'e in the Nineteenth centur9. t re3er' :rimari(9 to the t9:e o3 erotic and m9tho(ogica( (ong e(eg9 o3 2hich "?id remain' the ma'terI to a (e''er degree, the term inc(ude' 'ome :oem' o3 the $ng(i'h Renai''ance, :articu(ar(9 tho'e in3(uenced b9 "?id. "ne 'ugge'ted eBam:(e o3 c(a''ica( e:9((ion ma9 be 'een in the 'tor9 o3 Ni'u' and $ur9a(u' in Boo> P o3 The Aenei . Beowulf i' an "(d $ng(i'h heroic e:ic :oem o3 un>no2n author'hi:, dating a' recorded in the No2e(( 1odeB manu'cri:t 3rom bet2een the 8th[1][*] and the ear(9 11th centur9,[3] 'et in 4enmar> and S2eden. 1ommon(9 cited a' one o3 the mo't im:ortant 2or>' o3 Ang(oASaBon (iterature, Beowulf ha' been the 'ub7ect o3 much 'cho(ar(9 'tud9, theor9, ':ecu(ation, di'cour'e, and, at 318* (ine', ha' been noted 3or it' (ength. n the :oem, Beo2u(3, a hero o3 the 8eat', batt(e' three antagoni't'J 8rende(, 2ho ha' been attac>ing the re'ident 2arrior' o3 a mead ha(( ca((ed #eorotin 4enmar>I 8rende(D' motherI and an unnamed dragon. The (a't batt(e ta>e' :(ace (ater in (i3e, a3ter returning to 8eat(and -modern 'outhern S2eden0, 2here Beo2u(3 ha' become >ing. n the 3ina( batt(e, Beo2u(3 i' 3ata((9 2ounded. A3ter hi' death hi' retainer' bur9 him in a tumu(u' in 8eat(and.
29

The common $ng(i'h :ronunciation o3 OBeo2u(3O i' Qbe.2(3Q. n "(d $ng(i'h the ORoO in B@owulf 2a' a di:hthong, [beo 2(3]0.[!] The Beowulf manuscript "ee alsoA 1owell Co e7 %rovenance The ear(ie't >no2n o2ner i' the 1)th centur9 'cho(ar Laurence No2e((, a3ter 2hom the manu'cri:t i' named, though it' o33icia( de'ignation i' Cotton Vitellius A-BV becau'e it 2a' one o3Robert Bruce 1ottonD' ho(ding' in the midd(e o3 the 15th centur9. <e?in <iernan argue' that No2e(( mo't (i>e(9 acCuired it through Gi((iam 1eci(, 1't Baron Burgh(e9 in 15)3, 2hen No2e(( entered 1eci(S' hou'eho(d a' a tutor to hi' 2ard, $d2ard de @ere, 15th $ar( o3 "B3ord.[3] t 'u33ered damage in the 1otton Librar9 3ire at A'hburnham #ou'e in 1531. Since then, :art' o3 the manu'cri:t ha?e crumb(ed a(ong 2ith man9 o3 the (etter'. Rebinding e33ort', though 'a?ing the manu'cri:t 3rom much degeneration, ha?e nonethe(e'' co?ered u: other (etter' o3 the :oem, cau'ing 3urther (o''. <e?in <iernan, &ro3e''or o3 $ng(i'h at the Uni?er'it9 o3 <entuc>9 i' 3oremo't in the com:uter digiti,ation and :re'er?ation o3 the manu'cri:t -the $(ectronic Beo2u(3 &ro7ect[5]0, u'ing 3iber o:tic bac>(ighting to 3urther re?ea( (o't (etter' o3 the :oem. The :oem i' >no2n on(9 3rom a 'ing(e manu'cri:t, 2hich i' e'timated to date 3rom c(o'e to A4 1000. <iernan ha' argued 3rom an eBamination o3 the manu'cri:t that it 2a' the authorD' o2n 2or>ing co:9. #e dated the 2or> to the reign o3 1anute the 8reat.[3] The :oem a::ear' in 2hat i' toda9 ca((ed the Beowulf manu'cri:t or No2e(( 1odeB -Briti'h Librar9 %S 1otton @ite((iu' A.B?0, a(ong 2ith other 2or>'. The ear(ie't eBtant re3erence to the 3ir't 3o(iation o3 the No2e(( 1odeB 2a' made 'ometime bet2een 1)*8 and 1)50 b9 6ranci'cu' ;uniu' -the 9ounger0.[3]. The o2ner o3 the codeB be3ore No2e(( remain' a m9'ter9.[3] The Re?erend Thoma' Smith and #um3re9 Gan(e9 undertoo> the ta'> o3 cata(oguing the 1otton (ibrar9, in 2hich the No2e(( 1odeB 2a' he(d. SmithS' cata(ogue a::eared in 1)+), and #um3re9S' in 1505.[)] The Beo2u(3 manu'cri:t it'e(3 i' mentioned in name 3or the 3ir't time in a (etter in 1500 bet2een 8eorge #ic>e', Gan(e9S' a''i'tant, and Gan(e9. n the (etter to Gan(e9, #ic>e' re':ond' to an a::arent charge again't Smith, made b9 Gan(e9, that Smith had 3ai(ed to mention the Beo2u(3 'cri:t 2hen cata(oguing 1otton %S. @ite((iu' A. P@. #ic>e' re:(ie' to Gan(e9 O can 3ind nothing 9et o3 Beo2u(:h.O[)] t ha' been theori,ed that Smith 3ai(ed to mention the Beowulf manu'cri:t becau'e o3 hi' re(iance on :re?iou' cata(ogue' or
30

becau'e either he had no idea ho2 to de'cribe it or becau'e it 2a' tem:orari(9 out o3 the codeB.[)] The two scribes The Beo2u(3 manu'cri:t 2a' tran'cribed 3rom an origina( b9 t2o 'cribe'J Scribe A and Scribe B, the (atter o3 2hom too> o?er at (ine 1+3+. The hand2riting o3 the t2o 'cribe' i' i((Amatched.[3] The 'cri:t o3 Scribe B i' archaic.[3] Both 'cribe' :roo3read their 2or>, and Scribe B e?en :roo3read the 2or> o3 Scribe A.[3] The 2or> o3 Scribe B bear' a 'tri>ing re'emb(ance to the 2or> o3 the 3ir't 'cribe o3 the B(ic>(ing homi(ie', and 'o much 'o that it i' be(ie?ed the9 deri?e 3rom the 'ame 'cri:torium.[3] 6rom >no2(edge o3 boo>' he(d in the (ibrar9 at %a(me'bur9 Abbe9 and a?ai(ab(e a' 'ource 2or>', and 3rom the identi3ication o3 certain 2ord' :articu(ar to the (oca( dia(ect 3ound in the teBt, the tran'cri:tion ma9 ha?e been made there.[5] #o2e?er, 3or at (ea't a centur9, 'ome 'cho(ar' ha?e maintained that the de'cri:tion o3 8rende(S' mere in Beo2u(3 2a' borro2ed 3rom St.&au(S' ?i'ion o3 #e(( in #omi(9 1) o3 the B(ic>(ing homi(ie'.[3] Transcription ce(andic 'cho(ar 8rTmur ;Un''on Thor>e(in made the 3ir't tran'cri:tion' o3 the manu'cri:t in 158) and :ub(i'hed the re'u(t' in 1815, 2or>ing under a hi'torica( re'earch commi''ion o3 the 4ani'h go?ernment. #e made one him'e(3, and had another done b9 a :ro3e''iona( co:9i't 2ho >ne2 no Ang(oASaBon. Since that time, the manu'cri:t ha' crumb(ed 3urther, and the Thor>e(in tran'cri:t' remain a :ri,ed 'econdar9 'ource 3or Beo2u(3 'cho(ar'. The reco?er9 o3 at (ea't *000 (etter' can be attributed to the'e tran'cri:t'. Their accurac9 ha' been ca((ed into Cue'tion, ho2e?er -e-g-, b9 1haunce9 Bre2'ter Tin>er in The Translations of Beowulf[8], a com:rehen'i?e 'ur?e9 o3 1+th centur9 tran'(ation' and edition' o3 Beowulf0, and the eBtent to 2hich the manu'cri:t 2a' actua((9 more readab(e in Thor>e(inD' time i' unc(ear. Authorship and date Beowulf 2a' 2ritten in $ng(and, but i' 'et in Scandina?ia. t ha' ?ariou'(9 been dated to bet2een the 8th and the ear(9 11th centurie'. t i' an e:ic :oem to(d in hi'torica( :er':ecti?eI a 'tor9 o3 e:ic e?ent' and o3 great :eo:(e o3 a heroic :a't. A(though it' author i' un>no2n, it' theme' and 'ub7ect matter are genera((9 be(ie?ed to ha?e been 3ormed through ora( tradition, the :a''ing do2n o3 'torie' b9 'co:' -"(d $ng(i'h :oet'0 and it i' con'idered :art(9 hi'torica(.[citation nee e ]
31

":inion di33er' a' to 2hether the com:o'ition o3 the :oem i' contem:orar9 2ith it' tran'cri:tion, or 2hether the :oem 2a' com:o'ed at an ear(ier time and ora((9 tran'mitted 3or man9 9ear', and then tran'cribed at a (ater date. Lord 3e(t 'trong(9 the manu'cri:t re:re'ent' the tran'cri:tion o3 a :er3ormance, though (i>e(9 ta>en at more than one 'itting.[citation nee e ]<iernan -1++)0 argue' on the ba'i' o3 :a(eogra:hica( and codico(ogica( e?idence, that the :oem i' contem:orar9 2ith the manu'cri:t.[3] <iernanS' rea'oning ha' in :art to do 2ith the muchAdi'cu''ed :o(itica( conteBt o3 the :oemJ it ha' been he(d b9 mo't 'cho(ar', unti( recent(9,[clarification nee e ] that the :oem 2a' com:o'ed in the 8th centur9 or ear(ier on the a''um:tion that a :oem e(iciting '9m:ath9 3or the 4ane' cou(d not ha?e been com:o'ed b9 Ang(oASaBon' during the @i>ing Age' o3 the +th and 10th centurie'.[3] <iernan argue' again't an 8th centur9 :ro?enance becau'e thi' 2ou(d 'ti(( reCuire that the :oem be tran'mitted b9 Ang(oASaBon' through the @i>ing Age, ho(d' that the :a(eogra:hic and codico(ogica( e?idence encourage' the be(ie3 that Beo2u(3 i' an 11th centur9 com:o'ite :oem, and 'tate' that Scribe A and Scribe B are the author' and that Scribe B i' the more :oignant o3 the t2o.[3] The 11th centur9 date i' due to 'cho(ar' 2ho argue that, rather than tran'cri:tion o3 the ta(e 3rom the ora( tradition b9 a (iterate mon>, Beowulf re3(ect' an origina( inter:retation o3 the 'tor9 b9 the :oet.[1][+] <ebate over oral tradition The Cue'tion o3 2hether Beowulf 2a' :a''ed do2n through the ora( tradition :rior to it' :re'ent manu'cri:t 3orm ha' been the 'ub7ect o3 much debate, and in?o(?e' more than the mere matter o3 ho2 it 2a' com:o'ed. Rather, gi?en the im:(ication' o3 the theor9 o3 "ra(A6ormu(aic 1om:o'ition and "ra( tradition, the Cue'tion concern' ho2 the :oem i' to be under'tood, and 2hat 'ort' o3 inter:retation' are (egitimate. Scho(ar(9 di'cu''ion about Beowulf in the conteBt o3 the ora( tradition 2a' eBtreme(9 acti?e throughout the 1+)0' and 1+50'. The debate might be 3ramed 'tar>(9 a' 3o((o2'J on the one hand, 2e can h9:othe'i,e a :oem :ut together 3rom ?ariou' ta(e' concerning the hero -the 8rende( e:i'ode, the 8rende(D' mother 'tor9, and the 3iredra>e narrati?e0. The'e 3ragment' 2ou(d be he(d 3or man9 9ear' in tradition, and (earned b9 a::rentice'hi: 3rom one generation o3 i((iterate :oet' to the neBt. The :oem i' com:o'ed ora((9 and eBtem:oraneou'(9, and the archi?e o3 tradition on 2hich it dra2' i' ora(, :agan, 8ermanic, heroic, and triba(. "n the other hand, one might :o'it a :oem 2hich i' com:o'ed b9 a (iterate 'cribe, 2ho acCuired (iterac9 b9 2a9 o3 (earning Latin -and ab'orbing Latinate cu(ture and 2a9' o3 thin>ing0, :robab(9 a mon> and there3ore :ro3ound(9 1hri'tian in out(oo>. "n thi' ?ie2, the :agan re3erence' 2ou(d be a 'ort o3 decorati?e archai,ing.[10][11]
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%. #. Abram' and Ste:hen 8reenb(att a''ert in their introduction to Beowulf in the 1orton Antholog$ of English Literature that, OThe :oet 2a' re?i?ing the heroic (anguage, 't9(e, and :agan 2or(d o3 ancient 8ermanic ora( :oetr9 [...] it i' no2 2ide(9 be(ie?ed that Beowulf i' the 2or> o3 a 'ing(e :oet 2ho 2a' a 1hri'tian and that hi' :oem re3(ect' 2e((Ae'tab(i'hed 1hri'tian tradition.O[1*] #o2e?er, 'cho(ar' 'uch a' 4.<. 1ro2ne, ha?e :ro:o'ed the idea that the :oem 2a' :a''ed do2n 3rom reciter to reciter under the theor9 o3 "ra(A6ormu(aic 1om:o'ition, 2hich h9:othe'i,e' that e:ic :oem' 2ere -at (ea't to 'ome eBtent0 im:ro?i'ed b9 2hoe?er 2a' reciting them. n hi' (andmar> 2or>, The "inger of Tales, A(bert Lord re3er' to the 2or> o3 6ranci' &. %agoun and other', 'a9ing Ethe documentation i' com:(ete, thorough and accurate. Thi' eBhau'ti?e ana(9'i' i' in it'e(3 'u33icient to :ro?e that Beo2u(3 2a' com:o'ed ora((9.F[13]

$Bamination o3 Beowulf and other Ang(oASaBon :oetr9 3or e?idence o3 ora(A3ormu(aic com:o'ition ha' met 2ith miBed re':on'e. Ghi(e Otheme'O -inherited narrati?e 'ubunit' 3or re:re'enting 3ami(iar c(a''e' o3 e?ent, 'uch a' the Oarming the heroO, [1!] or the :articu(ar(9 2e((A'tudied Ohero on the beachO theme[15]0 do eBi't acro'' Ang(oASaBon and other 8ermanic 2or>', 'ome 'cho(ar' conc(ude that Ang(oASaBon :oetr9 i' a miB o3 ora(A3ormu(aic and (iterate :attern', arguing that the :oem' both 2ere com:o'ed on a 2ordAb9A2ord ba'i' and 3o((o2ed (arger 3ormu(ae and :attern'.
[1)]

Larr9 Ben'on argued that the inter:retation o3 Beowulf a' an entire(9 3ormu(aic 2or> dimini'he' the abi(it9 o3 the reader to ana(9,e the :oem in a uni3ied manner, and 2ith due attention to the :oetS' creati?it9. n'tead, he :ro:o'ed that other :iece' o3 8ermanic (iterature contain O>erne(' o3 traditionO 3rom 2hich Beowulf borro2' and eB:and' u:on.[15][18] A 3e2 9ear' (ater, Ann Gatt' :ub(i'hed a boo> in 2hich 'he argued again't the im:er3ect a::(ication o3 traditiona(, #omeric, ora(A3ormu(aic theor9 to Ang(oASaBon :oetr9. She a('o argued that the t2o tradition' are not com:arab(e and 'hou(d not be regarded a' 'uch.[18][1+] Thoma' 8ardner agreed 2ith Gatt', in a :a:er :ub(i'hed 3our 9ear' (ater 2hich argued that the Beowulf teBt i' o3 too ?aried a nature to be com:(ete(9 con'tructed 3rom 3ormu(ae and theme'.[18][*0]

;ohn %i(e' 6o(e9 he(d, ':eci3ica((9 2ith re3erence to the EBeo2u(3F debate,[*1] that 2hi(e com:arati?e 2or> 2a' both nece''ar9 and ?a(id, it mu't be conducted 2ith a
33

?ie2 to the :articu(aritie' o3 a gi?en traditionI 6o(e9 argued 2ith a ?ie2 to de?e(o:ment' o3 ora( traditiona( theor9 that do not a''ume, or de:end u:on, 3ina((9 un?eri3iab(e a''um:tion' about com:o'ition, and that di'card the ora(Q(iterate dichotom9 3ocu'ed on com:o'ition in 3a?or o3 a more 3(uid continuum o3 traditiona(it9 and teBtua(it9.[**][*3][*!][*5]

6ina((9, in the ?ie2 o3 Ur'u(a Schae3er, the Cue'tion o3 2hether the :oem 2a' Oora(O or O(iterateO become' 'omething o3 a red herring.[*)] n thi' mode(, the :oem i' created, and i' inter:retab(e, 2ithin both noetic hori,on'. Schae3erS' conce:t o3 O?oca(it9O o33er' neither a com:romi'e nor a '9nthe'i' o3 the ?ie2' 2hich 'ee the :oem a' on the one hand 8ermanic, :agan, and ora( and on the other LatinAderi?ed, 1hri'tian, and (iterate, but, a' 'tated b9 %oni>a "tterJ OVa Dtertium CuidD, a moda(it9 that :artici:ate' in both ora( and (iterate cu(ture 9et a('o ha' a (ogic and ae'thetic o3 it' o2n.O[*5] <ialect The :oem miBe' the Ge't SaBon and Ang(ian dia(ect' o3 "(d $ng(i'h, though the9 are :redominant(9 Ge't SaBon, a' are other "(d $ng(i'h :oem' co:ied at the time.
[citation nee e ]

There i' a be2i(dering arra9 o3 (ingui'tic 3orm' in the Beo2u(3 manu'cri:t. t i' thi' 3act that (ead' 'ome 'cho(ar' to be(ie?e that Beo2u(3 ha' endured a (ong and com:(icated tran'mi''ion through a(( the main dia(ect area'.[3] The :oem retain' a com:(icated miB o3 the 3o((o2ing dia(ectica( 3orm'J %ercian, Northumbrian, $ar(9 Ge't SaBon, <enti'h and Late Ge't SaBon.[3]<iernan argue' that it i' ?irtua((9 im:o''ib(e that there cou(d ha?e been a :roce'' o3 tran'mi''ion 2hich cou(d ha?e 'u'tained the com:(icated miB o3 3orm' 3rom dia(ect to dia(ect, 3rom generation to generation, and 3rom 'cribe to 'cribe.[3] <iernanS' argument again't an ear(9 dating ba'ed on a miBture o3 3orm' i' (ong and in?o(?ed, but he conc(ude' that the miBture o3 3orm' :oint' to a com:arati?e(9 'traight3or2ard hi'tor9 o3 the 2ritten teBt a'J ... an 11thAcentur9 %SI an 11Ath centur9 %ercian :oet u'ing an archaic :oetic dia(ectI and 11thAcentur9 'tandard (iterar9 dia(ect that contained ear(9 and (ate, cro''A dia(ectica( 3orm', and admitted ':e((ing ?ariation'I and -:erha:'0 t2o 11th centur9 'cribe' 3o((o2ing '(ight(9 di33erent ':e((ing :ractice'.[3] According to thi' ?ie2, Beo2u(3 can (arge(9 be 'een to be the :roduct o3 antiCuarian intere't' and that it te((' reader' more about Oan 11th centur9 Ang(oASaBonS' notion'
34

about 4enmar>, and it' :reAhi'tor9, than it doe' about the age o3 Bede and a 5th or 8th centur9 Ang(oASaBonS' notion' about hi' ance'tor'S home(and.O[3] Form and metre Main article: Alliterative verse An "(d $ng(i'h :oem 'uch a' Beowulf i' ?er9 di33erent 3rom modern :oetr9. Ang(oA SaBon :oet' t9:ica((9 u'ed a((iterati?e ?er'e, a 3orm o3 ?er'e that u'e' a((iteration a' the :rinci:a( 'tructuring de?ice to uni39 (ine' o3 :oetr9, a' o::o'ed to other de?ice' 'uch a' rh9me. Thi' i' a techniCue in 2hich the 3ir't ha(3 o3 the (ine -the aA?er'e0 i' (in>ed to the 'econd ha(3 -the bA?er'e0 through 'imi(arit9 in initia( 'ound. n addition, the t2o ha(?e' are di?ided b9 a cae'uraJ The :oet ha' a choice o3 e:ithet' or 3ormu(ae to u'e in order to 3u(3i(( the a((iteration. Ghen ':ea>ing or reading "(d $ng(i'h :oetr9, it i' im:ortant to remember 3or a((iterati?e :ur:o'e' that man9 o3 the (etter' are not :ronounced the 'ame 2a9 a' the9 are in modern $ng(i'h. The (etter OhO, 3or eBam:(e, i' a(2a9' :ronounced -#roWgarJ #R"T#Agar0, and the digra:h OcgO i' :ronounced (i>e Od7O, a' in the 2ord OedgeO. Both 3 and ' ?ar9 in :ronunciation de:ending on their :honetic en?ironment. Bet2een ?o2e(' or ?oiced con'onant', the9 are ?oiced, 'ounding (i>e modern ? and ,, re':ecti?e(9. "ther2i'e the9 are un?oiced, (i>e modern 3 in O3atO and ' in O'atO. Some (etter' 2hich are no (onger 3ound in modern $ng(i'h, 'uch a' thorn, X, and eth, W K re:re'enting both :ronunciation' o3 modern $ng(i'h OthO, a' in Oc(othO and Oc(otheO K are u'ed eBten'i?e(9 both in the origina( manu'cri:t and in modern $ng(i'h edition'. The ?oicing o3 the'e character' echoe' that o3 3 and '. Both are ?oiced -a' in Oc(otheO0 bet2een other ?oiced 'ound'J oWer, (aX(ea', 'uXern. "ther2i'e the9 are un?oiced -a' in Oc(othO0J Xunor, 'uW, 'oX3Y't. <enning' are a('o a 'igni3icant techniCue in Beowulf- The9 are e?ocati?e :oetic de'cri:tion' o3 e?er9da9 thing', o3ten created to 3i(( the a((iterati?e reCuirement' o3 the metre. 6or eBam:(e, a :oet might ca(( the 'ea the O'2anAroadO or the O2ha(eA roadOI a >ing might be ca((ed a OringAgi?er.O There are man9 >enning' in Beowulf, and the de?ice i' t9:ica( o3 much o3 c(a''ic :oetr9 in "(d $ng(i'h, 2hich i' hea?i(9 3ormu(aic. The :oem a('o ma>e' eBten'i?e u'e o3 e(ided meta:hor'.[*8] ;.R.R. To(>ien argued that the :oem i' an e(eg9.[1] Story )urther informationA Beowulf CheroD an List of characters an o'6ects in Beowulf The main :rotagoni't, Beo2u(3, a hero o3 the 8eat', come' to the aid o3 #roWgar, the >ing o3 the 4ane', 2ho'e great ha((, #eorot, i' :(agued b9 the mon'ter 8rende(. Beo2u(3 >i((' both 8rende( and 8rende(D' mother, the (atter 2ith a magica( '2ord.
35

Later in hi' (i3e, Beo2u(3 i' him'e(3 >ing o3 the 8eat', and 3ind' hi' rea(m terrori,ed b9 a dragon 2ho'e trea'ure had been 'to(en 3rom hi' hoard in a buria( mound. #e attac>' the dragon 2ith the he(: o3 hi' thegns, but the9 do not 'ucceed. Beo2u(3 decide' to 3o((o2 the dragon into it' (air, at $arnanY', but on(9 hi' 9oung S2edi'h re(ati?e Gig(a3 dare' 7oin him. Beo2u(3 3ina((9 '(a9' the dragon, but i' morta((9 2ounded. #e i' buried in a tumu(u' b9 the 'ea. )s an epic )urther informationA Epic poetr$ Beo2u(3 i' con'idered an e:ic :oem in that the main character i' a hero 2ho tra?e(' great di'tance' to :ro?e hi' 'trength at im:o''ib(e odd' again't 'u:ernatura( demon' and bea't'. The :oet 2ho com:o'ed Beo2u(3, 2hi(e ob7ecti?e in te((ing the ta(e, nonethe(e'' uti(i,e' a certain 't9(e to maintain eBcitement and ad?enture 2ithin the 'tor9. An e(aborate hi'tor9 o3 character' and their (ineage' are ':o>en o3, a' 2e(( a' their interaction' 2ith each other, debt' o2ed and re:aid, and deed' o3 ?a(or.[citation
nee e ]

;istorical background

2hthere&s moun The e?ent' de'cribed in the :oem ta>e :(ace in the (ate 5th centur9, a3ter the Ang(oA SaBon' had begun migration and 'ett(ement in $ng(and, and be3ore the beginning o3 the 5th centur9, a time 2hen the SaBon' 2ere either ne2(9 arri?ed or in c(o'e contact 2ith their 3e((o28ermanic >in'men in Scandina?ia and Northern 8erman9. The :oem cou(d ha?e been tran'mitted in $ng(and b9 :eo:(e o3 8eati'horigin'.[*+] t ha' been 'ugge'ted that Beowulf 2a' 3ir't com:o'ed in the 5th centur9 at Rend(e'ham in $a't Ang(ia,[30] a' Sutton #oo a('o 'ho2' c(o'e connection' 2ith Scandina?ia, and a('o that the $a't Ang(ian ro9a( d9na't9, the Gu33ing', 2ere de'cendant' o3
36

the 8eati'hGu(3ing'.[31] "ther' ha?e a''ociated thi' :oem 2ith the court o3 <ing A(3red, or 2ith the court o3 <ing 1anute.[3]

An a::roBimation o3 the centra( region' o3 the tribe' mentioned in Beo2u(3. The red area i' @Z'terg[t(and-the core region o3 8eat(and0, the 9e((o2 area i' the territor9 ru(ed b9 theGu(3ing', the :in> area i' the 4ani'h territor9. The green area i' the (and o3 the S2ede'. The b(ue area re:re'ent' the (and o3 ;ute', 2hi(e the orange area be(ong' to 6ri'ian'. 6or a more detai(ed di'cu''ion on the 3ragmented :o(itica( 'ituation o3 Scandina?ia during the )th centur9, 'ee Scand,a. The :oem dea(' 2ith (egend', i.e., it 2a' com:o'ed 3or entertainment and doe' not 'e:arate bet2een 3ictiona( e(ement' and rea( hi'toric e?ent', 'uch a' the raid b9 <ing #9ge(ac into 6ri'ia, ca. 51). Scho(ar' genera((9 agree that man9 o3 the :er'ona(itie' o3 Beowulf a('o a::ear in Scandina?ian 'ource',[3*] but thi' doe' not on(9 concern :eo:(e -e.g., #ea(3dene, #roWgar, #a(ga, #roWu(3, $adgi('and "hthere0, but a('o c(an' -e.g., Sc9(ding', Sc9(3ing' and Gu(3ing'0 and 'ome o3 the e?ent' -e.g., the Batt(e on the ce o3 La>e @Znern0. The Scandina?ian 'ource' are notab(9 0nglinga saga, Gesta Danorum, HrElfr #ra(i&s saga and the Latin 'ummar9 o3 the (o't "(6Fl unga saga. A' 3ar a' S2eden i' concerned, the dating o3 the e?ent' in the :oem ha' been con3irmed b9 archaeo(ogica( eBca?ation' o3 the barro2' indicated b9 Snorri Stur(u'onand b9 S2edi'h tradition a' the gra?e' o3 "hthere -dated to c. 5300 and hi' 'on $adgi(' -dated to c. 5550 in U::(and, S2eden.[33][3!][35] n 4enmar>, recent archaeo(ogica( eBca?ation' at Le7re, 2here Scandina?ian tradition (ocated the 'eat o3 the Sc9(ding', i.e., #eorot, ha?e re?ea(ed that a ha(( 2a' bui(t in the midA)th centur9, eBact(9 the time :eriod o3 Beowulf. [3)] Three ha((', each about 50 metre' (ong, 2ere 3ound during the eBca?ation.[3)] The ma7orit9 ?ie2 a::ear' to be that :eo:(e 'uch a' <ing #roWgar and the Sc9(ding' in Beowulf are ba'ed on rea( :eo:(e in )th centur9 Scandina?ia.[35] Li>e the )inns'urg )ragment and 'e?era( 'horter 'ur?i?ing :oem', Beowulf ha' con'eCuent(9 been u'ed a' a 'ource o3 in3ormation about Scandina?ian :er'ona(itie'

37

'uch a' $adgi(' and #9ge(ac, and about continenta( 8ermanic :er'ona(itie' 'uch a' "33a, >ing o3 the continenta(Ang(e'.

$adgi(' 2a' buried at U::'a(a, according to Snorri Stur(u'on. Ghen $adgi('D mound -to the (e3t0 2a' eBca?ated, in 185!, the 3ind' 'u::orted Beowulf and the 'aga'. NineteenthAcentur9 archeo(ogica( e?idence ma9 con3irm e(ement' o3 the Beowulf 'tor9.$adgi(' 2a' buried at U::'a(a, according to Snorri Stur(u'on. Ghen $adgi('D mound -to the (e3t in the :hoto0 2a' eBca?ated in 185!, the 3ind' 'u::orted Beowulf and the 'aga'. The9 'ho2ed that a :o2er3u( man 2a' buried in a (arge barro2, c 555, on a bear '>in 2ith t2o dog' and rich gra?e o33ering'. The'e remain' inc(ude a 6ran>i'h '2ord adorned 2ith go(d and garnet' and a ta3( game 2ith Roman :a2n' o3 i?or9. #e 2a' dre''ed in a co't(9 'uit made o3 6ran>i'h c(oth 2ith go(den thread', and he 2ore a be(t 2ith a co't(9 buc>(e. There 2ere 3our cameo' 3rom the %idd(e $a't 2hich 2ere :robab(9 :art o3 a ca'>et. Thi' 2ou(d ha?e been a buria( 3itting a >ing 2ho 2a' 3amou' 3or hi' 2ea(th in "(d Nor'e 'ource'. "ngenXeo2D' barro2 -to the right in the :hoto0 ha' not been eBca?ated.[33]
[3!]

Structured by battles ;ane 1hance -&ro3e''or o3 $ng(i'h, Rice Uni?er'it90 in her 1+80 artic(e OThe Structura( Unit9 o3 Beo2u(3J The &rob(em o3 8rende(D' %otherO argued that there are t2o 'tandard inter:retation' o3 the :oemJ one ?ie2 2hich 'ugge't' a t2oA:art 'tructure -i.e., the :oem i' di?ided bet2een Beo2u(3D' batt(e' 2ith 8rende( and 2ith the dragon0 and the other, a threeA:art 'tructure -thi' inter:retation argue' that Beo2u(3D' batt(e 2ith 8rende(D' mother i' 'tructura((9 'e:arate 3rom hi' batt(e 2ith 8rende(0.[38] 1hance 'tated that, Othi' ?ie2 o3 the 'tructure a' t2oA:art ha' genera((9 :re?ai(ed 'ince it' ince:tion in ;. R. R. To(>ienD' BeowulfA The /onsters an the Critics in Procee ings of the British Aca em$ GG -1+3)0.O[38] n contra't, 'he argued that the threeA:art 'tructure ha' become Oincrea'ing(9 :o:u(ar.O[38]

38

!irst battleD Crendel

Beo2u(3 i' cha((enged b9 a 4ani'h coa't guard, $?e(9n &au( -1+110. Beowulf begin' 2ith the 'tor9 o3 <ing #roWgar, 2ho bui(t the great ha(( #eorot 3or hi' :eo:(e. n it he, hi' 2i3e Gea(hXeo2, and hi' 2arrior' ':end their time 'inging and ce(ebrating, unti( 8rende(, an outca't 3rom 'ociet9 2ho i' angered b9 the 'inging, attac>' the ha(( and >i((' and de?our' man9 o3 #roWgarD' 2arrior' 2hi(e the9 '(ee:. But 8rende( dare' not touch the throne o3 #roWgar, becau'e he i' de'cribed a' :rotected b9 a :o2er3u( god. #roWgar and hi' :eo:(e, he(:(e'' again't 8rende(D' attac>', abandon #eorot. Beo2u(3, a 9oung 2arrior 3rom 8eat(and, hear' o3 #roWgarD' troub(e' and 2ith hi' >ingD' :ermi''ion (ea?e' hi' home(and to he(: #roWgar. Beo2u(3 and hi' men ':end the night in #eorot. A3ter the9 3a(( a'(ee:, 8rende( enter' the ha(( and attac>', de?ouring one o3 Beo2u(3D' men. Beo2u(3, 2ho bear' no 2ea:on a' thi' 2ou(d be an un3air ad?antage o?er the unarmed bea't, ha' been 3eigning '(ee: and (ea:' u: to c(ench 8rende(D' hand. The t2o batt(e unti( it 'eem' a' though the ha(( might co((a:'e. Beo2u(3D' retainer' dra2 their '2ord' and ru'h to hi' aid, but their b(ade' can not :ierce 8rende(D' '>in a' he i' immune to human 2ea:on'. 6ina((9, Beo2u(3 tear' 8rende(D' arm 3rom hi' bod9 at the 'hou(der and 8rende( run' to hi' home in the mar'he' to die. Second battleD Crendel9s mother The neBt night, a3ter ce(ebrating 8rende(D' death, #roWgar and hi' men '(ee: in #eorot. 8rende(D' mother a::ear' and attac>' the ha((. She >i((' #roWgarD' mo't tru'ted 2arrior, \'chere, in re?enge 3or 8rende(D' death. #roWgar, Beo2u(3, and their men trac> 8rende(D' mother to her (air under a (a>e. Beo2u(3 :re:are' him'e(3 3or batt(eI he i' :re'ented 2ith a '2ord,#runting, b9 a
39

2arrior ca((ed Un3erth. A3ter 'ti:u(ating a number o3 condition' to #roWgar in ca'e o3 hi' death -inc(uding the ta>ing in o3 hi' >in'men and the inheritance b9 Un3erth o3 Beo2u(3D' e'tate0, Beo2u(3 di?e' into the (a>e. #e i' '2i3t(9 detected and attac>ed b9 8rende(D' mother. #o2e?er, 'he i' unab(e to harm Beo2u(3 through hi' armor and drag' him to the bottom o3 the (a>e. n a ca?ern containing 8rende(D' bod9 and the remain' o3 men that the t2o ha?e >i((ed, 8rende(D' mother and Beo2u(3 engage in 3ierce combat. 8rende(D' mother at 3ir't :re?ai(' a3ter Beo2u(3, 3inding that #runting cannot harm hi' 3oe, di'card' it in 3ur9. Beo2u(3 i' again 'a?ed 3rom hi' o::onentD' attac> b9 hi' armor and, gra':ing a might9 '2ord 3rom 8rende(D' motherD' armor9 -2hich no other man cou(d ha?e he3ted in batt(e0, Beo2u(3 behead' her. Tra?e(ing 3urther into the (air, Beo2u(3 di'co?er' 8rende(D' cor:'e and 'e?er' hi' head. Beo2u(3 then return' to the 'ur3ace and to hi' men at the Oninth hourO -(. 1)00, On]nO, about 3:m0.[3+] #e return' to #eorot, 2here #roWgar gi?e' Beo2u(3 man9 gi3t', inc(uding the '2ord NYg(ing, hi' 3ami(9D' heir(oom. Third battleD The dragon

A 1+08 de:iction o3 Beo2u(3 3ighting the unnamed dragon b9 ;. R. S>e(ton. Beo2u(3 return' home and e?entua((9 become' >ing o3 hi' o2n :eo:(e. "ne da9, (ate in Beo2u(3D' (i3e, a '(a?e 'tea(' a go(den cu: 3rom the (air o3 an unnamed dragon -'ometime' re3erred to a' Sua0 at $arnane''. Ghen the dragon 'ee' that the cu: ha' been 'to(en, it (ea?e' it' ca?e in a rage, burning e?er9thing in 'ight. Beo2u(3 and hi' 2arrior' come to 3ight the dragon, but on(9 one o3 the 2arrior', a bra?e 9oung man named Gig(a3, 'ta9' to he(: Beo2u(3. Beo2u(3 >i((' the dragon 2ith Gig(a3D' he(:, but die' 3rom the 2ound' he ha' recei?ed. A3ter he i' cremated, Beo2u(3 i' buried in 8eat(and on a c(i33 o?er(oo>ing the 'ea, 2here 'ai(or' are ab(e to 'ee hi' tumu(u'. The dragonD' trea'ure i' buried 2ith him,
40

in accordance 2ith Beo2u(3D' 2i'he', rather than di'tributed to hi' :eo:(e. There i' a cur'e a''ociated 2ith the hoard and it i' a('o a 8ermanic and Scandina?ian buria( :ractice. Structured by funerals t i' 2ide(9 acce:ted that there are three 3unera(' in Beowulf- [!0] The'e 3unera(' he(: to out(ine change' in the :oemS' 'tor9 a' 2e(( a' the audience'S ?ie2' on earth(9 :o''e''ion', batt(e and g(or9. The 3unera(' are a('o :aired 2ith the three batt(e' de'cribed abo?e. [!0] The three 3unera(' 'hare 'imi(aritie' regarding the o33ering' 3or the dead and the change in theme through the de'cri:tion o3 each 3unera(. 8a(e "2enA1roc>er -&ro3e''or o3 Ang(oASaBon, Uni?er'it9 o3 %anche'ter0 in The )our )unerals in Beowulf -*0000 argue' that a :a''age in the :oem, common(9 >no2n a' EThe La9 o3 the La't Sur?i?orF -(ine' **!5A))0, i' an additiona( 3unera(.[!0] The 3unera(' are them'e(?e' in?o(?ed in the ritua( o3 hoardingJ the de:o'ition o3 'acri3icia( ob7ect' 2ith both re(igiou' and 'ocioAeconomic 3unction'.[!1] . Scyld Scefing (lines 3EF8 The 3ir't 3unera( in the :oem i' o3 Sc9(d Sce3ing -tran'(ated in 'ome ?er'ion' a' OShie(d Shie3'onO0 the >ing o3 the 4ane'. [!*] The 3ir't 3itt he(:' the :oet i((u'trate the 'etting' o3 the :oem b9 introducing #rothgarS' (ineage. The 3unera( (ead' to the introduction o3 the hero, Beo2u(3 and hi' con3rontation 2ith the 3ir't mon'ter, 8rende(. Thi' :a''age begin' b9 de'cribing Sc9(dS' g(or9 a' a E'courge o3 man9 tribe', a 2rec>er o3 meadAbenche'.F [!*] Sc9(dS' g(or9 and im:ortance i' 'ho2n b9 the :re'tigiou' death he obtain' through hi' 'er?ice a' the >ing o3 the 4ane'. [!0] #i' im:ortance i' :ro?en once more b9 the grand 3unera( gi?en to him b9 hi' :eo:(eJ hi' 3unera( at 'ea 2ith man9 2ea:on' and trea'ure' 'ho2' he 2a' a great 'o(dier and an e?en greater (eader to hi' :eo:(e. [!0] The :oet introduce' the conce:t' o3 a heroic 'ociet9 through Sc9(d. The :o''e''ion' buried 2ith the >ing are e(aborate(9 de'cribed to em:ha'i,e the im:ortance o3 'uch item'. [!0] The im:ortance o3 the'e earth(9 :o''e''ion' are then u'ed to e'tab(i'h thi' dead >ingS' greatne'' in re':ect to the trea'ure. [!0] Sc9(dS' 3unera( he(:' the :oet to e(aborate on the g(or9 o3 batt(e in a heroic 'ociet9 and ho2 earth(9 :o''e''ion' he(: de3ine a :er'on^' im:ortance. Thi' 3unera( a('o he(:' the :oet to de?e(o: the :(ot to (ead into the con3rontation bet2een the :rotagoni't, Beo2u(3, and the main antagoni't, 8rende(.

;ildeburgGs kin (lines 33HAE8I

41

The 'econd 3unera( in the :oem i' that o3 #i(deburgS' >in and i' the 'econd 3itt o3 thi' :oem.[!*] The 3unera( i' 'ung in #eorot to ce(ebrate Beo2u(3D' ?ictor9 o?er 8rende(. t a('o 'igni3ie' the beginning o3 the :rotagoni'tS' batt(e again't 8rende(D' mother. The death o3 #i(deburgS' brother, 'on-'0, and hu'band are the re'u(t' o3 batt(e. The batt(e a('o (ead' to Sc9(dS' death and mirror' the u'e o3 3unera( o33ering' 3or the dead 2ith eBtra?agant :o''e''ion'.[!*] A' 2ith the 4aneS' >ing, #i(deburgS' re(ati?e' are buried 2ith their armor and go(d to 'igni39 their im:ortance.[!0] #o2e?er, the re(ati?e'S 3unera( di33er' 3rom the 3ir't a' it 2a' a cremation ceremon9. 6urthermore, the :oet 3ocu'e' on the 'trong emotion' o3 tho'e 2ho died 2hi(e in batt(e.[!*] The gor9 detai(' o3 Ehead' me(t[ing], ga'he' [':ringing] o:enVand the b(ood [':ringing] out 3rom the bod9S' 2ound'F [!*] de'cribe' 2ar a' a horri39ing e?ent in'tead o3 one o3 g(or9. [!0] A(though the :oet maintain' the theme o3 :o''e''ion' a' im:ortant e?en in death, the g(or9 o3 batt(e i' cha((enged b9 the ?iciou' nature o3 2ar. The 'econd 3unera( di':(a9' di33erent conce:t' 3rom the 3ir't and a change o3 direction in the :(ot that (ead' to Beo2u(3D' 3ight again't 8rende(D' %other. 6ay of the 6ast Survivor (lines 88IAEJJ OThe La9 o3 the La't Sur?i?orO i' arguab(9 an addition to the other three 3unera(' in Beowulf becau'e o3 the 'tri>ing 'imi(aritie' that de3ine the im:ortance o3 the other buria('.[!0] The :ara((e(' that identi39 thi' :a''age 2ith the other three 3unera(' are the 'imi(ar buria( cu'tom', change' in 'etting and :(ot, and change' o3 theme. The (ament a::ear' to be a 3unera( becau'e o3 the La't Sur?i?orS' de'cri:tion o3 buria( o33ering' that are a('o 3ound in the 3unera(' o3 Sc9(d Sce3ing, #i(deburgS' >in, and Beo2u(3.[!0] The La't Sur?i?or de'cribe' the man9 trea'ure' (e3t 3or the dead 'uch a' the 2ea:on', armour and go(d cu:' [!*] that ha?e 'trong :ara((e(' to Sc9(dS' E2e(( 3urbi'hed 'hi:V,b(aded 2ea:on' and coat' o3 mai(,F[!*] #i(deburgS' <inS' Eb(oodA :(a'tered coat' o3 mai( [and] boarA'ha:ed he(met'F[!*] and Beo2u(3D' trea'ure 3rom the dragon.[!*] An additiona( argument to2ard' ?ie2ing thi' :a''age a' a 3unera( (ie' in the 'tatement, Etumb(ing ha2> [and] '2i3t hor'eF[!*] mentioned in the :oem. Thi' i' an anima( o33ering 2hich 2a' a buria( cu'tom during the era o3 the :oem.[!0] %oreo?er thi' :a''age, (i>e the other 3unera(', 'igni3ie' change' in 'etting and :(ot.[!0] "ne can a('o argue that it i' the 3rd :art to the :oem 'ince it de'cribe' the 'etting' during the time (a:'e 3or the 3ina( batt(e bet2een Beo2u(3 and the 4ragon. The :oet a('o de'cribe' death in batt(e a' horri39ing, a conce:t continued 3rom the 'econd :art o3 the :oem, through the La't Sur?i?orS' e9e'.[!0] .eowulfGs funeral (lines K3KAE48
42

The 3ourth and 3ina( 3unera( o3 the :oem i' Beo2u(3D' 3unera(. A3ter the 3ina( batt(e again't the dragon, Beo2u(3 recei?e' 3ata( 2ound' and die'. The greatne'' o3 Beo2u(3D' (i3e i' demon'trated through thi' 3unera(, :articu(ar(9 through the man9 o33ering' o3 hi' :eo:(e.[!0] n addition, the immen'e hoard o3 the dragon i' buried 2ith the hero. The :oet a('o be'to2' on Beo2u(3 more 'igni3icance than the other' through hi' de'cri:tion o3 the cremation.[!0] EGeoh'tanS' 'on-:au'e0 commanded it be announced to man9 men-:au'e0 that the9 'hou(d 3etch 3rom a3ar 2ood 3or the :9re.F [!*] 3or their (eaderS' 3unera(. The dragonS' remain' are thro2n into the 'ea, a :ara((e( to Sc9(dS' buria( in hi' 'hi:. Beo2u(3D' 3unera( i' the 3ourth 3itt o3 the :oem and act' a' an e:i(ogue 3or the hero 2ho i' the, Emo't graciou' and 3airAminded, >inde't to hi' :eo:(e and >eene't to 2in 3ame.F [!*] Interpretation and criticism n hi'torica( term', the :oemD' character' 2ou(d ha?e been Nor'e :agan' -the hi'torica( e?ent' o3 the :oem too> :(ace be3ore the 1hri'tiani,ation o3 Scandina?ia0, 9et the :oem 2a' recorded b9 1hri'tian Ang(oASaBon' 2ho had (arge(9 con?erted 3rom their nati?e Ang(oASaBon :agani'm around the 5th centur9 A both Ang(oASaBon :agani'm and Nor'e :agani'm 'hare a common origin a' both are 3orm' o3 8ermanic :agani'm. Beowulf thu' de:ict' a 8ermanic 2arrior 'ociet9, in 2hich the re(ation'hi: bet2een the (ord o3 the region and tho'e 2ho 'er?ed under him 2a' o3 :aramount im:ortance. %. #. Abram' and Ste:hen 8reenb(att note thatJ A(though #rothgar and Beo2u(3 are :ortra9ed a' mora((9 u:right and en(ightened &agan', the9 3u((9 e':ou'e and 3reCuent(9 a33irm the ?a(ue' o3 8ermanic heroic :oetr9. n the :oetr9 de:icting 2arrior 'ociet9, the mo't im:ortant o3 human re(ation'hi:' 2a' that 2hich eBi'ted bet2een the 2arrior A the thane A and hi' (ord, a re(ation'hi: ba'ed (e'' on 'ubordination o3 one manD' 2i(( to anotherD' than on mutua( tru't and re':ect. Ghen a 2arrior ?o2ed (o9a(t9 to hi' (ord, he became not 'o much hi' 'er?ant a' hi' ?o(untar9 com:anion, one 2ho 2ou(d ta>e :ride in de3ending him and 3ighting in hi' 2ar'. n return, the (ord 2a' eB:ected to ta>e care o3 hi' thane' and to re2ard them rich(9 3or their ?a(or.[!3] Thi' 'ociet9 2a' 'trong(9 de3ined in term' o3 >in'hi:I i3 'omeone 2a' >i((ed, it 2a' the dut9 o3 'ur?i?ing >in to eBact re?enge either 2ith their o2n (i?e' or through 2eregi(d, a :a9ment o3 re:aration. [!3] Stan(e9 B. 8reen3ie(d -&ro3e''or o3 $ng(i'h, Uni?er'it9 o3 "regon0 ha' 'ugge'ted that re3erence' to the human bod9 throughout Beowulf em:ha'i,e the re(ati?e :o'ition o3 thane' to their (ord. #e argue' that the term E'hou(derAcom:anionF cou(d re3er to both a :h9'ica( arm a' 2e(( a' a thane -Ae'chere0 2ho 2a' ?er9 ?a(uab(e to hi' (ord -#rothgar0. Gith Ae'chereD' death, #rothgar turn' to Beo2u(3 a' hi' ne2 Oarm.O [!!] n addition 8reen3ie(d argue', the 3oot i' u'ed 3or the o::o'ite e33ect, on(9
43

a::earing 3our time' in the :oem. t i' u'ed in con7unction 2ithUn3erth -a man de'cribed b9 Beo2u(3 a' 2ea>, traitorou', and co2ard(90. 8reen3ie(d note' that Un3erth i' de'cribed a' Eat the >ingS' 3eetF -(ine !++0. Un3erth i' a('o a member o3 the 3oot troo:', 2ho, throughout the 'tor9, do nothing and Egenera((9 'er?e a' bac>dro:' 3or more heroic action.F [!5] At the 'ame time, Richard North -&ro3e''or o3 $ng(i'h, Uni?er'it9 1o((ege London0 argue' that the Beowulf :oet inter:reted O4ani'h m9th' in 1hri'tian 3ormO -a' the :oem 2ou(d ha?e 'er?ed a' a 3orm o3 entertainment 3or a 1hri'tian audience0, and 'tate'J OA' 9et 2e are no c(o'er to 3inding out 2h9 the 3ir't audience o3 Beowulf (i>ed to hear 'torie' about :eo:(e routine(9 c(a''i3ied a' damned. Thi' Cue'tion i' :re''ing, gi?en [...] that Ang(oASaBon' 'a2 the 4ane' a' Dheathen'D rather than a' 3oreigner'.O[!)] 8rende(D' mother and 8rende( are de'cribed a' de'cendant' o3 1ain, a 3act 2hich 'ome 'cho(ar' (in> to The 1ain Tradition.[!5] A((en 1abani'' argue' that there are 'e?era( 'imi(aritie' bet2een Beowulf and the Bib(e. 6ir't he argue', 3or 'imi(aritie' bet2een Beo2u(3 and ;e'u'J both are bra?e and 'e(3(e'' in o?ercoming the e?i(' that o::o'e them, and both are >ing' that die to 'a?e their :eo:(e.[!8] Second(9, he argue' 3or a 'imi(arit9 bet2een :art o3 The Boo( of ,e!elation -E'ha(( ha?e their :art in the (a>e 2hich burneth 2ith 3ire and brim'toneJ 2hich i' the 'econd death.O Re?e(ation *1J80 and the home o3 8rende( and 8rende(D' mother.[!+] Third, he com:are' the 2ord' o3 ;e'u' in the 8o':e( o3 Lu>e -2hen he :ardon' tho'e 2ho ca(( 3or hi' cruci3iBion0 to the :ortion o3 the :oem 2hen -be3ore :(unging into the :eri(ou' (a>e0 Beo2u(3 3orgi?e' hi' enem9, Un3erth. [!+] Scho(ar' di'agree, ho2e?er, a' to the meaning and nature o3 the :oemJ i' it a 1hri'tian 2or> 'et in a 8ermanic :agan conteBtH The Cue'tion' 'ugge't' that the con?er'ion 3rom the 8ermanic :agan be(ie3' to 1hri'tian one' 2a' a ?er9 '(o2 and gradua( :roce'' o?er 'e?era( centurie', and it remain' unc(ear the u(timate nature o3 the :oemD' me''age in re':ect to re(igiou' be(ie3 at the time it 2a' 2ritten. Robert 6. Meager -&ro3e''or o3 (iterature, Uni?er'it9 o3 North 1aro(ina at A'he?i((e0 note' the 3act' that 3orm the ba'i' 3or the'e Cue'tion'J That the 'cribe' o3 1otton @ite((iu' A.P@ 2ere 1hri'tian i' be9ond doubtI and it i' eCua((9 certain that Beo2u(3 2a' com:o'ed in a 1hri'tiani,ed $ng(and, 'ince con?er'ion too> :(ace in the 'iBth and 'e?enth centurie'. Met the on(9 Bib(ica( re3erence' in Beo2u(3 are to the "(d Te'tament, and 1hri't i' ne?er mentioned. The :oem i' 'et in :agan time', and none o3 the character' i' demon'trab(9 1hri'tian. n 3act, 2hen 2e are to(d 2hat an9one in the :oem be(ie?e', 2e (earn that the9 are :agan'. Beo2u(3S' o2n be(ie3' are not eB:re''ed eB:(icit(9. #e o33er' e(oCuent :ra9er' to a higher :o2er, addre''ing him'e(3 to the E6ather A(might9F or the EGie(der o3 A((.F Gere tho'e the :ra9er' o3 a :agan 2ho u'ed :hra'e' the 1hri'tian'
44

'ub'eCuent(9 a::ro:riatedH "r, did the :oemS' author intend to 'ee Beo2u(3 a' a 1hri'tian UrAhero, '9mbo(ica((9 re3u(gent 2ith 1hri'tian ?irtue'H[50] Translations and glossaries n 1805 Sharon Turner tran'(ated 'e(ected ?er'e' into $ng(i'h.[51] Thi' 2a' 3o((o2ed in 181! b9 ;ohn ;o'ia' 1on9beare 2ho :ub(i'hed an edition Oin $ng(i'h :ara:hra'e and Latin ?er'e tran'(ation.O [51] n 1815, 8rTmur ;Un''on Thor>e(in :ub(i'hed the 3ir't com:(ete edition in Latin.[51] Ni>o(a7 6rederi> Se?erin 8rundt?ig re?ie2ed thi' edition in 1815 and created the 3ir't com:(ete ?er'e tran'(ation in 4ani'h in 18*0.[51] n 1835, ;. %. <emb(e created an im:ortant (itera( tran'(ation in $ng(i'h.[51] n 18+5, Gi((iam %orri' _ A. ;. G9attD' :ub(i'hed the ninth $ng(i'h tran'(ation.[51] 4uring the ear(9 *0th centur9, 6rederic> <(aeberD' Beowulf an The )ight at )inns'urg -2hich inc(uded the :oem in "(d $ng(i'h, an eBten'i?e g(o''ar9 o3 "(d $ng(i'h term', and genera( bac>ground in3ormation0 became the Ocentra( 'ource u'ed b9 graduate 'tudent' 3or the 'tud9 o3 the :oem and b9 'cho(ar' and teacher' a' the ba'i' o3 their tran'(ation'.O[5*] n 1+++,Nobe( Laureate Seamu' #eane9D' edition o3 Beowulf 2a' :ub(i'hed b9 6aber _ 6aber and inc(ude' ONorthern ri'h diction and turn' o3 :hra'e.O n *000, G.G. Norton added it to the 1orton Antholog$ of English Literature- [51]

45

!"#$ %"!&' Analy(e Beowlf as you read the unda)ridged te*t to confirm or analy(e the information within this te*t+ In groups of ,- .your professor will decide/ )ring forth the una)ridged te*t to illustrate the comments in this report0
moral perspective1 they fall into a more specific su)-category called $ara)les .or Fa)les 232M2NTS "F 3IT2!AT#!2 II 4

232M2NTS %IT5IN A S5"!T ST"!6

S#"RT ST"RM $L$%$NTS

S$TT&NC (?N!6&(T %?&NT ?! @&$"

%6?T (;)0)(T$0 T;$,$

S$TT&NC AA The time and (ocation in 2hich a 'tor9 ta>e' :(ace i' ca((ed the 'etting. 6or 'ome 'torie' the 'etting i' ?er9 im:ortant, 2hi(e 3or other' it i' not. There are 'e?era( a':ect' o3 a 'tor9D' 'etting to con'ider 2hen eBamining ho2 'etting contribute' to a 'tor9 -'ome, or a((, ma9 be :re'ent in a 'tor90J a0 place A geogra:hica( (ocation. Ghere i' the action o3 the 'tor9 ta>ing :(aceH b0 time A Ghen i' the 'tor9 ta>ing :(aceH -hi'torica( :eriod, time o3 da9, 9ear, etc0 c0 weather conditions A ' it rain9, 'unn9, 'torm9, etcH d0 social conditions A Ghat i' the dai(9 (i3e o3 the character' (i>eH 4oe' the 'tor9 contain (oca( co(our -2riting that 3ocu'e' on the ':eech, dre'', manneri'm', cu'tom', etc. o3 a :articu(ar :(ace0H e0 mood or atmosphere A Ghat 3ee(ing i' created at the beginning o3 the 'tor9H ' it bright and cheer3u( or dar> and 3righteningH BA1< T" T"&
46

%6?T AA The :(ot i' ho2 the author arrange' e?ent' to de?e(o: hi' ba'ic ideaI t i' the 'eCuence o3 e?ent' in a 'tor9 or :(a9. The :(ot i' a :(anned, (ogica( 'erie' o3 e?ent' ha?ing a beginning, midd(e, and end. The 'hort 'tor9 u'ua((9 ha' one :(ot 'o it can be read in one 'itting. There are 3i?e e''entia( :art' o3 :(otJ a0 &ntroduction A The beginning o3 the 'tor9 2here the character' and the 'etting i' re?ea(ed. b0 0ising )ction A Thi' i' 2here the e?ent' in the 'tor9 become com:(icated and the con3(ict in the 'tor9 i' re?ea(ed -e?ent' bet2een the introduction and c(imaB0. c0 (lima/ A Thi' i' the highe't :oint o3 intere't and the turning :oint o3 the 'tor9. The reader 2onder' 2hat 2i(( ha::en neBtI 2i(( the con3(ict be re'o(?ed or notH d0 !alling action A The e?ent' and com:(ication' begin to re'o(?e them'e(?e'. The reader >no2' 2hat ha' ha::ened neBt and i3 the con3(ict 2a' re'o(?ed or not -e?ent' bet2een c(imaB and denouement0. e0 <enouement A Thi' i' the 3ina( outcome or untang(ing o3 e?ent' in the 'tor9. t i' he(:3u( to con'ider c(imaB a' a threeA3o(d :henomenonJ 10 the main character recei?e' ne2 in3ormation *0 acce:t' thi' in3ormation -rea(i,e' it but doe' not nece''ari(9 agree 2ith it0 30 act' on thi' in3ormation -ma>e' a choice that 2i(( determine 2hether or not heQ'he gain' hi' ob7ecti?e0.

(?N!6&(TAA 1on3(ict i' e''entia( to :(ot. Githout con3(ict there i' no :(ot. t i' the o::o'ition o3 3orce' 2hich tie' one incident to another and ma>e' the :(ot mo?e. 1on3(ict i' not mere(9 (imited to o:en argument', rather it i' an9 3orm o3 o::o'ition that 3ace' the main character. Githin a 'hort 'tor9 there ma9 be on(9 one centra( 'trugg(e, or there ma9 be one dominant 'trugg(e 2ith man9 minor one'. There are t2o t$pes o3 con3(ictJ 10 $/ternal A A 'trugg(e 2ith a 3orce out'ide oneD' 'e(3. *0 &nternal A A 'trugg(e 2ithin oneD' 'e(3I a :er'on mu't ma>e 'ome deci'ion, o?ercome :ain, Cuiet their tem:er, re'i't an urge, etc. There are 3our (in s o3 con3(ictJ 10 ,an vs. ,an -:h9'ica(0 A The (eading character 'trugg(e' 2ith hi' :h9'ica( 'trength again't other men, 3orce' o3 nature, or anima('. *0 ,an vs. (ircumstances -c(a''ica(0 A The (eading character 'trugg(e' again't 3ate, or the circum'tance' o3 (i3e 3acing himQher.
47

30 ,an vs. Society -'ocia(0 A The (eading character 'trugg(e' again't idea', :ractice', or cu'tom' o3 other :eo:(e. !0 ,an vs. ;imself/;erself -:'9cho(ogica(0 A The (eading character 'trugg(e' 2ith him'e(3Qher'e(3I 2ith hi'Qher o2n 'ou(, idea' o3 right or 2rong, :h9'ica( (imitation', choice', etc.

(;)0)(T$0 AA There are t2o meaning' 3or the 2ord characterJ 10 The :er'on in a 2or> o3 3iction. *0 The characteri'tic' o3 a :er'on. $ersons in a wor7 of fiction A Antagonist and $rotagonist Short 'torie' u'e 3e2 character'. "ne character i' c(ear(9 centra( to the 'tor9 2ith a(( ma7or e?ent' ha?ing 'ome im:ortance to thi' character A heQ'he i' the &R"TA8"N ST. The o::o'er o3 the main character i' ca((ed the ANTA8"N ST. The 8haracteristics of a $erson n order 3or a 'tor9 to 'eem rea( to the reader it' character' mu't 'eem rea(. 1haracteri,ation i' the in3ormation the author gi?e' the reader about the character' them'e(?e'. The author ma9 re?ea( a character in 'e?era( 2a9'J a0 hi'Qher :h9'ica( a::earance b0 2hat heQ'he 'a9', thin>', 3ee(' and dream' c0 2hat heQ'he doe' or doe' not do d0 2hat other' 'a9 about himQher and ho2 other' react to himQher 1haracter' are con?incing i3 the9 areJ con'i'tent, moti?ated, and (i3eA(i>e -re'emb(e rea( :eo:(e0 8haracters are+++ 1. &ndividual A round, man9 'ided and com:(eB :er'ona(itie'. *. <eveloping A d9namic, man9 'ided :er'ona(itie' that change, 3or better or 2or'e, b9 the end o3 the 'tor9. 3. Static A Stereot9:e, ha?e one or t2o characteri'tic' that ne?er change and are em:ha'i,ed e.g. bri((iant detecti?e, drun>, 'crooge, crue( 'te:mother, etc. BA1< T" T"& %?&NT ?! @&$" &oint o3 ?ie2, or :.o.?., i' de3ined a' the ang(e 3rom 2hich the 'tor9 i' to(d. 1. Innocent 2ye A The 'tor9 i' to(d through the e9e' o3 a chi(d -hi'Qher 7udgment being di33erent 3rom that o3 an adu(t0 .

48

*. Stream of 8onsciousness A The 'tor9 i' to(d 'o that the reader 3ee(' a' i3 the9 are in'ide the head o3 one character and >no2' a(( their thought' and reaction'. 3. First $erson A The 'tor9 i' to(d b9 the :rotagoni't or one o3 the character' 2ho interact' c(o'e(9 2ith the :rotagoni't or other character' -u'ing :ronoun' , me, 2e, etc0. The reader 'ee' the 'tor9 through thi' :er'onD' e9e' a' heQ'he eB:erience' it and on(9 >no2' 2hat heQ'he >no2' or 3ee('. !. "mniscientA The author can narrate the 'tor9 u'ing the omni'cient :oint o3 ?ie2. #e can mo?e 3rom character to character, e?ent to e?ent, ha?ing 3ree acce'' to the thought', 3ee(ing' and moti?ation' o3 hi' character' and he introduce' in3ormation 2here and 2hen he choo'e'. There are t2o main t9:e' o3 omni'cient :oint o3 ?ie2J a0 "mniscient 3imited A The author te((' the 'tor9 in third :er'on -u'ing :ronoun' the9, 'he, he, it, etc0. Ge >no2 on(9 2hat the character >no2' and 2hat the author a((o2' himQher to te(( u'. Ge can 'ee the thought' and 3ee(ing' o3 character' i3 the author choo'e' to re?ea( them to u'. b0 "mniscient ")9ective ` The author te((' the 'tor9 in the third :er'on. t a::ear' a' though a camera i' 3o((o2ing the character', going an92here, and recording on(9 2hat i' 'een and heard. There i' no comment on the character' or their thought'. No inter:retation' are o33ered. The reader i' :(aced in the :o'ition o3 ':ectator 2ithout the author there to eB:(ain. The reader ha' to inter:ret e?ent' on hi' o2n.

T#$%$ AA The theme in a :iece o3 3iction i' it' contro((ing idea or it' centra( in'ight. t i' the authorD' under(9ing meaning or main idea that he i' tr9ing to con?e9. The theme ma9 be the authorD' thought' about a to:ic or ?ie2 o3 human nature. The tit(e o3 the 'hort 'tor9 u'ua((9 :oint' to 2hat the 2riter i' 'a9ing and he ma9 u'e ?ariou' 3igure' o3 ':eech to em:ha'i,e hi' theme, 'uch a'J '9mbo(, a((u'ion, 'imi(e, meta:hor, h9:erbo(e, or iron9. Some 'im:(e eBam:(e' o3 common theme' 3rom (iterature, T@, and 3i(m areJ A thing' are not a(2a9' a' the9 a::ear to be A Lo?e i' b(ind A Be(ie?e in 9our'e(3 A &eo:(e are a3raid o3 change A 4onDt 7udge a boo> b9 it' co?er

Short story re3er' to a 2or> o3 3iction that i' u'ua((9 2ritten in :ro'e, u'ua((9 in narrati?e 3ormat. Thi' 3ormat or medium tend' to be more :ointed than (onger 2or>' o3 3iction, 'uch a' no?e((a' -in the *0th and *1't centur9 'en'e0 and no?e(' or boo>'. Short 'tor9 de3inition' ba'ed u:on (ength di33er 'ome2hat e?en among :ro3e''iona( 2riter', due 'ome2hat in :art to the 3ragmentation o3 the
49

medium into genre'. Since the 'hort 'tor9 3ormat inc(ude' a 2ide range o3 genre' and 't9(e', the actua( (ength i' mitigated 'ome2here bet2een the indi?idua( authorD' :re3erence -or the 'tor9D' actua( need' in term' o3 creati?e tra7ector9 or 'tor9 arc0 and the 'ubmi''ion guide(ine' re(e?ant to the 'tor9D' actua( mar>et. 8uide(ine' ?ar9 great(9 among :ub(i'her'. %an9 'hort 'tor9 2riter' de3ine their 2or> through a combination o3 creati?e, :er'ona( eB:re''ion and arti'tic integrit9. A' a re'u(t, man9 attem:t to re'i't categori,ation b9 genre a' 2e(( a' de3inition b9 number', 3inding 'uch a::roache' (imiting and counterAintuiti?e to arti'tic 3orm and rea'oning. A' a re'u(t, de3inition' o3 the 'hort 'tor9 ba'ed u:on (ength ':(inter e?en more 2hen the 2riting :roce'' i' ta>en into con'ideration. 8haracteristics Short 'torie' tend to be (e'' com:(eB than no?e('. U'ua((9 a 'hort 'tor9 3ocu'e' on on(9 one incident, ha' a 'ing(e :(ot, a 'ing(e 'etting, a 'ma(( number o3 character', and co?er' a 'hort :eriod o3 time. n (onger 3orm' o3 3iction, 'torie' tend to contain certain core e(ement' o3 dramatic 'tructureJ eB:o'ition -the introduction o3 'etting, 'ituation and main character'0I com:(ication -the e?ent that introduce' the con3(ict0I ri'ing action, cri'i' -the deci'i?e moment 3or the :rotagoni't and hi' commitment to a cour'e o3 action0I c(imaB -the :oint o3 highe't intere't in term' o3 the con3(ict and the :oint 2ith the mo't action0I re'o(ution -the :oint 2hen the con3(ict i' re'o(?ed0I and mora(. Becau'e o3 their (ength, 'hort 'torie' ma9 or ma9 not 3o((o2 thi' :attern. Some do not 3o((o2 :attern' at a((. 6or eBam:(e, modern 'hort 'torie' on(9 occa'iona((9 ha?e an eB:o'ition. %ore t9:ica(, though, i' an abru:t beginning, 2ith the 'tor9 'tarting in the midd(e o3 the action -in me ias res0. A' 2ith (onger 'torie', :(ot' o3 'hort 'torie' a('o ha?e a c(imaB, cri'i', or turning :oint. #o2e?er, the ending' o3 man9 'hort 'torie' are abru:t and o:en and ma9 or ma9 not ha?e a mora( or :ractica( (e''on. A' 2ith an9 art 3orm, the eBact characteri'tic' o3 a 'hort 'tor9 2i(( ?ar9 b9 author. Ghen 'hort 'torie' intend to con?e9 a ':eci3ic ethica( or0. Thi' ':eci3ic >ind o3 'hort 'tor9 ha' been u'ed b9 ':iritua( and re(igiou' (eader' 2or(d2ide to in':ire, en(ighten, entertain, and educate their 3o((o2er'. 3ength "ee the article no!ella for relate e'ate a'out length4etermining 2hat eBact(9 'e:arate' a 'hort 'tor9 3rom (onger 3ictiona( 3ormat' i' :rob(ematic. A c(a''ic de3inition o3 a 'hort 'tor9 i' that one 'hou(d be ab(e to be read it in one 'itting, a :oint mo't notab(9 made in $dgar A((an &oeD' e''a9 OThe
50

&hi(o'o:h9 o3 1om:o'itionO -18!)0. "ther de3inition' :(ace the maBimum 2ord (ength at an92here 3rom 5,000 to +,000 2ord'. A' a :oint o3 re3erence 3or the 'cience 3iction genre 2riter, the Science 6iction and 6anta'9 Griter' o3 America de3ine' 'hort 'tor9 (ength in it' Nebu(a A2ard' 3or 'cience 3iction 'ubmi''ion guide(ine' a' ha?ing a 2ord count o3 (e'' than 5,500.[1] n contem:orar9 u'age, the term 'hort 'tor9 mo't o3ten re3er' to a 2or> o3 3iction no (onger than *0,000 2ord' and no 'horter than 1,000. Storie' (e'' than 1,000 2ord' are u'ua((9 re3erred to either a' O'hort 'hort 3ictionO or O'hort 'hort'O or e?en O3(a'h 3ictionO.[

5istory ?rigins Short 'torie' date bac> to ora( 'tor9Ate((ing tradition' 2hich origina((9 :roduced e:ic' 'uch a'#omerD' %lia and 2 $sse$. "ra( narrati?e' 2ere o3ten to(d in the 3orm o3 rh9ming or rh9thmic?er'e, o3ten inc(uding recurring 'ection' or, in the ca'e o3 #omer, Homeric epithets. Such 't9(i'tic de?ice' o3ten acted a' mnemonic' 3or ea'ier reca((, rendition and ada:tation o3 the 'tor9. Short 'ection' o3 ?er'e might 3ocu' on indi?idua( narrati?e' that cou(d be to(d at one 'itting. The o?era(( arc o3 the ta(e 2ou(d emerge on(9 through the te((ing o3 mu(ti:(e 'uch 'ection'. 6ab(e', 'uccinct ta(e' 2ith an eB:(icit Omora(,O 2ere 'aid b9 the 8ree> hi'torian #erodotu' to ha?e been in?ented in the )th centur9 B1$ b9 a 8ree> '(a?e named Ae'o:, though other time' and nationa(itie' ha?e a('o been gi?en 3or him. The'e ancient 3ab(e' are toda9 >no2n a' Aesop&s )a'les. The other ancient 3orm o3 'hort 'tor9, the anecdote, 2a' :o:u(ar under the Roman $m:ire. Anecdote' 3unctioned a' a 'ort o3 :arab(e, a brie3 rea(i'tic narrati?e that embodie' a :oint. %an9 'ur?i?ing Roman anecdote' 2ere co((ected in the 13th or 1!th centur9 a' the Gesta ,omanorum. Anecdote' remained :o:u(ar in $uro:e 2e(( into the 18th centur9, 2hen the 3ictiona( anecdota( (etter' o3 Sir Roger de 1o?er(e9 2ere :ub(i'hed. n $uro:e, the ora( 'tor9Ate((ing tradition began to de?e(o: into 2ritten 'torie' in the ear(9 1!th centur9, mo't notab(9 2ith 8eo33re9 1haucerD' Canter'ur$ Tales and 8io?anni BoccaccioD'Decameron. Both o3 the'e boo>' are com:o'ed o3 indi?idua( 'hort 'torie' -2hich range 3rom 3arce or humorou' anecdote' to 2e((A cra3ted (iterar9 3iction'0 'et 2ithin a (arger narrati?e 'tor9 -a3rame 'tor90, a(though the 3rame ta(e de?ice 2a' not ado:ted b9 a(( 2riter'. At the end o3 the 1)th centur9,

51

'ome o3 the mo't :o:u(ar 'hort 'torie' in $uro:e 2ere the dar>(9 tragic Ono?e((aO o3 %atteo Bande((o -e':ecia((9 in their 6rench tran'(ation0. The mid 15th centur9 in 6rance 'a2 the de?e(o:ment o3 a re3ined 'hort no?e(, the Onou?e((eO, b9 'uch author' a' %adame de La3a9ette. n the 1)+0', traditiona( 3air9 ta(e' began to be :ub(i'hed -one o3 the mo't 3amou' co((ection' 2a' b9 1har(e' &errau(t0. The a::earance o3 Antoine 8a((andD' 3ir't modern tran'(ation o3 the Thousan an 2ne 1ights -or Ara'ian 1ights0 -3rom 150!I another tran'(ation a::eared in 1510`1*0 2ou(d ha?e an enormou' in3(uence on the 18th centur9 $uro:ean 'hort 'torie' o3 @o(taire, 4iderot and other'. ,odern times Toda9D' 'hort 'torie' emerged a' their o2n genre in the ear(9 1+th centur9. $ar(9 eBam:(e' o3 'hort 'torie' inc(ude the Brother' 8rimmD' )air$ Tales -18*!`*)0 and Ni>o(ai 8ogo(D' E!enings on a )arm 1ear Di(an(a -1831`3*0. The 3ir't eBam:(e' in the United State' are 1har(e' Broc>den Bro2nD' OSomnambu(i'mO -18050, Ga'hington r?ingD' ,ip !an Win(le -181+0 and The Legen of "leep$ Hollow -18*00, $dgar A((an &oeD' Tales of the Grotes3ue an Ara'es3ue -18!00 and Nathanie( #a2thorneD' Twice5Tol Tales -18!*0. n the (atter 1+th centur9, the gro2th o3 :rint maga,ine' and 7ourna(' created a 'trong demand 3or 'hort 3iction o3 bet2een 3,000 and 15,000 2ord'. 6amou' 'hort 'torie' o3 thi' :eriod inc(udeBo(e'aa2 &ru'D' OA Legend o3 "(d $g9:tO -18880 and Anton 1he>ho?D' OGard No. )O -18+*0. At the 'ame time, the 3ir't (iterar9 theorie' about the 'hort 'tor9 a::eared. A 2ide(9 >no2n one i' $dgar A((an &oeD' OThe &hi(o'o:h9 o3 1om:o'itionO -18!)0. n 1+01, Brander %atthe2', the 3ir't American :ro3e''or o3 dramatic (iterature, :ub(i'hed OThe &hi(o'o:h9 o3 the ShortAStor9.O n the 3ir't ha(3 o3 the *0th centur9, a number o3 highA:ro3i(e maga,ine' 'uch a' The Atlantic /onthl$, "cri'ner&s and The "atur a$ E!ening Post :ub(i'hed 'hort 'torie' in each i''ue. The demand 3or Cua(it9 'hort 'torie' 2a' 'o great and the mone9 :aid 3or 'uch 'o high that 6. Scott 6it,gera(d re:eated(9 turned to 'hortA'tor9 2riting to :a9 hi' numerou' debt'. The post1war era The :eriod 3o((o2ing Gor(d Gar 'a2 a great 3(o2ering o3 (iterar9 'hort 3iction in the United State'. The Ne2 Mor>er continued to :ub(i'h the 2or>' o3 the 3ormS' (eading midAcentur9 :ractitioner', inc(uding Shir(e9 ;ac>'on, 2ho'e 'tor9, EThe Lotter9,F :ub(i'hed in 1+!8, e(icited the 'tronge't re':on'e in the maga,ineS' hi'tor9 to that
52

time. "ther 3reCuent contributor' during the (a't 1+!0' inc(uded ;ohn 1hee?er, ;ohn Steinbec>, ;ean Sta33ord and $udora Ge(t9. ;. 4. Sa(ingerD' ENine Storie'F -1+530 eB:erimented 2ith :oint o3 ?ie2 and ?oice, 2hi(e 6(anner9 "S1onnorD' EA 8ood %an i' #ard to 6indF -1+550 rein?igorated the Southern 8othic 't9(e. GhenLife maga,ine :ub(i'hed $rne't #eming2a9D' (ong 'hort 'tor9 -or no?e((a0 The 2l /an an the "ea in 1+5*, the i''ue containing thi' 'tor9 'o(d 5,300,000 co:ie' in on(9 t2o da9'. 1u(tura( and 'ocia( identit9 :(a9ed a con'iderab(e ro(e in much o3 the 'hort 3iction o3 the 1+)0'.&hi((i: Roth and 8race &a(e9 cu(ti?ated di'tincti?e ;e2i'hAAmerican ?oice'. Ti((ie "('enS' E Stand #ere roningF ado:ted a con'ciou'(9 3emini't' :er':ecti?e. ;ame' Ba(d2inS' E8oing to %eet the %anF to(d 'torie' o3 A3ricanA American (i3e. 6ran> "S1onnorS' EThe Lone(9 @oice,F a c(a''ic eB:(oration o3 the 'hort 'tor9, a::eared in 1+)3. The 1+50' 'a2 the ri'e o3 the :o'tAmodern 'hort 'tor9 in the 2or>' o3 4ona(d Barthe(me and ;ohn Barth. The 'ame decade 2itne''ed the e'tab(i'hment o3 the &u'hcart &re'', 2hich, under the (eader'hi: o3 Bi(( #ender'on, began :ub(i'hing the be't o3 the inde:endent and 'ma(( :re''e'. %imina(i'm gained 2ide':read in3(uence in the 1+80', mo't notab(9 in the 2or> o3 Ra9mond 1ar?er, Ann Beattie and Bobbi Ann %a'on. #o2e?er, traditiona(i't' inc(uding ;ohn U:di>e and ;o9ce 1aro( "ate' maintained 'igni3icant in3(uence on the 3orm, a' did 1anadian author A(ice %unro. ;ohn 8ardnerS' 'emina( re3erence teBt, EThe Art o3 6ictionF a::eared in 1+83. %an9 o3 the American 'hort 'torie' o3 the 1++0' 3eature magica( rea(i'm. Among the (eading :ractitioner' in thi' 't9(e 2ere Ste?en %i((hau'er and Robert "(en But(er. Stuart 49be> gained :rominence 3or hi' de:iction' o3 (i3e in 1hicagoS' &o(i'h neighborhood' and Tim "SBrienS' EThe Thing' The9 1arriedO tac>(ed the (egac9 o3 the @ietnam Gar. Loui'e $rdrich 2rote :oignant(9 o3 Nati?e American (i3e. T. 1. Bo9(e and 4a?id 6o'ter Ga((ace eB:(ored the :'9cho(og9 o3 :o:u(ar cu(ture. The 3ir't 9ear' o3 the t2ent9A3ir't centur9 'a2 the emergence o3 a ne2 generation o3 9oung 2riter' inc(uding ;hum:a Lahiri, <e?in Broc>meier, ;acob A::e(, 8eorge Saunder' and 4an 1haon. B(og' and eA,ine' 7oined traditiona( :a:erAba'ed (iterar9 7ourna(' in 'ho2ca'ing the 2or> o3 emerging author'.

53

?S()0 "&6<$

"'car 6inga( "D 6(ahertie Gi((' Gi(de, or more 'uccinct(9 "'car Gi(de, 2a' born on "ctober 1), 185! in 4ub(in. #e had hi' 3ir't encounter' 2ith (iterature and 2riting ear(9 on. #i' 3ather, a (eading e9e and ear 'urgeon, :ub(i'hed boo>' on archeo(og9, 3o(>(ore, and the 'atiri't ;onathon S2i3t. #i' mother 2a' a tran'(ator and 2a' con'idered a re?o(utionar9 (9rici't under the :'eudon9m OS:eran,a.O 6rom 18)! unti( 1851, Gi(de attended 'choo( and therea3ter 'tudied c(a''ic' at Trinit9 1o((ege, 4ub(in. n 185!, he 2ent to %agda(en 1o((ege, "B3ord 3or another 3our 9ear'. A(read9 during hi' 'tudie', Gi(de turned hi' attention' to 2riting and oriented him'e(3 according to the ae'thetic' o3 Ga(ter #oratio &ater and ;ohn Ru'>in. n 1858, he 3ir't recei?ed (iterar9 recognition 3or the :oem ORa?ennaO and there2ith the Ne2digate &ri,e. Gi(de too> to London a3ter 3ini'hing hi' 'tudie'. Gi(de, 2ho 2a' admired a' a 2riter 2ithin hi' :rudi'h @ictorian 'ociet9, 2a' a('o con'idered a dand9 and 'canda( author. #e married 1on'tance L(o9d in 188!. 4uring the 3o((o2ing 9ear' in London, Gi(de :ub(i'hed man9 2or>', inc(uding a co((ection o3 3air9 ta(e', OThe #a::9 &rince and "ther Ta(e'O in 1888 and OThe &icture o3 4orian 8ra9O in 18+1. n addition, he (ectured in the United State' and 1anada, 2or>ed 3or the &a(( %a(( 8a,ette 3rom 1885 to 188+, and 'ub'eCuent(9 edited the maga,ine OGomanD' Gor(d.O Gi(de 2rote a ne2 boo> near(9 e?er9 9ear unti( 18+5, :rimari(9 'atirica( 'ocia( comedie'. The mo't 2e(( >no2n are OLad9 GindermereD' 6anO -18+*0, OA Goman o3 No m:ortanceO -18+30, OAn dea( #u'bandO -18+50 and OThe m:ortance o3 Being $arne'tO -18+50I thi' (a't :iece 'atiri,e' the u::er c(a''e' and i' con'idered hi' be't 2or>. "n(9 hi' traged9 OSa(omeO 3ound no :ub(i'her due to being cen'ured, in :art 3or the re?ea(ing ;ugend'ti( i((u'tration' b9 Aubre9 Beard'(e9. "n(9 a3ter the 8erman tran'(ation 2a' 'et to mu'ic b9 Richard Strau'', the o:era OSa(omeO 3ound 2or(d2ide a::reciation. 18+5 2a' a 9ear o3 u:hea?a( 3or Gi(de. #e 2a' 'entenced to t2o 9ear' hard (abor becau'e o3 hi' homo'eBua(it9I hi' 2i3e (e3t the countr9, ta>ing the chi(dren to (i?e near #eide(berg, 8erman9I there 'he 2ent b9 the name 1on'tance #o((and. n the Reading :enitentiar9, Gi(de 2rote a teBt in the 3orm o3 a (etter on the inhuman condition' -chi(d :ri'oner' and chi(d (abor0 in'ide the :ri'on. n 1+05, thi' 2or> 2a' :ub(i'hed under the tit(e O4e :ro3undi',O 2ith :o''ib(9 ob7ectionab(e :a''age' ha?ing been cut out. t 2a' :ub(i'hed com:(ete(9 in 1+!+. #i' hea(th decimated, Gi(de 2a' re(ea'ed in 18+5 and 2ent to &ari'. Under the name Seba'tian %e(moth, he (i?ed the (a't three 9ear' o3 hi' (i3e a(one and :enni(e''. "'car Gi(de died on No?ember 30,
54

1+00 in the #ote( dDA('ace in &ari'. #i' (a't 2ord' are 'aid to be, O%9 2a((:a:er and are 3ighting a due( to the death. "ne or other o3 u' ha' got to go.O

The Selfish

iant .Author: "scar %ilde/

$@$RM a3ternoon, a' the9 2ere coming 3rom 'choo(, the chi(dren u'ed to go and :(a9 in the 8iantD' garden. t 2a' a (arge (o?e(9 garden, 2ith 'o3t green gra''. #ere and there o?er the gra'' 'tood beauti3u( 3(o2er' (i>e 'tar', and there 2ere t2e(?e :eachAtree' that in the ':ringtime bro>e out into de(icate b(o''om' o3 :in> and :ear(, and in the autumn bore rich 3ruit. The bird' 'at on the tree' and 'ang 'o '2eet(9 that the chi(dren u'ed to 'to: their game' in order to (i'ten to them. b#o2 ha::9 2e are herecD the9 cried to each other. "ne da9 the 8iant came bac>. #e had been to ?i'it hi' 3riend the 1orni'h ogre, and had 'ta9ed 2ith him 3or 'e?en 9ear'. A3ter the 'e?en 9ear' 2ere o?er he had 'aid a(( that he had to 'a9, 3or hi' con?er'ation 2a' (imited, and he determined to return to hi' o2n ca't(e. Ghen he arri?ed he 'a2 the chi(dren :(a9ing in the garden. bGhat are 9ou doing thereHD he cried in a ?er9 gru33 ?oice, and the chi(dren ran a2a9. b%9 o2n garden i' m9 o2n garden,D 'aid the 8iantI ban9 one can under'tand that, and 2i(( a((o2 nobod9 to :(a9 in it but m9'e(3.D So he bui(t a high 2a(( a(( round it, and :ut u: a noticeAboard. TR$S&ASS$RS G LL B$ &R"S$1UT$4 #e 2a' a ?er9 'e(3i'h 8iant. The :oor chi(dren had no2 no2here to :(a9. The9 tried to :(a9 on the road, but the road 2a' ?er9 du't9 and 3u(( o3 hard 'tone', and the9 did not (i>e it. The9 u'ed to 2ander round the high 2a(( 2hen their (e''on' 2ere o?er, and ta(> about the beauti3u( garden in'ide. b#o2 ha::9 2e 2ere there,D the9 'aid to each other. Then the S:ring came, and a(( o?er the countr9 there 2ere (itt(e b(o''om' and (itt(e bird'. "n(9 in the garden o3 the Se(3i'h 8iant it 2a' 'ti(( 2inter. The bird' did not care to 'ing in it a' there 2ere no chi(dren, and the tree' 3orgot to b(o''om. "nce a beauti3u( 3(o2er :ut it' head out 3rom the gra'', but 2hen it 'a2 the noticeAboard it 2a' 'o 'orr9 3or the chi(dren that it '(i::ed bac> into the ground again, and 2ent o33
55

to '(ee:. The on(9 :eo:(e 2ho 2ere :(ea'ed 2ere the Sno2 and the 6ro't. bS:ring ha' 3orgotten thi' garden,D the9 cried, b'o 2e 2i(( (i?e here a(( the 9ear round.D The Sno2 co?ered u: the gra'' 2ith her great 2hite c(oa>, and the 6ro't :ainted a(( the tree' 'i(?er. Then the9 in?ited the North Gind to 'ta9 2ith them, and he came. #e 2a' 2ra::ed in 3ur', and he roared a(( da9 about the garden, and b(e2 the chimne9A:ot' do2n. bThi' i' a de(ight3u( ':ot,D he 'aid, b2e mu't a'> the #ai( on a ?i'it.D So the #ai( came. $?er9 da9 3or three hour' he ratt(ed on the roo3 o3 the ca't(e ti(( he bro>e mo't o3 the '(ate', and then he ran round and round the garden a' 3a't a' he cou(d go. #e 2a' dre''ed in gre9, and hi' breath 2a' (i>e ice. b cannot under'tand 2h9 the S:ring i' 'o (ate in coming,D 'aid the Se(3i'h 8iant, a' he 'at at the 2indo2 and (oo>ed out at hi' co(d 2hite gardenI b ho:e there 2i(( be a change in the 2eather.D But the S:ring ne?er came, nor the Summer. The Autumn ga?e go(den 3ruit to e?er9 garden, but to the 8iantD' garden 'he ga?e none. b#e i' too 'e(3i'h,D 'he 'aid. So it 2a' a(2a9' Ginter there, and the North Gind and the #ai(, and the 6ro't, and the Sno2 danced about through the tree'. "ne morning the 8iant 2a' (9ing a2a>e in bed 2hen he heard 'ome (o?e(9 mu'ic. t 'ounded 'o '2eet to hi' ear' that he thought it mu't be the <ingD' mu'ician' :a''ing b9. t 2a' rea((9 on(9 a (itt(e (innet 'inging out'ide hi' 2indo2, but it 2a' 'o (ong 'ince he had heard a bird 'ing in hi' garden that it 'eemed to him to be the mo't beauti3u( mu'ic in the 2or(d. Then the #ai( 'to::ed dancing o?er hi' head, and the North Gind cea'ed roaring, and a de(iciou' :er3ume came to him through the o:en ca'ement. b be(ie?e the S:ring ha' come at (a't,D 'aid the 8iantI and he 7um:ed out o3 bed and (oo>ed out. Ghat did he 'eeH #e 'a2 a mo't 2onder3u( 'ight. Through a (itt(e ho(e in the 2a(( the chi(dren had cre:t in, and the9 2ere 'itting in the branche' o3 the tree'. n e?er9 tree that he cou(d 'ee there 2a' a (itt(e chi(d. And the tree' 2ere 'o g(ad to ha?e the chi(dren bac> again that the9 had co?ered them'e(?e' 2ith b(o''om', and 2ere 2a?ing their arm' gent(9 abo?e the chi(drenD' head'. The bird' 2ere 3(9ing about and t2ittering 2ith de(ight, and the 3(o2er' 2ere (oo>ing u: through the green gra'' and (aughing. t 2a' a (o?e(9 'cene, on(9 in one corner it 2a' 'ti(( 2inter. t 2a' the 3arthe't corner o3 the garden, and in it 2a' 'tanding a (itt(e bo9. #e 2a' 'o 'ma(( that he cou(d not reach u: to the branche' o3 the tree, and he 2a' 2andering a(( round it, cr9ing bitter(9. The :oor tree 2a' 'ti(( Cuite co?ered 2ith 3ro't and 'no2, and the North Gind 2a' b(o2ing and roaring abo?e it. b1(imb u:c (itt(e bo9,D 'aid the Tree, and it bent it' branche' do2n a' (o2 a' it cou(dI but the bo9 2a' too tin9. And the 8iantD' heart me(ted a' he (oo>ed out. b#o2 'e(3i'h ha?e beencD he 'aidI bno2 >no2 2h9 the S:ring 2ou(d not come here. 2i(( :ut that :oor (itt(e bo9 on the to: o3 the tree, and then 2i(( >noc> do2n the 2a((, and m9 garden 'ha(( be the
56

chi(drenD' :(a9ground 3or e?er and e?er.D #e 2a' rea((9 ?er9 'orr9 3or 2hat he had done. So he cre:t do2n'tair' and o:ened the 3ront door Cuite 'o3t(9, and 2ent out into the garden. But 2hen the chi(dren 'a2 him the9 2ere 'o 3rightened that the9 a(( ran a2a9, and the garden became 2inter again. "n(9 the (itt(e bo9 did not run, 3or hi' e9e' 2ere 'o 3u(( o3 tear' that he did not 'ee the 8iant coming. And the 8iant 'to(e u: behind him and too> him gent(9 in hi' hand, and :ut him u: into the tree. And the tree bro>e at once into b(o''om, and the bird' came and 'ang on it, and the (itt(e bo9 'tretched out hi' t2o arm' and 3(ung them round the 8iantD' nec>, and >i''ed him. And the other chi(dren, 2hen the9 'a2 that the 8iant 2a' not 2ic>ed an9 (onger, came running bac>, and 2ith them came the S:ring. b t i' 9our garden no2, (itt(e chi(dren,D 'aid the 8iant, and he too> a great aBe and >noc>ed do2n the 2a((. And 2hen the :eo:(e 2ere going to mar>et at t2e(?e oDc(oc> the9 3ound the 8iant :(a9ing 2ith the chi(dren in the mo't beauti3u( garden the9 had e?er 'een. A(( da9 (ong the9 :(a9ed, and in the e?ening the9 came to the 8iant to bid him goodA b9e. bBut 2here i' 9our (itt(e com:anionHD he 'aidJ bthe bo9 :ut into the tree.D The 8iant (o?ed him the be't becau'e he had >i''ed him. bGe donDt >no2,D an'2ered the chi(drenI bhe ha' gone a2a9.D bMou mu't te(( him to be 'ure and come here toAmorro2,D 'aid the 8iant. But the chi(dren 'aid that the9 did not >no2 2here he (i?ed, and had ne?er 'een him be3oreI and the 8iant 3e(t ?er9 'ad. $?er9 a3ternoon, 2hen 'choo( 2a' o?er, the chi(dren came and :(a9ed 2ith the 8iant. But the (itt(e bo9 2hom the 8iant (o?ed 2a' ne?er 'een again. The 8iant 2a' ?er9 >ind to a(( the chi(dren, 9et he (onged 3or hi' 3ir't (itt(e 3riend, and o3ten ':o>e o3 him. b#o2 2ou(d (i>e to 'ee himcD he u'ed to 'a9. Mear' 2ent o?er, and the 8iant gre2 ?er9 o(d and 3eeb(e. #e cou(d not :(a9 about an9 more, 'o he 'at in a huge armchair, and 2atched the chi(dren at their game', and admired hi' garden. b ha?e man9 beauti3u( 3(o2er',D he 'aidI bbut the chi(dren are the mo't beauti3u( 3(o2er' o3 a((.D "ne 2inter morning he (oo>ed out o3 hi' 2indo2 a' he 2a' dre''ing. #e did not hate the Ginter no2, 3or he >ne2 that it 2a' mere(9 the S:ring a'(ee:, and that the 3(o2er' 2ere re'ting. Sudden(9 he rubbed hi' e9e' in 2onder, and (oo>ed and (oo>ed. t certain(9 2a' a mar?e((ou' 'ight. n the 3arthe't corner o3 the garden 2a' a tree Cuite co?ered 2ith
57

(o?e(9 2hite b(o''om'. t' branche' 2ere a(( go(den, and 'i(?er 3ruit hung do2n 3rom them, and underneath it 'tood the (itt(e bo9 he had (o?ed. 4o2n'tair' ran the 8iant in great 7o9, and out into the garden. #e ha'tened acro'' the gra'', and came near to the chi(d. And 2hen he came Cuite c(o'e hi' 3ace gre2 red 2ith anger, and he 'aid, bGho hath dared to 2ound theeHD 6or on the :a(m' o3 the chi(dD' hand' 2ere the :rint' o3 t2o nai(', and the :rint' o3 t2o nai(' 2ere on the (itt(e 3eet. bGho hath dared to 2ound theeHD cried the 8iantI bte(( me, that ma9 ta>e m9 big '2ord and '(a9 him.D bNa9cD an'2ered the chi(dI bbut the'e are the 2ound' o3 Lo?e.D bGho art thouHD 'aid the 8iant, and a 'trange a2e 3e(( on him, and he >ne(t be3ore the (itt(e chi(d. And the chi(d 'mi(ed on the 8iant, and 'aid to him, bMou (et me :(a9 once in 9our garden, toAda9 9ou 'ha(( come 2ith me to m9 garden, 2hich i' &aradi'e.D And 2hen the chi(dren ran in that a3ternoon, the9 3ound the 8iant (9ing dead under the tree, a(( co?ered 2ith 2hite b(o''om'.

(;)06$S <&(-$NS

.ornD 5 6ebruar9 181* .irthplaceD &ort'mouth, $ng(and <iedD + ;une 1850 .est -nown )sD The author o3 A Christmas Carol

1har(e' 4ic>en' 2rote A Tale of Two Cities, 2li!er Twist, Great E7pectations, and other hit no?e(' o3 1+thAcentur9 $ng(and. 4ic>en' gre2 u: in :o?ert9, and it 'ho2' in hi' 2ritingJ he i' >no2n 3or hi' or:han' and urchin', rogue', 'ho:>ee:er', 'tu33ed 'hirt', 2ido2', and other co(or3u( character' :u((ed 3rom the 'oot9 'treet' o3 London.
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An a((Aaround 2or>hor'e, 4ic>en' edited a month(9 maga,ine, 2rote no?e(', ga?e :ub(ic reading' and came out 2ith a 1hri'tma' 'tor9 e?er9 9ear. #i' no?e(' 2ere o3ten :ub(i'hed 3ir't in 'eria( 3orm AA a' cha:terAb9Acha:ter month(9 in'ta((ment' in maga,ine' o3 the da9. Among hi' ma7or 2or>' are 2li!er Twist -com:(eted 183+0, The 2l Curiosit$ "hop-18!10, Da!i Copperfiel -18500, the hi'torica( drama A Tale of Two Cities -185+0, and Great E7pectations -18)10. #i' 18!3 ta(e A Christmas Carol 3eatured the grouch9 mi'er $bene,er Scrooge and the 'ic>(9 tot Tin9 Tim. t remain' a :o:u(ar ho(ida9 c(a''ic and :erha:' hi' mo't 3amou' ta(e. 4ic>en' u'ed the :en name Bo, ear(9 in hi' career, and hi' 3ir't :ub(ication 2a' the 'hort 'tor9 co((ection "(etches B$ BoH -183)0... 2li!er Twist 2a' the ba'i' 3or the 'tage mu'ica( 2li!erII the 'ho2 2on the Ton9 A2ard 3or be't mu'ica( in 1+)3, and a 1+)8 mo?ie ?er'ion -2ith ;ac> Gi(d a' the Art3u( 4odger0 2on the Academ9 A2ard 3or be't :icture... 4ic>en' married the 3ormer 1atherine #ogarth in 183). The9 had 10 chi(dren, but their marriage 2a' o3ten ten'e, and the9 'e:arated in 1858... #e 2a' buried in &oetD' 1orner in Ge'tmin'ter Abbe9, near 8eo33re9 1haucer and other 3e((o2 2riter'.

The Trial !or ,urder ha?e a(2a9' noticed a :re?a(ent 2ant o3 courage, e?en among :er'on' o3 'u:erior inte((igence and cu(ture, a' to im:arting their o2n :'9cho(ogica( eB:erience' 2hen tho'e ha?e been o3 a 'trange 'ort. A(mo't a(( men are a3raid that 2hat the9 cou(d re(ate in 'uch 2i'e 2ou(d 3ind no :ara((e( or re':on'e in a (i'tenerD' interna( (i3e, and might be 'u':ected or (aughed at. A truth3u( tra?e((er, 2ho 'hou(d ha?e 'een 'ome eBtraordinar9 creature in the (i>ene'' o3 a 'eaA'er:ent, 2ou(d ha?e no 3ear o3 mentioning itI but the 'ame tra?e((er, ha?ing had 'ome 'ingu(ar :re'entiment, im:u('e, ?agar9 o3 thought, ?i'ion -'oAca((ed0, dream, or other remar>ab(e menta( im:re''ion, 2ou(d he'itate con'iderab(9 be3ore he 2ou(d o2n to it. To thi' reticence attribute much o3 the ob'curit9 in 2hich 'uch 'ub7ect' are in?o(?ed. Ge do not habitua((9 communicate our eB:erience' o3 the'e 'ub7ecti?e thing' a' 2e do our eB:erience' o3 ob7ecti?e creation. The con'eCuence i', that the genera( 'toc> o3 eB:erience in thi' regard a::ear' eBce:tiona(, and rea((9 i' 'o, in re':ect o3 being mi'erab(9 im:er3ect. n 2hat am going to re(ate, ha?e no intention o3 'etting u:, o::o'ing, or 'u::orting, an9 theor9 2hate?er. >no2 the hi'tor9 o3 the Boo>'e((er o3 Ber(in, ha?e 'tudied the ca'e o3 the 2i3e o3 a (ate A'tronomer Ro9a( a' re(ated b9 Sir 4a?id Bre2'ter, and ha?e 3o((o2ed the minute't detai(' o3 a much more remar>ab(e ca'e o3 S:ectra( ((u'ion occurring 2ithin m9 :ri?ate circ(e o3 3riend'. t ma9 be nece''ar9 to 'tate a' to thi' (a't, that the 'u33erer -a
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(ad90 2a' in no degree, ho2e?er di'tant, re(ated to me. A mi'ta>en a''um:tion on that head might 'ugge't an eB:(anation o3 a :art o3 m9 o2n ca'e,AAbut on(9 a :art,AA2hich 2ou(d be 2ho((9 2ithout 3oundation. t cannot be re3erred to m9 inheritance o3 an9 de?e(o:ed :ecu(iarit9, nor had e?er be3ore an9 at a(( 'imi(ar eB:erience, nor ha?e e?er had an9 at a(( 'imi(ar eB:erience 'ince. t doe' not 'igni39 ho2 man9 9ear' ago, or ho2 3e2, a certain murder 2a' committed in $ng(and, 2hich attracted great attention. Ge hear more than enough o3 murderer' a' the9 ri'e in 'ucce''ion to their atrociou' eminence, and 2ou(d bur9 the memor9 o3 thi' :articu(ar brute, i3 cou(d, a' hi' bod9 2a' buried, in Ne2gate ;ai(. :ur:o'e(9 ab'tain 3rom gi?ing an9 direct c(ue to the crimina(D' indi?idua(it9. Ghen the murder 2a' 3ir't di'co?ered, no 'u':icion 3e((AAor ought rather to 'a9, 3or cannot be too :reci'e in m9 3act', it 2a' no2here :ub(ic(9 hinted that an9 'u':icion 3e((AAon the man 2ho 2a' a3ter2ard' brought to tria(. A' no re3erence 2a' at that time made to him in the ne2':a:er', it i' ob?iou'(9 im:o''ib(e that an9 de'cri:tion o3 him can at that time ha?e been gi?en in the ne2':a:er'. t i' e''entia( that thi' 3act be remembered. Un3o(ding at brea>3a't m9 morning :a:er, containing the account o3 that 3ir't di'co?er9, 3ound it to be dee:(9 intere'ting, and read it 2ith c(o'e attention. read it t2ice, i3 not three time'. The di'co?er9 had been made in a bedroom, and, 2hen (aid do2n the :a:er, 2a' a2are o3 a 3(a'hAAru'hAA3(o2AA do not >no2 2hat to ca(( it,AAno 2ord can 3ind i' 'ati'3actori(9 de'cri:ti?e,AAin 2hich 'eemed to 'ee that bedroom :a''ing through m9 room, (i>e a :icture im:o''ib(9 :ainted on a running ri?er. Though a(mo't in'tantaneou' in it' :a''ing, it 2a' :er3ect(9 c(earI 'o c(ear that di'tinct(9, and 2ith a 'en'e o3 re(ie3, ob'er?ed the ab'ence o3 the dead bod9 3rom the bed. t 2a' in no romantic :(ace that had thi' curiou' 'en'ation, but in chamber' in &iccadi((9, ?er9 near to the corner o3 St. ;ame'D' Street. t 2a' entire(9 ne2 to me. 2a' in m9 ea'9Achair at the moment, and the 'en'ation 2a' accom:anied 2ith a :ecu(iar 'hi?er 2hich 'tarted the chair 3rom it' :o'ition. -But it i' to be noted that the chair ran ea'i(9 on ca'tor'.0 2ent to one o3 the 2indo2' -there are t2o in the room, and the room i' on the 'econd 3(oor0 to re3re'h m9 e9e' 2ith the mo?ing ob7ect' do2n in &iccadi((9. t 2a' a bright autumn morning, and the 'treet 2a' ':ar>(ing and cheer3u(. The 2ind 2a' high. A' (oo>ed out, it brought do2n 3rom the &ar> a Cuantit9 o3 3a((en (ea?e', 2hich a gu't too>, and 2hir(ed into a ':ira( :i((ar. A' the :i((ar 3e(( and the (ea?e' di':er'ed, 'a2
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t2o men on the o::o'ite 'ide o3 the 2a9, going 3rom Ge't to $a't. The9 2ere one behind the other. The 3oremo't man o3ten (oo>ed bac> o?er hi' 'hou(der. The 'econd man 3o((o2ed him, at a di'tance o3 'ome thirt9 :ace', 2ith hi' right hand menacing(9 rai'ed. 6ir't, the 'ingu(arit9 and 'teadine'' o3 thi' threatening ge'ture in 'o :ub(ic a thorough3are attracted m9 attentionI and neBt, the more remar>ab(e circum'tance that nobod9 heeded it. Both men threaded their 2a9 among the other :a''enger' 2ith a 'moothne'' hard(9 con'i'tent e?en 2ith the action o3 2a(>ing on a :a?ementI and no 'ing(e creature, that cou(d 'ee, ga?e them :(ace, touched them, or (oo>ed a3ter them. n :a''ing be3ore m9 2indo2', the9 both 'tared u: at me. 'a2 their t2o 3ace' ?er9 di'tinct(9, and >ne2 that cou(d recogni'e them an92here. Not that had con'ciou'(9 noticed an9thing ?er9 remar>ab(e in either 3ace, eBce:t that the man 2ho 2ent 3ir't had an unu'ua((9 (o2ering a::earance, and that the 3ace o3 the man 2ho 3o((o2ed him 2a' o3 the co(our o3 im:ure 2aB. am a bache(or, and m9 ?a(et and hi' 2i3e con'titute m9 2ho(e e'tab(i'hment. %9 occu:ation i' in a certain Branch Ban>, and 2i'h that m9 dutie' a' head o3 a 4e:artment 2ere a' (ight a' the9 are :o:u(ar(9 'u::o'ed to be. The9 >e:t me in to2n that autumn, 2hen 'tood in need o3 change. 2a' not i((, but 2a' not 2e((. %9 reader i' to ma>e the mo't that can be rea'onab(9 made o3 m9 3ee(ing 7aded, ha?ing a de:re''ing 'en'e u:on me o3 a monotonou' (i3e, and being O'(ight(9 d9':e:tic.O am a''ured b9 m9 reno2ned doctor that m9 rea( 'tate o3 hea(th at that time 7u'ti3ie' no 'tronger de'cri:tion, and Cuote hi' o2n 3rom hi' 2ritten an'2er to m9 reCue't 3or it. A' the circum'tance' o3 the murder, gradua((9 unra?e((ing, too> 'tronger and 'tronger :o''e''ion o3 the :ub(ic mind, >e:t them a2a9 3rom mine b9 >no2ing a' (itt(e about them a' 2a' :o''ib(e in the mid't o3 the uni?er'a( eBcitement. But >ne2 that a ?erdict o3 Gi(3u( %urder had been 3ound again't the 'u':ected murderer, and that he had been committed to Ne2gate 3or tria(. a('o >ne2 that hi' tria( had been :o't:oned o?er one Se''ion' o3 the 1entra( 1rimina( 1ourt, on the ground o3 genera( :re7udice and 2ant o3 time 3or the :re:aration o3 the de3ence. ma9 3urther ha?e >no2n, but be(ie?e did not, 2hen, or about 2hen, the Se''ion' to 2hich hi' tria( 'tood :o't:oned 2ou(d come on. %9 'ittingAroom, bedroom, and dre''ingAroom, are a(( on one 3(oor. Gith the (a't there i' no communication but through the bedroom. True, there i' a door in it, once communicating 2ith the 'tairca'eI but a :art o3 the 3itting o3 m9 bath ha' beenAAand had then been 3or 'ome 9ear'AA3iBed acro'' it. At the 'ame :eriod, and a' a :art o3
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the 'ame arrangement,AAthe door had been nai(ed u: and can?a'ed o?er. 2a' 'tanding in m9 bedroom (ate one night, gi?ing 'ome direction' to m9 'er?ant be3ore he 2ent to bed. %9 3ace 2a' to2ard' the on(9 a?ai(ab(e door o3 communication 2ith the dre''ingAroom, and it 2a' c(o'ed. %9 'er?antD' bac> 2a' to2ard' that door. Ghi(e 2a' ':ea>ing to him, 'a2 it o:en, and a man (oo> in, 2ho ?er9 earne't(9 and m9'teriou'(9 bec>oned to me. That man 2a' the man 2ho had gone 'econd o3 the t2o a(ong &iccadi((9, and 2ho'e 3ace 2a' o3 the co(our o3 im:ure 2aB. The 3igure, ha?ing bec>oned, dre2 bac>, and c(o'ed the door. Gith no (onger :au'e than 2a' made b9 m9 cro''ing the bedroom, o:ened the dre''ingAroom door, and (oo>ed in. had a (ighted cand(e a(read9 in m9 hand. 3e(t no in2ard eB:ectation o3 'eeing the 3igure in the dre''ingAroom, and did not 'ee it there. 1on'ciou' that m9 'er?ant 'tood ama,ed, turned round to him, and 'aidJ O4erric>, cou(d 9ou be(ie?e that in m9 coo( 'en'e' 3ancied 'a2 aAAO A' there (aid m9 hand u:on hi' brea't, 2ith a 'udden 'tart he tremb(ed ?io(ent(9, and 'aid, O" Lord, 9e', 'irc A dead man bec>oningcO No2 do not be(ie?e that thi' ;ohn 4erric>, m9 tru't9 and attached 'er?ant 3or more than t2ent9 9ear', had an9 im:re''ion 2hate?er o3 ha?ing 'een an9 'uch 3igure, unti( touched him. The change in him 2a' 'o 'tart(ing, 2hen touched him, that 3u((9 be(ie?e he deri?ed hi' im:re''ion in 'ome occu(t manner 3rom me at that in'tant. bade ;ohn 4erric> bring 'ome brand9, and ga?e him a dram, and 2a' g(ad to ta>e one m9'e(3. "3 2hat had :receded that nightD' :henomenon, to(d him not a 'ing(e 2ord. Re3(ecting on it, 2a' ab'o(ute(9 certain that had ne?er 'een that 3ace be3ore, eBce:t on the one occa'ion in &iccadi((9. 1om:aring it' eB:re''ion 2hen bec>oning at the door 2ith it' eB:re''ion 2hen it had 'tared u: at me a' 'tood at m9 2indo2, came to the conc(u'ion that on the 3ir't occa'ion it had 'ought to 3a'ten it'e(3 u:on m9 memor9, and that on the 'econd occa'ion it had made 'ure o3 being immediate(9 remembered. 2a' not ?er9 com3ortab(e that night, though 3e(t a certaint9, di33icu(t to eB:(ain, that the 3igure 2ou(d not return. At da9(ight 3e(( into a hea?9 '(ee:, 3rom 2hich 2a' a2a>ened b9 ;ohn 4erric>D' coming to m9 bed'ide 2ith a :a:er in hi' hand.
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Thi' :a:er, it a::eared, had been the 'ub7ect o3 an a(tercation at the door bet2een it' bearer and m9 'er?ant. t 2a' a 'ummon' to me to 'er?e u:on a ;ur9 at the 3orthcoming Se''ion' o3 the 1entra( 1rimina( 1ourt at the "(d Bai(e9. had ne?er be3ore been 'ummoned on 'uch a ;ur9, a' ;ohn 4erric> 2e(( >ne2. #e be(ie?edAA am not certain at thi' hour 2hether 2ith rea'on or other2i'eAAthat that c(a'' o3 ;uror' 2ere cu'tomari(9 cho'en on a (o2er Cua(i3ication than mine, and he had at 3ir't re3u'ed to acce:t the 'ummon'. The man 2ho 'er?ed it had ta>en the matter ?er9 coo((9. #e had 'aid that m9 attendance or nonAattendance 2a' nothing to himI there the 'ummon' 2a'I and 'hou(d dea( 2ith it at m9 o2n :eri(, and not at hi'. 6or a da9 or t2o 2a' undecided 2hether to re':ond to thi' ca((, or ta>e no notice o3 it. 2a' not con'ciou' o3 the '(ighte't m9'teriou' bia', in3(uence, or attraction, one 2a9 or other. "3 that am a' 'trict(9 'ure a' o3 e?er9 other 'tatement that ma>e here. U(timate(9 decided, a' a brea> in the monoton9 o3 m9 (i3e, that 2ou(d go. The a::ointed morning 2a' a ra2 morning in the month o3 No?ember. There 2a' a den'e bro2n 3og in &iccadi((9, and it became :o'iti?e(9 b(ac> and in the (a't degree o::re''i?e $a't o3 Tem:(e Bar. 3ound the :a''age' and 'tairca'e' o3 the 1ourtA#ou'e 3(aring(9 (ighted 2ith ga', and the 1ourt it'e(3 'imi(ar(9 i((uminated. T# N< that, unti( 2a' conducted b9 o33icer' into the "(d 1ourt and 'a2 it' cro2ded 'tate, did not >no2 that the %urderer 2a' to be tried that da9. T# N< that, unti( 2a' 'o he(:ed into the "(d 1ourt 2ith con'iderab(e di33icu(t9, did not >no2 into 2hich o3 the t2o 1ourt' 'itting m9 'ummon' 2ou(d ta>e me. But thi' mu't not be recei?ed a' a :o'iti?e a''ertion, 3or am not com:(ete(9 'ati'3ied in m9 mind on either :oint. too> m9 'eat in the :(ace a::ro:riated to ;uror' in 2aiting, and (oo>ed about the 1ourt a' 2e(( a' cou(d through the c(oud o3 3og and breath that 2a' hea?9 in it. noticed the b(ac> ?a:our hanging (i>e a mur>9 curtain out'ide the great 2indo2', and noticed the 'ti3(ed 'ound o3 2hee(' on the 'tra2 or tan that 2a' (ittered in the 'treetI a('o, the hum o3 the :eo:(e gathered there, 2hich a 'hri(( 2hi't(e, or a (ouder 'ong or hai( than the re't, occa'iona((9 :ierced. Soon a3ter2ard' the ;udge', t2o in number, entered, and too> their 'eat'. The bu,, in the 1ourt 2a' a23u((9 hu'hed. The direction 2a' gi?en to :ut the %urderer to the bar. #e a::eared there. And in that 'ame in'tant recogni'ed in him the 3ir't o3 the t2o men 2ho had gone do2n &iccadi((9.

63

3 m9 name had been ca((ed then, doubt i3 cou(d ha?e an'2ered to it audib(9. But it 2a' ca((ed about 'iBth or eighth in the :ane(, and 2a' b9 that time ab(e to 'a9, O#erecO No2, ob'er?e. A' 'te::ed into the boB, the :ri'oner, 2ho had been (oo>ing on attenti?e(9, but 2ith no 'ign o3 concern, became ?io(ent(9 agitated, and bec>oned to hi' attorne9. The :ri'onerD' 2i'h to cha((enge me 2a' 'o mani3e't, that it occa'ioned a :au'e, during 2hich the attorne9, 2ith hi' hand u:on the doc>, 2hi':ered 2ith hi' c(ient, and 'hoo> hi' head. a3ter2ard' had it 3rom that gent(eman, that the :ri'onerD' 3ir't a33righted 2ord' to him 2ere, OAT ALL #A=AR4S, 1#ALL$N8$ T#AT %ANcO But that, a' he 2ou(d gi?e no rea'on 3or it, and admitted that he had not e?en >no2n m9 name unti( he heard it ca((ed and a::eared, it 2a' not done. Both on the ground a(read9 eB:(ained, that 2i'h to a?oid re?i?ing the un2ho(e'ome memor9 o3 that %urderer, and a('o becau'e a detai(ed account o3 hi' (ong tria( i' b9 no mean' indi':en'ab(e to m9 narrati?e, 'ha(( con3ine m9'e(3 c(o'e(9 to 'uch incident' in the ten da9' and night' during 2hich 2e, the ;ur9, 2ere >e:t together, a' direct(9 bear on m9 o2n curiou' :er'ona( eB:erience. t i' in that, and not in the %urderer, that 'ee> to intere't m9 reader. t i' to that, and not to a :age o3 the Ne2gate 1a(endar, that beg attention. 2a' cho'en 6oreman o3 the ;ur9. "n the 'econd morning o3 the tria(, a3ter e?idence had been ta>en 3or t2o hour' - heard the church c(oc>' 'tri>e0, ha::ening to ca't m9 e9e' o?er m9 brother 7ur9men, 3ound an ineB:(icab(e di33icu(t9 in counting them. counted them 'e?era( time', 9et a(2a9' 2ith the 'ame di33icu(t9. n 'hort, made them one too man9. touched the brother 7ur9men 2ho'e :(ace 2a' neBt me, and 2hi':ered to him, O"b(ige me b9 counting u'.O #e (oo>ed 'ur:ri'ed b9 the reCue't, but turned hi' head and counted. OGh9,O 'a9' he, 'udden(9, O2e are ThirtAI but no, itD' not :o''ib(e. No. Ge are t2e(?e.O According to m9 counting that da9, 2e 2ere a(2a9' right in detai(, but in the gro'' 2e 2ere a(2a9' one too man9. There 2a' no a::earanceAAno 3igureAAto account 3or itI but had no2 an in2ard 3ore'hado2ing o3 the 3igure that 2a' 'ure(9 coming. The ;ur9 2ere hou'ed at the London Ta?ern. Ge a(( '(e:t in one (arge room on 'e:arate tab(e', and 2e 2ere con'tant(9 in the charge and under the e9e o3 the o33icer '2orn to ho(d u' in 'a3eA>ee:ing. 'ee no rea'on 3or 'u::re''ing the rea( name o3 that o33icer. #e 2a' inte((igent, high(9 :o(ite, and ob(iging, and - 2a' g(ad to
64

hear0 much re':ected in the 1it9. #e had an agreeab(e :re'ence, good e9e', en?iab(e b(ac> 2hi'>er', and a 3ine 'onorou' ?oice. #i' name 2a' %r. #ar>er. Ghen 2e turned into our t2e(?e bed' at night, %r. #ar>erD' bed 2a' dra2n acro'' the door. "n the night o3 the 'econd da9, not being di':o'ed to (ie do2n, and 'eeing %r. #ar>er 'itting on hi' bed, 2ent and 'at be'ide him, and o33ered him a :inch o3 'nu33. A' %r. #ar>erD' hand touched mine in ta>ing it 3rom m9 boB, a :ecu(iar 'hi?er cro''ed him, and he 'aid, OGho i' thi'HO 6o((o2ing %r. #ar>erD' e9e', and (oo>ing a(ong the room, 'a2 again the 3igure eB:ected,AAthe 'econd o3 the t2o men 2ho had gone do2n &iccadi((9. ro'e, and ad?anced a 3e2 'te:'I then 'to::ed, and (oo>ed round at %r. #ar>er. #e 2a' Cuite unconcerned, (aughed, and 'aid in a :(ea'ant 2a9, O thought 3or a moment 2e had a thirteenth 7ur9man, 2ithout a bed. But 'ee it i' the moon(ight.O %a>ing no re?e(ation to %r. #ar>er, but in?iting him to ta>e a 2a(> 2ith me to the end o3 the room, 2atched 2hat the 3igure did. t 'tood 3or a 3e2 moment' b9 the bed'ide o3 each o3 m9 e(e?en brother 7ur9men, c(o'e to the :i((o2. t a(2a9' 2ent to the rightAhand 'ide o3 the bed, and a(2a9' :a''ed out cro''ing the 3oot o3 the neBt bed. t 'eemed, 3rom the action o3 the head, mere(9 to (oo> do2n :en'i?e(9 at each recumbent 3igure. t too> no notice o3 me, or o3 m9 bed, 2hich 2a' that neare't to %r. #ar>erD'. t 'eemed to go out 2here the moon(ight came in, through a high 2indo2, a' b9 an aeria( 3(ight o3 'tair'. NeBt morning at brea>3a't, it a::eared that e?er9bod9 :re'ent had dreamed o3 the murdered man (a't night, eBce:t m9'e(3 and %r. #ar>er. no2 3e(t a' con?inced that the 'econd man 2ho had gone do2n &iccadi((9 2a' the murdered man -'o to ':ea>0, a' i3 it had been borne into m9 com:rehen'ion b9 hi' immediate te'timon9. But e?en thi' too> :(ace, and in a manner 3or 2hich 2a' not at a(( :re:ared. "n the 3i3th da9 o3 the tria(, 2hen the ca'e 3or the :ro'ecution 2a' dra2ing to a c(o'e, a miniature o3 the murdered man, mi''ing 3rom hi' bedroom u:on the di'co?er9 o3 the deed, and a3ter2ard' 3ound in a hidingA:(ace 2here the %urderer had been 'een digging, 2a' :ut in e?idence. #a?ing been identi3ied b9 the 2itne'' under eBamination, it 2a' handed u: to the Bench, and thence handed do2n to be in':ected b9 the ;ur9. A' an o33icer in a b(ac> go2n 2a' ma>ing hi' 2a9 2ith it acro'' to me, the 3igure o3 the 'econd man 2ho had gone
65

do2n &iccadi((9 im:etuou'(9 'tarted 3rom the cro2d, caught the miniature 3rom the o33icer, and ga?e it to me 2ith hi' o2n hand', at the 'ame time 'a9ing, in a (o2 and ho((o2 tone,AAbe3ore 'a2 the miniature, 2hich 2a' in a (oc>et,AAO GAS M"UN8$R T#$N, AN4 %M 6A1$ GAS N"T T#$N 4RA N$4 "6 BL""4.O t a('o came bet2een me and the brother 7ur9man to 2hom 2ou(d ha?e gi?en the miniature, and bet2een him and the brother 7ur9man to 2hom he 2ou(d ha?e gi?en it, and 'o :a''ed it on through the 2ho(e o3 our number, and bac> into m9 :o''e''ion. Not one o3 them, ho2e?er, detected thi'. At tab(e, and genera((9 2hen 2e 2ere 'hut u: together in %r. #ar>erD' cu'tod9, 2e had 3rom the 3ir't natura((9 di'cu''ed the da9D' :roceeding' a good dea(. "n that 3i3th da9, the ca'e 3or the :ro'ecution being c(o'ed, and 2e ha?ing that 'ide o3 the Cue'tion in a com:(eted 'ha:e be3ore u', our di'cu''ion 2a' more animated and 'eriou'. Among our number 2a' a ?e'tr9man,AAthe den'e't idiot ha?e e?er 'een at (arge,AA2ho met the :(aine't e?idence 2ith the mo't :re:o'terou' ob7ection', and 2ho 2a' 'ided 2ith b9 t2o 3(abb9 :arochia( :ara'ite'I a(( the three im:ane((ed 3rom a di'trict 'o de(i?ered o?er to 6e?er that the9 ought to ha?e been u:on their o2n tria( 3or 3i?e hundred %urder'. Ghen the'e mi'chie?ou' b(oc>head' 2ere at their (oude't, 2hich 2a' to2ard' midnight, 2hi(e 'ome o3 u' 2ere a(read9 :re:aring 3or bed, again 'a2 the murdered man. #e 'tood grim(9 behind them, bec>oning to me. "n m9 going to2ard' them, and 'tri>ing into the con?er'ation, he immediate(9 retired. Thi' 2a' the beginning o3 a 'e:arate 'erie' o3 a::earance', con3ined to that (ong room in 2hich 2e 2ere con3ined. Ghene?er a >not o3 m9 brother 7ur9men (aid their head' together, 'a2 the head o3 the murdered man among their'. Ghene?er their com:ari'on o3 note' 2a' going again't him, he 2ou(d 'o(emn(9 and irre'i'tib(9 bec>on to me. t 2i(( be borne in mind that do2n to the :roduction o3 the miniature, on the 3i3th da9 o3 the tria(, had ne?er 'een the A::earance in 1ourt. Three change' occurred no2 that 2e entered on the ca'e 3or the de3ence. T2o o3 them 2i(( mention together, 3ir't. The 3igure 2a' no2 in 1ourt continua((9, and it ne?er there addre''ed it'e(3 to me, but a(2a9' to the :er'on 2ho 2a' ':ea>ing at the time. 6or in'tanceJ the throat o3 the murdered man had been cut 'traight acro''. n the o:ening ':eech 3or the de3ence, it 2a' 'ugge'ted that the decea'ed might ha?e cut hi' o2n throat. At that ?er9 moment, the 3igure, 2ith it' throat in the dread3u( condition re3erred to -thi' it had concea(ed be3ore0, 'tood at the ':ea>erD' e(bo2, motioning acro'' and acro'' it' 2ind:i:e, no2 2ith the right hand, no2 2ith the (e3t, ?igorou'(9 'ugge'ting to the ':ea>er him'e(3 the im:o''ibi(it9 o3 'uch a 2ound ha?ing been 'e(3Ain3(icted b9 either hand. 6or another in'tanceJ a 2itne'' to character, a 2oman, de:o'ed to the :ri'onerD' being the mo't amiab(e o3 man>ind.
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The 3igure at that in'tant 'tood on the 3(oor be3ore her, (oo>ing her 3u(( in the 3ace, and :ointing out the :ri'onerD' e?i( countenance 2ith an eBtended arm and an out'tretched 3inger. The third change no2 to be added im:re''ed me 'trong(9 a' the mo't mar>ed and 'tri>ing o3 a((. do not theori'e u:on itI accurate(9 'tate it, and there (ea?e it. A(though the A::earance 2a' not it'e(3 :ercei?ed b9 tho'e 2hom it addre''ed, it' coming c(o'e to 'uch :er'on' 2a' in?ariab(9 attended b9 'ome tre:idation or di'turbance on their :art. t 'eemed to me a' i3 it 2ere :re?ented, b9 (a2' to 2hich 2a' not amenab(e, 3rom 3u((9 re?ea(ing it'e(3 to other', and 9et a' i3 it cou(d in?i'ib(9, dumb(9, and dar>(9 o?er'hado2 their mind'. Ghen the (eading coun'e( 3or the de3ence 'ugge'ted that h9:othe'i' o3 'uicide, and the 3igure 'tood at the (earned gent(emanD' e(bo2, 3right3u((9 'a2ing at it' 'e?ered throat, it i' undeniab(e that the coun'e( 3a(tered in hi' ':eech, (o't 3or a 3e2 'econd' the thread o3 hi' ingeniou' di'cour'e, 2i:ed hi' 3orehead 2ith hi' hand>erchie3, and turned eBtreme(9 :a(e. Ghen the 2itne'' to character 2a' con3ronted b9 the A::earance, her e9e' mo't certain(9 did 3o((o2 the direction o3 it' :ointed 3inger, and re't in great he'itation and troub(e u:on the :ri'onerD' 3ace. T2o additiona( i((u'tration' 2i(( 'u33ice. "n the eighth da9 o3 the tria(, a3ter the :au'e 2hich 2a' e?er9 da9 made ear(9 in the a3ternoon 3or a 3e2 minute'D re't and re3re'hment, came bac> into 1ourt 2ith the re't o3 the ;ur9 'ome (itt(e time be3ore the return o3 the ;udge'. Standing u: in the boB and (oo>ing about me, thought the 3igure 2a' not there, unti(, chancing to rai'e m9 e9e' to the ga((er9, 'a2 it bending 3or2ard, and (eaning o?er a ?er9 decent 2oman, a' i3 to a''ure it'e(3 2hether the ;udge' had re'umed their 'eat' or not. mmediate(9 a3ter2ard' that 2oman 'creamed, 3ainted, and 2a' carried out. So 2ith the ?enerab(e, 'agaciou', and :atient ;udge 2ho conducted the tria(. Ghen the ca'e 2a' o?er, and he 'ett(ed him'e(3 and hi' :a:er' to 'um u:, the murdered man, entering b9 the ;udge'D door, ad?anced to hi' Lord'hi:D' de'>, and (oo>ed eager(9 o?er hi' 'hou(der at the :age' o3 hi' note' 2hich he 2a' turning. A change came o?er hi' Lord'hi:D' 3aceI hi' hand 'to::edI the :ecu(iar 'hi?er, that >ne2 'o 2e((, :a''ed o?er himI he 3a(tered, O$Bcu'e me, gent(emen, 3or a 3e2 moment'. am 'ome2hat o::re''ed b9 the ?itiated airIO and did not reco?er unti( he had drun> a g(a'' o3 2ater. Through a(( the monoton9 o3 'iB o3 tho'e interminab(e ten da9',AAthe 'ame ;udge' and other' on the bench, the 'ame %urderer in the doc>, the 'ame (a29er' at the tab(e, the 'ame tone' o3 Cue'tion and an'2er ri'ing to the roo3 o3 the court, the 'ame 'cratching o3 the ;udgeD' :en, the 'ame u'her' going in and out, the 'ame (ight' >ind(ed at the 'ame hour 2hen there had been an9 natura( (ight o3 da9, the 'ame
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3ogg9 curtain out'ide the great 2indo2' 2hen it 2a' 3ogg9, the 'ame rain :attering and dri::ing 2hen it 2a' rain9, the 'ame 3ootmar>' o3 turn>e9' and :ri'oner da9 a3ter da9 on the 'ame 'a2du't, the 'ame >e9' (oc>ing and un(oc>ing the 'ame hea?9 door',AAthrough a(( the 2eari'ome monoton9 2hich made me 3ee( a' i3 had been 6oreman o3 the ;ur9 3or a ?a't cried o3 time, and &iccadi((9 had 3(ouri'hed coe?a((9 2ith Bab9(on, the murdered man ne?er (o't one trace o3 hi' di'tinctne'' in m9 e9e', nor 2a' he at an9 moment (e'' di'tinct than an9bod9 e('e. mu't not omit, a' a matter o3 3act, that ne?er once 'a2 the A::earance 2hich ca(( b9 the name o3 the murdered man (oo> at the %urderer. Again and again 2ondered, OGh9 doe' he notHO But he ne?er did. Nor did he (oo> at me, a3ter the :roduction o3 the miniature, unti( the (a't c(o'ing minute' o3 the tria( arri?ed. Ge retired to con'ider, at 'e?en minute' be3ore ten at night. The idiotic ?e'tr9man and hi' t2o :arochia( :ara'ite' ga?e u' 'o much troub(e that 2e t2ice returned into 1ourt to beg to ha?e certain eBtract' 3rom the ;udgeD' note' reAread. Nine o3 u' had not the 'ma((e't doubt about tho'e :a''age', neither, be(ie?e, had an9 one in the 1ourtI the dunderAheaded trium?irate, ha?ing no idea but ob'truction, di':uted them 3or that ?er9 rea'on. At (ength 2e :re?ai(ed, and 3ina((9 the ;ur9 returned into 1ourt at ten minute' :a't t2e(?e. The murdered man at that time 'tood direct(9 o::o'ite the ;ur9AboB, on the other 'ide o3 the 1ourt. A' too> m9 :(ace, hi' e9e' re'ted on me 2ith great attentionI he 'eemed 'ati'3ied, and '(o2(9 'hoo> a great gra9 ?ei(, 2hich he carried on hi' arm 3or the 3ir't time, o?er hi' head and 2ho(e 3orm. A' ga?e in our ?erdict, O8ui(t9,O the ?ei( co((a:'ed, a(( 2a' gone, and hi' :(ace 2a' em:t9. The %urderer, being a'>ed b9 the ;udge, according to u'age, 2hether he had an9thing to 'a9 be3ore 'entence o3 4eath 'hou(d be :a''ed u:on him, indi'tinct(9 muttered 'omething 2hich 2a' de'cribed in the (eading ne2':a:er' o3 the 3o((o2ing da9 a' Oa 3e2 ramb(ing, incoherent, and ha(3Aaudib(e 2ord', in 2hich he 2a' under'tood to com:(ain that he had not had a 3air tria(, becau'e the 6oreman o3 the ;ur9 2a' :re:o''e''ed again't him.O The remar>ab(e dec(aration that he rea((9 made 2a' thi'J O%M L"R4, <N$G GAS A 4""%$4 %AN, G#$N T#$ 6"R$%AN "6 %M ;URM 1A%$ NT" T#$ B"P. %M L"R4, <N$G #$ G"UL4 N$@$R L$T %$ "66, B$1AUS$, B$6"R$ GAS TA<$N, #$ S"%$#"G 8"T T" %M B$4S 4$ N T#$ N 8#T, G"<$ %$, AN4 &UT A R"&$ R"UN4 %M N$1<.O
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Biography of !o)ert 3+ Stevenson .:;<=-:;>?/

tD' a (ong 2a9 3rom $dinburgh to Samoa. Robert Loui' Ste?en'on made hi' (i3eD' 7ourne9 in !! 'hort 9ear', and a' i' true 3or e?er9one, 'ome choice' 2ere ba'ed on nece''it9 and 'ome on con?iction. 8ro2ing u: an on(9 chi(d, Ste?en'onD' ear(9 choice' 2ere dictated b9 hi' 3atherD' 2i'he' and b9 hi' o2n :oor hea(th -he 2a' a (i3eA(ong Ocon'um:ti?eO a' the9 'aid in tho'e da9'0. The 3ami(9 bu'ine'' 2a' de'igning and bui(ding (ighthou'e', but 9oung Ste?en'on cou(dnDt bear the thought and initia((9 com:romi'ed 2ith hi' 3ather b9 'tud9ing (a2 in'tead. Ghi(e in 'choo(, he ':ent hi' 'ummer' in 6rance -3or hi' hea(th and :(ea'ure0. #a?ing rea(i,ed that he 2a' meant to be a 2riter, he began 2ith tra?e( e''a9' and boo>'. A3ter 3ini'hing 'choo(, he mo?ed to the continent, abandoning an9 thought o3 :racticing (a2. 4ue to hi' hea(th and other o?erriding intere't', he ne?er (i?ed in Scot(and again. But hi' abiding (o?e 3or hi' countr9, 3or Scotti'h hi'tor9 and cu(ture, ne?er died and hi' 3ictiona( 2or>' :a9 tribute to the (and o3 hi' birth. At the age o3 30, Ste?en'on married 6ann9 "'bourne A American, di?orced, mother o3 t2o, and e(e?en 9ear' hi' 'enior. The9 had met in 6rance, (i?ed in 'in, and (ater he 3o((o2ed her to 1a(i3ornia. There the9 (i?ed in (iterar9 ':(endor on ?er9 (imited materia( mean'. #e continued 2riting tra?e( boo>', inc(uding one on hi' 7ourne9 to 1a(i3ornia and one entit(ed The "il!era o "3uatters about their hone9moon at an abandoned 'i(?er mine. The idea 3or Treasure %slan came on a ?i'it to Scot(and, 2hi(e dra2ing a trea'ure ma: 2ith hi' 1*A9earAo(d 'te:'on. &ub(i'hed in 1883, thi' 2a' Ste?en'onD' 3ir't no?e(, 2ritten 3or 9oung :eo:(e but :o:u(ar 2ith adu(t' a' 2e((. Dr- .e($ll an /rH$ e, :ub(i'hed three 9ear' (ater, became a be'tA'e((er. #i nappe came out the 'ame 9ear and hi' career 2a' e'tab(i'hed. #e and 6ann9 had returned to $uro:e, (i?ing there 3or 'e?era( 9ear', but returned to 1a(i3ornia in 1885 a3ter hi' 3atherD' death. n 1888, he and hi' 3ami(9 decided to 'ai( around the &aci3ic i'(and', 2hich mar>ed a ne2 e:och in hi' 2riting career and in hi' hea(th. The c(imate 2a' 'o good that the9 decided to 'ta9, ma>ing their home on the i'(and o3 U:o(u in Samoa. RLS 2rote man9 3a'cinating 'torie' about the South Sea', a' 2e(( a' non3ictiona( tra?e( 'torie'. #a?ing 3ought 3or good hea(th a(( hi' (i3e, he died o3 a 'udden 'tro>e in 4ecember 18+!.
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Robert Loui' Ste?en'on 2a' the >ind o3 :er'on 2ho 2ou(d change hi' name -3rom Le2i' to Loui'0, buc> again't hi' 3atherD' ambition', marr9 an o(der 2oman -di?orcedc0, tra?e( around the 2or(d, and ne?er, ne?er (et hi' hea(th dictate hi' en7o9ment o3 (i3e or >ee: him 3rom hi' 2or>. At the 'ame time, he ne?er bro>e the bond' o3 3ami(9 -hi' mother (i?ed 2ith him a3ter hi' 3atherD' death0, (o?ed chi(dren, and he(d a dee: regard 3or Scot(andD' tradition' and hi'tor9. Thi' dua(it9 i' the ha((mar> o3 Ste?en'onD' bod9 o3 2or> A mo't b(atant(9 eB:re''ed in .e($ll an H$ e, but :re'ent a('o in #i nappe and The /aster of Ballantrae -a(ong 2ith other 2or>'0. Ste?en'on under'tood that both :eo:(e and cu(ture' ha?e a dua( nature, batt(ing bet2een good and e?i(, the :u(( o3 the :a't and the :u'h to the 3uture, a com:(eBit9 that :(a9' out in our (i?e' on man9 (e?e('. n #i nappe , the t2o :rotagoni't' are a (o2(and Scot and a '2a'hbuc>(ing #igh(ander and the inter:(a9 o3 their character' i' the 3oca( :oint o3 the 'tor9 A a c(a'h bet2een the Ot2o Scot(and'O. n The /aster of Ballantrae, the t2o brother', good and e?i(, are 9et but t2o 'ide' o3 the 'ame coin 'trugg(ing 3or 'u:remac9. Set during the ;acobite ri'ing', thi' 'tor9 a('o contra't' the dua( nature o3 Scot(andD' heritage. Toda9, 2e tend to a?oid the har'hne'' o3 dua(i'm A 3inding the good in Othe dar> 'ide o3 the 3orce,O tran'3orming e?i( 3rom a rea(it9 to a :erce:tion A 2e ca(( thi' OintegrationO. To thi' eBtent, 2e recogni,e the dua(it9 o3 our inner nature', but 2eDre (e3t 2ith a b(andne'', a (ac> o3 7o9 and ?er?e. Ge acce:t our'e(?e', but in 'o doing cea'e to o?ercome. 6or Ste?en'on, (i3e 2a' a 'trugg(e A 3or hea(th, 3or accom:(i'hment, 3or a::reciating good and 3or o?ercoming e?i( A a 'trugg(e he 3e(t 2orth2hi(e. 3 an9 man e?er (i?ed hi' (i3e to the 3u((, it 2a' Robert Loui' Ste?en'on. 0equiem Under the 2ide and 'tarr9 '>9, 4ig the gra?e and (et me die. 8(ad did (i?e and g(ad(9 die, And (aid me do2n 2ith a 2i((. Thi' be the ?er'e 9ou gra?e 3or meJ Here he lies where he longe to 'e4 Home is the sailor, home from sea, An the hunter home from the hillb9 Robert Loui' Ste?en'on

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Gi((iam Sha>e':eare "illiam Shakespeare -ba:ti'ed *) A:ri( 15)! ` *3 A:ri( 1)1)0[a] 2a' an $ng(i'h :oet and :(a92right, 2ide(9 regarded a' the greate't 2riter in the $ng(i'h (anguage and the 2or(dD' :reeminent dramati't.[1] #e i' o3ten ca((ed $ng(andD' nationa( :oet and the OBard o3 A?onO.[b] #i' 'ur?i?ing 2or>' con'i't o3 38 :(a9',[c] 15! 'onnet', t2o (ong narrati?e :oem', and 'e?era( other :oem'. #i' :(a9' ha?e been tran'(ated into e?er9 ma7or (i?ing (anguage and are :er3ormed more o3ten than tho'e o3 an9 other :(a92right.[*] Sha>e':eare 2a' born and rai'ed in Strat3ordAu:onAA?on. At the age o3 18, he married Anne #atha2a9, 2ho bore him three chi(drenJ Su'anna, and t2in' #amnet and ;udith. Bet2een 1585 and 15+*, he began a 'ucce''3u( career in London a' an actor, 2riter, and :art o2ner o3 a:(a9ing com:an9 ca((ed the Lord 1hamber(ainD' %en, (ater >no2n a' the <ingD' %en. #e a::ear' to ha?e retired to Strat3ord around 1)13, 2here he died three 9ear' (ater. 6e2 record' o3 Sha>e':eareD' :ri?ate (i3e 'ur?i?e, and there ha' been con'iderab(e ':ecu(ation about 'uch matter' a' hi' :h9'ica( a::earance, 'eBua(it9, re(igiou' be(ie3', and 2hether the 2or>' attributed to him 2ere 2ritten b9 other'.[3] Sha>e':eare :roduced mo't o3 hi' >no2n 2or> bet2een 158+ and 1)13.[!][d] #i' ear(9 :(a9' 2ere main(9 comedie' and hi'torie', genre' he rai'ed to the :ea> o3 'o:hi'tication and arti'tr9 b9 the end o3 the 'iBteenth centur9. #e then 2rote main(9 tragedie' unti( about 1)08, inc(udingHamlet, #ing Lear, and /ac'eth, con'idered 'ome o3 the 3ine't 2or>' in the $ng(i'h (anguage. n hi' (a't :ha'e, he 2rote tragicomedie', a('o >no2n a' romance', and co((aborated 2ith other :(a92right'. %an9 o3 hi' :(a9' 2ere :ub(i'hed in edition' o3 ?ar9ing Cua(it9 and accurac9 during hi' (i3etime. n 1)*3, t2o o3 hi' 3ormer theatrica( co((eague' :ub(i'hed the 6ir't 6o(io, a co((ected edition o3 hi' dramatic 2or>' that inc(uded a(( but t2o o3 the :(a9' no2 recogni'ed a' Sha>e':eareD'.
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Sha>e':eare 2a' a re':ected :oet and :(a92right in hi' o2n da9, but hi' re:utation did not ri'e to it' :re'ent height' unti( the nineteenth centur9. The Romantic', in :articu(ar, acc(aimed Sha>e':eareD' geniu', and the @ictorian' heroA2or'hi::ed Sha>e':eare 2ith a re?erence that 8eorge Bernard Sha2 ca((ed Obardo(atr9O.[5] n the t2entieth centur9, hi' 2or> 2a' re:eated(9 ado:ted and redi'co?ered b9 ne2 mo?ement' in 'cho(ar'hi: and :er3ormance. #i' :(a9' remain high(9 :o:u(ar toda9 and are con'tant(9 'tudied, :er3ormed and reinter:reted in di?er'e cu(tura( and :o(itica( conteBt' throughout the 2or(d LLLLLC0?+% %0$S$NT)T&?NS ?N .0&TT&S; )+T;?0S. ) .riefly narrate the biography, b e/plain the socoicultural conte/t in which his writing developed, M c discuss one of or the most important of his/her works. 6ist of writers. (harllotte .ronte/ $mily .ronte/ Ceoffrey (hauucer/ Bane )usten/ Thomas ;ardy/ Boseph (onrad/ Bames Boyce/ *ohn ,ilton/ (hristopher ,arlow/<.;. 6awrence/ Ceorge ?rwell/Samuel Taylor (oleridge/ Ceorge .ernard Shaw/ .en Bohnson/ @irginia "oolf/ Sir "alter 0aleight/ 6ord )lfred Tennyson/B. -. 0ollings/ $6$,$NTS ?! 6&T$0)T+0$ &&&1S"A$ST"N2 ANA36SIS 6or man9 'tudent', the creation o3 a :iece o3 2riting i' a m9'teriou' :roce''. t i' a (aboriou', academic eBerci'e, reCuired b9 teacher' and (imited to the c(a''room. The9 do not 'ee it a' a 2a9 o3 ordering the mind, eB:(aining their thought' and 3ee(ing', or achie?ing a :er'ona( ?oice. "ne o3 the :rob(em' 3or the'e 'tudent' i' that the9 ha?e no con'ciou' :(an that 2i(( enab(e them to begin the :roce'' and then to organi,e and de?e(o: their idea'. Githout a 'trateg9, :articu(ar(9 i3 the9 are under time con'traint', the9 'im:(9 begin to 2rite, and the Cua(it9 o3 their com:o'ition' i' o3ten erratic. Student' need to recogni,e that an9 good com:o'ition, 2hether 2ritten, ':o>en, or dra2n, i' care3u((9 :(anned. Thi' com:o'ition ha' integra( :art' that 2or> together in a com:(eB and 'ubt(e arrangement to :roduce meaning. "rigina((9 concei?ed a' a method 3or di''ecting the 2or> o3 :ro3e''iona( 2riter', S"A&STone :ro?ide' a concrete 'trateg9 to he(: 'tudent' identi39 and u'e the'e centra( com:onent' a' a ba'i' 3or their o2n 2riting. S"A&STone -S:ea>er, "cca'ion, Audience, &ur:o'e, Sub7ect, Tone0 i' an acron9m 3or a 'erie' o3 Cue'tion' that 'tudent' mu't 3ir't a'> them'e(?e', and then an'2er, a' the9 begin to :(an their com:o'ition'.
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"ho is the SpeakerN The voice that tells the story. Be3ore 'tudent' begin to 2rite, the9 mu't decide 2ho'e ?oice i' going to be heard. Ghether thi' ?oice be(ong' to a 3ictiona( character or to the 2riter' them'e(?e', 'tudent' 'hou(d determine ho2 to in'ert and de?e(o: tho'e attribute' o3 the ':ea>er that 2i(( in3(uence the :ercei?ed meaning o3 the :iece. "hat is the ?ccasionN The time and the place of the piece2 the conte/t that prompted the writing. Griting doe' not occur in a ?acuum. A(( 2riter' are in3(uenced b9 the larger occasionJ an en?ironment o3 idea', attitude', and emotion' that '2ir( around a broad i''ue. Then there i' the imme iate occasionJ an e?ent or 'ituation that catche' the 2riterD' attention and trigger' a re':on'e. "ho is the )udienceN The group of readers to whom this piece is directed. A' the9 begin to 2rite, 'tudent' mu't determine 2ho the audience i' that the9 intend to addre''. t ma9 be one :er'on or a ':eci3ic grou:. Thi' choice o3 audience 2i(( a33ect ho2 and 2h9 'tudent' 2rite a :articu(ar teBt. "hat is the %urposeN The reason behind the te/t. Student' need to con'ider the :ur:o'e o3 the teBt in order to de?e(o: the the'i' or the argument and it' (ogic. The9 'hou(d a'> them'e(?e', OGhat do 2ant m9 audience to thin> or do a' a re'u(t o3 reading m9 teBtHO "hat is the Sub*ectN Students should be able to state the sub*ect in a few words or phrases. Thi' 'te: he(:' them to 3ocu' on the intended ta'> throughout the 2riting :roce''. "hat is the ToneN The attitude of the author. The ':o>en 2ord can con?e9 the ':ea>erD' attitude and thu' he(: to im:art meaning through tone o3 ?oice. Gith the 2ritten 2ord, it i' tone that eBtend' meaning be9ond the (itera(, and 'tudent' mu't (earn to con?e9 thi' tone in their diction -choice o3 2ord'0, '9ntaB -'entence con'truction0, and imager9 -meta:hor', 'imi(e', and other t9:e' o3 3igurati?e (anguage0. The abi(it9 to manage tone i' one o3 the be't indicator' o3 a 'o:hi'ticated 2riter. n an e33ort to introduce thi' 'trateg9 into the c(a''room, the 1o((ege Board created a oneAda9 :ro3e''iona( de?e(o:ment 2or>'ho: 3or (anguage art' teacher' in grade' )A 1*. &reAA&J Strategie' in $ng(i'h AA Griting Tactic' U'ing S"A&STone addre''e' three t9:e' o3 2ritingJ narrati?e, :er'ua'i?e, and ana(9tica(, u'ing materia( in a 'eCuence that re3(ect' the degree o3 di33icu(t9 in thin>ing and com:o'ition a''ociated 2ith each. The genera( 3ormat o3 thi' 2or>'ho: i' 3ir't to ta>e :artici:ant' through the 'ame :roce'' 'tudent' 2ou(d u'e in ana(9,ing eBam:(e' o3 teBt' b9 :ro3e''iona( 2riter' and then in di'co?ering and di'cu''ing the e(ement' :ecu(iar to each t9:e.
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Then, a3ter di''ecting each mode(, 'tudent' are gi?en a :rom:t 3or a com:o'ition o3 their o2n. Be3ore the9 begin, ho2e?er, the9 mu't com:(ete a S"A&STone. The 3o((o2ing eBam:(e AA in e''ence, 'im:(9 a '(ight(9 b(unter and '2i3ter a::(ication o3 the S"A&STone categor9 de'cri:tion' gi?en abo?e AA :recede' the :er'ua'i?e e''a9 a''ignmentJ "ho is the SpeakerN -Gho are 9ouH Ghat detai(' 2i(( 9ou re?ea(H Gh9 i' it im:ortant that the audience >no2 2ho 9ou areH0 "hat is the ?ccasionN -#o2 doe' 9our >no2(edge o3 the (arger occa'ion and the immediate occa'ion a33ect 2hat 9ou are 2riting aboutH0 "ho is the )udienceN -Ghat are the characteri'tic' o3 thi' grou:H #o2 are the9 re(ated to 9ouH Gh9 are 9ou addre''ing themH0 "hat is the %urposeN -$B:(ain to 9our'e(3 2hat 9ou ho:e to accom:(i'h b9 thi' eB:re''ion o3 o:inion. #o2 2ou(d 9ou (i>e 9our audience to re':ondH0 "hat is the Sub*ectN -;u't a 3e2 2ord'. Ghat are 9ou ta(>ing aboutH0 "hat is the ToneN -Ghat attitude['] do 9ou 2ant 9our audience to 3ee(H #o2 2i(( 9our attitude['] enhance the e33ecti?ene'' o3 9our :ieceH 1hoo'e a 3e2 2ord' or :hra'e' that 2i(( re3(ect a :articu(ar attitude.0 No2, be3ore 9ou begin to 2rite 9our :er'ua'i?e e''a9, 2hether it be a (etter or an editoria(, (oo> bac> at 9our re':on'e' to the S"A&STone Cue'tion'. Starting 2ith Speaker and continuing in order to Tone, 2rite a 'tatement that contain' a(( o3 the'e re':on'e', beginning 2ithJ am . . . The S"A&STone 'trateg9 ma9 a::ear to be 'ome2hat 3ormu(aic and rigid, but it he(:' 'tudent', e':ecia((9 no?ice 2riter', to c(ari39 and organi,e their thought' :rior to 2riting. t :ro?ide' a ':eci3ic 'tructure 3or the teBt. B9 the time 'tudent' ha?e 3ini'hed an'2ering the S"A&STone Cue'tion', the9 2i(( ha?e an out(ine o3 2hat the9 thin>, 2here the9 are going 2ith their idea', and 2h9 the9 are 2riting. Thi' 'trateg9 i' not a 'ub'titute 3or the hard 2or> and :ractice nece''ar9 3or 'tudent' to increa'e their '>i(( in the u'e o3 (anguage or in the de?e(o:ment o3 indi?idua( 2riting 't9(e'. But it i' an im:ortant 3ir't 'te:. 2g en /orse is a consultant to the College Boar - He helpe create Buil ing "uccess, a two5 a$ professional e!elopment program for English an social stu ies teachers, gra es J 5 KG, an was a mem'er of the group that initiate the concept of English Vertical Teams- He is author of the College Boar wor(shop, &reA A&J Strategie' in $ng(i'h AA Griting Tactic' U'ing S"A&STone, an co5author of another, &reAA&J Strategie' in $ng(i'h AA Argumentation and the Griting &roce''. He now tra!els nationall$ for the College Boar , lea ing wor(shops an training
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presenters for those wor(shops-He also assists English epartments that are intereste in e!eloping Vertical Teams within their school s$stems- He is currentl$ the aca emic irector of Wa$ %nteracti!e, %nc-, an e ucational software compan$ that eli!ers We'5'ase programs to schools across the countr$$O$0(&S$SD )naly7e the short stories by <ickens, "ilde, and Stevenson using the S?)%ST?N$ technique. The Sonnet ( LCo over S?)%ST?N$ analysis before working on Sonnet interpretation $O$0(&S$SD Ana(9,e the mode( 'onnet' u'ing the S"A&ST"N$ techniCue. The sonnet i' one o3 the :oetic 3orm' that can be 3ound in (9ric :oetr9 3rom $uro:e. The term OsonnetO deri?e' 3rom the "ccitan 2ord sonet and the ta(ian 2ord sonetto, both meaning O(itt(e 'ongO. B9 the thirteenth centur9, it had come to 'igni39 a :oem o3 3ourteen (ine' that 3o((o2' a 'trict rh9me 'cheme and ':eci3ic 'tructure. The con?ention' a''ociated 2ith the 'onnet ha?e e?o(?ed o?er it' hi'tor9. The 2riter' o3 'onnet' are 'ometime' re3erred to a' O'onneteer',O a(though the term can be u'ed deri'i?e(9. "ne o3 the be'tA>no2n 'onnet 2riter' i' Gi((iam Sha>e':eare, 2ho 2rote 15! o3 them. A Sha>e':earean, or $ng(i'h 'onnet con'i't' o3 1! (ine', each (ine contain' ten '9((ab(e', and each (ine i' 2ritten in iambic :entameter in 2hich a :attern o3 a unem:ha'i,ed '9((ab(e 3o((o2ed b9 an em:ha'i,ed '9((ab(e i' re:eated 3i?e time'. The rh9me 'cheme in a Sha>e':earean 'onnet i' ABAB 1414 $6$6 88 in 2hich the (a't t2o (ine' are a rh9ming cou:(et. Traditiona((9, $ng(i'h :oet' em:(o9 iambic :entameter 2hen 2riting 'onnet'. n the Romance (anguage', the hendeca'9((ab(e and A(eBandrine are the mo't 2ide(9 u'ed metre'. Italian .$etrarchan/ sonnet The ta(ian 'onnet 2a' created b9 8iacomo da Lentini, head o3 the Sici(ian Schoo( under 6rederic> .[1] 8uittone dDAre,,o redi'co?ered it and brought it to Tu'can9 2here he ada:ted it to hi' (anguage 2hen he 3ounded the NeoASici(ian Schoo( -1*35`1*+!0. #e 2rote a(mo't 300 'onnet'. "ther ta(ian :oet' o3 the time, inc(uding 4ante A(ighieri -1*)5`13*10 and 8uido 1a?a(canti -c. 1*50`13000 2rote 'onnet', but the mo't 3amou' ear(9 'onneteer 2a' &etrarca ->no2n in $ng(i'h a' &etrarch0. "ther 3ine eBam:(e' 2ere 2ritten b9 %iche(ange(o.
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The ta(ian 'onnet' inc(uded t2o :art'. 6ir't, the octa?e -t2o Cuatrain'0, 2hich de'cribe a :rob(em, 3o((o2ed b9 a 'e'tet -t2o tercet'0, 2hich gi?e' the re'o(ution to it. T9:ica((9, the ninth (ine create' a OturnO or !olta 2hich 'igna(' the mo?e 3rom :ro:o'ition to re'o(ution. $?en in 'onnet' that donDt 'trict(9 3o((o2 the :rob(emQre'o(ution 'tructure, the ninth (ine 'ti(( o3ten mar>' a OturnO b9 'igna(ing a change in the tone, mood, or 'tance o3 the :oem. n the 'onnet' o3 8iacomo da Lentini, the octa?e rh9med a5'5a5', a5'5a5'I (ater, the a5'5'5a, a5'5'5a :attern became the 'tandard 3or ta(ian 'onnet'. 6or the 'e'tet there 2ere t2o di33erent :o''ibi(itie', c5 5e5c5 5e and c5 5c5c5 5c. n time, other ?ariant' on thi' rh9ming 'cheme 2ere introduced 'uch a' c5 5c5 5c5 . The 3ir't >no2n 'onnet' in $ng(i'h, 2ritten b9 Sir Thoma' G9att and #enr9 #o2ard, $ar( o3 Surre9, u'ed thi' ta(ian 'cheme, a' did 'onnet' b9 (ater $ng(i'h :oet' inc(uding ;ohn %i(ton,Thoma' 8ra9, Gi((iam Gord'2orth and $(i,abeth Barrett Bro2ning. $ar(9 t2entiethAcentur9 American :oet $dna St. @incent %i((a9 a('o 2rote mo't o3 her 'onnet' u'ing the ta(ian 3orm. Thi' eBam:(e, 2n His Blin ness b9 %i(ton, gi?e' a 'en'e o3 the ta(ian rh9ming 'chemeI %hen I consider how my light is spent .a/ 2re half my days1 in this dar7 world and wide1 .)/ And that one talent which is death to hide1 .)/ 3odged with me useless1 though my soul more )ent .a/ To serve therewith my Ma7er1 and present .a/ My true account1 lest he returning chide@ .)/ ABoth od e*act day-la)or1 light denied-A .)/ I fondly as7@ )ut $atience to prevent .a/ That murmur1 soon replies1 A od doth not need .c/ 2ither manCs wor7 or his own gifts@ who )est .d/ Bear his mild yo7e1 they serve him )est+ 5is state .e/ Is &ingly+ Thousands at his )idding speed .c/ And post oCer land and ocean without rest@ .d/ They also serve who only stand and wait+A .e/ The 2nglish sonnet $ng(i'h 'onnet' 2ere introduced b9 Thoma' G9att in the ear(9 1)th centur9. #i' 'onnet' and tho'e o3 hi' contem:orar9 the $ar( o3 Surre9 2ere chie3(9 tran'(ation' 3rom the ta(ian o3 &etrarch and the 6rench o3 Ron'ard and other'. Ghi(e G9att introduced the 'onnet into $ng(i'h, it 2a' Surre9 2ho ga?e them the rh9ming meter, and di?i'ion into Cuatrain' that no2 characteri,e' the $ng(i'h 'onnet. #a?ing
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:re?iou'(9 circu(ated in manu'cri:t, both :oet'D 'onnet' 2ere 3ir't :ub(i'hed in Richard Totte(D' "onges an "onnetts, better >no2n a' Totte(D' %i'ce((an9 -15550. t 2a', ho2e?er, Sir &hi(i: Sidne9D' 'eCuence Astrophel an "tella -15+10 that 'tarted the $ng(i'h ?ogue 3or 'onnet 'eCuence'J the neBt t2o decade' 'a2 'onnet 'eCuence' b9 Gi((iam Sha>e':eare, $dmund S:en'er, %ichae( 4ra9ton, Samue( 4anie(, 6u(>e 8re?i((e, Gi((iam 4rummond o3 #a2thornden, and man9 other'. The'e 'onnet' 2ere a(( e''entia((9 in':ired b9 the &etrarchan tradition, and genera((9 treat o3 the :oetD' (o?e 3or 'ome 2omanI the eBce:tion i' Sha>e':eareD' 'eCuence. n the 15th centur9, the 'onnet 2a' ada:ted to other :ur:o'e', 2ith ;ohn 4onne and 8eorge #erbert 2riting re(igiou' 'onnet', and;ohn %i(ton u'ing the 'onnet a' a genera( meditati?e :oem. Both the Sha>e':earean and &etrarchan rh9me 'cheme' 2ere :o:u(ar throughout thi' :eriod, a' 2e(( a' man9 ?ariant'. The 3a'hion 3or the 'onnet 2ent out 2ith the Re'toration, and hard(9 an9 'onnet' 2ere 2ritten bet2een 1)50 and Gord'2orthD' time. #o2e?er, 'onnet' came bac> 'trong(9 2ith the 6rench Re?o(ution. Gord'2orth him'e(3 2rote 'e?era( 'onnet', o3 2hich the be'tA>no2n are OThe 2or(d i' too much 2ith u'O and the 'onnet to %i(tonI hi' 'onnet' 2ere e''entia((9 mode((ed on %i(tonD'. <eat' and She((e9 a('o 2rote ma7or 'onnet'I <eat'D' 'onnet' u'ed 3orma( and rhetorica( :attern' in':ired :art(9 b9 Sha>e':eare, and She((e9 inno?ated radica((9, creating hi' o2n rh9me 'cheme 3or the 'onnet O",9mandia'O. Sonnet' 2ere 2ritten throughout the 1+th centur9, but, a:art 3rom $(i,abeth Barrett Bro2ningD' "onnets from the Portuguese and the 'onnet' o3 4ante 8abrie( Ro''etti, there 2ere 3e2 ?er9 'ucce''3u( traditiona( 'onnet'. 8erard %an(e9 #o:>in' 2rote 'e?era( ma7or 'onnet', o3ten in ':rung rh9thm, o3 2hich the greate't i' OThe Gindho?er,O and a('o 'e?era( 'onnet ?ariant' 'uch a' the 10dA(inecurta( 'onnet O&ied Beaut9O and the *!A(ine caudate 'onnet OThat Nature i' a #erac(itean 6ire.O B9 the end o3 the 1+th centur9, the 'onnet had been ada:ted into a genera(A:ur:o'e 3orm o3 great 3(eBibi(it9. Thi' 3(eBibi(it9 2a' eBtended e?en 3urther in the *0th centur9. Among the ma7or :oet' o3 the ear(9 %oderni't :eriod, Robert 6ro't, $dna St. @incent %i((a9 and $. $. 1umming' a(( u'ed the 'onnet regu(ar(9. Gi((iam But(er Meat' 2rote the ma7or 'onnet Le a an the "wan, 2hich u'ed ha(3 rh9me'. Gi(3red "2enD' 'onnet Anthem for Doome 0outh 2a' another 'onnet o3 the ear(9 *0th centur9. G. #. Auden 2rote t2o 'onnet 'eCuence' and 'e?era( other 'onnet' throughout hi' career, and 2idened the range o3 rh9meA'cheme' u'ed con'iderab(9. Auden a('o 2rote one o3 the 3ir't unrh9med 'onnet' in $ng(i'h, OThe Secret AgentO -1+*80. #a(3Arh9med, unrh9med, and e?en unmetrica( 'onnet' ha?e been ?er9 :o:u(ar 'ince 1+50I :erha:' the be't 2or>' in the genre are Seamu' #eane9D' Glanmore "onnets and Clearances, both o3 2hich u'e ha(3 rh9me', and 8eo33re9 #i((D' midA
77

:eriod 'eCuence DAn A:o(og9 3or the Re?i?a( o3 1hri'tian Architecture in $ng(andD. The 1++0' 'a2 'omething o3 a 3orma(i't re?i?a(, ho2e?er, and 'e?era( traditiona( 'onnet' ha?e been 2ritten in the :a't decade. Soon a3ter the introduction o3 the ta(ian 'onnet, $ng(i'h :oet' began to de?e(o: a 3u((9 nati?e 3orm. The'e :oet' inc(uded Sir &hi(i: Sidne9, %ichae( 4ra9ton, Samue( 4anie(, the $ar( o3 Surre9D' ne:he2 $d2ard de @ere, 15th $ar( o3 "B3ord and Gi((iam Sha>e':eare. The 3orm i' o3ten named a3ter Sha>e':eare, not becau'e he 2a' the 3ir't to 2rite in thi' 3orm but becau'e he became it' mo't 3amou' :ractitioner. The 3orm con'i't' o3 3ourteen (ine' 'tructured a' three Cuatrain' and a cou:(et. The third Cuatrain genera((9 introduce' an uneB:ected 'har: thematic or imagi'tic OturnO ca((ed a ?o(ta. n Sha>e':eareD' 'onnet', the cou:(et u'ua((9 'ummari,e' the theme o3 the :oem or introduce' a 3re'h ne2 (oo> at the theme. The u'ua( meter i' iambic :entameter, 2hich mean' 3i?e iambic 3eet, i.e., tenA'9((ab(e (ine' in 2hich e?enA numbered '9((ab(e' are natura((9 accentedKa(though 3e2 $ng(i'h 'onnet' do not ta>e (ibertie' 2ith the'e 3orma( con'traint' -e.g., (ine' ending 2ith an eBtraA '9((ab(e 3eminine rh9me, or a trochee at the beginning o3 a (ine rather than an iamb0. The u'ua( rh9me 'cheme i' endArh9med a5'5a5', c5 5c5 , e5f5e5f, g5g. Thi' eBam:(e, Sha>e':eareD' "onnet KKJ, i((u'trate' the 3orm -2ith 'ome t9:ica( ?ariance' one ma9 eB:ect 2hen reading an $(i,abethanAage 'onnet 2ith modern e9e'0J 3et me not to the marriage of true minds .a/ Admit impediments1 love is not love .)/' %hich alters when it alteration finds1 .a/ "r )ends with the remover to remove+ .)/' " no1 it is an ever fi*ed mar7 .c/'' That loo7s on tempests and is never sha7en@ .d/''' It is the star to every wandCring )ar71 .c/ %hose worthCs un7nown although his height )e ta7en+ .d/''' 3oveCs not timeCs fool1 though rosy lips and chee7s -e0 %ithin his )ending sic7leCs compass come1 .f/' 3ove alters not with his )rief hours and wee7s1 .e/ But )ears it out even to the edge of doom: .f/' If this )e error and upon me proved1 .g/' I never writ1 nor no man ever loved+ .g/' L P,21*1C%AT%21M,H0/EA 1ote changes in pronunciation since compositionLL P,21*1C%AT%21M/ETE,A N)i7e N pronounce as two5s$lla'les, Nfi75e -N LLL ,H0/EM/ETE,A )eminine5rh$me5en ing, ele!en5s$lla'le alternati!e78

The &ro(ogue to ,omeo an .uliet i' a('o a 'onnet, a' i' Romeo and ;u(ietD' 3ir't eBchange in Act "ne, Scene 6i?e, (ine' 10!A115, beginning 2ith O 3 :ro3ane 2ith m9 un2orthie't handO -10!0 and ending 2ith OThen mo?e not 2hi(e m9 :ra9erD' e33ect ta>e.O -1150

79

$O$0(&S$SD &1 )naly7e these sonnets using the S?)%ST?N$ technique. )nalysis of Sonnet O@&&& S?NN$T 34 Sha(( com:are thee to a 'ummerD' da9H Thou art more (o?e(9 and more tem:erateJ Rough 2ind' do 'ha>e the dar(ing bud' o3 %a9, And 'ummerD' (ea'e hath a(( too 'hort a dateJ Sometime too hot the e9e o3 hea?en 'hine', And o3ten i' hi' go(d com:(eBion dimmDdI And e?er9 3air 3rom 3air 'ometime dec(ine', B9 chance or natureD' changing cour'e untrimmDdI But th9 eterna( 'ummer 'ha(( not 3ade Nor (o'e :o''e''ion o3 that 3air thou o2e'tI Nor 'ha(( 4eath brag thou 2anderD't in hi' 'hade, Ghen in eterna( (ine' to time thou gro2e'tJ So (ong a' men can breathe or e9e' can 'ee, So (ong (i?e' thi' and thi' gi?e' (i3e to thee.

S?NN$T 3II T2o (o?e' ha?e o3 com3ort and de':air, Ghich (i>e t2o ':irit' do 'ugge't me 'ti((Je The better ange( i' a man right 3air, The 2or'er ':irit a 2oman co(ourDd i((. To 2in me 'oon to he((e, m9 3ema(e e?i( Tem:teth m9 better ange( 3rom m9 'ide, And 2ou(d corru:t m9 'aint to be a de?i(, Gooing hi' :urit9 2ith her 3ou( :ride. And 2hether that m9 ange( be turnDd 3iend Su':ect ma9, but not direct(9 te((I But being both 3rom me, both to each 3riend, gue'' one ange( in anotherD' he((J Met thi' 'ha(( neDer >no2, but (i?e in doubt,
80

Ti(( m9 bad ange( 3ire m9 good one out.e

&&1 $O%6)&N T;$ ,$)N&NC ?! -$P @$0S$S

$L$%$NTS "6 L T$RATUR$ @A ES9mbo(i'mF Symbolism i' the u'e o3 '9mbo(' to re:re'ent thing' 'uch a' idea' and emotion'. t contra't' 2ith re:re'entationa(i'm. Language i' high(9 '9mbo(ic, but '9mbo(i'm re3er' ':eci3ica((9 to totemic '9mbo(' that 'tand on their o2n. n &'9choana(9'i', Sigmund 6reud and 1ar( ;ung en?i'ioned '9mbo(' a' being not o3 the mind, but rather the mindD' ca:acit9 to ho(d in3ormation.[citation nee e ] The mind u'e' '9mbo(' to 3orm 3ree a''ociation, organi,ation, and connection' bet2een '9mbo('. ;ung and 6reud di?erged on the i''ue o3 common cogniti?e '9mbo( '9'tem' and 2hether the9 eBi't 2ithin the indi?idua( mind or among other mind', 2hether cogniti?e '9mbo(i'm 2a' innate or de3ined b9 the en?ironment. S9mbo(i'm i' im:ortant to re(igion. Re(igiou' orac(e' di?ine b9 inter:reting '9mbo('. %aB Geber de'cribed re(igion a' a '9'tem o3 'acred re(igiou' '9mbo(i'm. ;istorical meaning Thi' hi'tor9 o3 a '9mbo( i' one o3 man9 3actor' in determining a :articu(ar '9mbo(D' a::arent meaning. "(d '9mbo(' become reinter:reted, due :erha:' to en?ironmenta( change'. 1on'eCuent(9, '9mbo(' 2ith emoti?e :o2er carr9 :rob(em' ana(ogou' to 3a('e et9mo(ogie'. 6or eBam:(e, the ri'h and Scotti'h American e(ement' o3 de'ign in the Rebe( 6(ag o3 the American South :redate the American 1i?i( Gar. An ear(9 ?ariant o3 the cro''ed bar' can be 'een on the Scotti'h 6(ag. 6o((o2ing the American 1i?i( Gar, the <<<, 3ounded in :art b9 1on3ederate genera( Nathan Bed3ord 6orre't, became notoriou' in the American South 3or conductingracia((9Amoti?ated attac>'. t' member' a''ociated them'e(?e' 2ith the 1on3ederate 3(ag.[citation nee e ] Thi' (ead to a 'ub'eCuent di':ute o?er 2hether or not the 3(ag ha' raci't connotation'. Another eBam:(e i' the 'u:er3icia( re'emb(ance bet2een the 1hri'tian cro'', an eBecution de?ice, and the Ancient $g9:tian An>h, 'igni39ing (i3e. The cro'' deri?e' 3rom the Roman $m:ireD' u'e o3 (arge 2ooden cro''e' to cruci39 a((eged crimina('. Bu/taposition

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;uBta:o'ition 3urther com:(icate' the matter. A(one, the cro'' i' a '9mbo( o3 1hri'tianit9. #o2e?er, a cro'' 'et on 3ire on a (a2n i' a di'tinct, raci't '9mbo( o3 the <<<, e?en though the origina( cro'' (ac>' raci't im:( ication'.

$P$R1 S$J &&&/ !&N< SP,.?6S "&T;&N S;)-$S%$)0$GS S?NN$TS 34 )N< 3II '''''''''"!A3 $!2S2NTATI"N .FI!ST !"#NB- T5I!B ASSI NM2NT/ ID- B" T52 F#33 ANA36S6S "N T52 S"NN2T 6"# A!2 ASSI N2B+

0$)<&NC )SS&CN,$NT1 0$)< ?N$ ?! T;$ !?66?"&NC N?@$6S .$!?0$ T;$ !&0ST %)0T&)6 a The %ortrait of <orian Cray (?scar "ilde b <r. Bekyll and ,r. ;yde (0obert 6. Stevenson c ;eart of <arkness (Boseph (onrad d CulliverGs Travels (Bonathan Swift e .eowulf )ll )@)&6).6$ )T online1literature.com () print copy of one of these books also available at $lectrocopy1 %la7a (iudadela. (orrea y Sidron, across from the +)S< Science .uilding LLL $N< ?! 1!&0ST %)0T&)6

'ANN2E- I T&%S !?0 "0&T&NC )N $SS)P ?N 6&T$0)0P "?0An'2ering e''a9 Cue'tion' on high 'choo( and uni?er'it9 eBam' reCuire' good 2riting and ana(9tica( '>i(('. Literature e''a9' can be e':ecia((9 di33icu(t, 'ince the O3act'O 9ou ha?e to dea( 2ith can be ab'tract, 'uch a' character' or entire :(ot'.

82

Sa9, 3or in'tance, 9ou 2ere a'>ed to 2rite an e''a9 on the re(ation'hi: o3 :er3ection to humanit9 in a cour'e on Ancient 8ree> Literature. A''uming 9ouD?e 'tudied be3orehand, ho2 2ou(d 9ou begin once 9ou 'at do2n to ta>e the eBamH %lan to )nswer the 6iterature $/am $ssay Question !ully n co((egeA(e?e( (iterature eBam', the e''a9 Cue'tion it'e(3 i' o3ten a :aragra:h or more. So ma>e 'ure 9ou under'tand it, in a(( it' :art', be3ore 9ou begin. Mou ma9 3ind it he(:3u( to under(ine or high(ight >e9 :hra'e' in the e''a9 Cue'tion it'e(3. Ta>e a 3e2 moment' to organi,e 9our thought', and 7ot do2n a :ointA3orm out(ine on 'cra: :a:er. Thi' :roce'' inc(ude' reca((ing the i''ue' in?o(?ed,recogni7ing the right terms, and thin>ing o3 :ertinent eBam:(e'. U'ing the 8ree> Literature eBam:(e, 9ou might 2ant to reca(( Ancient 8ree> attitude' to2ard artI recogni,e the di33erence bet2een Archaic, 1(a''ica(, and #e((eni'tic :eriod'I and thin> o3 'uch 2or>' a' the2 $sse$, 2e ipus ,e7, andL$sistrata&ro:er e''a9 3ormat i' ?ita( on a (iterature eBam, 'ince 9ou ha?e (itt(e time to re?i'e. %a>e 'ure that 9our e''a9 ha' a brie3 and 3ocu'ed introduction, 2ith a the'i' -a('o ca((ed a 'tatement o3 :ur:o'e0, and a 'ummar9 o3 9our main :oint'. #ere i' a good introductor9 :aragra:h 3or a 8ree> Literature e''a9J

The ancient 8ree>' :ortra9ed the :h9'ica( 2or(d and the :eo:(e in it a' inherent(9 3(a2ed in their (iterature. n the2 $sse$, 2e ipus ,e7, andL$sistrata, :h9'ica( 3(a2' and 'hortcoming' 'er?e a' a reminder o3 identit9 3or their heroe', 'ugge'ting that im:er3ection and humanit9 are ineBtricab(9 (in>ed. No2 com:are thi' 2ith a :oor eBam e''a9 on the 'ame to:icJ Since the beginning o3 Ge'tern ci?i(i,ation, man ha' been 3a'cinated b9 the idea o3 im:er3ection ` can 2e e?er be :er3ect, or notH 8ree> art 2a' made to be im:er3ect, and e?en in our o2n time', 2e hear eB:re''ion' (i>e Enobod9S' :er3ect.F n a(( the great 2or>' 2e ha?e 'tudied in thi' cour'e 'o 3ar, 2e can a('o 'ee that the9 'ho2 im:er3ection' in their character', e':ecia((9 in 'uch out'tanding 2or>' (i>e the2 $sse$,2e ipus ,e7, andL$sistrata. The'e im:er3ection' ma>e it ea'9 3or :eo:(e to identi39 2ith their heroe' e?en toda9. Notice ho2 the 3ir't e''a9 eBam:(e i' 'hort, to the :oint, and dea(' 2ith the im:(ication' and 'igni3icance o3 it' to:ic. The 'econd eBam:(e, on the other hand, ha' a (ot o3 genera(i,ation', irre(e?ant ob'er?ation', and a 2ea> conc(u'ion. !ollow through with $/amples in the $ssay9s .ody %aragraphs "nce 9ou ha?e a the'i' 'tatement, 9ou need to bac> u: 9our c(aim' 2ith ana(9'i'. n (iterature eBam e''a9', that mean' 3inding re(e?ant eBam:(e' 3rom 9our teBt'J

A(though "d9''eu' di'gui'e' him'e(3 o3ten in #omerS'2 $sse$, he ha' a :h9'ica( 3(a2 that doe'nSt changeJ the 'car on hi' (eg. "d9''eu'S o(d nur'e, $ur9c(eia, 3ind' thi' 'car 2hen "d9''eu', di'gui'ed a' a beggar, return' home. $ur9c(eia recogni,e' "d9''eu' becau'e o3 it, and near(9 gi?e' a2a9 hi' true identit9 :remature(9. Thi' e:i'ode (in>' "d9''eu'S :h9'ica( im:er3ection to hi'
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?er9 humanit9. Un(i>e the god', he can be hurt, nor can hi' 'car' be hidden ` not e?en b9 hi' a((9, the godde'' Athena. $ach Obod9O :aragra:h (i>e thi' 'hou(d dea( 2ith a 'e:arate :oint. n the eBam:(e, 9ou 2ou(d continue 2ith a 'imi(ar :aragra:h about2e ipus ,e7andL$sistrata. Remember that 3or a (iterature eBam e''a9, 9ou u'ua((9 arenDt eB:ected to Cuote 'uch teBt' eBact(9. But it i' e''entia( that 9ou be a' ':eci3ic a' :o''ib(e, and that 9our eBam:(e' are direct(9 re(ated to the to:ic. .udget Pour 6iterature $/am Time... A' 9ou 2rite, 'to: once in a 2hi(e to ma>e 'ure that 9ouDre 'ti(( on to:ic and not ramb(ing. n (iterature eBam' e''a9', 3ocu' and c(arit9 are 7u't a' im:ortant a' getting a' man9 3act' do2n on :a:er a' :o''ib(e. A('o chec> that 9ouDre gi?ing each :art o3 9our argument eCua( time. 3, 3or in'tance, more than ha(3 9our time i' u:, and 9ouDre 'ti(( 2riting on the2 $sse$2ithout mentioning2e ipus ,e7andL$sistrata, mo?e on. 6ina((9, a(2a9' (ea?e 9our'e(3 'ome time at the end to reAread 9our eBam e''a9. Mou 2i(( :robab(9 ':ot and correct a 3e2 ':e((ing orgrammaticalerror'. #a?ing a 3e2 minute' at the end 2i(( a('o a((o2 9ou to 2rite a more com:e((ing conc(u'ion, 2hich 'hou(d be a brie3 re'tatement o3 9our main :oint' and 2h9 the9 are 'igni3icant. ... !or a Cood $ssay (onclusion A 'o(id the'i', bac>ed u: 2ith 2e((Aargued eBam:(e', i' the 3oundation o3 a good (iterature eBam e''a9. Ta>ing time to :(an at the beginning and doub(eAchec> at the end 2i(( ma>e 2riting it ea'ier. MouD(( begraduatingbe3ore 9ou >no2 itc

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ANN2E II TI$S "N !2ABIN 3IT2!A!6 2SSA6S

0eading $ssays #ere are 'ome Cue'tion' 9ou might a'> 2hen 9ou are 3aced 2ith the ta'> o3 reading and 2riting about e''a9'. -Note that cro''A re3erence' re3er to 'e(ection' in LiteratureA ,ea ing an Writing the Human E7perience, 'e?enth edition.0 1. Ghat i' the authorD' the'i' -or uni39ing idea0H Ghat e?idence or argument' doe' the author ad?ance to 'u::ort the the'i'H ' the the'i' con?incingH 3 not, 2h9 notH 4oe' the author re(9 on an9 ba'ic but un'tated a''um:tion'H *. Ghat i' the authorD' toneH Se(ect 3or ana(9'i' a :a''age 9ou con'ider i((u'trati?e o3 the authorD' tone. 4oe' the author maintain that tone con'i'tent(9 throughout the e''a9H 3. #o2 2ou(d 9ou characteri,e the authorD' 't9(eH 6or eBam:(e, are the '9ntaB, (ength o3 'entence', and diction e(e?ated and 3orma( or 3ami(iar and in3orma(H !. Ghat rhetorica( 'trategie' doe' the author u'eH 6or eBam:(e, can 9ou identi39 the e33ecti?e u'e o3 narration, de'cri:tion, c(a''i3ication, com:ari'on and contra't, ana(og9, cau'e and e33ect, or de3initionH Note that one o3 the'e rhetorica( 'trategie' ma9 con'titute the uni39ing idea o3 the e''a9 and the mean' o3 'tructuring it. ;e''ica %it3ordD' OThe American Ga9 o3 4eathO -:. +330 i' an e''a9 in de3inition that e33ecti?e(9 u'e' com:ari'on and contra't and ana(og9. 5. Ghat are the ma7or di?i'ion' in the e''a9, and ho2 are the9 'et o33H Are the tran'ition' bet2een the di?i'ion' e33ecti?e and ea'9 to 3o((o2H ). Ana(9,e the authorD' o:ening :aragra:h. ' it e33ecti?e in gaining the readerD' attentionH 4oe' it c(ear(9 'tate the e''a9D' the'i'H 3 it doe' not, at 2hat :oint doe' the authorD' the'i' and :ur:o'e become c(earH
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,?<$6 $SS)PSD .$?"+6! (?N &TS (?NT$OT T #"U8# T S "6T$N @ $G$4 both a' the archet9:a( Ang(oASaBon (iterar9 2or> and a' a corner'tone o3 modern (iterature, Beowulf ha' a :ecu(iar hi'tor9 that com:(icate' both it' hi'torica( and it' canonica( :o'ition in $ng(i'h (iterature. B9 the time the 'tor9 o3 Beowulf 2a' com:o'ed b9 an un>no2n Ang(oASaBon :oet around 500 A.4., much o3 it' materia( had been in circu(ation in ora( narrati?e 3or man9 9ear'. The Ang(oA SaBon and Scandina?ian :eo:(e' had in?aded the i'(and o3 Britain and 'ett(ed there 'e?era( hundred 9ear' ear(ier, bringing 2ith them 'e?era( c(o'e(9 re(ated 8ermanic (anguage' that 2ou(d e?o(?e into "(d $ng(i'h. $(ement' o3 theBeowulf 'tor9K inc(uding it' 'etting and character'Kdate bac> to the :eriod be3ore the migration. The action o3 the :oem ta>e' :(ace around500 A.4. %an9 o3 the character' in the :oemKthe S2edi'h and 4ani'h ro9a( 3ami(9 member', 3or eBam:(eKcorre':ond to actua( hi'torica( 3igure'. "rigina((9 :agan 2arrior', the Ang(oASaBon and Scandina?ian in?ader' eB:erienced a (argeA'ca(e con?er'ion to 1hri'tianit9 at the end o3 the 'iBth centur9. Though 'ti(( an o(d :agan 'tor9, Beowulf thu' came to be to(d b9 a 1hri'tian :oet. The Beowulf :oet i' o3ten at :ain' to attribute 1hri'tian thought' and moti?e' to hi' character', 2ho 3reCuent(9 beha?e in di'tinct(9 unA 1hri'tian 2a9'. The Beowulf that 2e read toda9 i' there3ore :robab(9 Cuite un(i>e the Beowulf 2ith 2hich the 3ir't Ang(oASaBon audience' 2ere 3ami(iar. The e(ement o3 re(igiou' ten'ion i' Cuite common in 1hri'tian Ang(oASaBon 2riting' -The Dream of the ,oo , 3or eBam:(e0, but the combination o3 a :agan 'tor9 2ith a 1hri'tian narrator i' 3air(9 unu'ua(. The :(ot o3 the :oem concern' Scandina?ian cu(ture, but much o3 the :oemS' narrati?e inter?ention re?ea(' that the :oetS' cu(ture 2a' 'ome2hat di33erent 3rom that o3 hi' ance'tor', and that o3 hi' character' a' 2e((.

The 2or(d thatBeowulf de:ict' and the heroic code o3 honor that de3ine' much o3 the 'tor9 i' a re(ic o3 :re`Ang(oASaBon cu(ture. The 'tor9 i' 'et in Scandina?ia, be3ore the migration. Though it i' a traditiona( 'tor9K:art o3 a 8ermanic ora( traditionKthe :oem a' 2e ha?e it i' thought to be the 2or> o3 a 'ing(e :oet. t 2a' com:o'ed in $ng(and -not in Scandina?ia0 and i' hi'torica( in it' :er':ecti?e, recording the ?a(ue' and cu(ture o3 a b9gone era. %an9 o3 tho'e ?a(ue', inc(uding the heroic code, 2ere 'ti(( o:erati?e to 'ome degree in 2hen the :oem 2a' 2ritten. The'e ?a(ue' had e?o(?ed to 'ome eBtent in the inter?ening centurie' and 2ere continuing to change. n the Scandina?ian 2or(d o3 the 'tor9, tin9 tribe' o3 :eo:(e ra((9 around 'trong >ing', 2ho :rotect their :eo:(e 3rom dangerKe':ecia((9 3rom con3rontation' 2ith other tribe'. The 2arrior cu(ture that re'u(t' 3rom thi' ear(9 3euda( arrangement i' eBtreme(9 im:ortant, both to the 'tor9 and to our under'tanding o3 SaBon ci?i(i,ation. Strong
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>ing' demand bra?er9 and (o9a(t9 3rom their 2arrior', 2hom the9 re:a9 2ith trea'ure' 2on in 2ar. %eadAha((' 'uch a' #eorot in Beowulf 2ere :(ace' 2here 2arrior' 2ou(d gather in the :re'ence o3 their (ord to drin>, boa't, te(( 'torie', and recei?e gi3t'. A(though the'e meadAha((' o33ered 'anctuar9, the ear(9 %idd(e Age' 2ere a dangerou' time, and the :aranoid 'en'e o3 3oreboding and doom that run' throughout Beowulf e?idence' the con'tant 3ear o3 in?a'ion that :(agued Scandina?ian 'ociet9. "n(9 a 'ing(e manu'cri:t o3 Beowulf 'ur?i?ed the Ang(oASaBon era. 6or man9 centurie', the manu'cri:t 2a' a(( but 3orgotten, and, in the 1500', it 2a' near(9 de'tro9ed in a 3ire. t 2a' not unti( the nineteenth centur9 that 2ide':read intere't in the document emerged among 'cho(ar' and tran'(ator' o3 "(d $ng(i'h. 6or the 3ir't hundred 9ear' o3 BeowulfS' :rominence, intere't in the :oem 2a' :rimari(9 hi'torica( Kthe teBt 2a' ?ie2ed a' a 'ource o3 in3ormation about the Ang(oASaBon era. t 2a' not unti( 1+3), 2hen the "B3ord 'cho(ar ;. R. R. To(>ien -2ho (ater 2rote The Ho''it and The Lor of the ,ings, 2or>' hea?i(9 in3(uenced b9 Beowulf0 :ub(i'hed a groundbrea>ing :a:er entit(ed EBeowulfJ The %on'ter' and the 1ritic'F that the manu'cri:t gained recognition a' a 'eriou' 2or> o3 art. Beowulf i' no2 2ide(9 taught and i' o3ten :re'ented a' the 3ir't im:ortant 2or> o3 $ng(i'h (iterature, creating the im:re''ion that Beowulf i' in 'ome 2a9 the 'ource o3 the $ng(i'h canon. But becau'e it 2a' not 2ide(9 read unti( the 1800' and not 2ide(9 regarded a' an im:ortant art2or> unti( the1+00', Beowulf ha' had (itt(e direct im:act on the de?e(o:ment o3 $ng(i'h :oetr9. n 3act, 1haucer, Sha>e':eare, %ar(o2e, &o:e, She((e9, <eat', and mo't other im:ortant $ng(i'h 2riter' be3ore the 1+30' had (itt(e or no >no2(edge o3 the e:ic. t 2a' not unti( the midAtoA(ate t2entieth centur9 thatBeowulf began to in3(uence 2riter', and, 'ince then, it ha' had a mar>ed im:act on the 2or> o3 man9 im:ortant no?e(i't' and :oet', inc(uding G. #. Auden, 8eo33re9 #i((, Ted #ughe', and Seamu' #eane9, the 1++5 reci:ient o3 the Nobe( &ri,e in Literature, 2ho'e recent tran'(ation o3 the e:ic i' the edition u'ed 3or thi' re:ort.

A !oom of "neFs "wn @irginia Goo(3

(ommentary on the first chapter. Goo(3 e(ect' not to re':ond to the :rob(em o3 O2omen and 3ictionO b9 de(i?ering :at remar>' on 3amou' 2omen 2riter', ho:ing in'tead to eB:(ore the i''ue in dee:er 2a9'. She recogni,e' that her cho'en a::roach i' 'uch that 'he might One?er be ab(e to come to a conc(u'ionO or di'ti(( Oa nugget o3 :ure truthO 3or her (i'tener' to carr9 home. OGhen a 'ub7ect i' high(9 contro?er'ia(,O 'he eB:(ain', Oone cannot ho:e to te(( the truth. "ne can on(9 'ho2 ho2 one came to ho(d 2hate?er o:inion one
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doe' ho(d.O B9 choo'ing 3iction a' the medium 3or her argument, Goo(3 continue' to themati,e the com:(eB net2or> o3 re(ation'hi:' bet2een truth and 3iction, 3act' and (ie', and o:inion' and emotion'. O6iction i' (i>e(9 to contain more truth than 3act,O 'he eB:(ain'. OLie' 2i(( 3(o2 3rom m9 (i:', but there ma9 be 'ome truth miBed u: 2ith them.O The O O 2ho narrate' the 'tor9 i' not Goo(3Kit matter' (itt(e 2hat name 2e gi?e her, Goo(3 in'i't'Kand 9et her eB:erience' and thought' are to :ro?ide the bac>ground and argument 3or Goo(3D' the'i'. A(read9, the narrati?e 'ituation i((u'trate' one o3 Goo(3D' 3undamenta( ae'thetic :rinci:(e'J Art 'hou(d ha?e a >ind o3 Oincande'cenceO in 2hich e?er9thing that i' :ure(9 :er'ona( burn' a2a9, (ea?ing 'omething (i>e the Onugget o3 :ure truthO to 2hich Goo(3 ha' re3erred. The imager9 o3 (ight and 3ire that i' a(read9 accumu(ating in thi' cha:ter are meant to 'ugge't thi' >ind o3 ae'thetic :uri3ication. Goo(3D' ae'thetic argument 2i(( be de?e(o:ed more 3u((9 a' the e''a9 continue'. The orientation here, ho2e?er, i' materia(i't and 'ocia(, and Goo(3D' the'i'Kthat Oa 2oman mu't ha?e mone9 and a room o3 her o2n i3 'he i' to 2rite 3ictionOK announce' that 3ocu' in no uncertain term'. Ghat are the ba'ic materia( and 'ocia( condition' in 2hich ae'thetic achie?ement become' a rea(i'tic :o''ibi(it9H B9 addre''ing thi' Cue'tion, 'he ho:e' to 'ituate the :rob(em o3 2omen and 3iction in an ob7ecti?e and hi'torici,ed 3rame2or>Kin re7ection o3 a theoretica( tradition 3ounded on the a''um:tion that 2omen are natura((9 in3erior to men. Goo(3D' argument con'tant(9 return' to the concrete materia( detai(' o3 the 'ituation' 'he de'cribe'J the 3ood that 2a' eaten, the mone9 that 2a' ':ent, the com3ort o3 the accommodation', and the demand' on :eo:(eD' time. #er 'trateg9 i' de'igned to con?ince the reader o3 the dee: re(e?ance o3 the'e :h9'ica( condition' 3or the :o''ibi(it9 o3 inte((ectua( and creati?e acti?it9. A' Goo(3 de'cribe' her narratorD' thought' on 2omen and 3iction, 'he em:ha'i,e' the ro(e o3 interru:tion' in the re3(ecti?e :roce''. B9 dramati,ing the e33ect' o3 the'e interru:tion', Goo(3 bo('ter' her argument that a :ri?ate room i' a ba'ic reCuirement 3or creati?e 2or>. The 3act that 2omen ha?e not hi'torica((9 been granted ':ace or (ei'ure 3or uninterru:ted thin>ing i', in Goo(3D' ?ie2, a determining 3actor in the hi'tor9 o3 their (iterar9 achie?ement'. nte((igence, at (ea't in the mode( o3 1har(e' Lamb, 2or>' b9 O2i(d 3(a'h[e'] o3 imaginationO or the O(ightning crac> o3 geniu'OK in'ight' 2hich ne?erthe(e'' ta>e time to ge'tate. Met time and time again, 7u't a' our narrator 'eem' to be on the ?erge o3 an in'ight o3 thi' 'ort, her thin>ing i' cut o33K u'ua((9 b9 an authorit9 3igure tr9ing to >ee: her in her :(ace. Ghere a man 2ou(d ha?e been gi?en 3ree rein, the narrator i' re'tricted to a narro2 :ath on the "Bbridge cam:u'. Nor i' 'he :ermitted to enter the co((ege (ibrar9. The'e ob'tac(e' '9mbo(i,e the e33ect' o3 an educationa( cu(ture that radica((9 re'trict' the 'co:e o3 a 2omanD' inte((ectua( eB:o'ure. Goo(3 identi3ie' the 3act o3 being denied acce''K2hether to bui(ding' or idea'Ka' another t9:e o3 in3ringement on the 3reedom o3 the 3ema(e mind. Thi' eBc(u'ion i' a more radica( >ind o3 interru:tion, one that di'turb' not 7u't a
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'ing(e thought or re?erie, but the (i3eA(ong de?e(o:menta( o3 an indi?idua( or the hi'torica( de?e(o:ment o3 an inte((ectua( tradition S"A&ST"N$ T#$S$ LMR 1S S? !)0 )")P !0?, ,$ #ere am again in thi' mean o(d to2n And 9ouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me And 2here are 9ou 2hen the 'un goe' do2n MouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar 7u't canDt 'ee So 3ar a2a9 3rom me MouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me Dm tired o3 being in (o?e and being a(( a(one Ghen 9ouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me Dm tired o3 ma>ing out on the te(e:hone And 9ouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar 7u't canDt 'ee So 3ar a2a9 3rom me MouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me get 'o tired 2hen ha?e to eB:(ain Ghen 9ouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me See 9ouD?e been in the 'un and D?e been in the rain And 9ouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar a2a9 3rom me So 3ar 7u't canDt 'ee So 3ar a2a9 3rom me MouDre 'o 3ar a2a9 3rom me

Tony ?rlando Tie ) Pellow 0ibbon lyrics

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Dm cominD home, D?e done m9 time No2 D?e got to >no2 2hat i' and i'nDt mine 3 9ou recei?ed m9 (etter te((inD 9ou Dd 'oon be 3ree Then 9ouD(( >no2 7u't 2hat to do i3 9ou 'ti(( 2ant me 3 9ou 'ti(( 2ant me 1#"RUSJ Tie a 9e((o2 ribbon Dround the o(d oa> tree tD' been three (ong 9ear' 4o 9ou 'ti(( 2ant meH 3 donDt 'ee a ribbon round the o(d oa> tree D(( 'ta9 on the bu' 6orget about u' &ut the b(ame on me 3 donDt 'ee a 9e((o2 ribbon round the o(d oa> tree Bu' dri?er, :(ea'e (oo> 3or me D1au'e cou(dnDt bear to 'ee 2hat might 'ee Dm rea((9 'ti(( in :ri'on, and m9 (o?e 'he ho(d' the >e9 A 'im:(e 9e((o2 ribbonD' 2hat need to 'et me 3ree 2rote and to(d her :(ea'eJ R$&$AT 1#"RUS No2 the 2ho(e damn bu' i' cheering And canDt be(ie?e 'ee A hundred 9e((o2 ribbon' Dround the o(d oa> tree Dm cominD home

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8N< %)0T&)6 +S 6&T$0)T+0$

American (iterature 6or the 7ourna( o3 the 'ame name, 'ee American Literature C6ournalD. )merican literature re3er' to 2ritten or (iterar9 2or> :roduced in the area o3 the United State' and 1o(onia( America. 6or more ':eci3ic di'cu''ion' o3 :oetr9 and theater, 'ee &oetr9 o3 the United State' and Theater in the United State'. 4uring it' ear(9 hi'tor9, America 2a' a 'erie' o3 Briti'h co(onie' on the ea'tern coa't o3 the :re'entAda9 United State'. There3ore, it' (iterar9 tradition begin' a' (in>ed to the broader tradition o3 $ng(i'h (iterature. #o2e?er, uniCue American characteri'tic' and the breadth o3 it' :roduction u'ua((9 no2 cau'e it to be con'idered a 'e:arate :ath and tradition. GeditH8olonial literature Some o3 the ear(ie't 3orm' o3 American (iterature 2ere :am:h(et' and 2riting' eBto((ing the bene3it' o3 the co(onie' to both a $uro:ean and co(oni't audience. 1a:tain ;ohn Smith cou(d be con'idered the 3ir't American author 2ith hi' 2or>'J A True ,elation of --- Virginia --- -1)080 and The General Historie of Virginia, 1ew Englan , an the "ummer %sles -1)*!0. "ther 2riter' o3 thi' manner inc(uded 4anie( 4enton, Thoma' A'he, Gi((iam &enn, 8eorge &erc9, Gi((iam Strache9, 4anie( 1oBe, 8abrie( Thoma', and ;ohn La2'on. The re(igiou' di':ute' that :rom:ted 'ett(ement in America 2ere a('o to:ic' o3 ear(9 2riting. A 7ourna( 2ritten b9 ;ohn Ginthro: di'cu''ed the re(igiou' 3oundation' o3 the %a''achu'ett' Ba9 1o(on9. $d2ard Gin'(o2 a('o recorded a diar9 o3 the 3ir't 9ear' a3ter the /a$flower&s arri?a(. "ther re(igiou'(9 in3(uenced 2riter' inc(uded ncrea'e %ather and Gi((iam Brad3ord, author o3 the 7ourna( :ub(i'hed a' a #i'tor9 o3 &(9mouth &(antation, 1)*0`!5. "ther' (i>e Roger Gi((iam' and Nathanie( Gard more 3ierce(9 argued 'tate and church 'e:aration. Some :oetr9 a('o eBi'ted. Anne Brad'treet and $d2ard Ta9(or are e':ecia((9 noted. %ichae( Gigg(e'2orth 2rote a be'tA'e((ing :oem, The Da$ of Doom, de'cribing the time o3 7udgment.Nicho(a' No9e' 2a' a('o >no2n 3or hi' doggere( ?er'e. "ther (ate 2riting' de'cribed con3(ict' and interaction 2ith the ndian', a' 'een in 2riting' b9 4anie( 8oo>in, A(eBander Ghita>er, ;ohn %a'on, Ben7amin 1hurch, and %ar9 Ro2(and'on.;ohn $(iot tran'(ated the Bib(e into the A(gonCuin (anguage. ;onathan $d2ard' and 8eorge Ghite3ie(d re:re'ented the 8reat A2a>ening, a re(igiou' re?i?a( in the ear(9 18th centur9 that a''erted 'trict 1a(?ini'm. "ther &uritan and re(igiou' 2riter' inc(ude Thoma' #oo>er, Thoma' She:ard, ;ohn Gi'e,

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and Samue( Gi((ard. Le'' 'trict and 'eriou' 2riter' inc(uded Samue( Se2a((, Sarah <emb(e <night, and Gi((iam B9rd. The re?o(utionar9 :eriod a('o contained :o(itica( 2riting', inc(uding tho'e b9 co(oni't' Samue( Adam', ;o'iah Luinc9, ;ohn 4ic>in'on, and ;o'e:h 8a((o2a9, a (o9a(i't to the cro2n. T2o >e9 3igure' 2ere Ben7amin 6ran>(in and Thoma' &aine. 6ran>(inD' Poor ,ichar &s Almanac and The Auto'iograph$ of Ben6amin )ran(lin are e'teemed 2or>' 2ith their 2it and in3(uence to2ard the 3ormation o3 a budding American identit9. &aineD' :am:h(et Common "ense and The American Crisis 2riting' are 'een a' :(a9ing a >e9 ro(e in in3(uencing the :o(itica( tone o3 the :eriod. 4uring the re?o(ution it'e(3, :oem' and 'ong' 'uch a' OMan>ee 4ood(eO and ONathan #a(eO 2ere :o:u(ar. %a7or 'atiri't' inc(uded ;ohn Trumbu(( and 6ranci' #o:>in'on. &hi(i: %orin 6reneau a('o 2rote :oem' about the 2arD' cour'e. GeditH$ost-independence n the :o'tA2ar :eriod, The 6edera(i't e''a9' b9 A(eBander #ami(ton, ;ame' %adi'on, and ;ohn ;a9 :re'ented a 'igni3icant hi'torica( di'cu''ion o3 American go?ernment organi,ation and re:ub(ican ?a(ue'. Thoma' ;e33er'onD' United State' 4ec(aration o3 nde:endence, hi' in3(uence on the American 1on'titution, hi' autobiogra:h9, the Note' on the State o3 @irginia, and hi' man9 (etter' 'o(idi39 hi' ':ot a' one o3 the mo't ta(ented ear(9 American 2riter'. 6i'her Ame', ;ame' "ti', and &atric> #enr9 are a('o ?a(ued 3or their :o(itica( 2riting' and oration'. %uch o3 the ear(9 (iterature o3 the ne2 nation 'trugg(ed to 3ind a uniCue(9 American ?oice in eBi'ting (iterar9 genre, and thi' tendenc9 2a' a('o re3(ected in no?e('. $uro:ean 3orm' and 't9(e' 2ere o3ten tran'3erred to ne2 (oca(e' and critic' o3ten 'a2 them a' in3erior. GeditH#niIue American style Gith the Gar o3 181* and an increa'ing de'ire to :roduce uniCue(9 American (iterature and cu(ture, a number o3 >e9 ne2 (iterar9 3igure' emerged, :erha:' mo't :rominent(9 Ga'hington r?ing, Gi((iam 1u((en Br9ant, ;ame' 6enimore 1oo:er, and $dgar A((an &oe. r?ing, o3ten con'idered the 3ir't 2riter to de?e(o: a uniCue American 't9(e[citation nee e ] -a(though thi' ha' been debated0 2rote humorou' 2or>' in "almagun i and the 2e((A>no2n 'atire A Histor$ of 1ew 0or(, '$ Die rich #nic(er'oc(er -180+0. Br9ant 2rote ear(9 romantic and natureAin':ired :oetr9, 2hich e?o(?ed a2a9 3rom their $uro:ean origin'. n 183*, &oe began 2riting 'hort 'torie' ` inc(uding OThe %a'Cue o3 the Red 4eath,O OThe &it and the &endu(um,O OThe 6a(( o3 the #ou'e o3 U'her,O and OThe %urder' in the Rue %orgueO ` that eB:(ore :re?iou'(9
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hidden (e?e(' o3 human :'9cho(og9 and :u'h the boundarie' o3 3iction to2ard m9'ter9 and 3anta'9. 1oo:erD' Leatherstoc(ing Tales about Natt9 Bum::o -2hich inc(ude' The Last of the /ohicans0 2ere :o:u(ar both in the ne2 countr9 and abroad. #umorou' 2riter' 2ere a('o :o:u(ar and inc(uded Seba Smith and Ben7amin &. Shi((aber in Ne2 $ng(and and 4a?9 1roc>ett, Augu'tu' Ba(d2in Long'treet, ;ohn'on ;. #oo:er, Thoma' Bang' Thor:e, and 8eorge Ga'hington #arri' 2riting about the American 3rontier. The Ne2 $ng(and Brahmin' 2ere a grou: o3 2riter' connected to #ar?ard Uni?er'it9 and it' 'eat in 1ambridge, %a''achu'ett'. The core inc(uded ;ame' Ru''e(( Lo2e((, #enr9 Gad'2orth Long3e((o2, and "(i?er Gende(( #o(me', Sr. n 183), Ra(:h Ga(do $mer'on -1803A188*0, an eBAmini'ter, :ub(i'hed a 'tart(ing non3iction 2or> ca((ed 1ature, in 2hich he c(aimed it 2a' :o''ib(e to di':en'e 2ith organi,ed re(igion and reach a (o3t9 ':iritua( 'tate b9 'tud9ing and re':onding to the natura( 2or(d. #i' 2or> in3(uenced not on(9 the 2riter' 2ho gathered around him, 3orming a mo?ement >no2n a'Tran'cendenta(i'm, but a('o the :ub(ic, 2ho heard him (ecture. $mer'onD' mo't gi3ted 3e((o2Athin>er 2a' :erha:' #enr9 4a?id Thoreau -1815A 18)*0, a re'o(ute noncon3ormi't. A3ter (i?ing mo't(9 b9 him'e(3 3or t2o 9ear' in a cabin b9 a 2ooded :ond, Thoreau 2rote Wal en, a boo>A(ength memoir that urge' re'i'tance to the medd(e'ome dictate' o3 organi,ed 'ociet9. #i' radica( 2riting' eB:re'' a dee:Arooted tendenc9 to2ard indi?idua(i'm in the American character. "ther 2riter' in3(uenced b9 Tran'cendenta(i'm 2ere Bron'on A(cott, %argaret 6u((er, 8eorge Ri:(e9, "re'te' Bro2n'on, and ;one' @er9.[1] The :o(itica( con3(ict 'urrounding Abo(itioni'm in':ired the 2riting' o3 Gi((iam L(o9d 8arri'on and hi' :a:er The Li'erator, a(ong 2ith :oet ;ohn 8reen(ea3 Ghittier and #arriet Beecher Sto2ein her 2or(dA3amou' *ncle Tom&s Ca'in. n 1835, the 9oung Nathanie( #a2thorne -180!A18)!0 co((ected 'ome o3 hi' 'torie' a' Twice5Tol Tales, a ?o(ume rich in '9mbo(i'm and occu(t incident'. #a2thorne 2ent on to 2rite 3u((A(ength Oromance',O Cua'iAa((egorica( no?e(' that eB:(ore 'uch theme' a' gui(t, :ride, and emotiona( re:re''ion in hi' nati?e Ne2 $ng(and. #i' ma'ter:iece, The "carlet Letter, i' the 'tar> drama o3 a 2oman ca't out o3 her communit9 3or committing adu(ter9. #a2thorneD' 3iction had a :ro3ound im:act on hi' 3riend #erman %e(?i((e -181+A 18+10, 2ho 3ir't made a name 3or him'e(3 b9 turning materia( 3rom hi' 'ea3aring da9' into eBotic and 'en'ationa( 'ea narrati?e no?e('. n':ired b9 #a2thorneD' 3ocu' on
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a((egorie' and dar> :'9cho(og9, %e(?i((e 2ent on to 2rite romance' re:(ete 2ith :hi(o'o:hica( ':ecu(ation. n /o'$5Dic(, an ad?enturou' 2ha(ing ?o9age become' the ?ehic(e 3or eBamining 'uch theme' a' ob'e''ion, the nature o3 e?i(, and human 'trugg(e again't the e(ement'. n another 3ine 2or>, the 'hort no?e(Bill$ Bu , %e(?i((e dramati,e' the con3(icting c(aim' o3 dut9 and com:a''ion on board a 'hi: in time o3 2ar. #i' more :ro3ound boo>' 'o(d :oor(9, and he had been (ong 3orgotten b9 the time o3 hi' death. #e 2a' redi'co?ered in the ear(9 decade' o3 the *0th centur9. AntiAtran'cendenta( 2or>' 3rom %e(?i((e, #a2thorne, and &oe a(( com:ri'e the 4ar> Romantici'm 'ubgenre o3 (iterature :o:u(ar during thi' time. GeditHAmerican poetry

Ga(t Ghitman, 185). AmericaD' t2o greate't 1+thAcentur9 :oet' cou(d hard(9 ha?e been more di33erent in tem:erament and 't9(e. Ga(t Ghitman -181+A18+*0 2a' a 2or>ing man, a tra?e(er, a 'e(3Aa::ointed nur'e during theAmerican 1i?i( Gar -18)1A18)50, and a :oetic inno?ator. #i' magnum o:u' 2a' Lea!es of Grass, in 2hich he u'e' a 3reeA3(o2ing ?er'e and (ine' o3 irregu(ar (ength to de:ict the a((Ainc(u'i?ene'' o3 American democrac9. Ta>ing that moti3 one 'te: 3urther, the :oet eCuate' the ?a't range o3 American eB:erience 2ith him'e(3 2ithout being egoti'tica(. 6or eBam:(e, in "ong of /$self, the (ong, centra( :oem in Lea!es of Grass, Ghitman 2rite'J OThe'e are rea((9 the thought' o3 a(( men in a(( age' and (and', th1e9 are not origina( 2ith me ...O Ghitman 2a' a('o a :oet o3 the bod9 ` Othe bod9 e(ectric,O a' he ca((ed it. n "tu ies in Classic American Literature, the $ng(i'h no?e(i't 4. #. La2rence 2rote that Ghitman O2a' the 3ir't to 'ma'h the o(d mora( conce:tion that the 'ou( o3 man i' 'omething D'u:eriorD and Dabo?eD the 3(e'h.O

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$mi(9 4ic>in'on -1830A188)0, on the other hand, (i?ed the 'he(tered (i3e o3 a gentee( unmarried 2oman in 'ma((Ato2n Amher't, %a''achu'ett'. Githin it' 3orma( 'tructure, her :oetr9 i' ingeniou', 2itt9, eBCui'ite(9 2rought, and :'9cho(ogica((9 :enetrating. #er 2or> 2a' uncon?entiona( 3or it' da9, and (itt(e o3 it 2a' :ub(i'hed during her (i3etime. %an9 o3 her :oem' d2e(( on death, o3ten 2ith a mi'chie?ou' t2i't. "ne, OBecau'e cou(d not 'to: 3or 4eath,O begin', O#e >ind(9 'to::ed 3or me.O The o:ening o3 another 4ic>in'on :oem to9' 2ith her :o'ition a' a 2oman in a ma(eAdominated 'ociet9 and an unrecogni,ed :oetJ O Dm nobod9c Gho are 9ouH Q Are 9ou nobod9 tooHO American :oetr9 arguab(9 reached it' :ea> in the ear(9 to mid *0th centur9, 2ith 'uch noted 2riter' a' Ga((ace Ste?en', S9(?ia &(ath, Anne SeBton, $,ra &ound, T. S. $(iot, Gi((iam 1ar(o' Gi((iam', Robert 6ro't, 1ar( Sandburg, Robin'on ;e33er', #art 1rane, $. $. 1umming', ;ohn Berr9man, A((en 8in'berg, Robert Lo2e((, $dna St. @incent %i((a9, and man9 other'. GeditH!ealism1 Twain and James

%ar> T2ain, 1+05. %ar> T2ain -the :en name o3 Samue( Langhorne 1(emen', 1835A1+100 2a' the 3ir't ma7or American 2riter to be born a2a9 3rom the $a't 1oa't ` in the border 'tate o3 %i''ouri. #i' regiona( ma'ter:iece' 2ere the memoir Life on the /ississippi and the no?e( A !entures of Huc(le'err$ )inn. T2ainD' 't9(e ` in3(uenced b9 7ourna(i'm, 2edded to the ?ernacu(ar, direct and unadorned but a('o high(9 e?ocati?e and irre?erent(9 humorou' ` changed the 2a9 American' 2rite their (anguage. #i' character' ':ea> (i>e rea( :eo:(e and 'ound di'tincti?e(9 American, u'ing (oca( dia(ect', ne2(9 in?ented 2ord', and regiona( accent'. "ther 2riter' intere'ted in regiona( di33erence' and dia(ect 2ere 8eorge G. 1ab(e, Thoma' Ne('on &age, ;oe( 1hand(er #arri', %ar9 Noai((e' %ur3ree -1har(e' $gbert 1raddoc>0, Sarah "rne
95

;e2ett, %ar9 $. Gi(>in' 6reeman, #enr9 1u9(er Bunner, and Gi((iam S9dne9 &orter -". #enr90. Gi((iam 4ean #o2e((' a('o re:re'ented the rea(i't tradition through hi' no?e(', inc(uding The ,ise of "ilas Lapham and hi' 2or> a' editor o3 the Atlantic /onthl$. #enr9 ;ame' -18!3A1+1)0 con3ronted the "(d Gor(dANe2 Gor(d di(emma b9 2riting direct(9 about it. A(though born in Ne2 Mor> 1it9, he ':ent mo't o3 hi' adu(t 9ear' in $ng(and. %an9 o3 hi' no?e(' center on American' 2ho (i?e in or tra?e( to $uro:e. Gith it' intricate, high(9 Cua(i3ied 'entence' and di''ection o3 emotiona( and :'9cho(ogica( nuance, ;ame'D' 3iction can be daunting. Among hi' more acce''ib(e 2or>' are the no?e((a' Dais$ /iller, about an enchanting American gir( in $uro:e, and The Turn of the "crew, an enigmatic gho't 'tor9. GeditHTurn of the century

$rne't #eming2a9 in Gor(d Gar uni3orm. At the beginning o3 the *0th centur9, American no?e(i't' 2ere eB:anding 3ictionD' 'ocia( ':ectrum to encom:a'' both high and (o2 (i3e and 'ometime' connected to the natura(i't 'choo( o3 rea(i'm. n her 'torie' and no?e(', $dith Gharton -18)*A1+350 'crutini,ed the u::erAc(a'', $a'ternA'eaboard'ociet9 in 2hich 'he had gro2n u:. "ne o3 her 3ine't boo>', The Age of %nnocence, center' on a man 2ho choo'e' to marr9 a con?entiona(, 'ocia((9 acce:tab(e 2oman rather than a 3a'cinating out'ider. At about the 'ame time, Ste:hen 1rane -1851A1+000, be't >no2n 3or hi' 1i?i( Gar no?e( The ,e Ba ge of Courage, de:icted the (i3e o3 Ne2 Mor> 1it9 :ro'titute' in /aggieA A Girl of the "treets. And in "ister Carrie, Theodore 4rei'er -1851A1+!50 :ortra9ed a countr9 gir( 2ho mo?e' to 1hicago and become' a >e:t 2oman. #am(in
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8ar(and and 6ran> Norri' 2rote about the :rob(em' o3 American 3armer' and other 'ocia( i''ue' 3rom a natura(i't :er':ecti?e. %ore direct(9 :o(itica( 2riting' di'cu''ed 'ocia( i''ue' and :o2er o3 cor:oration'. Some (i>e $d2ard Be((am9 in Loo(ing Bac(war out(ined other :o''ib(e :o(itica( and 'ocia( 3rame2or>'. U:ton Sinc(air, mo't 3amou' 3or hi' meatA:ac>ing no?e( The .ungle, ad?ocated 'ocia(i'm. "ther :o(itica( 2riter' o3 the :eriod inc(uded $d2in %ar>ham, Gi((iam @aughn %ood9. ;ourna(i'tic critic', inc(uding da %. Tarbe(( and Linco(n Ste33en' 2ere (abe(edThe %uc>ra>er'. #enr9 Broo>' Adam'D (iterate autobiogra:h9, The E ucation of Henr$ A ams a('o de:icted a 'tinging de'cri:tion o3 the education '9'tem and modern (i3e. $B:erimentation in 't9(e and 3orm 'oon 7oined the ne2 3reedom in 'ub7ect matter. n 1+0+, 8ertrude Stein -185!A1+!)0, b9 then an eB:atriate in &ari', :ub(i'hed Three Li!es, an inno?ati?e 2or> o3 3iction in3(uenced b9 her 3ami(iarit9 2ith cubi'm, 7a,,, and other mo?ement' in contem:orar9 art and mu'ic. Stein (abe(ed a grou: o3 American (iterar9 notab(e' 2ho (i?ed in &ari' in the 1+*0' and 1+30' a' the OLo't 8eneration.O The :oet $,ra &ound -1885A1+5*0 2a' born in daho but ':ent much o3 hi' adu(t (i3e in $uro:e. #i' 2or> i' com:(eB, 'ometime' ob'cure, 2ith mu(ti:(e re3erence' to other art 3orm' and to a ?a't range o3 (iterature, both Ge'tern and $a'tern. #e in3(uenced man9 other :oet', notab(9 T. S. $(iot -1888A1+)50, another eB:atriate. $(iot 2rote ':are, cerebra( :oetr9, carried b9 a den'e 'tructure o3 '9mbo('. n The Waste Lan , he embodied a 7aundiced ?i'ion o3 :o'tAGor(d Gar 'ociet9 in 3ragmented, haunted image'. Li>e &oundD', $(iotD' :oetr9 cou(d be high(9 a((u'i?e, and 'ome edition' o3 The Waste Lan come 2ith 3ootnote' 'u::(ied b9 the :oet. n 1+!8, $(iot 2on the Nobe( &ri,e in Literature. American 2riter' a('o eB:re''ed the di'i((u'ionment 3o((o2ing u:on the 2ar. The 'torie' and no?e(' o3 6. Scott 6it,gera(d -18+)A1+!00 ca:ture the re't(e'', :(ea'ureA hungr9, de3iant mood o3 the 1+*0'. 6it,gera(dD' characteri'tic theme, eB:re''ed :oignant(9 in The Great Gats'$, i' the tendenc9 o3 9outhD' go(den dream' to di''o(?e in 3ai(ure and di'a::ointment. 6it,gera(d a('o e(ucidate' the co((a:'e o3 'ome >e9 American dea(', 'et out in the 4ec(aration o3 nde:endence, 'uch a' (ibert9, 'ocia( unit9, good go?ernance and :eace, 3eature' 2hich 2ere 'e?ere(9 threatened b9 the :re''ure' o3 modern ear(9 *0th centur9 'ociet9. Sinc(air Le2i' and Sher2ood Ander'on a('o 2rote no?e(' 2ith critica( de:iction' o3 American (i3e. ;ohn 4o' &a''o' 2rote about the 2ar and a('o the U.S.A. tri(og9 2hich eBtended into the 4e:re''ion.

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6. Scott 6it,gera(d, :hotogra:hed b9 1ar( ?an @echten, 1+35. $rne't #eming2a9 -18++A1+)10 'a2 ?io(ence and death 3ir'tAhand a' an ambu(ance dri?er in Gor(d Gar , and the carnage :er'uaded him that ab'tract (anguage 2a' mo't(9 em:t9 and mi'(eading. #e cut out unnece''ar9 2ord' 3rom hi' 2riting, 'im:(i3ied the 'entence 'tructure, and concentrated on concrete ob7ect' and action'. #e adhered to a mora( code that em:ha'i,ed grace under :re''ure, and hi' :rotagoni't' 2ere 'trong, 'i(ent men 2ho o3ten dea(t a2>2ard(9 2ith 2omen. The "un Also ,ises and A )arewell to Arms are genera((9 con'idered hi' be't no?e('I in 1+5!, he 2on the Nobe( &ri,e in Literature. 6i?e 9ear' be3ore #eming2a9, another American no?e(i't had 2on the Nobe( &ri,eJ Gi((iam 6au(>ner -18+5A1+)*0. 6au(>ner managed to encom:a'' an enormou' range o3 humanit9 in Mo>na:ata2:ha 1ount9, a %i''i''i::ian region o3 hi' o2n in?ention. #e recorded hi' character'D 'eeming(9 unedited ramb(ing' in order to re:re'ent their inner 'tate', a techniCue ca((ed O'tream o3 con'ciou'ne''.O - n 3act, the'e :a''age' are care3u((9 cra3ted, and their 'eeming(9 chaotic 'tructure concea(' mu(ti:(e (a9er' o3 meaning.0 #e a('o 7umb(ed time 'eCuence' to 'ho2 ho2 the :a't ` e':ecia((9 the '(a?eAho(ding era o3 the 4ee: South ` endure' in the :re'ent. Among hi' great 2or>' are The "oun an the )ur$, A'salom, A'salomI, Go Down, /oses, and The *n!an3uishe . GeditHBepression-era literature 4e:re''ion era (iterature 2a' b(unt and direct in it' 'ocia( critici'm. ;ohn Steinbec> -1+0*A1+)80 2a' born in Sa(ina', 1a(i3ornia, 2here he 'et man9 o3 hi' 'torie'. #i' 't9(e 2a' 'im:(e and e?ocati?e, 2inning him the 3a?or o3 the reader' but not o3 the critic'. Steinbec> o3ten 2rote about :oor, 2or>ingAc(a'' :eo:(e and their 'trugg(e to (ead a decent and hone't (i3eI he 2a' :robab(9 the mo't 'ocia((9 a2are 2riter o3 hi' :eriod. The Grapes of Wrath, con'idered hi' ma'ter:iece, i' a 'trong,
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'ocia((9Aoriented no?e( that te((' the 'tor9 o3 the ;oad', a :oor 3ami(9 3rom ">(ahoma and their 7ourne9 to 1a(i3ornia in 'earch o3 a better (i3e. "ther :o:u(ar no?e(' inc(ude Tortilla )lat, 2f /ice an /en, Canner$ ,ow, and East of E en. #e 2a' a2arded the Nobe( &ri,e in Literature in 1+)*. "ther 2riter' 'ometime' con'idered :art o3 the :ro(etarian 'choo( inc(ude Nathanae( Ge't, "(i?e Ti(3ord 4argan, Tom <romer, Robert 1ant2e((, and $d2ard Ander'on. #enr9 %i((er a''umed a uniCue :(ace in American Literature in the 1+30' 2hen hi' 'emiAautobiogra:hica( no?e(', 2ritten and :ub(i'hed in &ari', 2ere banned 3rom the US. A(though hi' ma7or 2or>', 2hich inc(ude Tro:ic o3 1ancer -no?e(0 and B(ac> S:ring, 2ou(dnDt be c(eared 3or American 'a(e and :ub(ication unti( 1+)*, their theme' and 't9(i'tic inno?ation' had a(read9 eBerted a ma7or in3(uence on 'ucceeding generation' o3 American 2riter'. GeditH$ost-%orld %ar II

Norman %ai(er, :hotogra:hed b9 1ar( @an @echten, 1+!8 The :eriod in time 3rom the end o3 Gor(d Gar u: unti(, rough(9, the (ate 1+)0' and ear(9 1+50' 'a2 to the :ub(ication o3 'ome o3 the mo't :o:u(ar 2or>' in American hi'tor9. The (a't 3e2 o3 the more rea(i'tic %oderni't' a(ong 2ith the 2i(d(9 Romantic Beatni>' (arge(9 dominated the :eriod, 2hi(e the direct re':ondent' to AmericaD' in?o(?ement in Gor(d Gar contributed in their notab(e in3(uence. Though born in 1anada, 1hicagoArai'ed Sau( Be((o2 2ou(d become the mo't in3(uentia( no?e(i't in America in the decade' 3o((o2ing Gor(d Gar . n 2or>' (i>e The A !entures of Augie /arch and Hen erson the ,ain #ing, Be((o2 :ainted ?i?id :ortrait' o3 the American cit9 and the di'tincti?e character' :eo:(ing it. Be((o2 2ent on to 2in the Nobe( &ri,e 3or Literature in 1+5).

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6rom ;.4. Sa(ingerD' 1ine "tories and The Catcher in the ,$e to S9(?ia &(athD' The Bell .ar, AmericaD' madne'' 2a' :(aced to the 3ore3ront o3 the nationD' (iterar9 eB:re''ion. fmigrg Author' 'uch a' @(adimir Nabo>o?, 2ith Lolita, 3orged on 2ith the theme, and, at a(mo't the 'ame time, theBeatni>' too> a concerted 'te: a2a9 3rom their Lo't 8eneration :redece''or'. The :oetr9 and 3iction o3 the OBeat 8eneration,O (arge(9 born o3 a circ(e o3 inte((ect' 3ormed in Ne2 Mor> 1it9 around 1o(umbia Uni?er'it9 and e'tab(i'hed more o33icia((9 'ome time (ater in San 6ranci'co, came o3 age. The term Beat re3erred, a(( at the 'ame time, to the countercu(tura( rh9thm o3 the ;a,, 'cene, to a 'en'e o3 rebe((ion regarding the con'er?ati?e 'tre'' o3 :o'tA2ar 'ociet9, and to an intere't in ne2 3orm' o3 ':iritua( eB:erience through drug', a(coho(, :hi(o'o:h9, and re(igion, and ':eci3ica((9 through =en Buddhi'm. A((en 8in'berg 'et the tone o3 the mo?ement in hi' :oem Howl, a Ghitmane'Cue 2or> that beganJ O 'a2 the be't mind' o3 m9 generation de'tro9ed b9 madne'' ...O At the 'ame time, hi' good 3riend ;ac> <erouac-1+**A1+)+0 ce(ebrated the Beat'D ro((ic>ing, ':ontaneou', and ?agrant (i3eA 't9(e in, among man9 other 2or>', hi' ma'ter3u( and mo't :o:u(ar no?e( 2n the ,oa . Regarding the 2ar no?e( ':eci3ica((9, there 2a' a (iterar9 eB:(o'ion in America during the :o'tAGor(d Gar era. Some o3 the be't >no2n o3 the 2or>' :roduced inc(uded Norman %ai(erD'The 1a(e an the Dea -1+!80, ;o'e:h #e((erD' Catch5 GG -1+)10 and <urt @onnegut ;r.D' "laughterhouse5)i!e -1+)+0. /acBir , 2ritten b9 Barbara 8ar'on, 2a' another 2e((Arecei?ed 2or> eB:o'ing the ab'urdit9 o3 2ar. n contra't, ;ohn U:di>e 'ho2ca'ed 2hat cou(d be ca((ed the more id9((ic 'ide o3 American (i3e, a::roaching it 3rom a Cuiet, but 'ub?er'i?e 2riting 't9(e. #i' 1+)0 boo> ,a''it, ,un bro>e ne2 ground on it' re(ea'e b9 it' characteri,ation and detai( o3 the American midd(e c(a''. t i' a('o credited a' one o3 the 3ir't no?e(' to e?er u'e the :re'ent ten'e in it' narration. Ra(:h $((i'onD' 1+53 no?e( %n!isi'le /an 2a' in'tant(9 recogni,ed a' among the mo't :o2er3u( and 'en'ationa( 2or>' o3 the immediate :o'tA2ar 9ear'. The 'tor9 o3 a b(ac> man in the urban north, the no?e( (aid bare the o3ten re:re''ed racia( ten'ion 'ti(( :re?ai(ing in the nation 2hi(e a('o 'ucceeding a' an eBi'tentia( character 'tud9. 6(anner9 "D1onnor -b. %arch *5, 1+*5 in 8eorgia ` d. Augu't 3, 1+)! in 8eorgia0 a('o eB:(ored and de?e(o:ed the theme o3 Dthe SouthD in American (iterature that 2a' dear to %ar> T2ainand other (eading author' o3 American (iterar9 hi'tor9 -Wise Bloo 1+5*I The Violent Bear %t Awa$ 1+)0I E!er$thing That ,ises /ust Con!erge, her be'tA>no2n 'hort 'tor9, and an e:on9mou' co((ection :ub(i'hed :o'thumou'(9 in 1+)50.
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GeditH8ontemporary American fiction 6rom rough(9 the ear(9 1+50' unti( :re'ent da9, the be'tA>no2n (iterar9 categor9, though o3ten conte'ted a' a :ro:er tit(e, ha' been &o'tmoderni'm. Notab(e, inte((ectua((9 2e((Arecei?ed 2riter' o3 the :eriod -not nece''ari(9 &o'tmodern0 ha?e inc(uded Thoma' &9nchon, Tim "DBrien, Robert Stone, 4on 4eLi((o, &au( Au'ter, Toni %orri'on, &hi(i: Roth, 1ormac %c1arth9,Ra9mond 1ar?er, ;ohn 1hee?er, ;o9ce 1aro( "ate' and Annie 4i((ard. Author' t9:ica((9 (abe(ed &o'tmodern ha?e dea(t 2ith and are toda9 dea(ing direct(9 2ith man9 o3 the 2a9' that :o:u(ar cu(ture and ma'' media ha?e in3(uenced the a?erage AmericanD' :erce:tion and eB:erience o3 the 2or(d, 2hich i' Cuite o3ten critici,ed a(ong 2ith the American go?ernment, and, in man9 ca'e', 2ith AmericaD' hi'tor9, but e':ecia((9 2ith the a?erage AmericanD' :erce:tion o3 hi' or her o2n hi'tor9. %an9 &o'tmodern author' are a('o 2e(( >no2n 3or 'etting 'cene' in 3a't 3ood re'taurant', on 'ub2a9', or in 'ho::ing ma(('I the9 2rite about drug', :(a'tic 'urger9, and te(e?i'ion commercia('. Sometime', the'e de:iction' (oo> a(mo't (i>e ce(ebration'. But 'imu(taneou'(9, 2riter' in thi' 'choo( ta>e a >no2ing, 'e(3A con'ciou', 'arca'tic, and -'ome critic' 2ou(d 'a90 conde'cending attitude to2ard' their 'ub7ect'. Bret $a'ton $((i', 4a?e $gger', 1huc> &a(ahniu>, and 4a?id 6o'ter Ga((ace are, :erha:', be't >no2n 3or the'e :articu(ar tendencie'. Ge 'hou(d a('o con'ider a gro2ing S:ani'h (iterature o3 United State'.

B "8RA&#M AN4 4 S1USS "N "N T#$ G"R<S. 8R"U& &R$S$NTAT "NS "NJ

101

1- 1a:tain ;ohn Smith 2- Gi((iam &enn 3- ;ohn Ginthro: 4- Gi((iam Brad3ord

5- ;onathan $d2ard'

30- Gi((iam 6au(>ner

31- ;ohn Steinbec> 32- Norman %ai(er 33- ;.4. Sa(inger 34- Ra(:h $((i'on 35- Arthur %i((er 36- Tene'ee Gi((iam' 37- Ste:hen >ing 38- ;ac> London 39- "S#enr9
40- 6angston ;ughes

6- 6rederic> 4oug(a' 7- Thoma' ;e33er'on 8- Ben7amin 6ran>(in 9- &atric> #enr9 10- Thoma' &aine 11- ;ame' %adi'on 12- Ga'hington r?ing 13- $dgar A((an &oe
14- ;ame' 6enimore 1oo:er

41- $dgar Rice Burrough' ?0)6 "?0-?+TD aD "ummariHe the 'iograph$ of one of these authors'D E7plain the socio5 cultural conte7t hisMher writing e!elope - CD Discuss one or the most important of hisMher wor(s-

15- Ra(:h Ga(do $mer'on 16- #enr9 4a?id Thoreau

17- #arriet Beecher Sto2e

18- Nathanie( #a2thorne 19- #erman %e(?i((e 20- Ga(t Ghitman 21- 4. #. La2rence 22- $mi(9 4ic>in'on 23- T. S. $(iot 24- %ar> T2ain 25- $rne't #eming2a9 26- Ste:hen 1rane
27- U:ton Sinc(air

28- 6. Scott 6it,gera(d 29- $rne't #eming2a9

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S;?0T ST?0P "?0-?+T 0ip @an "inkle by "ashington &rving ) %?ST;+,?+S "0&T&NC ?! <&$<0&(; -N&(-$0.?(-$0 .y "oden, Cod of Sa/ons, !rom whence comes "ensday, that is "odensday, Truth is a thing that ever & will keep +nto thylke day in which & creep into ,y sepulchre. R 1ARTGR 8#T The 3o((o2ing Ta(e 2a' 3ound among the :a:er' o3 the (ate 4iedrich <nic>erboc>er, an o(d gent(eman o3 Ne2 Mor>, 2ho 2a' ?er9 curiou' in the 4utch hi'tor9 o3 the :ro?ince, and the manner' o3 the de'cendant' 3rom it' :rimiti?e 'ett(er'. #i' hi'torica( re'earche', ho2e?er, did not (ie 'o much among boo>' a' among menI 3or the 3ormer are (amentab(9 'cant9 on hi' 3a?orite to:ic'I 2herea' he 3ound the o(d burgher', and 'ti(( more their 2i?e', rich in that (egendar9 (ore, 'o in?a(uab(e to true hi'tor9. Ghene?er, there3ore, he ha::ened u:on a genuine 4utch 3ami(9, 'nug(9 'hut u: in it' (o2Aroo3ed 3armhou'e, under a ':reading '9camore, he (oo>ed u:on it a' a (itt(e c(a':ed ?o(ume o3 b(ac>A(etter, and 'tudied it 2ith the ,ea( o3 a boo>A2orm.

The re'u(t o3 a(( the'e re'earche' 2a' a hi'tor9 o3 the :ro?ince during the reign o3 the 4utch go?ernor', 2hich he :ub(i'hed 'ome 9ear' 'ince. There ha?e been ?ariou' o:inion' a' to the (iterar9 character o3 hi' 2or>, and, to te(( the truth, it i' not a 2hit better than it 'hou(d be. t' chie3 merit i' it' 'cru:u(ou' accurac9, 2hich indeed 2a' a (itt(e Cue'tioned on it' 3ir't a::earance, but ha' 'ince been com:(ete(9 e'tab(i'hedI and it i' no2 admitted into a(( hi'torica( co((ection', a' a boo> o3 unCue'tionab(e authorit9. The o(d gent(eman died 'hort(9 a3ter the :ub(ication o3 hi' 2or>, and no2 that he i' dead and gone, it cannot do much harm to hi' memor9 to 'a9 that hi' time might ha?e been better em:(o9ed in 2eightier (abor'. #e, ho2e?er, 2a' a:t to ride hi' hobb9 hi' o2n 2a9I and though it did no2 and then >ic> u: the du't a (itt(e in the e9e' o3 hi' neighbor', and grie?e the ':irit o3 'ome 3riend', 3or 2hom he 3e(t the true't de3erence and a33ectionI 9et hi' error' and 3o((ie' are remembered Omore in 'orro2 than in anger,O and it begin' to be 'u':ected, that he ne?er intended to in7ure or o33end. But ho2e?er hi' memor9 ma9 be a::reciated b9 critic', it i' 'ti(( he(d dear b9 man9 3o(>', 2ho'e good o:inion i' 2e(( 2orth ha?ingI :articu(ar(9 b9 certain bi'cuitAba>er', 2ho ha?e gone 'o 3ar a' to im:rint hi' (i>ene'' on their ne2A9ear ca>e'I and ha?e thu' gi?en him a chance 3or immorta(it9, a(mo't eCua( to the being 'tam:ed on a Gater(oo %eda(, or a Lueen AnneD' 6arthing.

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Ghoe?er ha' made a ?o9age u: the #ud'on mu't remember the <aat'>i(( mountain'. The9 are a di'membered branch o3 the great A::a(achian 3ami(9, and are 'een a2a9 to the 2e't o3 the ri?er, '2e((ing u: to a nob(e height, and (ording it o?er the 'urrounding countr9. $?er9 change o3 'ea'on, e?er9 change o3 2eather, indeed, e?er9 hour o3 the da9, :roduce' 'ome change in the magica( hue' and 'ha:e' o3 the'e mountain', and the9 are regarded b9 a(( the good 2i?e', 3ar and near, a' :er3ect barometer'. Ghen the 2eather i' 3air and 'ett(ed, the9 are c(othed in b(ue and :ur:(e, and :rint their bo(d out(ine' on the c(ear e?ening '>9, but, 'ometime', 2hen the re't o3 the (and'ca:e i' c(oud(e'', the9 2i(( gather a hood o3 gra9 ?a:or' about their 'ummit', 2hich, in the (a't ra9' o3 the 'etting 'un, 2i(( g(o2 and (ight u: (i>e a cro2n o3 g(or9. At the 3oot o3 the'e 3air9 mountain', the ?o9ager ma9 ha?e de'cried the (ight 'mo>e cur(ing u: 3rom a ?i((age, 2ho'e 'hing(eAroo3' g(eam among the tree', 7u't 2here the b(ue tint' o3 the u:(and me(t a2a9 into the 3re'h green o3 the nearer (and'ca:e. t i' a (itt(e ?i((age o3 great antiCuit9, ha?ing been 3ounded b9 'ome o3 the 4utch co(oni't', in the ear(9 time' o3 the :ro?ince, 7u't about the beginning o3 the go?ernment o3 the good &eter Stu9?e'ant, -ma9 he re't in :eacec0 and there 2ere 'ome o3 the hou'e' o3 the origina( 'ett(er' 'tanding 2ithin a 3e2 9ear', bui(t o3 'ma(( 9e((o2 bric>' brought 3rom #o((and, ha?ing (atticed 2indo2' and gab(e 3ront', 'urmounted 2ith 2eatherAcoc>'.

n that 'ame ?i((age, and in one o3 the'e ?er9 hou'e' -2hich, to te(( the :reci'e truth, 2a' 'ad(9 timeA2orn and 2eatherA beaten0, there (i?ed man9 9ear' 'ince, 2hi(e the countr9 2a' 9et a :ro?ince o3 8reat Britain, a 'im:(e goodAnatured 3e((o2 o3 the name o3 Ri: @an Gin>(e. #e 2a' a de'cendant o3 the @an Gin>(e' 2ho 3igured 'o ga((ant(9 in the chi?a(rou' da9' o3 &eter Stu9?e'ant, and accom:anied him to the 'iege o3 6ort 1hri'tina. #e inherited, ho2e?er, but (itt(e o3 the martia( character o3 hi' ance'tor'. ha?e ob'er?ed that he 2a' a 'im:(e goodAnatured manI he 2a', moreo?er, a >ind neighbor, and an obedient henA :ec>ed hu'band. ndeed, to the (atter circum'tance might be o2ing that mee>ne'' o3 ':irit 2hich gained him 'uch uni?er'a( :o:u(arit9I 3or tho'e men are mo't a:t to be ob'eCuiou' and conci(iating abroad, 2ho are under the di'ci:(ine o3 'hre2' at home. Their tem:er', doubt(e'', are rendered :(iant and ma((eab(e in the 3ier9 3urnace o3 dome'tic tribu(ationI and a curtain (ecture i' 2orth a(( the 'ermon' in the 2or(d 3or teaching the ?irtue' o3 :atience and (ongA'u33ering. A termagant 2i3e ma9, there3ore, in 'ome re':ect', be con'idered a to(erab(e b(e''ingI and i3 'o, Ri: @an Gin>(e 2a' thrice b(e''ed. 1ertain it i', that he 2a' a great 3a?orite among a(( the good 2i?e' o3 the ?i((age, 2ho, a' u'ua(, 2ith the amiab(e 'eB, too> hi' :art in a(( 3ami(9 'Cuabb(e'I and ne?er 3ai(ed, 2hene?er the9 ta(>ed tho'e matter' o?er in their e?ening go''i:ing', to (a9 a(( the b(ame on 4ame @an Gin>(e. The chi(dren o3 the ?i((age, too, 2ou(d 'hout 2ith 7o9 2hene?er he a::roached. #e a''i'ted at their ':ort', made their :(a9thing', taught them to 3(9 >ite' and 'hoot marb(e', and to(d them (ong 'torie' o3 gho't', 2itche', and ndian'. Ghene?er he 2ent dodging
104

about the ?i((age, he 2a' 'urrounded b9 a troo: o3 them, hanging on hi' '>irt', c(ambering on hi' bac>, and :(a9ing a thou'and tric>' on him 2ith im:unit9I and not a dog 2ou(d bar> at him throughout the neighborhood. The great error in Ri:D' com:o'ition 2a' an in'u:erab(e a?er'ion to a(( >ind' o3 :ro3itab(e (abor. t cou(d not be 3rom the 2ant o3 a''iduit9 or :er'e?eranceI 3or he 2ou(d 'it on a 2et roc>, 2ith a rod a' (ong and hea?9 a' a TartarD' (ance, and 3i'h a(( da9 2ithout a murmur, e?en though he 'hou(d not be encouraged b9 a 'ing(e nibb(e. #e 2ou(d carr9 a 3o2(ingA:iece on hi' 'hou(der 3or hour' together, trudging through 2ood' and '2am:', and u: hi(( and do2n da(e, to 'hoot a 3e2 'Cuirre(' or 2i(d :igeon'. #e 2ou(d ne?er re3u'e to a''i't a neighbor e?en in the roughe't toi(, and 2a' a 3oremo't man at a(( countr9 3ro(ic' 3or hu'>ing ndian corn, or bui(ding 'toneA3ence'I the 2omen o3 the ?i((age, too, u'ed to em:(o9 him to run their errand', and to do 'uch (itt(e odd 7ob' a' their (e'' ob(iging hu'band' 2ou(d not do 3or them. n a 2ord Ri: 2a' read9 to attend to an9bod9D' bu'ine'' but hi' o2nI but a' to doing 3ami(9 dut9, and >ee:ing hi' 3arm in order, he 3ound it im:o''ib(e. n 3act, he dec(ared it 2a' o3 no u'e to 2or> on hi' 3armI it 2a' the mo't :e'ti(ent (itt(e :iece o3 ground in the 2ho(e countr9I e?er9 thing about it 2ent 2rong, and 2ou(d go 2rong, in ':ite o3 him. #i' 3ence' 2ere continua((9 3a((ing to :iece'I hi' co2 2ou(d either go a'tra9, or get among the cabbage'I 2eed' 2ere 'ure to gro2 Cuic>er in hi' 3ie(d' than an92here e('eI the rain a(2a9' made

a :oint o3 'etting in 7u't a' he had 'ome outAdoor 2or> to doI 'o that though hi' :atrimonia( e'tate had d2ind(ed a2a9 under hi' management, acre b9 acre, unti( there 2a' (itt(e more (e3t than a mere :atch o3 ndian corn and :otatoe', 9et it 2a' the 2or't conditioned 3arm in the neighborhood. #i' chi(dren, too, 2ere a' ragged and 2i(d a' i3 the9 be(onged to nobod9. #i' 'on Ri:, an urchin begotten in hi' o2n (i>ene'', :romi'ed to inherit the habit', 2ith the o(d c(othe' o3 hi' 3ather. #e 2a' genera((9 'een troo:ing (i>e a co(t at hi' motherD' hee(', eCui::ed in a :air o3 hi' 3atherD' ca'tAo33 ga((iga'>in', 2hich he had much ado to ho(d u: 2ith one hand, a' a 3ine (ad9 doe' her train in bad 2eather. Ri: @an Gin>(e, ho2e?er, 2a' one o3 tho'e ha::9 morta(', o3 3oo(i'h, 2e((A oi(ed di':o'ition', 2ho ta>e the 2or(d ea'9, eat 2hite bread or bro2n, 2hiche?er can be got 2ith (ea't thought or troub(e, and 2ou(d rather 'tar?e on a :enn9 than 2or> 3or a :ound. 3 (e3t to him'e(3, he 2ou(d ha?e 2hi't(ed (i3e a2a9 in :er3ect contentmentI but hi' 2i3e >e:t continua((9 dinning in hi' ear' about hi' id(ene'', hi' care(e''ne'', and the ruin he 2a' bringing on hi' 3ami(9. %orning, noon, and night, her tongue 2a' ince''ant(9 going, and e?er9thing he 'aid or did 2a' 'ure to :roduce a torrent o3 hou'eho(d e(oCuence. Ri: had but one 2a9 o3 re:(9ing to a(( (ecture' o3 the >ind, and that, b9 3reCuent u'e, had gro2n into a habit. #e 'hrugged hi' 'hou(der', 'hoo> hi' head, ca't u: hi' e9e', but 'aid nothing. Thi', ho2e?er, a(2a9' :ro?o>ed a 3re'h ?o((e9 3rom hi' 2i3eI 'o that he 2a' 3ain to dra2 o33 hi' 3orce', and ta>e to the out'ide o3 the hou'e A the on(9 'ide 2hich, in truth, be(ong' to a henA:ec>ed hu'band.
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Ri:D' 'o(e dome'tic adherent 2a' hi' dog Go(3, 2ho 2a' a' much henA :ec>ed a' hi' ma'terI 3or 4ame @an Gin>(e regarded them a' com:anion' in id(ene'', and e?en (oo>ed u:on Go(3 2ith an e?i( e9e, a' the cau'e o3 hi' ma'terD' going 'o o3ten a'tra9. True it i', in a(( :oint' o3 ':irit be3itting an honorab(e dog, he 2a' a' courageou' an anima( a' e?er 'coured the 2ood' A but 2hat courage can 2ith'tand the e?erA during and a((Abe'etting terror' o3 a 2omanD' tongueH The moment Go(3 entered the hou'e hi' cre't 3e((, hi' tai( droo:ed to the ground, or cur(ed bet2een hi' (eg', he 'nea>ed about 2ith a ga((o2' air, ca'ting man9 a 'ide(ong g(ance at 4ame @an Gin>(e, and at the (ea't 3(ouri'h o3 a broomA'tic> or (ad(e, he 2ou(d 3(9 to the door 2ith 9e(:ing :reci:itation. Time' gre2 2or'e and 2or'e 2ith Ri: @an Gin>(e a' 9ear' o3 matrimon9 ro((ed onI a tart tem:er ne?er me((o2' 2ith age, and a 'har: tongue i' the on(9 edged too( that gro2' >eener 2ith con'tant u'e. 6or a (ong 2hi(e he u'ed to con'o(e him'e(3, 2hen dri?en 3rom home, b9 3reCuenting a >ind o3 :er:etua( c(ub o3 the 'age', :hi(o'o:her', and other id(e :er'onage' o3 the ?i((ageI 2hich he(d it' 'e''ion' on a bench be3ore a 'ma(( inn, de'ignated b9 a rubicund :ortrait o3 #i' %a7e't9 8eorge the Third. #ere the9 u'ed to 'it in the 'hade through a (ong (a,9 'ummerD' da9, ta(>ing (i't(e''(9 o?er ?i((age go''i:, or te((ing end(e'' '(ee:9 'torie' about nothing. But it 2ou(d ha?e been 2orth an9 'tate'manD' mone9 to ha?e heard the :ro3ound di'cu''ion' that 'ometime' too> :(ace, 2hen b9 chance an o(d ne2':a:er 3e(( into their hand' 3rom

'ome :a''ing tra?e((er. #o2 'o(emn(9 the9 2ou(d (i'ten to the content', a' dra2(ed out b9 4erric> @an Bumme(, the 'choo(ma'ter, a da::er (earned (itt(e man, 2ho 2a' not to be daunted b9 the mo't gigantic 2ord in the dictionar9I and ho2 'age(9 the9 2ou(d de(iberate u:on :ub(ic e?ent' 'ome month' a3ter the9 had ta>en :(ace. The o:inion' o3 thi' 7unto 2ere com:(ete(9 contro((ed b9 Nicho(a' @edder, a :atriarch o3 the ?i((age, and (and(ord o3 the inn, at the door o3 2hich he too> hi' 'eat 3rom morning ti(( night, 7u't mo?ing 'u33icient(9 to a?oid the 'un and >ee: in the 'hade o3 a (arge treeI 'o that the neighbor' cou(d te(( the hour b9 hi' mo?ement' a' accurate(9 a' b9 a 'undia(. t i' true he 2a' rare(9 heard to ':ea>, but 'mo>ed hi' :i:e ince''ant(9. #i' adherent', ho2e?er -3or e?er9 great man ha' hi' adherent'0, :er3ect(9 under'tood him, and >ne2 ho2 to gather hi' o:inion'. Ghen an9thing that 2a' read or re(ated di':(ea'ed him, he 2a' ob'er?ed to 'mo>e hi' :i:e ?ehement(9, and to 'end 3orth 'hort, 3reCuent and angr9 :u33'I but 2hen :(ea'ed, he 2ou(d inha(e the 'mo>e '(o2(9 and tranCui((9, and emit it in (ight and :(acid c(oud'I and 'ometime', ta>ing the :i:e 3rom hi' mouth, and (etting the 3ragrant ?a:or cur( about hi' no'e, 2ou(d gra?e(9 nod hi' head in to>en o3 :er3ect a::robation. 6rom e?en thi' 'trongho(d the un(uc>9 Ri: 2a' at (ength routed b9 hi' termagant 2i3e, 2ho 2ou(d 'udden(9 brea> in u:on the tranCui((it9 o3 the a''emb(age and ca(( the member' a(( to naughtI nor 2a' that augu't :er'onage, Nicho(a' @edder him'e(3, 'acred 3rom the daring tongue o3 thi' terrib(e ?irago, 2ho charged him outright 2ith encouraging her hu'band in habit' o3 id(ene''.
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&oor Ri: 2a' at (a't reduced a(mo't to de':airI and hi' on(9 a(ternati?e, to e'ca:e 3rom the (abor o3 the 3arm and c(amor o3 hi' 2i3e, 2a' to ta>e gun in hand and 'tro(( a2a9 into the 2ood'. #ere he 2ou(d 'ometime' 'eat him'e(3 at the 3oot o3 a tree, and 'hare the content' o3 hi' 2a((et 2ith Go(3, 2ith 2hom he '9m:athi,ed a' a 3e((o2A'u33erer in :er'ecution. O&oor Go(3,O he 2ou(d 'a9, Oth9 mi'tre'' (ead' thee a dogD' (i3e o3 itI but ne?er mind, m9 (ad, 2hi('t (i?e thou 'ha(t ne?er 2ant a 3riend to 'tand b9 theecO Go(3 2ou(d 2ag hi' tai(, (oo> 2i't3u(9 in hi' ma'terD' 3ace, and i3 dog' can 3ee( :it9 ?eri(9 be(ie?e he reci:rocated the 'entiment 2ith a(( hi' heart. n a (ong ramb(e o3 the >ind on a 3ine autumna( da9, Ri: had uncon'ciou'(9 'cramb(ed to one o3 the highe't :art' o3 the <aat'>i(( mountain'. #e 2a' a3ter hi' 3a?orite ':ort o3 'Cuirre( 'hooting, and the 'ti(( 'o(itude' had echoed and reAechoed 2ith the re:ort' o3 hi' gun. &anting and 3atigued, he thre2 him'e(3, (ate in the a3ternoon, on a green >no((, co?ered 2ith mountain herbage, that cro2ned the bro2 o3 a :reci:ice. 6rom an o:ening bet2een the tree' he cou(d o?er(oo> a(( the (o2er countr9 3or man9 a mi(e o3 rich 2ood(and. #e 'a2 at a di'tance the (ord(9 #ud'on, 3ar, 3ar be(o2 him, mo?ing on it' 'i(ent but ma7e'tic cour'e, 2ith the re3(ection o3 a :ur:(e c(oud, or the 'ai( o3 a (agging bar>, here and there '(ee:ing on it' g(a''9 bo'om, and at (a't (o'ing it'e(3 in the b(ue high(and'. "n the other 'ide he (oo>ed do2n into a dee: mountain g(en, 2i(d, (one(9, and 'hagged, the bottom 3i((ed 2ith 3ragment' 3rom the im:ending

c(i33', and 'carce(9 (ighted b9 the re3(ected ra9' o3 the 'etting 'un. 6or 'ome time Ri: (a9 mu'ing on thi' 'ceneI e?ening 2a' gradua((9 ad?ancingI the mountain' began to thro2 their (ong b(ue 'hado2' o?er the ?a((e9'I he 'a2 that it 2ou(d be dar> (ong be3ore he cou(d reach the ?i((age, and he hea?ed a hea?9 'igh 2hen he thought o3 encountering the terror' o3 4ame @an Gin>(e. A' he 2a' about to de'cend, he heard a ?oice 3rom a di'tance, ha((ooing, ORi: @an Gin>(ec Ri: @an Gin>(ecO #e (oo>ed round, but cou(d 'ee nothing but a cro2 2inging it' 'o(itar9 3(ight acro'' the mountain. #e thought hi' 3anc9 mu't ha?e decei?ed him, and turned again to de'cend, 2hen he heard the 'ame cr9 ring through the 'ti(( e?ening airJ ORi: @an Gin>(ec Ri: @an Gin>(ecO A at the 'ame time Go(3 bri't(ed u: hi' bac>, and gi?ing a (o2 gro2(, '>u(>ed to hi' ma'terD' 'ide, (oo>ing 3ear3u((9 do2n into the g(en. Ri: no2 3e(t a ?ague a::rehen'ion 'tea(ing o?er himI he (oo>ed anBiou'(9 in the 'ame direction, and :ercei?ed a 'trange 3igure '(o2(9 toi(ing u: the roc>', and bending under the 2eight o3 'omething he carried on hi' bac>. #e 2a' 'ur:ri'ed to 'ee an9 human being in thi' (one(9 and un3reCuented :(ace, but 'u::o'ing it to be 'ome one o3 the neighborhood in need o3 hi' a''i'tance, he ha'tened do2n to 9ie(d it. "n nearer a::roach he 2a' 'ti(( more 'ur:ri'ed at the 'ingu(arit9 o3 the 'trangerD' a::earance. #e 2a' a 'hort 'CuareAbui(t o(d 3e((o2, 2ith thic> bu'h9 hair, and a gri,,(ed beard. #i' dre'' 2a' o3 the antiCue 4utch 3a'hion A a c(oth 7er>in 'tra::ed round the 2ai't A 'e?era( :air o3 breeche', the outer one o3 am:(e ?o(ume, decorated 2ith ro2' o3 button' do2n the 'ide', and bunche' at the
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>nee'. #e bore on hi' 'hou(der a 'tout >eg, that 'eemed 3u(( o3 (iCuor, and made 'ign' 3or Ri: to a::roach and a''i't him 2ith the (oad. Though rather 'h9 and di'tru't3u( o3 thi' ne2 acCuaintance, Ri: com:(ied 2ith hi' u'ua( a(acrit9I and mutua((9 re(ie?ing one another, the9 c(ambered u: a narro2 gu((9, a::arent(9 the dr9 bed o3 a mountain torrent. A' the9 a'cended, Ri: e?er9 no2 and then heard (ong ro((ing :ea(', (i>e di'tant thunder, that 'eemed to i''ue out o3 a dee: ra?ine, or rather c(e3t, bet2een (o3t9 roc>', to2ard 2hich their rugged :ath conducted. #e :au'ed 3or an in'tant, but 'u::o'ing it to be the muttering o3 one o3 tho'e tran'ient thunderA'ho2er' 2hich o3ten ta>e :(ace in mountain height', he :roceeded. &a''ing through the ra?ine, the9 came to a ho((o2, (i>e a 'ma(( am:hitheatre, 'urrounded b9 :er:endicu(ar :reci:ice', o?er the brin>' o3 2hich im:ending tree' 'hot their branche', 'o that 9ou on(9 caught g(im:'e' o3 the a,ure '>9 and the bright e?ening c(oud. 4uring the 2ho(e time Ri: and hi' com:anion had (abored on in 'i(enceI 3or though the 3ormer mar?e((ed great(9 2hat cou(d be the ob7ect o3 carr9ing a >eg o3 (iCuor u: thi' 2i(d mountain, 9et there 2a' 'omething 'trange and incom:rehen'ib(e about the un>no2n, that in':ired a2e and chec>ed 3ami(iarit9. "n entering the am:hitheatre, ne2 ob7ect' o3 2onder :re'ented them'e(?e'. "n a (e?e( ':ot in the centre 2a' a com:an9 o3 oddA(oo>ing :er'onage' :(a9ing at nineA:in'. The9 2ere dre''ed in a Cuaint out(andi'h 3a'hionI 'ome 2ore 'hort doub(et', other' 7er>in', 2ith (ong >ni?e' in their be(t', and mo't o3

them had enormou' breeche', o3 'imi(ar 't9(e 2ith that o3 the guideD'. Their ?i'age', too, 2ere :ecu(iarJ one had a (arge beard, broad 3ace, and 'ma(( :iggi'h e9e'J the 3ace o3 another 'eemed to con'i't entire(9 o3 no'e, and 2a' 'urmounted b9 a 2hite 'ugarA(oa3 hat 'et o33 2ith a (itt(e red coc>D' tai(. The9 a(( had beard', o3 ?ariou' 'ha:e' and co(or'. There 2a' one 2ho 'eemed to be the commander. #e 2a' a 'tout o(d gent(eman, 2ith a 2eatherAbeaten countenanceI he 2ore a (aced doub(et, broad be(t and hanger, highAcro2ned hat and 3eather, red 'toc>ing', and highA hee(ed 'hoe', 2ith ro'e' in them. The 2ho(e grou: reminded Ri: o3 the 3igure' in an o(d 6(emi'h :ainting, in the :ar(or o3 4ominie @an Shaic>, the ?i((age :ar'on, and 2hich had been brought o?er 3rom #o((and at the time o3 the 'ett(ement. Ghat 'eemed :articu(ar(9 odd to Ri: 2a', that though the'e 3o(>' 2ere e?ident(9 amu'ing them'e(?e', 9et the9 maintained the gra?e't 3ace', the mo't m9'teriou' 'i(ence, and 2ere, 2itha(, the mo't me(ancho(9 :art9 o3 :(ea'ure he had e?er 2itne''ed. Nothing interru:ted the 'ti((ne'' o3 the 'cene but the noi'e o3 the ba((', 2hich, 2hene?er the9 2ere ro((ed, echoed a(ong the mountain' (i>e rumb(ing :ea(' o3 thunder. A' Ri: and hi' com:anion a::roached them, the9 'udden(9 de'i'ted 3rom their :(a9, and 'tared at him 2ith 'uch 3iBed 'tatueA(i>e ga,e, and 'uch 'trange, uncouth, (ac>A(u'tre countenance', that hi' heart turned 2ithin him, and hi' >nee' 'mote together. #i' com:anion no2 em:tied the content' o3 the >eg into (arge 3(agon', and made 'ign' to him to 2ait u:on the com:an9. #e obe9ed 2ith 3ear and tremb(ingI the9 Cua33ed the
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(iCuor in :ro3ound 'i(ence, and then returned to their game. B9 degree' Ri:D' a2e and a::rehen'ion 'ub'ided. #e e?en ?entured, 2hen no e9e 2a' 3iBed u:on him, to ta'te the be?erage, 2hich he 3ound had much o3 the 3(a?or o3 eBce((ent #o((and'. #e 2a' natura((9 a thir't9 'ou(, and 2a' 'oon tem:ted to re:eat the draught. "ne ta'te :ro?o>ed anotherI and he reiterated hi' ?i'it' to the 3(agon 'o o3ten that at (ength hi' 'en'e' 2ere o?er:o2ered, hi' e9e' '2am in hi' head, hi' head gradua((9 dec(ined, and he 3e(( into a dee: '(ee:. "n 2a>ing, he 3ound him'e(3 on the green >no(( 2hence he had 3ir't 'een the o(d man o3 the g(en. #e rubbed hi' e9e' A it 2a' a bright 'unn9 morning. The bird' 2ere ho::ing and t2ittering among the bu'he', and the eag(e 2a' 2hee(ing a(o3t, and brea'ting the :ure mountain bree,e. OSure(9,O thought Ri:, O ha?e not '(e:t here a(( night.O #e reca((ed the occurrence' be3ore he 3e(( a'(ee:. The 'trange man 2ith a >eg o3 (iCuor A the mountain ra?ine A the 2i(d retreat among the roc>' A the 2oeA begone :art9 at nine:in' A the 3(agon A O"hc that 3(agonc that 2ic>ed 3(agoncO thought Ri: A O2hat eBcu'e 'ha(( ma>e to 4ame @an Gin>(ecO #e (oo>ed round 3or hi' gun, but in :(ace o3 the c(ean 2e((Aoi(ed 3o2(ingA :iece, he 3ound an o(d 3ire(oc> (9ing b9 him, the barre( incru'ted 2ith ru't, the (oc> 3a((ing o33, and the 'toc> 2ormAeaten. #e no2 'u':ected that the gra?e ro9'terer' o3 the mountain had :ut a tric> u:on him, and ha?ing do'ed him 2ith (iCuor, had robbed him o3 hi' gun. Go(3, too, had

di'a::eared, but he might ha?e 'tra9ed a2a9 a3ter a 'Cuirre( or :artridge. #e 2hi't(ed a3ter him and 'houted hi' name, but a(( in ?ainI the echoe' re:eated hi' 2hi't(e and 'hout, but no dog 2a' to be 'een. #e determined to re?i'it the 'cene o3 the (a't e?eningD' gambo(, and i3 he met 2ith an9 o3 the :art9, to demand hi' dog and gun. A' he ro'e to 2a(>, he 3ound him'e(3 'ti33 in the 7oint', and 2anting in hi' u'ua( acti?it9. OThe'e mountain bed' do not agree 2ith me,O thought Ri:I Oand i3 thi' 3ro(ic 'hou(d (a9 me u: 2ith a 3it o3 the rheumati'm, 'ha(( ha?e a b(e''ed time 2ith 4ame @an Gin>(e.O Gith 'ome di33icu(t9 he got do2n into the g(enJ he 3ound the gu((9 u: 2hich he and hi' com:anion had a'cended the :receding e?eningI but to hi' a'toni'hment a mountain 'tream 2a' no2 3oaming do2n it, (ea:ing 3rom roc> to roc>, and 3i((ing the g(en 2ith babb(ing murmur'. #e, ho2e?er, made 'hi3t to 'cramb(e u: it' 'ide', 2or>ing hi' toi('ome 2a9 through thic>et' o3 birch, 'a''a3ra', and 2itchA ha,e(, and 'ometime' tri::ed u: or entang(ed b9 the 2i(d gra:e?ine' that t2i'ted their coi(' or tendri(' 3rom tree to tree, and ':read a >ind o3 net2or> in hi' :ath. At (ength he reached to 2here the ra?ine had o:ened through the c(i33' to the am:hitheatreI but no trace' o3 'uch o:ening remained. The roc>' :re'ented a high im:enetrab(e 2a(( o?er 2hich the torrent came tumb(ing in a 'heet o3 3eather9 3oam, and 3e(( into a broad dee: ba'in, b(ac> 3rom the 'hado2' o3 the 'urrounding 3ore't. #ere, then, :oor Ri: 2a' brought to a 'tand. #e again ca((ed and 2hi't(ed a3ter hi' dogI he 2a' on(9 an'2ered b9 the ca2ing o3 a 3(oc> o3 id(e cro2', ':orting high in air about a dr9 tree that o?erhung a 'unn9 :reci:iceI
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and 2ho, 'ecure in their e(e?ation, 'eemed to (oo> do2n and 'co33 at the :oor manD' :er:(eBitie'. Ghat 2a' to be doneH the morning 2a' :a''ing a2a9, and Ri: 3e(t 3ami'hed 3or 2ant o3 hi' brea>3a't. #e grie?ed to gi?e u: hi' dog and gunI he dreaded to meet hi' 2i3eI but it 2ou(d not do to 'tar?e among the mountain'. #e 'hoo> hi' head, 'hou(dered the ru't9 3ire(oc>, and, 2ith a heart 3u(( o3 troub(e and anBiet9, turned hi' 'te:' home2ard. A' he a::roached the ?i((age he met a number o3 :eo:(e, but none 2hom he >ne2, 2hich 'ome2hat 'ur:ri'ed him, 3or he had thought him'e(3 acCuainted 2ith e?er9 one in the countr9 round. Their dre'', too, 2a' o3 a di33erent 3a'hion 3rom that to 2hich he 2a' accu'tomed. The9 a(( 'tared at him 2ith eCua( mar>' o3 'ur:ri'e, and 2hene?er the9 ca't their e9e' u:on him, in?ariab(9 'tro>ed their chin'. The con'tant recurrence o3 thi' ge'ture induced Ri:, in?o(untari(9, to do the 'ame, 2hen to hi' a'toni'hment, he 3ound hi' beard had gro2n a 3oot (ongc #e had no2 entered the '>irt' o3 the ?i((age. A troo: o3 'trange chi(dren ran at hi' hee(', hooting a3ter him, and :ointing at hi' gra9 beard. The dog', too, not one o3 2hich he recogni,ed 3or an o(d acCuaintance, bar>ed at him a' he :a''ed. The ?er9 ?i((age 2a' a(teredI it 2a' (arger and more :o:u(ou'. There 2ere ro2' o3 hou'e' 2hich he had ne?er 'een be3ore, and tho'e 2hich had been hi' 3ami(iar haunt' had di'a::eared. Strange name' 2ere o?er the door' A 'trange 3ace' at the 2indo2' A e?er9 thing 2a' 'trange. #i' mind no2 mi'ga?e himI he began to doubt

2hether both he and the 2or(d around him 2ere not be2itched. Sure(9 thi' 2a' hi' nati?e ?i((age, 2hich he had (e3t but the da9 be3ore. There 'tood the <aat'>i(( mountain' A there ran the 'i(?er #ud'on at a di'tance A there 2a' e?er9 hi(( and da(e :reci'e(9 a' it had a(2a9' been A Ri: 2a' 'ore(9 :er:(eBed A OThat 3(agon (a't night,O thought he, Oha' add(ed m9 :oor head 'ad(9cO t 2a' 2ith 'ome di33icu(t9 that he 3ound the 2a9 to hi' o2n hou'e, 2hich he a::roached 2ith 'i(ent a2e, eB:ecting e?er9 moment to hear the 'hri(( ?oice o3 4ame @an Gin>(e. #e 3ound the hou'e gone to deca9 A the roo3 3a((en in, the 2indo2' 'hattered, and the door' o33 the hinge'. A ha(3A'tar?ed dog that (oo>ed (i>e Go(3 2a' '>u(>ing about it. Ri: ca((ed him b9 name, but the cur 'nar(ed, 'ho2ed hi' teeth, and :a''ed on. Thi' 2a' an un>ind cut indeed A O%9 ?er9 dog,O 'ighed :oor Ri:, Oha' 3orgotten mecO #e entered the hou'e, 2hich, to te(( the truth, 4ame @an Gin>(e had a(2a9' >e:t in neat order. t 2a' em:t9, 3or(orn, and a::arent(9 abandoned. Thi' de'o(atene'' o?ercame a(( hi' connubia( 3ear' A he ca((ed (oud(9 3or hi' 2i3e and chi(dren A the (one(9 chamber' rang 3or a moment 2ith hi' ?oice, and then a(( again 2a' 'i(ence. #e no2 hurried 3orth, and ha'tened to hi' o(d re'ort, the ?i((age inn A but it too 2a' gone. A (arge ric>et9 2ooden bui(ding 'tood in it' :(ace, 2ith great ga:ing 2indo2', 'ome o3 them bro>en and mended 2ith o(d hat' and :etticoat', and o?er the door 2a' :ainted, Othe Union #ote(, b9 ;onathan 4oo(itt(e.O n'tead o3 the great tree that u'ed to 'he(ter the Cuiet (itt(e 4utch inn o3 9ore, there no2 2a' reared a ta(( na>ed :o(e,
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2ith 'omething on the to: that (oo>ed (i>e a red nightAca:, and 3rom it 2a' 3(uttering a 3(ag, on 2hich 2a' a 'ingu(ar a''emb(age o3 'tar' and 'tri:e' A a(( thi' 2a' 'trange and incom:rehen'ib(e. #e recogni,ed on the 'ign, ho2e?er, the rub9 3ace o3 <ing 8eorge, under 2hich he had 'mo>ed 'o man9 a :eace3u( :i:eI but e?en thi' 2a' 'ingu(ar(9 metamor:ho'ed. The red coat 2a' changed 3or one o3 b(ue and bu33, a '2ord 2a' he(d in the hand in'tead o3 a 'ce:tre, the head 2a' decorated 2ith a coc>ed hat, and underneath 2a' :ainted in (arge character', 8$N$RAL GAS# N8T"N. There 2a', a' u'ua(, a cro2d o3 3o(> about the door, but none that Ri: reco((ected. The ?er9 character o3 the :eo:(e 'eemed changed. There 2a' a bu'9, bu't(ing, di':utatiou' tone about it, in'tead o3 the accu'tomed :h(egm and dro2'9 tranCui((it9. #e (oo>ed in ?ain 3or the 'age Nicho(a' @edder, 2ith hi' broad 3ace, doub(e chin, and 3air (ong :i:e, uttering c(oud' o3 tobaccoA'mo>e in'tead o3 id(e ':eeche'I or @an Bumme(, the 'choo(ma'ter, do(ing 3orth the content' o3 an ancient ne2':a:er. n :(ace o3 the'e, a (ean, bi(iou'A(oo>ing 3e((o2, 2ith hi' :oc>et' 3u(( o3 handbi((', 2a' haranguing ?ehement(9 about right' o3 citi,en' A e(ection' A member' o3 congre'' A (ibert9 A Bun>erD' #i(( A heroe' o3 'e?ent9A'iB A and other 2ord', 2hich 2ere a :er3ect Bab9(oni'h 7argon to the be2i(dered @an Gin>(e. The a::earance o3 Ri:, 2ith hi' (ong gri,,(ed beard, hi' ru't9 3o2(ingA :iece, hi' uncouth dre'', and an arm9 o3 2omen and chi(dren at hi' hee(', 'oon attracted the attention o3

the ta?ern :o(itician'. The9 cro2ded round him, e9eing him 3rom head to 3oot 2ith great curio'it9. The orator bu't(ed u: to him, and, dra2ing him :art(9 a'ide, inCuired Oon 2hich 'ide he ?otedHO Ri: 'tared in ?acant 'tu:idit9. Another 'hort but bu'9 (itt(e 3e((o2 :u((ed him b9 the arm, and, ri'ing on ti:toe, inCuired in hi' ear, OGhether he 2a' 6edera( or 4emocratHO Ri: 2a' eCua((9 at a (o'' to com:rehend the Cue'tionI 2hen a >no2ing, 'e(3Aim:ortant o(d gent(eman, in a 'har: coc>ed hat, made hi' 2a9 through the cro2d, :utting them to the right and (e3t 2ith hi' e(bo2' a' he :a''ed, and :(anting him'e(3 be3ore @an Gin>(e, 2ith one arm a>imbo, the other re'ting on hi' cane, hi' >een e9e' and 'har: hat :enetrating, a' it 2ere, into hi' ?er9 'ou(, demanded in an au'tere tone, O2hat brought him to the e(ection 2ith a gun on hi' 'hou(der, and a mob at hi' hee(', and 2hether he meant to breed a riot in the ?i((ageHO A OA(a'c gent(emen,O cried Ri:, 'ome2hat di'ma9ed, O am a :oor Cuiet man, a nati?e o3 the :(ace, and a (o9a( 'ub7ect o3 the >ing, 8od b(e'' himcO #ere a genera( 'hout bur't 3rom the b9A 'tander' A OA tor9c a tor9c a ':9c a re3ugeec hu't(e himc a2a9 2ith himcO t 2a' 2ith great di33icu(t9 that the 'e(3A im:ortant man in the coc>ed hat re'tored orderI and, ha?ing a''umed a ten3o(d au'terit9 o3 bro2, demanded again o3 the un>no2n cu(:rit, 2hat he came there 3or, and 2hom he 2a' 'ee>ingH The :oor man humb(9 a''ured him that he meant no harm, but mere(9 came there in 'earch o3 'ome o3 hi' neighbor', 2ho u'ed to >ee: about the ta?ern. OGe(( A 2ho are the9H A name them.O Ri: bethought him'e(3 a moment, and inCuired, OGhereD' Nicho(a' @edderHO
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There 2a' a 'i(ence 3or a (itt(e 2hi(e, 2hen an o(d man re:(ied, in a thin :i:ing ?oice, ONicho(a' @edderc 2h9, he i' dead and gone the'e eighteen 9ear'c There 2a' a 2ooden tomb'tone in the churchA9ard that u'ed to te(( a(( about him, but thatD' rotten and gone too.O OGhereD' Brom 4utcherHO O"h, he 2ent o33 to the arm9 in the beginning o3 the 2arI 'ome 'a9 he 2a' >i((ed at the 'torming o3 Ston9 &oint A other' 'a9 he 2a' dro2ned in a 'Cua(( at the 3oot o3 Anton9D' No'e. donDt >no2 A he ne?er came bac> again.O OGhereD' @an Bumme(, the 'choo(ma'terHO O#e 2ent o33 to the 2ar' too, 2a' a great mi(itia genera(, and i' no2 in congre''.O Ri:D' heart died a2a9 at hearing o3 the'e 'ad change' in hi' home and 3riend', and 3inding him'e(3 thu' a(one in the 2or(d. $?er9 an'2er :u,,(ed him too, b9 treating o3 'uch enormou' (a:'e' o3 time, and o3 matter' 2hich he cou(d not under'tandJ 2ar A congre'' A Ston9 &ointI A he had no courage to a'> a3ter an9 more 3riend', but cried out in de':air, O4oe' nobod9 here >no2 Ri: @an Gin>(eHO O"h, Ri: @an Gin>(ecO eBc(aimed t2o or three, O"h, to be 'urec thatD' Ri: @an Gin>(e 9onder, (eaning again't the tree.O Ri: (oo>ed, and behe(d a :reci'e counter:art o3 him'e(3, a' he 2ent u: the mountainJ a::arent(9 a' (a,9,

and certain(9 a' ragged. The :oor 3e((o2 2a' no2 com:(ete(9 con3ounded. #e doubted hi' o2n identit9, and 2hether he 2a' him'e(3 or another man. n the mid't o3 hi' be2i(derment, the man in the coc>ed hat demanded 2ho he 2a', and 2hat 2a' hi' nameH O8od >no2',O eBc(aimed he, at hi' 2itD' endI O Dm not m9'e(3 A Dm 'omebod9 e('e A thatD' me 9onder A no A thatD' 'omebod9 e('e got into m9 'hoe' A 2a' m9'e(3 (a't night, but 3e(( a'(ee: on the mountain, and the9D?e changed m9 gun, and e?er9 thingD' changed, and Dm changed, and canDt te(( 2hatD' m9 name, or 2ho amcO The b9A'tander' began no2 to (oo> at each other, nod, 2in> 'igni3icant(9, and ta: their 3inger' again't their 3orehead'. There 2a' a 2hi':er a('o, about 'ecuring the gun, and >ee:ing the o(d 3e((o2 3rom doing mi'chie3, at the ?er9 'ugge'tion o3 2hich the 'e(3Aim:ortant man in the coc>ed hat retired 2ith 'ome :reci:itation. At thi' critica( moment a 3re'h come(9 2oman :re''ed through the throng to get a :ee: at the gra9A bearded man. She had a chubb9 chi(d in her arm', 2hich, 3rightened at hi' (oo>', began to cr9. O#u'h, Ri:,O cried 'he, Ohu'h, 9ou (itt(e 3oo(I the o(d man 2onDt hurt 9ou.O The name o3 the chi(d, the air o3 the mother, the tone o3 her ?oice, a(( a2a>ened a train o3 reco((ection' in hi' mind. OGhat i' 9our name, m9 good 2omanHO a'>ed he. O;udith 8ardenier.O OAnd 9our 3atherD' nameHO OAh, :oor man, Ri: @an Gin>(e 2a' hi' name, but itD' t2ent9 9ear' 'ince he 2ent a2a9 3rom home 2ith hi' gun, and ne?er ha' been heard o3 'ince A hi' dog came home 2ithout himI but 2hether he 'hot
112

him'e(3, or 2a' carried a2a9 b9 the ndian', nobod9 can te((. 2a' then but a (itt(e gir(.O Ri: had but one Cue'tion more to a'>I but he :ut it 2ith a 3a(tering ?oiceJ OGhereD' 9our motherHO O"h, 'he too had died but a 'hort time 'inceI 'he bro>e a b(oodA?e''e( in a 3it o3 :a''ion at a Ne2A$ng(and :edd(er.O There 2a' a dro: o3 com3ort, at (ea't, in thi' inte((igence. The hone't man cou(d contain him'e(3 no (onger. #e caught hi' daughter and her chi(d in hi' arm'. O am 9our 3athercO cried he A OMoung Ri: @an Gin>(e once A o(d Ri: @an Gin>(e no2c A 4oe' nobod9 >no2 :oor Ri: @an Gin>(eHO A(( 'tood ama,ed, unti( an o(d 2oman, tottering out 3rom among the cro2d, :ut her hand to her bro2, and :eering under it in hi' 3ace 3or a moment, eBc(aimed, OSure enoughc it i' Ri: @an Gin>(e A it i' him'e(3c Ge(come home again, o(d neighbor A Gh9, 2here ha?e 9ou been the'e t2ent9 (ong 9ear'HO Ri:D' 'tor9 2a' 'oon to(d, 3or the 2ho(e t2ent9 9ear' had been to him but a' one night. The neighbor' 'tared 2hen the9 heard itI 'ome 2ere 'een to 2in> at each other, and :ut their tongue' in their chee>'J and the 'e(3Aim:ortant man in the coc>ed hat, 2ho, 2hen the a(arm 2a' o?er, had returned to the 3ie(d, 'cre2ed do2n the corner' o3 hi' mouth, and 'hoo> hi' head A u:on 2hich there 2a' a genera( 'ha>ing o3 the head throughout the a''emb(age.

t 2a' determined, ho2e?er, to ta>e the o:inion o3 o(d &eter @anderdon>, 2ho 2a' 'een '(o2(9 ad?ancing u: the road. #e 2a' a de'cendant o3 the hi'torian o3 that name, 2ho 2rote one o3 the ear(ie't account' o3 the :ro?ince. &eter 2a' the mo't ancient inhabitant o3 the ?i((age, and 2e(( ?er'ed in a(( the 2onder3u( e?ent' and tradition' o3 the neighborhood. #e reco((ected Ri: at once, and corroborated hi' 'tor9 in the mo't 'ati'3actor9 manner. #e a''ured the com:an9 that it 2a' a 3act, handed do2n 3rom hi' ance'tor the hi'torian, that the <aat'>i(( mountain' had a(2a9' been haunted b9 'trange being'. That it 2a' a33irmed that the great #endric> #ud'on, the 3ir't di'co?erer o3 the ri?er and countr9, >e:t a >ind o3 ?igi( there e?er9 t2ent9 9ear', 2ith hi' cre2 o3 the #a(3AmoonI being :ermitted in thi' 2a9 to re?i'it the 'cene' o3 hi' enter:ri'e, and >ee: a guardian e9e u:on the ri?er, and the great cit9 ca((ed b9 hi' name. That hi' 3ather had once 'een them in their o(d 4utch dre''e' :(a9ing at nineA:in' in a ho((o2 o3 the mountainI and that he him'e(3 had heard, one 'ummer a3ternoon, the 'ound o3 their ba((', (i>e di'tant :ea(' o3 thunder. To ma>e a (ong 'tor9 'hort, the com:an9 bro>e u:, and returned to the more im:ortant concern' o3 the e(ection. Ri:D' daughter too> him home to (i?e 2ith herI 'he had a 'nug, 2e((A3urni'hed hou'e, and a 'tout cheer9 3armer 3or a hu'band, 2hom Ri: reco((ected 3or one o3 the urchin' that u'ed to c(imb u:on hi' bac>. A' to Ri:D' 'on and heir, 2ho 2a' the ditto o3 him'e(3, 'een (eaning again't the tree, he 2a' em:(o9ed to 2or> on the 3armI but e?inced an hereditar9 di':o'ition to attend to an9thing e('e but hi' bu'ine''.

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Ri: no2 re'umed hi' o(d 2a(>' and habit'I he 'oon 3ound man9 o3 hi' 3ormer cronie', though a(( rather the 2or'e 3or the 2ear and tear o3 timeI and :re3erred ma>ing 3riend' among the ri'ing generation, 2ith 2hom he 'oon gre2 into great 3a?or. #a?ing nothing to do at home, and being arri?ed at that ha::9 age 2hen a man can be id(e 2ith im:unit9, he too> hi' :(ace once more on the bench at the inn door, and 2a' re?erenced a' one o3 the :atriarch' o3 the ?i((age, and a chronic(e o3 the o(d time' Obe3ore the 2ar.O t 2a' 'ome time be3ore he cou(d get into the regu(ar trac> o3 go''i:, or cou(d be made to com:rehend the 'trange e?ent' that had ta>en :(ace during hi' tor:or. #o2 that there had been a re?o(utionar9 2ar A that the countr9 had thro2n o33 the 9o>e o3 o(d $ng(and A and that, in'tead o3 being a 'ub7ect o3 hi' %a7e't9 8eorge the Third, he 2a' no2 a 3ree citi,en o3 the United State'. Ri:, in 3act, 2a' no :o(iticianI the change' o3 'tate' and em:ire' made but (itt(e im:re''ion on himI but there 2a' one ':ecie' o3 de':oti'm under 2hich he had (ong groaned, and that 2a' A :etticoat go?ernment. #a::i(9 that 2a' at an endI he had got hi' nec> out o3 the 9o>e o3 matrimon9, and cou(d go in and out 2hene?er he :(ea'ed, 2ithout dreading the t9rann9 o3 4ame @an Gin>(e. Ghene?er her name 2a' mentioned, ho2e?er, he 'hoo> hi' head, 'hrugged hi' 'hou(der', and ca't u: hi' e9e'I 2hich might :a'' either 3or an eB:re''ion o3 re'ignation to hi' 3ate, or 7o9 at hi' de(i?erance. #e u'ed to te(( hi' 'tor9 to e?er9 'tranger that arri?ed at %r. 4oo(itt(eD'

hote(. #e 2a' ob'er?ed, at 3ir't, to ?ar9 on 'ome :oint' e?er9 time he to(d it, 2hich 2a', doubt(e'', o2ing to hi' ha?ing 'o recent(9 a2a>ed. t at (a't 'ett(ed do2n :reci'e(9 to the ta(e ha?e re(ated, and not a man, 2oman, or chi(d in the neighborhood, but >ne2 it b9 heart. Some a(2a9' :retended to doubt the rea(it9 o3 it, and in'i'ted that Ri: had been out o3 hi' head, and that thi' 2a' one :oint on 2hich he a(2a9' remained 3(ight9. The o(d 4utch inhabitant', ho2e?er, a(mo't uni?er'a((9 ga?e it 3u(( credit. $?en to thi' da9 the9 ne?er hear a thunder'torm o3 a 'ummer a3ternoon about the <aat'>i((, but the9 'a9 #endric> #ud'on and hi' cre2 are at their game o3 nineA:in'I and it i' a common 2i'h o3 a(( henA:ec>ed hu'band' in the neighborhood, 2hen (i3e hang' hea?9 on their hand', that the9 might ha?e a Cuieting draught out o3 Ri: @an Gin>(eD' 3(agon. N"T$ A The 3oregoing Ta(e, one 2ou(d 'u':ect, had been 'ugge'ted to %r. <nic>erboc>er b9 a (itt(e 8erman 'u:er'tition about the $m:eror 6rederic> der Rothbart, and the <9::hau'er mountainJ the 'ub7oined note, ho2e?er, 2hich he had a::ended to the ta(e, 'ho2' that it i' an ab'o(ute 3act, narrated 2ith hi' u'ua( 3ide(it9J OThe 'tor9 o3 Ri: @an Gin>(e ma9 'eem incredib(e to man9, but ne?erthe(e'' gi?e it m9 3u(( be(ie3, 3or >no2 the ?icinit9 o3 our o(d 4utch 'ett(ement' to ha?e been ?er9 'ub7ect to mar?e((ou' e?ent' and a::earance'. ndeed, ha?e heard man9 'tranger 'torie' than thi', in the ?i((age' a(ong the #ud'onI a(( o3 2hich 2ere too 2e(( authenticated to admit o3 a doubt. ha?e e?en ta(>ed 2ith Ri: @an Gin>(e m9'e(3 2ho, 2hen (a't 'a2 him, 2a' a ?er9 ?enerab(e o(d man, and 'o :er3ect(9 rationa( and con'i'tent
114

on e?er9 other :oint, that thin> no con'cientiou' :er'on cou(d re3u'e to ta>e thi' into the bargainI na9, ha?e 'een a certi3icate on the 'ub7ect ta>en be3ore a countr9 7u'tice and 'igned 2ith a cro'', in the 7u'ticeD' o2n hand2riting. The 'tor9, there3ore, i' be9ond the :o''ibi(it9 o3 doubt. 4. <.O

more (ogica(, and 3ar (e'' eBcitab(e than m9 o2n, 2hich 2i(( :ercei?e, in the circum'tance' detai( 2ith a2e, nothing more than an ordinar9 'ucce''ion o3 ?er9 natura( cau'e' and e33ect'. 6rom m9 in3anc9 2a' noted 3or the doci(it9 and humanit9 o3 m9 di':o'ition. %9 tenderne'' o3 heart 2a' e?en 'o con':icuou' a' to ma>e me the 7e't o3 m9 com:anion'. 2a' e':ecia((9 3ond o3 anima(', and 2a' indu(ged b9 m9 :arent' 2ith a great ?ariet9 o3 :et'. Gith the'e ':ent mo't o3 m9 time, and ne?er 2a' 'o ha::9 a' 2hen 3eeding and care''ing them. Thi' :ecu(iarit9 o3 character gre2 2ith m9 gro2th, and in m9 manhood, deri?ed 3rom it one o3 m9 :rinci:a( 'ource' o3 :(ea'ure. To tho'e 2ho ha?e cheri'hed an a33ection 3or a 3aith3u( and 'agaciou' dog, need hard(9 be at the troub(e o3 eB:(aining the nature or the inten'it9 o3 the grati3ication thu' deri?ab(e. There i' 'omething in the un'e(3i'h and 'e(3A'acri3icing (o?e o3 a brute, 2hich goe' direct(9 to the heart o3 him 2ho ha' had 3reCuent occa'ion to te't the :a(tr9 3riend'hi: and go''amer 3ide(it9 o3 mere %an . married ear(9, and 2a' ha::9 to 3ind in m9 2i3e a di':o'ition not uncongenia( 2ith m9 o2n. "b'er?ing m9 :artia(it9 3or dome'tic :et', 'he (o't no o::ortunit9 o3 :rocuring tho'e o3 the mo't agreeab(e >ind. Ge had bird', go(dA3i'h, a 3ine dog, rabbit', a 'ma(( mon>e9, and a cat . Thi' (atter 2a' a remar>ab(9 (arge and beauti3u( anima(, entire(9 b(ac>, and 'agaciou' to an a'toni'hing degree. n ':ea>ing o3 hi' inte((igence, m9 2i3e, 2ho at heart 2a' not a (itt(e tinctured 2ith 'u:er'tition, made 3reCuent a((u'ion to the ancient :o:u(ar notion, 2hich regarded a(( b(ac> cat' a' 2itche' in di'gui'e. Not that 'he 2a' e?er 'eriou'
115

T#$ $N4.

The B(ac> 1at b9 $dgar A((en &oe 6"R the mo't 2i(d, 9et mo't home(9 narrati?e 2hich am about to :en, neither eB:ect nor 'o(icit be(ie3. %ad indeed 2ou(d be to eB:ect it, in a ca'e 2here m9 ?er9 'en'e' re7ect their o2n e?idence. Met, mad am not A and ?er9 'ure(9 do not dream. But toAmorro2 die, and toAda9 2ou(d unburthen m9 'ou(. %9 immediate :ur:o'e i' to :(ace be3ore the 2or(d, :(ain(9, 'uccinct(9, and 2ithout comment, a 'erie' o3 mere hou'eho(d e?ent'. n their con'eCuence', the'e e?ent' ha?e terri3ied A ha?e tortured A ha?e de'tro9ed me. Met 2i(( not attem:t to eB:ound them. To me, the9 ha?e :re'ented (itt(e but #orror A to man9 the9 2i(( 'eem (e'' terrib(e than barroCue'. #erea3ter, :erha:', 'ome inte((ect ma9 be 3ound 2hich 2i(( reduce m9 :hanta'm to the commonA :(ace A 'ome inte((ect more ca(m,

u:on thi' :oint A and mention the matter at a(( 3or no better rea'on than that it ha::en', 7u't no2, to be remembered. &(uto A thi' 2a' the catD' name A 2a' m9 3a?orite :et and :(a9mate. a(one 3ed him, and he attended me 2here?er 2ent about the hou'e. t 2a' e?en 2ith di33icu(t9 that cou(d :re?ent him 3rom 3o((o2ing me through the 'treet'. "ur 3riend'hi: (a'ted, in thi' manner, 3or 'e?era( 9ear', during 2hich m9 genera( tem:erament and character A through the in'trumenta(it9 o3 the 6iend ntem:erance A had - b(u'h to con3e'' it0 eB:erienced a radica( a(teration 3or the 2or'e. gre2, da9 b9 da9, more mood9, more irritab(e, more regard(e'' o3 the 3ee(ing' o3 other'. 'u33ered m9'e(3 to u'e intem:erate (anguage to m9 2i3e. At (ength, e?en o33ered her :er'ona( ?io(ence. %9 :et', o3 cour'e, 2ere made to 3ee( the change in m9 di':o'ition. not on(9 neg(ected, but i((Au'ed them. 6or &(uto, ho2e?er, 'ti(( retained 'u33icient regard to re'train me 3rom ma(treating him, a' made no 'cru:(e o3 ma(treating the rabbit', the mon>e9, or e?en the dog, 2hen b9 accident, or through a33ection, the9 came in m9 2a9. But m9 di'ea'e gre2 u:on me A 3or 2hat di'ea'e i' (i>e A(coho(c A and at (ength e?en &(uto, 2ho 2a' no2 becoming o(d, and con'eCuent(9 'ome2hat :ee?i'h A e?en &(uto began to eB:erience the e33ect' o3 m9 i(( tem:er. "ne night, returning home, much intoBicated, 3rom one o3 m9 haunt' about to2n, 3ancied that the cat a?oided m9 :re'ence. 'ei,ed himI

2hen, in hi' 3right at m9 ?io(ence, he in3(icted a '(ight 2ound u:on m9 hand 2ith hi' teeth. The 3ur9 o3 a demon in'tant(9 :o''e''ed me. >ne2 m9'e(3 no (onger. %9 origina( 'ou( 'eemed, at once, to ta>e it' 3(ight 3rom m9 bod9 and a more than 3iendi'h ma(e?o(ence, ginA nurtured, thri((ed e?er9 3ibre o3 m9 3rame. too> 3rom m9 2ai'tcoatA:oc>et a :enA >ni3e, o:ened it, gra':ed the :oor bea't b9 the throat, and de(iberate(9 cut one o3 it' e9e' 3rom the 'oc>etc b(u'h, burn, 'hudder, 2hi(e :en the damnab(e atrocit9. Ghen rea'on returned 2ith the morning A 2hen had '(e:t o33 the 3ume' o3 the nightD' debauch A eB:erienced a 'entiment ha(3 o3 horror, ha(3 o3 remor'e, 3or the crime o3 2hich had been gui(t9I but it 2a', at be't, a 3eeb(e and eCui?oca( 3ee(ing, and the 'ou( remained untouched. again :(unged into eBce'', and 'oon dro2ned in 2ine a(( memor9 o3 the deed. n the meantime the cat '(o2(9 reco?ered. The 'oc>et o3 the (o't e9e :re'ented, it i' true, a 3right3u( a::earance, but he no (onger a::eared to 'u33er an9 :ain. #e 2ent about the hou'e a' u'ua(, but, a' might be eB:ected, 3(ed in eBtreme terror at m9 a::roach. had 'o much o3 m9 o(d heart (e3t, a' to be at 3ir't grie?ed b9 thi' e?ident di'(i>e on the :art o3 a creature 2hich had once 'o (o?ed me. But thi' 3ee(ing 'oon ga?e :(ace to irritation. And then came, a' i3 to m9 3ina( and irre?ocab(e o?erthro2, the ':irit o3 &$R@$RS$N$SS. "3 thi' ':irit :hi(o'o:h9 ta>e' no account. Met am not more 'ure that m9 'ou( (i?e', than am that :er?er'ene'' i' one o3 the :rimiti?e im:u('e' o3 the human heart A one o3 the indi?i'ib(e :rimar9 3acu(tie', or 'entiment', 2hich gi?e direction to the
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character o3 %an. Gho ha' not, a hundred time', 3ound him'e(3 committing a ?i(e or a 'i((9 action, 3or no other rea'on than becau'e he >no2' he 'hou(d notH #a?e 2e not a :er:etua( inc(ination, in the teeth o3 our be't 7udgment, to ?io(ate that 2hich i' La2 , mere(9 becau'e 2e under'tand it to be 'uchH Thi' ':irit o3 :er?er'ene'', 'a9, came to m9 3ina( o?erthro2. t 2a' thi' un3athomab(e (onging o3 the 'ou( to ?eB it'e(3 A to o33er ?io(ence to it' o2n nature A to do 2rong 3or the 2rongD' 'a>e on(9 A that urged me to continue and 3ina((9 to con'ummate the in7ur9 had in3(icted u:on the uno33ending brute. "ne morning, in coo( b(ood, '(i::ed a noo'e about it' nec> and hung it to the (imb o3 a treeI A hung it 2ith the tear' 'treaming 3rom m9 e9e', and 2ith the bittere't remor'e at m9 heartI A hung it becau'e >ne2 that it had (o?ed me, and becau'e 3e(t it had gi?en me no rea'on o3 o33enceI A hung it becau'e >ne2 that in 'o doing 2a' committing a 'in A a dead(9 'in that 2ou(d 'o 7eo:ardi,e m9 immorta( 'ou( a' to :(ace it A i3 'uch a thing 2ore :o''ib(e A e?en be9ond the reach o3 the in3inite merc9 o3 the %o't %erci3u( and %o't Terrib(e 8od. "n the night o3 the da9 on 2hich thi' crue( deed 2a' done, 2a' arou'ed 3rom '(ee: b9 the cr9 o3 3ire. The curtain' o3 m9 bed 2ere in 3(ame'. The 2ho(e hou'e 2a' b(a,ing. t 2a' 2ith great di33icu(t9 that m9 2i3e, a 'er?ant, and m9'e(3, made our e'ca:e 3rom the con3(agration. The de'truction 2a' com:(ete. %9 entire 2or(d(9 2ea(th 2a' '2a((o2ed u:, and re'igned m9'e(3 thence3or2ard to de':air.

am abo?e the 2ea>ne'' o3 'ee>ing to e'tab(i'h a 'eCuence o3 cau'e and e33ect, bet2een the di'a'ter and the atrocit9. But am detai(ing a chain o3 3act' A and 2i'h not to (ea?e e?en a :o''ib(e (in> im:er3ect. "n the da9 'ucceeding the 3ire, ?i'ited the ruin'. The 2a((', 2ith one eBce:tion, had 3a((en in. Thi' eBce:tion 2a' 3ound in a com:artment 2a((, not ?er9 thic>, 2hich 'tood about the midd(e o3 the hou'e, and again't 2hich had re'ted the head o3 m9 bed. The :(a'tering had here, in great mea'ure, re'i'ted the action o3 the 3ire A a 3act 2hich attributed to it' ha?ing been recent(9 ':read. About thi' 2a(( a den'e cro2d 2ere co((ected, and man9 :er'on' 'eemed to be eBamining a :articu(ar :ortion o3 it 2ith ?er9 minute and eager attention. The 2ord' O'trangecO O'ingu(arcO and other 'imi(ar eB:re''ion', eBcited m9 curio'it9. a::roached and 'a2, a' i3 gra?en in ba' re(ie3 u:on the 2hite 'ur3ace, the 3igure o3 a gigantic cat. The im:re''ion 2a' gi?en 2ith an accurac9 tru(9 mar?e((ou'. There 2a' a ro:e about the anima(D' nec>. Ghen 3ir't behe(d thi' a::arition A 3or cou(d 'carce(9 regard it a' (e'' A m9 2onder and m9 terror 2ere eBtreme. But at (ength re3(ection came to m9 aid. The cat, remembered, had been hung in a garden ad7acent to the hou'e. U:on the a(arm o3 3ire, thi' garden had been immediate(9 3i((ed b9 the cro2d A b9 'ome one o3 2hom the anima( mu't ha?e been cut 3rom the tree and thro2n, through an o:en 2indo2, into m9 chamber. Thi' had :robab(9 been done 2ith the ?ie2 o3 arou'ing me 3rom '(ee:. The 3a((ing o3 other 2a((' had com:re''ed the ?ictim o3 m9 crue(t9 into the 'ub'tance o3 the 3re'h(9A':read :(a'terI the (ime o3 2hich, 2ith the 3(ame', and the ammonia 3rom the
117

carca'', had then accom:(i'hed the :ortraiture a' 'a2 it. A(though thu' readi(9 accounted to m9 rea'on, i3 not a(together to m9 con'cience, 3or the 'tart(ing 3act 7u't detai(ed, it did not the (e'' 3ai( to ma>e a dee: im:re''ion u:on m9 3anc9. 6or month' cou(d not rid m9'e(3 o3 the :hanta'm o3 the catI and, during thi' :eriod, there came bac> into m9 ':irit a ha(3A'entiment that 'eemed, but 2a' not, remor'e. 2ent 'o 3ar a' to regret the (o'' o3 the anima(, and to (oo> about me, among the ?i(e haunt' 2hich no2 habitua((9 3reCuented, 3or another :et o3 the 'ame ':ecie', and o3 'ome2hat 'imi(ar a::earance, 2ith 2hich to 'u::(9 it' :(ace. "ne night a' 'at, ha(3 'tu:i3ied, in a den o3 more than in3am9, m9 attention 2a' 'udden(9 dra2n to 'ome b(ac> ob7ect, re:o'ing u:on the head o3 one o3 the immen'e hog'head' o3 8in, or o3 Rum, 2hich con'tituted the chie3 3urniture o3 the a:artment. had been (oo>ing 'teadi(9 at the to: o3 thi' hog'head 3or 'ome minute', and 2hat no2 cau'ed me 'ur:ri'e 2a' the 3act that had not 'ooner :ercei?ed the ob7ect thereu:on. a::roached it, and touched it 2ith m9 hand. t 2a' a b(ac> cat A a ?er9 (arge one A 3u((9 a' (arge a' &(uto, and c(o'e(9 re'emb(ing him in e?er9 re':ect but one. &(uto had not a 2hite hair u:on an9 :ortion o3 hi' bod9I but thi' cat had a (arge, a(though inde3inite ':(otch o3 2hite, co?ering near(9 the 2ho(e region o3 the brea't. U:on m9 touching him, he immediate(9 aro'e, :urred (oud(9, rubbed again't m9 hand, and a::eared de(ighted 2ith m9 notice. Thi', then, 2a' the ?er9

creature o3 2hich 2a' in 'earch. at once o33ered to :urcha'e it o3 the (and(ordI but thi' :er'on made no c(aim to it A >ne2 nothing o3 it A had ne?er 'een it be3ore. continued m9 care''e', and, 2hen :re:ared to go home, the anima( e?inced a di':o'ition to accom:an9 me. :ermitted it to do 'oI occa'iona((9 'too:ing and :atting it a' :roceeded. Ghen it reached the hou'e it dome'ticated it'e(3 at once, and became immediate(9 a great 3a?orite 2ith m9 2i3e. 6or m9 o2n :art, 'oon 3ound a di'(i>e to it ari'ing 2ithin me. Thi' 2a' 7u't the re?er'e o3 2hat had antici:atedI but A >no2 not ho2 or 2h9 it 2a' A it' e?ident 3ondne'' 3or m9'e(3 rather di'gu'ted and anno9ed. B9 '(o2 degree', the'e 3ee(ing' o3 di'gu't and anno9ance ro'e into the bitterne'' o3 hatred. a?oided the creatureI a certain 'en'e o3 'hame, and the remembrance o3 m9 3ormer deed o3 crue(t9, :re?enting me 3rom :h9'ica((9 abu'ing it. did not, 3or 'ome 2ee>', 'tri>e, or other2i'e ?io(ent(9 i(( u'e itI but gradua((9 A ?er9 gradua((9 A came to (oo> u:on it 2ith unutterab(e (oathing, and to 3(ee 'i(ent(9 3rom it' odiou' :re'ence, a' 3rom the breath o3 a :e'ti(ence. Ghat added, no doubt, to m9 hatred o3 the bea't, 2a' the di'co?er9, on the morning a3ter brought it home, that, (i>e &(uto, it a('o had been de:ri?ed o3 one o3 it' e9e'. Thi' circum'tance, ho2e?er, on(9 endeared it to m9 2i3e, 2ho, a' ha?e a(read9 'aid, :o''e''ed, in a high degree, that humanit9 o3 3ee(ing 2hich had once been m9 di'tingui'hing trait, and the 'ource o3 man9 o3 m9 'im:(e't and :ure't :(ea'ure'.
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Gith m9 a?er'ion to thi' cat, ho2e?er, it' :artia(it9 3or m9'e(3 'eemed to increa'e. t 3o((o2ed m9 3oot'te:' 2ith a :ertinacit9 2hich it 2ou(d be di33icu(t to ma>e the reader com:rehend. Ghene?er 'at, it 2ou(d crouch beneath m9 chair, or ':ring u:on m9 >nee', co?ering me 2ith it' (oath'ome care''e'. 3 aro'e to 2a(> it 2ou(d get bet2een m9 3eet and thu' near(9 thro2 me do2n, or, 3a'tening it' (ong and 'har: c(a2' in m9 dre'', c(amber, in thi' manner, to m9 brea't. At 'uch time', a(though (onged to de'tro9 it 2ith a b(o2, 2a' 9et 2ithhe(d 3rom 'o doing, :art(9 b9 a memor9 o3 m9 3ormer crime, but chie3(9 A (et me con3e'' it at once A b9 ab'o(ute dread o3 the bea't. Thi' dread 2a' not eBact(9 a dread o3 :h9'ica( e?i( A and 9et 'hou(d be at a (o'' ho2 other2i'e to de3ine it. am a(mo't a'hamed to o2n A 9e', e?en in thi' 3e(onD' ce((, am a(mo't a'hamed to o2n A that the terror and horror 2ith 2hich the anima( in':ired me, had been heightened b9 one o3 the mere't chimaera' it 2ou(d be :o''ib(e to concei?e. %9 2i3e had ca((ed m9 attention, more than once, to the character o3 the mar> o3 2hite hair, o3 2hich ha?e ':o>en, and 2hich con'tituted the 'o(e ?i'ib(e di33erence bet2een the 'trange bea't and the one had de'tro9ed. The reader 2i(( remember that thi' mar>, a(though (arge, had been origina((9 ?er9 inde3initeI but, b9 '(o2 degree' A degree' near(9 im:erce:tib(e, and 2hich 3or a (ong time m9 Rea'on 'trugg(ed to re7ect a' 3anci3u( A it had, at (ength, a''umed a rigorou' di'tinctne'' o3 out(ine. t 2a' no2 the re:re'entation o3 an ob7ect that 'hudder to name A and 3or thi',

abo?e a((, (oathed, and dreaded, and 2ou(d ha?e rid m9'e(3 o3 the mon'ter had dared A it 2a' no2, 'a9, the image o3 a hideou' A o3 a gha't(9 thing A o3 the 8ALL"GS c A oh, mourn3u( and terrib(e engine o3 #orror and o3 1rime A o3 Agon9 and o3 4eath c And no2 2a' indeed 2retched be9ond the 2retchedne'' o3 mere #umanit9. And a brute bea't A 2ho'e 3e((o2 had contem:tuou'(9 de'tro9ed A a brute bea't to 2or> out 3or me A 3or me a man, 3a'hioned in the image o3 the #igh 8od A 'o much o3 in'u33erab(e 2oc A(a'c neither b9 da9 nor b9 night >ne2 the b(e''ing o3 Re't an9 morec 4uring the 3ormer the creature (e3t me no moment a(oneI and, in the (atter, 'tarted, hour(9, 3rom dream' o3 unutterab(e 3ear, to 3ind the hot breath o3 the thing u:on m9 3ace, and it' ?a't 2eight A an incarnate NightA%are that had no :o2er to 'ha>e o33 A incumbent eterna((9 u:on m9 heart c Beneath the :re''ure o3 torment' 'uch a' the'e, the 3eeb(e remnant o3 the good 2ithin me 'uccumbed. $?i( thought' became m9 'o(e intimate' A the dar>e't and mo't e?i( o3 thought'. The moodine'' o3 m9 u'ua( tem:er increa'ed to hatred o3 a(( thing' and o3 a(( man>indI 2hi(e, 3rom the 'udden, 3reCuent, and ungo?ernab(e outbur't' o3 a 3ur9 to 2hich no2 b(ind(9 abandoned m9'e(3, m9 uncom:(aining 2i3e, a(a'c 2a' the mo't u'ua( and the mo't :atient o3 'u33erer'. "ne da9 'he accom:anied me, u:on 'ome hou'eho(d errand, into the ce((ar o3 the o(d bui(ding 2hich our :o?ert9 com:e((ed u' to inhabit. The cat 3o((o2ed me do2n the 'tee: 'tair', and, near(9 thro2ing me head(ong, eBa':erated me to madne''. U:(i3ting an aBe, and 3orgetting, in m9 2rath, the chi(di'h dread
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2hich had hitherto 'ta9ed m9 hand, aimed a b(o2 at the anima( 2hich, o3 cour'e, 2ou(d ha?e :ro?ed in'tant(9 3ata( had it de'cended a' 2i'hed. But thi' b(o2 2a' arre'ted b9 the hand o3 m9 2i3e. 8oaded, b9 the inter3erence, into a rage more than demoniaca(, 2ithdre2 m9 arm 3rom her gra': and buried the aBe in her brain. She 3e(( dead u:on the ':ot, 2ithout a groan. Thi' hideou' murder accom:(i'hed, 'et m9'e(3 3orth2ith, and 2ith entire de(iberation, to the ta'> o3 concea(ing the bod9. >ne2 that cou(d not remo?e it 3rom the hou'e, either b9 da9 or b9 night, 2ithout the ri'> o3 being ob'er?ed b9 the neighbor'. %an9 :ro7ect' entered m9 mind. At one :eriod thought o3 cutting the cor:'e into minute 3ragment', and de'tro9ing them b9 3ire. At another, re'o(?ed to dig a gra?e 3or it in the 3(oor o3 the ce((ar. Again, de(iberated about ca'ting it in the 2e(( in the 9ard A about :ac>ing it in a boB, a' i3 merchandi,e, 2ith the u'ua( arrangement', and 'o getting a :orter to ta>e it 3rom the hou'e. 6ina((9 hit u:on 2hat con'idered a 3ar better eB:edient than either o3 the'e. determined to 2a(( it u: in the ce((ar A a' the mon>' o3 the midd(e age' are recorded to ha?e 2a((ed u: their ?ictim'. 6or a :ur:o'e 'uch a' thi' the ce((ar 2a' 2e(( ada:ted. t' 2a((' 2ere (oo'e(9 con'tructed, and had (ate(9 been :(a'tered throughout 2ith a rough :(a'ter, 2hich the dam:ne'' o3 the atmo':here had :re?ented 3rom hardening. %oreo?er, in one o3 the 2a((' 2a' a :ro7ection, cau'ed b9 a 3a('e chimne9, or 3ire:(ace, that had been 3i((ed u:, and made to

re'emb(e the red o3 the ce((ar. made no doubt that cou(d readi(9 di':(ace the bric>' at thi' :oint, in'ert the cor:'e, and 2a(( the 2ho(e u: a' be3ore, 'o that no e9e cou(d detect an9 thing 'u':iciou'. And in thi' ca(cu(ation 2a' not decei?ed. B9 mean' o3 a cro2Abar ea'i(9 di'(odged the bric>', and, ha?ing care3u((9 de:o'ited the bod9 again't the inner 2a((, :ro::ed it in that :o'ition, 2hi(e, 2ith (itt(e troub(e, reA(aid the 2ho(e 'tructure a' it origina((9 'tood. #a?ing :rocured mortar, 'and, and hair, 2ith e?er9 :o''ib(e :recaution, :re:ared a :(a'ter 2hich cou(d not be di'tingui'hed 3rom the o(d, and 2ith thi' ?er9 care3u((9 2ent o?er the ne2 bric>2or>. Ghen had 3ini'hed, 3e(t 'ati'3ied that a(( 2a' right. The 2a(( did not :re'ent the '(ighte't a::earance o3 ha?ing been di'turbed. The rubbi'h on the 3(oor 2a' :ic>ed u: 2ith the minute't care. (oo>ed around trium:hant(9, and 'aid to m9'e(3 A O#ere at (ea't, then, m9 (abor ha' not been in ?ain.O %9 neBt 'te: 2a' to (oo> 3or the bea't 2hich had been the cau'e o3 'o much 2retchedne''I 3or had, at (ength, 3irm(9 re'o(?ed to :ut it to death. #ad been ab(e to meet 2ith it, at the moment, there cou(d ha?e been no doubt o3 it' 3ateI but it a::eared that the cra3t9 anima( had been a(armed at the ?io(ence o3 m9 :re?iou' anger, and 3orebore to :re'ent it'e(3 in m9 :re'ent mood. t i' im:o''ib(e to de'cribe, or to imagine, the dee:, the b(i''3u( 'en'e o3 re(ie3 2hich the ab'ence o3 the dete'ted creature occa'ioned in m9 bo'om. t did not ma>e it' a::earance during the night A and thu' 3or one night at (ea't, 'ince it' introduction into the hou'e, 'ound(9 and tranCui((9 '(e:tI a9e, '(e:t e?en 2ith the burden o3 murder u:on m9 'ou(c

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The 'econd and the third da9 :a''ed, and 'ti(( m9 tormentor came not. "nce again breathed a' a 3reeman. The mon'ter, in terror, had 3(ed the :remi'e' 3ore?erc 'hou(d beho(d it no morec %9 ha::ine'' 2a' 'u:remec The gui(t o3 m9 dar> deed di'turbed me but (itt(e. Some 3e2 inCuirie' had been made, but the'e had been readi(9 an'2ered. $?en a 'earch had been in'tituted A but o3 cour'e nothing 2a' to be di'co?ered. (oo>ed u:on m9 3uture 3e(icit9 a' 'ecured. U:on the 3ourth da9 o3 the a''a''ination, a :art9 o3 the :o(ice came, ?er9 uneB:ected(9, into the hou'e, and :roceeded again to ma>e rigorou' in?e'tigation o3 the :remi'e'. Secure, ho2e?er, in the in'crutabi(it9 o3 m9 :(ace o3 concea(ment, 3e(t no embarra''ment 2hate?er. The o33icer' bade me accom:an9 them in their 'earch. The9 (e3t no noo> or corner uneB:(ored. At (ength, 3or the third or 3ourth time, the9 de'cended into the ce((ar. Cui?ered not in a mu'c(e. %9 heart beat ca(m(9 a' that o3 one 2ho '(umber' in innocence. 2a(>ed the ce((ar 3rom end to end. 3o(ded m9 arm' u:on m9 bo'om, and roamed ea'i(9 to and 3ro. The :o(ice 2ere thorough(9 'ati'3ied and :re:ared to de:art. The g(ee at m9 heart 2a' too 'trong to be re'trained. burned to 'a9 i3 but one 2ord, b9 2a9 o3 trium:h, and to render doub(9 'ure their a''urance o3 m9 gui(t(e''ne''. O8ent(emen,O 'aid at (a't, a' the :art9 a'cended the 'te:', O de(ight to ha?e a((a9ed 9our 'u':icion'. 2i'h 9ou a(( hea(th, and a (itt(e more courte'9. B9 the b9e, gent(emen, thi'

A thi' i' a ?er9 2e(( con'tructed hou'e.O [ n the rabid de'ire to 'a9 'omething ea'i(9, 'carce(9 >ne2 2hat uttered at a((.] A O ma9 'a9 an eBce((ent(9 2e(( con'tructed hou'e. The'e 2a((' are 9ou going, gent(emenH A the'e 2a((' are 'o(id(9 :ut togetherIO and here, through the mere :hren,9 o3 bra?ado, ra::ed hea?i(9, 2ith a cane 2hich he(d in m9 hand, u:on that ?er9 :ortion o3 the bric>A 2or> behind 2hich 'tood the cor:'e o3 the 2i3e o3 m9 bo'om. But ma9 8od 'hie(d and de(i?er me 3rom the 3ang' o3 the ArchA6iend c No 'ooner had the re?erberation o3 m9 b(o2' 'un> into 'i(ence, than 2a' an'2ered b9 a ?oice 3rom 2ithin the tombc A b9 a cr9, at 3ir't mu33(ed and bro>en, (i>e the 'obbing o3 a chi(d, and then Cuic>(9 '2e((ing into one (ong, (oud, and continuou' 'cream, utter(9 anoma(ou' and inhuman A a ho2( A a 2ai(ing 'hrie>, ha(3 o3 horror and ha(3 o3 trium:h, 'uch a' might ha?e ari'en on(9 out o3 he((, con7oint(9 3rom the throat' o3 the dammed in their agon9 and o3 the demon' that eBu(t in the damnation. "3 m9 o2n thought' it i' 3o((9 to ':ea>. S2ooning, 'taggered to the o::o'ite 2a((. 6or one in'tant the :art9 u:on the 'tair' remained motion(e'', through eBtremit9 o3 terror and o3 a2e. n the neBt, a do,en 'tout arm' 2ere toi(ing at the 2a((. t 3e(( bodi(9. The cor:'e, a(read9 great(9 deca9ed and c(otted 2ith gore, 'tood erect be3ore the e9e' o3 the ':ectator'. U:on it' head, 2ith red eBtended mouth and 'o(itar9 e9e o3 3ire, 'at the hideou' bea't 2ho'e cra3t had 'educed me into murder, and 2ho'e in3orming ?oice had con'igned me to the hangman. had 2a((ed the mon'ter u: 2ithin the tombc T#$ $N4

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eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee To the %an on the Trai( B9 ;ac> London D4um: it inc.D DBut 'a9, <id, i'nDt that going it a (itt(e too 'trongD Ghi'>9 and a(coho(D' bad enoughI but 2hen it come' to brand9 and :e::er 'auce andAD D4um: it in. GhoD' ma>ing thi' :unch, an92a9HD And %a(emute <id 'mi(ed benignant(9 through the c(oud' o3 'team. DB9 the time 9ouD?e been in thi' countr9 a' (ong a' ha?e, m9 'on, and (i?ed on rabbit trac>' and 'a(mon be((9, 9ouD(( (earn that 1hri'tma' come' on(9 once :er annum. And a 1hri'tma' 2ithout :unch i' 'in>ing a ho(e to bedroc> 2ith nar9 a :a9 'trea>.D DStac> u: on that 3er a high c9ard,D a::ro?ed Big ;im Be(den, 2ho had come do2n 3rom hi' c(aim on %a,9 %a9 to ':end 1hri'tma', and 2ho, a' e?er9one >ne2, had been (i?ing the t2o month' :a't on 'traight moo'e meat. D#ainDt 3ergot the hooch 2eAun' made on the Tanana, he9 9ehHD DGe((, gue'' 9e'. Bo9', it 2ou(d ha?e done 9our heart' good to 'ee that 2ho(e tribe 3ighting drun>AA and a(( becau'e o3 a g(oriou' 3erment o3 'ugar and 'our dough. That 2a' be3ore 9our time,D %a(emute <id 'aid a' he turned to Stan(e9 &rince, a 9oung mining eB:ert 2ho had been in t2o 9ear'. DNo 2hite 2omen in the countr9 then, and %a'on 2anted to get married. RuthD' 3ather 2a' chie3 o3 the Tanana', and ob7ected, (i>e the re't o3 the tribe. Sti33H Gh9, u'ed m9 (a't :ound o3 'ugarI 3ine't

2or> in that (ine e?er did in m9 (i3e. Mou 'hou(d ha?e 'een the cha'e, do2n the ri?er and acro'' the :ortage.D DBut the 'Cua2HD a'>ed Loui' Sa?o9, the ta(( 6rench 1anadian, becoming intere'tedI 3or he had heard o3 thi' 2i(d deed 2hen at 6ort9 %i(e the :receding 2inter. Then %a(emute <id, 2ho 2a' a born raconteur, to(d the un?arni'hed ta(e o3 the North(and Lochin?ar. %ore than one rough ad?enturer o3 the North 3e(t hi' heart'tring' dra2 c(o'er and eB:erienced ?ague 9earning' 3or the 'unnier :a'ture' o3 the South(and, 2here (i3e :romi'ed 'omething more than a barren 'trugg(e 2ith co(d and death. DGe 'truc> the Mu>on 7u't behind the 3ir't ice run,D he conc(uded, Dand the tribe on(9 a Cuarter o3 an hour behind. But that 'a?ed u'I 3or the 'econd run bro>e the 7am abo?e and 'hut them out. Ghen the9 3ina((9 got into Nu>(u>9eto, the 2ho(e :o't 2a' read9 3or them. And a' to the 3orgathering, a'> 6ather Roubeau hereJ he :er3ormed the ceremon9.D The ;e'uit too> the :i:e 3rom hi' (i:' but cou(d on(9 eB:re'' hi' grati3ication 2ith :atriarcha( 'mi(e', 2hi(e &rote'tant and 1atho(ic ?igorou'(9 a::(auded. DB9 garcD e7acu(ated Loui' Sa?o9, 2ho 'eemed o?ercome b9 the romance o3 it. DLa :etite 'Cua2J mon %a'on bra?. B9 garcD Then, a' the 3ir't tin cu:' o3 :unch 2ent round, Bett(e' the UnCuenchab(e ':rang to hi' 3eet and 'truc> u: hi' 3a?orite drin>ing 'ongJ DThereD' #enr9 Gard Beecher And Sunda9A'choo( teacher', A(( drin> o3 the 'a''a3ra' rootI But 9ou bet a(( the 'ame, 3 it had it' right name, tD' the 7uice o3 the 3orbidden 3ruit.D

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D"h, the 7uice o3 the 3orbidden 3ruit,D roared out the bacchana(ian choru', D"h, the 7uice o3 the 3orbidden 3ruitI But 9ou bet a(( the 'ame, 3 it had it' right name, tD' the 7uice o3 the 3orbidden 3ruit.D %a(emute <idD' 3right3u( concoction did it' 2or>I the men o3 the cam:' and trai(' unbent in it' genia( g(o2, and 7e't and 'ong and ta(e' o3 :a't ad?enture 2ent round the board. A(ien' 3rom a do,en (and', the9 toa'ted each and a((. t 2a' the $ng(i'hman, &rince, 2ho :(edged DUnc(e Sam, the :recociou' in3ant o3 the Ne2 Gor(dDI the Man>ee, Bett(e', 2ho dran> to DThe Lueen, 8od b(e'' herDI and together, Sa?o9 and %e9er', the 8erman trader, c(anged their cu:' to A('ace and Lorraine. Then %a(emute <id aro'e, cu: in hand, and g(anced at the grea'edA :a:er 2indo2, 2here the 3ro't 'tood 3u(( three inche' thic>. DA hea(th to the man on trai( thi' nightI ma9 hi' grub ho(d outI ma9 hi' dog' >ee: their (eg'I ma9 hi' matche' ne?er mi'' 3ire.D 1rac>c 1rac>c heard the 3ami(iar mu'ic o3 the dog 2hi:, the 2hining ho2( o3 the %a(emute', and the crunch o3 a '(ed a' it dre2 u: to the cabin. 1on?er'ation (angui'hed 2hi(e the9 2aited the i''ue. DAn o(dAtimerI care' 3or hi' dog' and then him'e(3,D 2hi':ered %a(emute <id to &rince a' the9 (i'tened to the 'na::ing 7a2' and the 2o(3i'h 'nar(' and 9e(:' o3 :ain 2hich :roc(aimed to their :racticed ear' that the 'tranger 2a' beating bac> their dog' 2hi(e he 3ed hi' o2n.

Then came the eB:ected >noc>, 'har: and con3ident, and the 'tranger entered. 4a,,(ed b9 the (ight, he he'itated a moment at the door, gi?ing to a(( a chance 3or 'crutin9. #e 2a' a 'tri>ing :er'onage, and a mo't :icture'Cue one, in hi' Arctic dre'' o3 2oo( and 3ur. Standing 'iB 3oot t2o or three, 2ith :ro:ortionate breadth o3 'hou(der' and de:th o3 che't, hi' 'moothA'ha?en 3ace ni::ed b9 the co(d to a g(eaming :in>, hi' (ong (a'he' and e9ebro2' 2hite 2ith ice, and the ear and nec> 3(a:' o3 hi' great 2o(3'>in ca: (oo'e(9 rai'ed, he 'eemed, o3 a ?erit9, the 6ro't <ing, 7u't 'te::ed in out o3 the night. 1(a':ed out'ide hi' %ac>ina2 7ac>et, a beaded be(t he(d t2o (arge 1o(tD' re?o(?er' and a hunting >ni3e, 2hi(e he carried, in addition to the ine?itab(e dog 2hi:, a 'mo>e(e'' ri3(e o3 the (arge't bore and (ate't :attern. A' he came 3or2ard, 3or a(( hi' 'te: 2a' 3irm and e(a'tic, the9 cou(d 'ee that 3atigue bore hea?i(9 u:on him. An a2>2ard 'i(ence had 3a((en, but hi' heart9 DGhat cheer, m9 (ad'HD :ut them Cuic>(9 at ea'e, and the neBt in'tant %a(emute <id and he had gri::ed hand'. Though the9 had ne?er met, each had heard o3 the other, and the recognition 2a' mutua(. A '2ee:ing introduction and a mug o3 :unch 2ere 3orced u:on him be3ore he cou(d eB:(ain hi' errand. #o2 (ong 'ince that ba'>et '(ed, 2ith three men and eight dog', :a''edHD he a'>ed. DAn e?en t2o da9' ahead. Are 9ou a3ter themHD DMe'I m9 team. Run them o33 under m9 ?er9 no'e, the cu''e'. D?e gained t2o da9' on them a(read9AA:ic>
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them u: on the neBt run.D DRec>on the9D(( 'ho2 ':un>HD a'>ed Be(den, in order to >ee: u: the con?er'ation, 3or %a(emute <id a(read9 had the co33ee:ot on and 2a' bu'i(9 3r9ing bacon and moo'e meat. The 'tranger 'igni3icant(9 ta::ed hi' re?o(?er'. DGhenDd 9eh (ea?e 4a2'onHD DT2e(?e oDc(oc>.D DLa't nightHDAAa' a matter o3 cour'e. DToda9.D A murmur o3 'ur:ri'e :a''ed round the circ(e. And 2e(( it mightI 3or it 2a' 7u't midnight, and 'e?ent9A3i?e mi(e' o3 rough ri?er trai( 2a' not to be 'neered at 3or a t2e(?e hour'D run. The ta(> 'oon became im:er'ona(, ho2e?er, har>ing bac> to the trai(' o3 chi(dhood. A' the 9oung 'tranger ate o3 the rude 3are %a(emute <id attenti?e(9 'tudied hi' 3ace. Nor 2a' he (ong in deciding that it 2a' 3air, hone't, and o:en, and that he (i>ed it. Sti(( 9outh3u(, the (ine' had been 3irm(9 traced b9 toi( and hard'hi:. Though genia( in con?er'ation, and mi(d 2hen at re't, the b(ue e9e' ga?e :romi'e o3 the hard 'tee(Ag(itter 2hich come' 2hen ca((ed into action, e':ecia((9 again't odd'. The hea?9 7a2 and 'CuareAcut chin demon'trated rugged :ertinacit9 and indomitabi(it9. Nor, though the attribute' o3 the (ion 2ere there, 2a' there 2anting the certain 'o3tne'', the hint o3 2oman(ine'', 2hich be':o>e the emotiona( nature. DSo thetD' ho2 me anD the o(D 2oman got ':(iced,D 'aid Be(den, conc(uding the eBciting ta(e o3 hi' court'hi:. DO#ere 2e be, 4ad,O 'e, 'he. OAnD

ma9 9eh be damned,O 'e, he to her, anD then to me, DD;im, 9ehA9eh git outen them good dud' oD 9ournI 2ant a right :eart '(ice oD thet 3ort9 acre :(o2ed D3ore dinner.O AnD then he 'ort oD 'ni33(ed anD >i''ed her. AnD 2a' thet ha::9AAbut he 'een me anD roar' out, DDMeh, ;imcD AnD 9eh bet du'ted 3er the barn.D DAn9 >id' 2aiting 3or 9ou bac> in the State'HD a'>ed the 'tranger. DNo:eI Sa( died D3ore an9 come. ThetD' 2h9 Dm here.D Be(den ab'tracted(9 began to (ight hi' :i:e, 2hich had 3ai(ed to go out, and then brightened u: 2ith, D#o2 Dbout 9er'e(3, 'trangerAAmarried manHD 6or re:(9, he o:ened hi' 2atch, '(i::ed it 3rom the thong 2hich 'er?ed 3or a chain, and :a''ed it o?er. Be(den :ic>ed u: the '(u'h (am:, 'ur?e9ed the in'ide o3 the ca'e critica((9, and, '2earing admiring(9 to him'e(3, handed it o?er to Loui' Sa?o9. Gith numerou' DB9 gar'cD he 3ina((9 'urrendered it to &rince, and the9 noticed that hi' hand' tremb(ed and hi' e9e' too> on a :ecu(iar 'o3tne''. And 'o it :a''ed 3rom horn9 hand to horn9 handAAthe :a'ted :hotogra:h o3 a 2oman, the c(inging >ind that 'uch men 3anc9, 2ith a babe at the brea't. Tho'e 2ho had not 9et 'een the 2onder 2ere >een 2ith curio'it9I tho'e 2ho had became 'i(ent and retro':ecti?e. The9 cou(d 3ace the :inch o3 3amine, the gri: o3 'cur?9, or the Cuic> death b9 3ie(d or 3(oodI but the :ictured 'emb(ance o3 a 'tranger 2oman and chi(d made 2omen and chi(dren o3 them a((. DNe?er ha?e 'een the 9oung'ter 9etAAheD' a bo9, 'he 'a9', and t2o 9ear' o(d,D 'aid the 'tranger a' he recei?ed the trea'ure bac>. A (ingering moment he ga,ed u:on it, then 'na::ed the ca'e and turned a2a9, but not Cuic> enough to hide the re'trained ru'h o3 tear'. %a(emute <id (ed him to a bun> and bade him turn in.
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D1a(( me at 3our 'har:. 4onDt 3ai( me,D 2ere hi' (a't 2ord', and a moment (ater he 2a' breathing in the hea?ine'' o3 eBhau'ted '(ee:. DB9 ;o?ec #eD' a :(uc>9 cha:,D commented &rince. DThree hour'D '(ee: a3ter 'e?ent9A3i?e mi(e' 2ith the dog', and then the trai( again. Gho i' he, <idHD D;ac> Ge'tonda(e. Been in going on three 9ear', 2ith nothing but the name o3 2or>ing (i>e a hor'e, and an9 amount o3 bad (uc> to hi' credit. ne?er >ne2 him, but Sit>a 1har(e9 to(d me about him.D D t 'eem' hard that a man 2ith a '2eet 9oung 2i3e (i>e hi' 'hou(d be :utting in hi' 9ear' in thi' 8od3or'a>en ho(e, 2here e?er9 9ear count' t2o on the out'ide.D DThe troub(e 2ith him i' c(ean grit and 'tubbornne''. #eD' c(eaned u: t2ice 2ith a 'ta>e, but (o't it both time'.D #ere the con?er'ation 2a' bro>en o33 b9 an u:roar 3rom Bett(e', 3or the e33ect had begun to 2ear a2a9. And 'oon the b(ea> 9ear' o3 monotonou' grub and deadening toi( 2ere being 3orgotten in rough merriment. %a(emute <id a(one 'eemed unab(e to (o'e him'e(3, and ca't man9 an anBiou' (oo> at hi' 2atch. "nce he :ut on hi' mitten' and bea?erA'>in ca:, and, (ea?ing the cabin, 3e(( to rummaging about in the cache. Nor cou(d he 2ait the hour de'ignatedI 3or he 2a' 3i3teen minute' ahead o3 time in rou'ing hi' gue't. The 9oung giant had 'ti33ened bad(9, and bri'> rubbing 2a' nece''ar9 to bring him to hi' 3eet. #e tottered :ain3u((9 out o3 the cabin, to 3ind hi' dog' harne''ed and e?er9thing read9 3or the 'tart. The com:an9 2i'hed him good (uc> and a 'hort cha'e, 2hi(e 6ather

Roubeau, hurried(9 b(e''ing him, (ed the 'tam:ede 3or the cabinI and 'ma(( 2onder, 3or it i' not good to 3ace 'e?ent9A3our degree' be(o2 ,ero 2ith na>ed ear' and hand'. %a(emute <id 'a2 him to the main trai(, and there, gri::ing hi' hand hearti(9, ga?e him ad?ice. DMouD(( 3ind a hundred :ound' o3 'a(mon egg' on the '(ed,D he 'aid. DThe dog' 2i(( go a' 3ar on that a' 2ith one hundred and 3i3t9 o3 3i'h, and 9ou canDt get dog 3ood at &e((9, a' 9ou :robab(9 eB:ected.D The 'tranger 'tarted, and hi' e9e' 3(a'hed, but he did not interru:t. DMou canDt get an ounce o3 3ood 3or dog or man ti(( 9ou reach 6i?e 6inger', and thatD' a 'ti33 t2o hundred mi(e'. Gatch out 3or o:en 2ater on the Thirt9 %i(e Ri?er, and be 'ure 9ou ta>e the big cuto33 abo?e Le Barge.D D#o2 did 9ou >no2 itH Sure(9 the ne2' canDt be ahead o3 me a(read9HD D donDt >no2 itI and 2hatD' more, donDt 2ant to >no2 it. But 9ou ne?er o2ned that team 9ouDre cha'ing. Sit>a 1har(e9 'o(d it to them (a't ':ring. But he 'i,ed 9ou u: to me a' 'Cuare once, and be(ie?e him. D?e 'een 9our 3aceI (i>e it. And D?e 'eenAA2h9, damn 9ou, hit the high :(ace' 3or 'a(t 2ater and that 2i3e o3 9our', andAD #ere the <id unmittened and 7er>ed out hi' 'ac>. DNoI donDt need it,D and the tear' 3ro,e on hi' chee>' a' he con?u('i?e(9 gri::ed %a(emute <idD' hand. DThen donDt ':are the dog'I cut them out o3 the trace' a' 3a't a' the9 dro:I bu9 them, and thin> the9Dre chea: at ten
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do((ar' a :ound. Mou can get them at 6i?e 6inger', Litt(e Sa(mon, and #oota(inCua. And 2atch out 3or 2et 3eet,D 2a' hi' :arting ad?ice. D<ee: aA tra?e(ing u: to t2ent9A3i?e, but i3 it get' be(o2 that, bui(d a 3ire and change 9our 'oc>'.D 6i3teen minute' had bare(9 e(a:'ed 2hen the 7ing(e o3 be((' announced ne2 arri?a('. The door o:ened, and a mounted :o(iceman o3 the North2e't Territor9 entered, 3o((o2ed b9 t2o ha(3Abreed dog dri?er'. Li>e Ge'tonda(e, the9 2ere hea?i(9 armed and 'ho2ed 'ign' o3 3atigue. The ha(3Abreed' had been borne to the trai( and bore it ea'i(9I but the 9oung :o(iceman 2a' bad(9 eBhau'ted. Sti((, the dogged ob'tinac9 o3 hi' race he(d him to the :ace he had 'et, and 2ou(d ho(d him ti(( he dro::ed in hi' trac>'. DGhen did Ge'tonda(e :u(( outHD he a'>ed. D#e 'to::ed here, didnDt heHD Thi' 2a' 'u:ererogator9, 3or the trac>' to(d their o2n ta(e too 2e((. %a(emute <id had caught Be(denD' e9e, and he, 'centing the 2ind, re:(ied e?a'i?e(9, DA right :eart 2hi(e bac>.D D1ome, m9 manI ':ea> u:,D the :o(iceman admoni'hed. DMeh 'eem to 2ant him right 'mart. #e, he ben gittinD cantan>erou' do2n 4a2'on 2a9HD D#e(d u: #arr9 %c6ar(andD' 3or 3ort9 thou'andI eBchanged it at the &.1. 'tore 3or a chec> on Seatt(eI and 2hoD' to 'to: the ca'hing o3 it i3 2e donDt o?erta>e himH Ghen did he :u(( outHD

$?er9 e9e 'u::re''ed it' eBcitement, 3or %a(emute <id had gi?en the cue, and the 9oung o33icer encountered 2ooden 3ace' on e?er9 hand. Striding o?er to &rince, he :ut the Cue'tion to him. Though it hurt him, ga,ing into the 3ran>, earne't 3ace. o3 hi' 3e((o2 countr9man, he re:(ied incon'eCuentia((9 on the 'tate o3 the trai(. Then he e':ied 6ather Roubeau, 2ho cou(d not (ie. DA Cuarter o3 an hour ago,D the :rie't an'2eredI Dbut he had 3our hour'D re't 3or him'e(3 and dog'.D D6i3teen minute'D 'tart, and heD' 3re'hc %9 8odcD The :oor 3e((o2 'taggered bac>, ha(3 3ainting 3rom eBhau'tion and di'a::ointment, murmuring 'omething about the run 3rom 4a2'on in ten hour' and the dog' being :(a9ed out. %a(emute <id 3orced a mug o3 :unch u:on himI then he turned 3or the door, ordering the dog dri?er' to 3o((o2. But the 2armth and :romi'e o3 re't 2ere too tem:ting, and the9 ob7ected 'trenuou'(9. The <id 2a' con?er'ant 2ith their 6rench :atoi', and 3o((o2ed it anBiou'(9. The9 '2ore that the dog' 2ere gone u:I that Si2a'h and Babette 2ou(d ha?e to be 'hot be3ore the 3ir't mi(e 2a' co?eredI that the re't 2ere a(mo't a' badI and that it 2ou(d be better 3or a(( hand' to re't u:. DLend me 3i?e dog'HD he a'>ed, turning to %a(emute <id. But the <id 'hoo> hi' head. D D(( 'ign a chec> on 1a:tain 1on'tantine 3or 3i?e thou'andAAhereD' m9 :a:er' Dm authori,ed to dra2 at m9 o2n di'cretion.D Again the 'i(ent re3u'a(.
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DThen D(( reCui'ition them in the name o3 the Lueen.D Smi(ing incredu(ou'(9, the <id g(anced at hi' 2e((A'toc>ed ar'ena(, and the $ng(i'hman, rea(i,ing hi' im:otenc9, turned 3or the door. But the dog dri?er' 'ti(( ob7ecting, he 2hir(ed u:on them 3ierce(9, ca((ing them 2omen and cur'. The '2art 3ace o3 the o(der ha(3A breed 3(u'hed angri(9 a' he dre2 him'e(3 u: and :romi'ed in good, round term' that he 2ou(d tra?e( hi' (eader o33 hi' (eg', and 2ou(d then be de(ighted to :(ant him in the 'no2. The 9oung o33icerAAand it reCuired hi' 2ho(e 2i((AA2a(>ed 'teadi(9 to the door, eBhibiting a 3re'hne'' he did not :o''e''. But the9 a(( >ne2 and a::reciated hi' :roud e33ortI nor cou(d he ?ei( the t2inge' o3 agon9 that 'hot acro'' hi' 3ace. 1o?ered 2ith 3ro't, the dog' 2ere cur(ed u: in the 'no2, and it 2a' a(mo't im:o''ib(e to get them to their 3eet. The :oor brute' 2hined under the 'tinging (a'h, 3or the dog dri?er' 2ere angr9 and crue(I nor ti(( Babette, the (eader, 2a' cut 3rom the trace', cou(d the9 brea> out the '(ed and get under 2a9. DA dirt9 'coundre( and a (iarcD DB9 garc #im no goodcD DA thie3cD DGor'e than an ndiancD t 2a' e?ident that the9 2ere angr9AA 3ir't at the 2a9 the9 had been decei?edI and 'econd at the outraged ethic' o3 the North(and, 2here hone't9, abo?e a((, 2a' manD' :rime 7e2e(. DAnD 2e ga?e the cu'' a hand, a3ter >no2inD 2hat heDd did.D A(( e9e' turned accu'ing(9 u:on %a(emute <id, 2ho ro'e 3rom the corner 2here

he had been ma>ing Babette com3ortab(e, and 'i(ent(9 em:tied the bo2( 3or a 3ina( round o3 :unch. D tD' a co(d night, bo9'AAa bitter co(d night,D 2a' the irre(e?ant commencement o3 hi' de3en'e. DMouD?e a(( tra?e(ed trai(, and >no2 2hat that 'tand' 3or. 4onDt 7um: a dog 2hen heD' do2n. MouD?e on(9 heard one 'ide. A 2hiter man than ;ac> Ge'tonda(e ne?er ate 3rom the 'ame :ot nor 'tretched b(an>et 2ith 9ou or me. La't 3a(( he ga?e hi' 2ho(e c(eanAu:, 3ort9 thou'and, to ;oe 1a'tre((, to bu9 in on 4ominion. Toda9 heDd be a mi((ionaire. But, 2hi(e he 'ta9ed behind at 1irc(e 1it9, ta>ing care o3 hi' :artner 2ith the 'cur?9, 2hat doe' 1a'te(( doH 8oe' into %c6ar(andD', 7um:' the (imit, and dro:' the 2ho(e 'ac>. 6ound him dead in the 'no2 the neBt da9. And :oor ;ac> (a9ing hi' :(an' to go out thi' 2inter to hi' 2i3e and the bo9 heD' ne?er 'een. MouD(( notice he too> eBact(9 2hat hi' :artner (o't3ort9 thou'and. Ge((, heD' gone outI and 2hat are 9ou going to do about itHD The <id g(anced round the circ(e o3 hi' 7udge', noted the 'o3tening o3 their 3ace', then rai'ed hi' mug a(o3t. DSo a hea(th to the man on trai( thi' nightI ma9 hi' grub ho(d outI ma9 hi' dog' >ee: their (eg'I ma9 hi' matche' ne?er mi'' 3ire. 8od :ro':er himI good (uc> go 2ith himI and AAD D1on3u'ion to the %ounted &o(icecD cried Bett(e', to the cra'h o3 the em:t9 cu:'. T#$ $N4 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee ) 0etrieved 0eformation (?G;$N0P ) guard came to the prison shoe1
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shop, where Bimmy @alentine was assiduously stitching uppers, and escorted him to the front office. There the warden handed Bimmy his pardon, which had been signed that morning by the governor. Bimmy took it in a tired kind of way. ;e had served nearly ten months of a four year sentence. ;e had e/pected to stay only about three months, at the longest. "hen a man with as many friends on the outside as Bimmy @alentine had is received in the :stir: it is hardly worth while to cut his hair. :Now, @alentine,: said the warden, :you9ll go out in the morning. .race up, and make a man of yourself. Pou9re not a bad fellow at heart. Stop cracking safes, and live straight.: :,eN: said Bimmy, in surprise. :"hy, & never cracked a safe in my life.: :?h, no,: laughed the warden. :?f course not. 6et9s see, now. ;ow was it you happened to get sent up on that Springfield *obN "as it because you wouldn9t prove an alibi for fear of compromising somebody in e/tremely high1toned societyN ?r was it simply a case of a

mean old *ury that had it in for youN &t9s always one or the other with you innocent victims.: :,eN: said Bimmy, still blankly virtuous. :"hy, warden, & never was in Springfield in my lifeS: :Take him back, (roninS: said the warden, :and fi/ him up with outgoing clothes. +nlock him at seven in the morning, and let him come to the bull1pen. .etter think over my advice, @alentine.: )t a quarter past seven on the ne/t morning Bimmy stood in the warden9s outer office. ;e had on a suit of the villainously fitting, ready1made clothes and a pair of the stiff, squeaky shoes that the state furnishes to its discharged compulsory guests. The clerk handed him a railroad ticket and the five1dollar bill with which the law e/pected him to rehabilitate himself into good citi7enship and prosperity. The warden gave him a cigar, and shook hands. @alentine, 5AJ8, was chronicled on the books, :%ardoned by Covernor,: and ,r. Bames @alentine walked out into the sunshine. <isregarding the song of the birds, the waving green trees, and the smell of the flowers, Bimmy headed straight for a restaurant. There he tasted the first sweet *oys of
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liberty in the shape of a broiled chicken and a bottle of white wine11followed by a cigar a grade better than the one the warden had given him. !rom there he proceeded leisurely to the depot. ;e tossed a quarter into the hat of a blind man sitting by the door, and boarded his train. Three hours set him down in a little town near the state line. ;e went to the cafe of one ,ike <olan and shook hands with ,ike, who was alone behind the bar. :Sorry we couldn9t make it sooner, Bimmy, me boy,: said ,ike. :.ut we had that protest from Springfield to buck against, and the governor nearly balked. !eeling all rightN: :!ine,: said Bimmy. :Cot my keyN: ;e got his key and went upstairs, unlocking the door of a room at the rear. $verything was *ust as he had left it. There on the floor was still .en %rice9s collar1button that had been torn from that eminent detective9s shirt1band when they had overpowered Bimmy to arrest him. %ulling out from the wall a folding1bed, Bimmy slid back a panel in

the wall and dragged out a dust1 covered suit1case. ;e opened this and ga7ed fondly at the finest set of burglar9s tools in the $ast. &t was a complete set, made of specially tempered steel, the latest designs in drills, punches, braces and bits, *immies, clamps, and augers, with two or three novelties, invented by Bimmy himself, in which he took pride. ?ver nine hundred dollars they had cost him to have made at 1111, a place where they make such things for the profession. &n half an hour Bimmy went down stairs and through the cafe. ;e was now dressed in tasteful and well1 fitting clothes, and carried his dusted and cleaned suit1case in his hand. :Cot anything onN: asked ,ike <olan, genially. :,eN: said Bimmy, in a pu77led tone. :& don9t understand. &9m representing the New Pork )malgamated Short Snap .iscuit (racker and !ra77led "heat (ompany.: This statement delighted ,ike to such an e/tent that Bimmy had to take a selt7er1and1milk on the spot. ;e never touched :hard: drinks. ) week after the release of @alentine, 5AJ8, there was a neat *ob of safe1burglary done in 0ichmond, &ndiana, with no clue to the author. ) scant eight hundred dollars was
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all that was secured. Two weeks after that a patented, improved, burglar1proof safe in 6ogansport was opened like a cheese to the tune of fifteen hundred dollars, currency2 securities and silver untouched. That began to interest the rogue1 catchers. Then an old1 fashioned bank1safe in Befferson (ity became active and threw out of its crater an eruption of bank1 notes amounting to five thousand dollars. The losses were now high enough to bring the matter up into .en %rice9s class of work. .y comparing notes, a remarkable similarity in the methods of the burglaries was noticed. .en %rice investigated the scenes of the robberies, and was heard to remarkD :That9s <andy Bim @alentine9s autograph. ;e9s resumed business. 6ook at that combination knob11 *erked out as easy as pulling up a radish in wet weather. ;e9s got the only clamps that can do it. )nd look how clean those tumblers were punched outS Bimmy never has to drill but one hole. Pes, & guess & want ,r. @alentine. ;e9ll do his bit ne/t time without any short1time or clemency foolishness.:

.en %rice knew Bimmy9s habits. ;e had learned them while working on the Springfield case. 6ong *umps, quick get1aways, no confederates, and a taste for good society11these ways had helped ,r. @alentine to become noted as a successful dodger of retribution. &t was given out that .en %rice had taken up the trail of the elusive cracksman, and other people with burglar1proof safes felt more at ease. ?ne afternoon Bimmy @alentine and his suit1case climbed out of the mail1hack in $lmore, a little town five miles off the railroad down in the black1*ack country of )rkansas. Bimmy, looking like an athletic young senior *ust home from college, went down the board side1 walk toward the hotel. ) young lady crossed the street, passed him at the corner and entered a door over which was the sign, :The $lmore .ank.: Bimmy @alentine looked into her eyes, forgot what he was, and became another man. She lowered her eyes and coloured slightly. Poung men of Bimmy9s style and looks were scarce in $lmore. Bimmy collared a boy that was loafing on the steps of the bank as if he were one of the stockholders,
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and began to ask him questions about the town, feeding him dimes at intervals. .y and by the young lady came out, looking royally unconscious of the young man with the suit1 case, and went her way. :&sn9 that young lady %olly SimpsonN: asked Bimmy, with specious guile. :Naw,: said the boy. :She9s )nnabel )dams. ;er pa owns this bank. "hy9d you come to $lmore forN &s that a gold watch1 chainN &9m going to get a bulldog. Cot any more dimesN: Bimmy went to the %lanters9 ;otel, registered as 0alph <. Spencer, and engaged a room. ;e leaned on the desk and declared his platform to the clerk. ;e said he had come to $lmore to look for a location to go into business. ;ow was the shoe business, now, in the townN ;e had thought of the shoe business. "as there an openingN The clerk was impressed by the clothes and manner of Bimmy. ;e, himself, was something of a pattern of fashion to the thinly gilded youth of $lmore, but he now perceived his shortcomings. "hile trying

to figure out Bimmy9s manner of tying his four1in1hand he cordially gave information. Pes, there ought to be a good opening in the shoe line. There wasn9t an e/clusive shoe1store in the place. The dry1goods and general stores handled them. .usiness in all lines was fairly good. ;oped ,r. Spencer would decide to locate in $lmore. ;e would find it a pleasant town to live in, and the people very sociable. ,r. Spencer thought he would stop over in the town a few days and look over the situation. No, the clerk needn9t call the boy. ;e would carry up his suit1case, himself2 it was rather heavy. ,r. 0alph Spencer, the phoeni/ that arose from Bimmy @alentine9s ashes 11ashes left by the flame of a sudden and alterative attack of love11 remained in $lmore, and prospered. ;e opened a shoe1 store and secured a good run of trade. Socially he was also a success, and made many friends. )nd he accomplished the wish of his heart. ;e met ,iss )nnabel )dams, and became more and more captivated by her charms. )t the end of a year the situation
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of ,r. 0alph Spencer was thisD he had won the respect of the community, his shoe1store was flourishing, and he and )nnabel were engaged to be married in two weeks. ,r. )dams, the typical, plodding, country banker, approved of Spencer. )nnabel9s pride in him almost equalled her affection. ;e was as much at home in the family of ,r. )dams and that of )nnabel9s married sister as if he were already a member. ?ne day Bimmy sat down in his room and wrote this letter, which he mailed to the safe address of one of his old friends in St. 6ouisD <ear ?ld %alD & want you to be at Sullivan9s place, in 6ittle 0ock, ne/t "ednesday night, at nine o9clock. & want you to wind up some little matters for me. )nd, also, & want to make you a present of my kit of tools. & know you9ll be glad to get them11you couldn9t duplicate the lot for a thousand dollars. Say, .illy, &9ve quit the old business11a year ago. &9ve got a nice store. &9m making an honest living, and &9m going to marry the finest girl on earth two weeks from now. &t9s the only life, .illy11the straight one. & wouldn9t touch a dollar of

another man9s money now for a million. )fter & get married &9m going to sell out and go "est, where there won9t be so much danger of having old scores brought up against me. & tell you, .illy, she9s an angel. She believes in me2 and & wouldn9t do another crooked thing for the whole world. .e sure to be at Sully9s, for & must see you. &9ll bring along the tools with me. Pour old friend, Bimmy. ?n the ,onday night after Bimmy wrote this letter, .en %rice *ogged unobtrusively into $lmore in a livery buggy. ;e lounged about town in his quiet way until he found out what he wanted to know. !rom the drug1store across the street from Spencer9s shoe1store he got a good look at 0alph <. Spencer. :Coing to marry the banker9s daughter are you, BimmyN: said .en to himself, softly. :"ell, & don9t knowS: The ne/t morning Bimmy took breakfast at the )damses. ;e was going to 6ittle 0ock that day to order his wedding1suit and buy something nice for )nnabel. That would be the first time he had left town since he came to $lmore. &t had been more than a year now since those last
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professional :*obs,: and he thought he could safely venture out. )fter breakfast quite a family party went downtown together11,r. )dams, )nnabel, Bimmy, and )nnabel9s married sister with her two little girls, aged five and nine. They came by the hotel where Bimmy still boarded, and he ran up to his room and brought along his suit1 case. Then they went on to the bank. There stood Bimmy9s horse and buggy and <olph Cibson, who was going to drive him over to the railroad station. )ll went inside the high, carved oak railings into the banking1 room11 Bimmy included, for ,r. )dams9s future son1in1law was welcome anywhere. The clerks were pleased to be greeted by the good1looking, agreeable young man who was going to marry ,iss )nnabel. Bimmy set his suit1case down. )nnabel, whose heart was bubbling with happiness and lively youth, put on Bimmy9s hat, and picked up the suit1 case. :"ouldn9t & make a nice drummerN: said )nnabel. :,yS 0alph, how heavy it isN !eels like it was full of gold bricks.:

:6ot of nickel1plated shoe1horns in there,: said Bimmy, coolly, :that &9m going to return. Thought &9d save e/press charges by taking them up. &9m getting awfully economical.: The $lmore .ank had *ust put in a new safe and vault. ,r. )dams was very proud of it, and insisted on an inspection by every one. The vault was a small one, but it had a new, patented door. &t fastened with three solid steel bolts thrown simultaneously with a single handle, and had a time1lock. ,r. )dams beamingly e/plained its workings to ,r. Spencer, who showed a courteous but not too intelligent interest. The two children, ,ay and )gatha, were delighted by the shining metal and funny clock and knobs. "hile they were thus engaged .en %rice sauntered in and leaned on his elbow, looking casually inside between the railings. ;e told the teller that he didn9t want anything2 he was *ust waiting for a man he knew. Suddenly there was a scream or two from the women, and a commotion. +nperceived by the elders, ,ay, the nine1year1old girl, in a spirit of play, had shut )gatha in the vault. She had then shot the bolts and turned the knob of the combination as she had seen ,r. )dams do.
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The old banker sprang to the handle and tugged at it for a moment. :The door can9t be opened,: he groaned. :The clock hasn9t been wound nor the combination set.: )gatha9s mother screamed again, hysterically. :;ushS: said ,r. )dams, raising his trembling hand. :)ll be quite for a moment. )gathaS: he called as loudly as he could. :6isten to me.: <uring the following silence they could *ust hear the faint sound of the child wildly shrieking in the dark vault in a panic of terror. :,y precious darlingS: wailed the mother. :She will die of frightS ?pen the doorS ?h, break it openS (an9t you men do somethingN: :There isn9t a man nearer than 6ittle 0ock who can open that door,: said ,r. )dams, in a shaky voice. :,y CodS Spencer, what shall we doN That child11she can9t stand it long in there. There isn9t enough air, and, besides, she9ll go into convulsions from fright.: )gatha9s mother, frantic now, beat the door of the vault with her hands. Somebody wildly suggested dynamite. )nnabel turned to Bimmy,

her large eyes full of anguish, but not yet despairing. To a woman nothing seems quite impossible to the powers of the man she worships. :(an9t you do something, 0alph11/try/, won9t youN: ;e looked at her with a queer, soft smile on his lips and in his keen eyes. :)nnabel,: he said, :give me that rose you are wearing, will youN: ;ardly believing that she heard him aright, she unpinned the bud from the bosom of her dress, and placed it in his hand. Bimmy stuffed it into his vest1pocket, threw off his coat and pulled up his shirt1 sleeves. "ith that act 0alph <. Spencer passed away and Bimmy @alentine took his place. :Cet away from the door, all of you,: he commanded, shortly. ;e set his suit1case on the table, and opened it out flat. !rom that time on he seemed to be unconscious of the presence of any one else. ;e laid out the shining, queer implements swiftly and orderly, whistling softly to himself as he always did when at work. &n a deep silence and immovable, the others watched him as if under a spell. &n a minute Bimmy9s pet drill was biting smoothly into the steel door. &n ten minutes11breaking his own burglarious record11he threw back
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the bolts and opened the door. )gatha, almost collapsed, but safe, was gathered into her mother9s arms. Bimmy @alentine put on his coat, and walked outside the railings towards the front door. )s he went he thought he heard a far1 away voice that he once knew call :0alphS: .ut he never hesitated. )t the door a big man stood somewhat in his way. :;ello, .enS: said Bimmy, still with his strange smile. :Cot around at last, have youN "ell, let9s go. & don9t know that it makes much difference, now.: )nd then .en %rice acted rather strangely. :Cuess you9re mistaken, ,r. Spencer,: he said. :<on9t believe & recogni7e you. Pour buggy9s waiting for you, ain9t itN: T;$ $N< The 0omance of a .usy .roker (?G;$N0P &itcher, con3identia( c(er> in the o33ice o3 #ar?e9 %aB2e((, bro>er, a((o2ed a (oo> o3 mi(d intere't

and 'ur:ri'e to ?i'it hi' u'ua((9 eB:re''ion(e'' countenance 2hen hi' em:(o9er bri'>(9 entered at ha(3 :a't nine in com:an9 2ith hi' 9oung (ad9 'tenogra:her. Gith a 'na::9 O8oodAmorning, &itcher,O %aB2e(( da'hed at hi' de'> a' though he 2ere intending to (ea: o?er it, and then :(unged into the great hea: o3 (etter' and te(egram' 2aiting there 3or him. The 9oung (ad9 had been %aB2e((D' 'tenogra:her 3or a 9ear. She 2a' beauti3u( in a 2a9 that 2a' decided(9 un'tenogra:hic. She 3ore2ent the :om: o3 the a((uring :om:adour. She 2ore no chain', brace(et' or (oc>et'. She had not the air o3 being about to acce:t an in?itation to (uncheon. #er dre'' 2a' gre9 and :(ain, but it 3itted her 3igure 2ith 3ide(it9 and di'cretion. n her neat b(ac> turban hat 2a' the go(dAgreen 2ing o3 a maca2. "n thi' morning 'he 2a' 'o3t(9 and 'h9(9 radiant. #er e9e' 2ere dreami(9 bright, her chee>' genuine :eachb(o2, her eB:re''ion a ha::9 one, tinged 2ith remini'cence. &itcher, 'ti(( mi(d(9 curiou', noticed a di33erence in her 2a9' thi' morning. n'tead o3 going 'traight into the ad7oining room, 2here her de'> 2a', 'he (ingered, '(ight(9 irre'o(ute, in the outer o33ice. "nce 'he mo?ed o?er b9 %aB2e((D' de'>, near enough 3or him to be a2are o3 her :re'ence.
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The machine 'itting at that de'> 2a' no (onger a manI it 2a' a bu'9 Ne2 Mor> bro>er, mo?ed b9 bu,,ing 2hee(' and uncoi(ing ':ring'. OGe((AA2hat i' itH An9thingHO a'>ed %aB2e(( 'har:(9. #i' o:ened mai( (a9 (i>e a ban> o3 'tage 'no2 on hi' cro2ded de'>. #i' >een gre9 e9e, im:er'ona( and bru'Cue, 3(a'hed u:on her ha(3 im:atient(9. ONothing,O an'2ered the 'tenogra:her, mo?ing a2a9 2ith a (itt(e 'mi(e. O%r. &itcher,O 'he 'aid to the con3identia( c(er>, did %r. %aB2e(( 'a9 an9thing 9e'terda9 about engaging another 'tenogra:herHO O#e did,O an'2ered &itcher. O#e to(d me to get another one. noti3ied the agenc9 9e'terda9 a3ternoon to 'end o?er a 3e2 'am:(e' thi' morning. tD' +.!5 oDc(oc>, and not a 'ing(e :icture hat or :iece o3 :inea::(e che2ing gum ha' 'ho2ed u: 9et.O O 2i(( do the 2or> a' u'ua(, then,O 'aid the 9oung (ad9, Ounti( 'ome one come' to 3i(( the :(ace.O And 'he 2ent to her de'> at once and hung the b(ac> turban hat 2ith the go(dAgreen maca2 2ing in it'

accu'tomed :(ace. #e 2ho ha' been denied the ':ectac(e o3 a bu'9 %anhattan bro>er during a ru'h o3 bu'ine'' i' handica::ed 3or the :ro3e''ion o3 anthro:o(og9. The :oet 'ing' o3 the Ocro2ded hour o3 g(oriou' (i3e.O The bro>erD' hour i' not on(9 cro2ded, but the minute' and 'econd' are hanging to a(( the 'tra:' and :ac>ing both 3ront and rear :(at3orm'. And thi' da9 2a' #ar?e9 %aB2e((D' bu'9 da9. The tic>er began to ree( out 7er>i(9 it' 3it3u( coi(' o3 ta:e, the de'> te(e:hone had a chronic attac> o3 bu,,ing. %en began to throng into the o33ice and ca(( at him o?er the rai(ing, 7o?ia((9, 'har:(9, ?iciou'(9, eBcited(9. %e''enger bo9' ran in and out 2ith me''age' and te(egram'. The c(er>' in the o33ice 7um:ed about (i>e 'ai(or' during a 'torm. $?en &itcherD' 3ace re(aBed into 'omething re'emb(ing animation. "n the $Bchange there 2ere hurricane' and (and'(ide' and 'no2'torm' and g(acier' and ?o(canoe', and tho'e e(ementa( di'turbance' 2ere re:roduced in miniature in the bro>erD' o33ice'. %aB2e(( 'ho?ed hi' chair again't the 2a(( and tran'acted bu'ine'' a3ter the manner o3 a toe dancer. #e 7um:ed 3rom tic>er to D:hone, 3rom de'> to door 2ith the trained agi(it9 o3 a har(eCuin.
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n the mid't o3 thi' gro2ing and im:ortant 'tre'' the bro>er became 'udden(9 a2are o3 a highAro((ed 3ringe o3 go(den hair under a nodding cano:9 o3 ?e(?et and o'trich ti:', an imitation 'ea('>in 'acCue and a 'tring o3 bead' a' (arge a' hic>or9 nut', ending near the 3(oor 2ith a 'i(?er heart. There 2a' a 'e(3A :o''e''ed 9oung (ad9 connected 2ith the'e acce''orie'I and &itcher 2a' there to con'true her. OLad9 3rom the Stenogra:herD' Agenc9 to 'ee about the :o'ition,O 'aid &itcher. %aB2e(( turned ha(3 around, 2ith hi' hand' 3u(( o3 :a:er' and tic>er ta:e. OGhat :o'itionHO he a'>ed, 2ith a 3ro2n. O&o'ition o3 'tenogra:her,O 'aid &itcher. OMou to(d me 9e'terda9 to ca(( them u: and ha?e one 'ent o?er thi' morning.O OMou are (o'ing 9our mind, &itcher,O 'aid %aB2e((. OGh9 'hou(d ha?e gi?en 9ou an9 'uch in'truction'H %i'' Le'(ie ha' gi?en :er3ect 'ati'3action during the 9ear 'he ha' been here. The :(ace i' her' a' (ong a' 'he choo'e' to retain it.

ThereD' no :(ace o:en here, madam. 1ountermand that order 2ith the agenc9, &itcher, and donDt bring an9 more o3 Dem in here.O The 'i(?er heart (e3t the o33ice, '2inging and banging it'e(3 inde:endent(9 again't the o33ice 3urniture a' it indignant(9 de:arted. &itcher 'ei,ed a moment to remar> to the boo>>ee:er that the Oo(d manO 'eemed to get more ab'entAminded and 3orget3u( e?er9 da9 o3 the 2or(d. The ru'h and :ace o3 bu'ine'' gre2 3iercer and 3a'ter. "n the 3(oor the9 2ere :ounding ha(3 a do,en 'toc>' in 2hich %aB2e((D' cu'tomer' 2ere hea?9 in?e'tor'. "rder' to bu9 and 'e(( 2ere coming and going a' '2i3t a' the 3(ight o3 '2a((o2'. Some o3 hi' o2n ho(ding' 2ere im:eri((ed, and the man 2a' 2or>ing (i>e 'ome highAgeared, de(icate, 'trong machineAA'trung to 3u(( ten'ion, going at 3u(( ':eed, accurate, ne?er he'itating, 2ith the :ro:er 2ord and deci'ion and act read9 and :rom:t a' c(oc>2or>. Stoc>' and bond', (oan' and mortgage', margin' and 'ecuritie'AAhere 2a' a 2or(d o3 3inance, and there 2a' no room in it 3or the human 2or(d or the 2or(d o3 nature. Ghen the (uncheon hour dre2 near there came a '(ight (u(( in the u:roar. %aB2e(( 'tood b9 hi' de'> 2ith hi'
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hand' 3u(( o3 te(egram' and memoranda, 2ith a 3ountain :en o?er hi' right ear and hi' hair hanging in di'order(9 'tring' o?er hi' 3orehead. #i' 2indo2 2a' o:en, 3or the be(o?ed 7anitre'' S:ring had turned on a (itt(e 2armth through the 2a>ing regi'ter' o3 the earth. And through the 2indo2 came a 2anderingAA:erha:' a (o'tAA odourAAa de(icate, '2eet odour o3 (i(ac that 3iBed the bro>er 3or a moment immo?ab(e. 6or thi' odour be(onged to %i'' Le'(ieI it 2a' her o2n, and her' on(9. The odour brought her ?i?id(9, a(mo't tangib(9 be3ore him. The 2or(d o3 3inance d2ind(ed 'udden(9 to a ':ec>. And 'he 2a' in the neBt roomAAt2ent9 'te:' a2a9. OB9 8eorge, D(( do it no2,O 'aid %aB2e((, ha(3 a(oud. O D(( a'> her no2. 2onder didnDt do it (ong ago.O #e da'hed into the inner o33ice 2ith the ha'te o3 a 'hort tr9ing to co?er. #e charged u:on the de'> o3 the 'tenogra:her. She (oo>ed u: at him 2ith a 'mi(e. A 'o3t :in> cre:t o?er her chee>, and her e9e' 2ere >ind and

3ran>. %aB2e(( (eaned one e(bo2 on her de'>. #e 'ti(( c(utched 3(uttering :a:er' 2ith both hand' and the :en 2a' abo?e hi' ear. O%i'' Le'(ie,O he began hurried(9, O ha?e but a moment to ':are. 2ant to 'a9 'omething in that moment. Gi(( 9ou he m9 2i3eH ha?enDt had time to ma>e (o?e to 9ou in the ordinar9 2a9, but rea((9 do (o?e 9ou. Ta(> Cuic>, :(ea'eAAtho'e 3e((o2' are c(ubbing the 'tu33ing out o3 Union &aci3ic.O O"h, 2hat are 9ou ta(>ing aboutHO eBc(aimed the 9oung (ad9. She ro'e to her 3eet and ga,ed u:on him, roundAe9ed. O4onDt 9ou under'tandHO 'aid %aB2e((, re'ti?e(9. O 2ant 9ou to marr9 me. (o?e 9ou, %i'' Le'(ie. 2anted to te(( 9ou, and 'natched a minute 2hen thing' had '(ac>ened u: a bit. The9Dre ca((ing me 3or the D:hone no2. Te(( Dem to 2ait a minute, &itcher. GonDt 9ou, %i'' Le'(ieHO The 'tenogra:her acted ?er9 Cueer(9. At 3ir't 'he 'eemed o?ercome 2ith ama,ementI then tear' 3(o2ed 3rom her 2ondering e9e'I and then 'he 'mi(ed 'unni(9 through them, and one o3 her arm' '(id tender(9 about the bro>erD' nec>. O >no2 no2,O 'he 'aid, 'o3t(9. O tD' thi' o(d bu'ine'' that ha' dri?en e?er9thing e('e out o3 9our head 3or the time. 2a'
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3rightened at 3ir't. 4onDt 9ou remember, #ar?e9H Ge 2ere married (a't e?ening at 8 oDc(oc> in the Litt(e 1hurch Around the 1orner.O T;$ $N<

#ere i' a brighter garden, Ghere not a 3ro't ha' beenI n it' un3ading 3(o2er' hear the bright bee humJ &rithee, m9 brother, nto m9 garden comec hi Nobod9 >no2' thi' (itt(e Ro'e b9 $mi(9 4ic>in'on eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Nobod9 >no2' thi' (itt(e Ro'e AA t might a :i(grim be 4id not ta>e it 3rom the 2a9' And (i3t it u: to thee. "n(9 a Bee 2i(( mi'' it AA "n(9 a Butter3(9, #a'tening 3rom 3ar 7ourne9 AA "n it' brea't to (ie AA "n(9 a Bird 2i(( 2onder AA "n(9 a Bree,e 2i(( 'igh AA Ah Litt(e Ro'e AA ho2 ea'9 6or 'uch a' thee to diec hi Let America Be America Again b9 Lang'ton #ughe' eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Let America be America again. Let it be the dream it u'ed to be. Let it be the :ioneer on the :(ain See>ing a home 2here he him'e(3 i' 3ree. -America ne?er 2a' America to me.0 Let America be the dream the dreamer' dreamedAA Let it be that great 'trong (and o3 (o?e Ghere ne?er >ing' conni?e nor t9rant' 'cheme That an9 man be cru'hed b9 one abo?e. - t ne?er 2a' America to me.0
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T%?$T0P "?0-?+TUD 4" AD "2AP"T21E BD EBPLA%1 #E0 VE,"E" CD %DE1T%)0 A1D EBPLA%1 "0/B2L" Dm Nobod9c Gho are 9ouH b9 $mi(9 4ic>in'on eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Dm Nobod9c Gho are 9ouH Are 9ou AA Nobod9 AA TooH Then thereD' a :air o3 u'c 4onDt te((c the9Dd ad?erti'e AA 9ou >no2c #o2 drear9 AA to be AA Somebod9c #o2 :ub(ic AA (i>e a 6rog AA To te(( oneD' name AA the (i?e(ong ;une AA To an admiring Bogc hi There i' another '>9 b9 $mi(9 4ic>in'on eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee There i' another '>9, $?er 'erene and 3air, And there i' another 'un'hine, Though it be dar>ne'' thereI Ne?er mind 3aded 3ore't', Au'tin, Ne?er mind 'i(ent 3ie(d' A #ere i' a (itt(e 3ore't, Gho'e (ea3 i' e?er greenI

", (et m9 (and be a (and 2here Libert9 ' cro2ned 2ith no 3a('e :atriotic 2reath, But o::ortunit9 i' rea(, and (i3e i' 3ree, $Cua(it9 i' in the air 2e breathe. -ThereD' ne?er been eCua(it9 3or me, Nor 3reedom in thi' Ohome(and o3 the 3ree.O0 Sa9, 2ho are 9ou that mumb(e' in the dar>H And 2ho are 9ou that dra2' 9our ?ei( acro'' the 'tar'H am the :oor 2hite, 3oo(ed and :u'hed a:art, am the Negro bearing '(a?er9D' 'car'. am the red man dri?en 3rom the (and, am the immigrant c(utching the ho:e 'ee>AA And 3inding on(9 the 'ame o(d 'tu:id :(an "3 dog eat dog, o3 might9 cru'h the 2ea>. am the 9oung man, 3u(( o3 'trength and ho:e, Tang(ed in that ancient end(e'' chain "3 :ro3it, :o2er, gain, o3 grab the (andc "3 grab the go(dc "3 grab the 2a9' o3 'ati'39ing needc "3 2or> the menc "3 ta>e the :a9c "3 o2ning e?er9thing 3or oneD' o2n greedc am the 3armer, bond'man to the 'oi(. am the 2or>er 'o(d to the machine. am the Negro, 'er?ant to 9ou a((. am the :eo:(e, humb(e, hungr9, meanAA #ungr9 9et toda9 de':ite the dream.

Beaten 9et toda9AA", &ioneer'c am the man 2ho ne?er got ahead, The :oore't 2or>er bartered through the 9ear'. Met Dm the one 2ho dreamt our ba'ic dream n the "(d Gor(d 2hi(e 'ti(( a 'er3 o3 >ing', Gho dreamt a dream 'o 'trong, 'o bra?e, 'o true, That e?en 9et it' might9 daring 'ing' n e?er9 bric> and 'tone, in e?er9 3urro2 turned ThatD' made America the (and it ha' become. ", Dm the man 2ho 'ai(ed tho'e ear(9 'ea' n 'earch o3 2hat meant to be m9 homeAA 6or Dm the one 2ho (e3t dar> re(andD' 'hore, And &o(andD' :(ain, and $ng(andD' gra''9 (ea, And torn 3rom B(ac> A3ricaD' 'trand came To bui(d a Ohome(and o3 the 3ree.O The 3reeH Gho 'aid the 3reeH Not meH Sure(9 not meH The mi((ion' on re(ie3 toda9H The mi((ion' 'hot do2n 2hen 2e 'tri>eH The mi((ion' 2ho ha?e nothing 3or our :a9H 6or a(( the dream' 2eD?e dreamed And a(( the 'ong' 2eD?e 'ung And a(( the ho:e' 2eD?e he(d And a(( the 3(ag' 2eD?e hung, The mi((ion' 2ho ha?e nothing 3or our :a9AA $Bce:t the dream thatD' a(mo't dead toda9. ", (et America be America againAA The (and that ne?er ha' been 9etAA
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And 9et mu't beAAthe (and 2here e?er9 man i' 3ree. The (and thatD' mineAAthe :oor manD', ndianD', NegroD', %$AA Gho made America, Gho'e '2eat and b(ood, 2ho'e 3aith and :ain, Gho'e hand at the 3oundr9, 2ho'e :(o2 in the rain, %u't bring bac> our might9 dream again. Sure, ca(( me an9 ug(9 name 9ou choo'eAA The 'tee( o3 3reedom doe' not 'tain. 6rom tho'e 2ho (i?e (i>e (eeche' on the :eo:(eD' (i?e', Ge mu't ta>e bac> our (and again, Americac ", 9e', 'a9 it :(ain, America ne?er 2a' America to me, And 9et '2ear thi' oathAA America 2i(( bec "ut o3 the rac> and ruin o3 our gang'ter death, The ra:e and rot o3 gra3t, and 'tea(th, and (ie', Ge, the :eo:(e, mu't redeem The (and, the mine', the :(ant', the ri?er'. The mountain' and the end(e'' :(ainAA A((, a(( the 'tretch o3 the'e great green 'tate'AA And ma>e America againc hi eG"R<"UT 1"NT NU$4 "N T#$ N$PT &A8$J

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee , too, 'ing America. am the dar>er brother. The9 'end me to eat in the >itchen Ghen com:an9 come', But (augh, And eat 2e((, And gro2 'trong. Tomorro2, D(( be at the tab(e Ghen com:an9 come'. Nobod9D(( dare Sa9 to me, O$at in the >itchen,O Then. Be'ide', The9D(( 'ee ho2 beauti3u( am And be a'hamedAA , too, am America. hi " 1a:tainc %9 1a:tainc b9 Ga(t Ghitman 1 " 1A&TA Nc m9 1a:tainc our 3ear3u( tri: i' doneI The 'hi: ha' 2eatherDd e?er9 rac>, the :ri,e 2e 'ought i' 2onI The :ort i' near, the be((' hear, the :eo:(e a(( eBu(ting, Ghi(e 3o((o2 e9e' the 'tead9 >ee(, the ?e''e( grim and daringJ But " heartc heartc heartc " the b(eeding dro:' o3 red, Ghere on the dec> m9 1a:tain (ie', 6a((en co(d and dead. * " 1a:tainc m9 1a:tainc ri'e u: and hear the be(('I Ri'e u:A3or 9ou the 3(ag i' 3(ungA3or 9ou the bug(e tri(('I 6or 9ou bouCuet' and ribbonDd 2reath'A
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, Too, Sing America b9 Lang'ton #ughe'

3or 9ou the 'hore' aAcro2dingI 6or 9ou the9 ca((, the '2a9ing ma'', their eager 3ace' turningI #ere 1a:tainc dear 3atherc Thi' arm beneath 9our headI t i' 'ome dream that on the dec>, MouD?e 3a((en co(d and dead. 3 %9 1a:tain doe' not an'2er, hi' (i:' are :a(e and 'ti((I %9 3ather doe' not 3ee( m9 arm, he ha' no :u('e nor 2i((I The 'hi: i' anchorDd 'a3e and 'ound, it' ?o9age c(o'ed and doneI 6rom 3ear3u( tri:, the ?ictor 'hi:, come' in 2ith ob7ect 2onI $Bu(t, " 'hore', and ring, " be(('c But , 2ith mourn3u( tread, Ga(> the dec> m9 1a:tain (ie', 6a((en co(d and dead. hi )s & %onderGd in Silence. by "alt "hitman LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 1 AS :onderSd in 'i(ence, Returning u:on m9 :oem', con'idering, (ingering (ong, A &hantom aro'e be3ore me, 2ith di'tru't3u( a':ect, Terrib(e in beaut9, age, and :o2er, The geniu' o3 :oet' o3 o(d (and', A' to me directing (i>e 3(ame it' e9e', Gith 3inger :ointing to man9 immorta( 'ong', And menacing ?oice, Ghat 'inge't thouH it 'aidI <no2S't thou not, there i' but one theme 3or e?erAenduring bard'H And that i' the theme o3 Gar, the 3ortune o3 batt(e', The ma>ing o3 :er3ect 'o(dier'H

* Be it 'o, then an'2erSd, too, haught9 Shade, a('o 'ing 2arK and a (onger and greater one than an9, Gaged in m9 boo> 2ith ?ar9ing 3ortuneK 2ith 3(ight, ad?ance, and retreatK@ictor9 de3errSd and 2a?ering, -Met, methin>', certain, or a' good a' certain, at the (a't,0KThe 3ie(d the 2or(dI 6or (i3e and deathK3or the Bod9, and 3or the eterna( Sou(, Loc too am come, chanting the chant o3 batt(e', , abo?e a((, :romote bra?e 'o(dier'. VW N?@$6 "?0-?+TD (;??S$ ?N$ ?! T;$S$ T&T6$S !?0 P?+0 S$(?N< T$ST ?N ) N?@$6 1A The 8reat 8a'tb9A S.6it,gera(d *A "3 %ice and %enA Steinbec> K1 6ife on the ,ississippiA %. T2ain

4-

)dventures of ;uckleberry !inn.A %. T2ain

5A %obie 4ic>A #. %e(?i((e J1 The 0ed .adge of (ourageA S. 1rane

$ssay "orkoutD 6et )merica be )merica )gain The &oem ELet America Be America AgainF i' a ?er9 emotiona( and mo?ing :oem. t 2a' mo't (i>e(9 2ritten around
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the 'ame time '(a?er9 ended in America. A' the :oem goe' on it 'ho2' more and more the crue(t9 and hard'hi:' certain :eo:(e 2ou(d ha?e had to eB:erience in that time and ho2 hard it 2a' 3or the'e ob'tac(e' to be o?ercome. The :oem ':ea>' o3 AmericaS' dream 3or 3reedom and 3or a(( to be eCua(. The character 'a9' that thi' dream ha' not 9et been rea(i,ed e':ecia((9 3or him and tho'e (i>e him. #e ':ea>' o3 ho2 America i' 'u::o'ed to be the (and o3 (o?e but ho2 it ne?er 2a' that to him. The character a('o 'a9' ho2 EThereS' ne?er been eCua(it9 3or me, nor 3reedom in thi' Ehome(and o3 the 3reeF. America i' ca((ed the home(and o3 the 3ree and it i' a(mo't a' i3 the character i' moc>ing thi' becau'e he him'e(3 ha' ne?er been ab(e to be 3ree. But a(( o3 the di33erent un3airne''S America ha' done to it' :eo:(e. 6or eBam:(e Ethe negro bearing '(a?er9S' 'carF and Ethe red man dri?en 3rom the (andF and it a('o mention' Ethe immigrant c(utching the ho:e 'ee>F. Gith that (ine the character i' tr9ing to 'a9 ho2 2hen the immigrant' come to America the9 are 3i((ed 2ith dream' and ho:e becau'e o3 the 3reedom America i' 'u::o'ed to o33er but 2hen the9 reach there the9 3ind it i' a 2or(d o3 Edog eat dog, o3 might9 cru'h the 2ea>F. Ghich i' 2hat the character 'ee' America a' being, a 2or(d 2here tho'e more :o2er3u( than other' cru'h tho'e be(o2 them. The character doe' not e?en ha?e the ho:e 3or America that an immigrant 2ou(d becau'e he ha'

eB:erienced 2hat America rea((9 i' and >no2' better then that. The character ':ea>' o3 ho2 he i' not e?en 3ree in hi' countr9 and he ma>e' oh ho2 he made America 3or he 2a' the one that 2or>ed it and :ut hi' b(ood, '2eat, 3aith and :ain into it. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL 0ip @an "inkle n Ga'hington r?ingS' ERi: @an Gin>(eF, 4ame @an Gin>(e i' de'cribed a' Ea termagant 2i3eF -:. 55!0 2ith Ea tart tem:erF and Eand 'har: tongueF -:. 5550. n 3act, 4ame @an Gin>(e 2a' 'o domineering that Ri: 3reCuent(9 'ought 'o(ace out'ide o3 hi' o2n home. #o2e?er, hi' 2i3e cou(d ha?e 'im:(9 been com:(ete(9 3ru'trated b9 hi' (ac> o3 initiati?e to a''i't in the u:>ee: o3 hi' home and 3ami(9 and 'tunned b9 the de:th o3 (a,ine''. &erha:' thi' 2a' 4ame @an Gin>(eS' attem:t to get Ri: to actua((9 do 'omething u'e3u( 3or hi' o2n 3ami(9. Ri:S' re':on'e to being con3ronted b9 hi' 2i3e 2a' to 'hrug hi' 'hou(der', 'ha>e hi' head, ro(( hi' e9e' and remain 'i(ent -:. 5550. 4uring the time :eriod thi' c(a''ic 2a' 2ritten, a 2oman 2a' de:endent u:on her hu'band a' the 'o(e 3inancia( 'u::orter o3 the 3ami(9. 4ame @an Gin>(e ma9 not ha?e >no2n the eBtent o3 Ri:S' id(ene'' :rior to their marriage. %an9 marriage' 2ere arranged b9 :arent' ?er'u' entered into b9 con'enting and in (o?e adu(t'. A 2i3e 2a' eB:ected to >ee: the home and rai'e the chi(dren. A hu'band 2a' to :ro?ide 3or the 3ami(9. B9 Ri:S' o2n admi''ion in re3erring to the hou'e, 4ame @an Gin>(e Ea(2a9' >e:t in neat o
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n the :oem' EThe Ra?enF and EAnnabe( LeeF, $dgar A((an &oe '>i((3u((9 create' the emotion' o3 de':air and (one(ine'' o?er the (o'' o3 a beauti3u( 2oman. A' the author 'tate' in EThe &hi(o'o:h9 o3 1om:o'itionF -:. 13000 and in order to :ro?ide 'uch a ?i?id menta( :icture and 'trong emotion' de:icted, a Eberea?ed (o?erF i' be't 'uited to :ortra9 'uch a to:ic. t i' ob?iou' 3rom both :oem' that the narrator ha' (o't a great (o?e. rderF -:. 55+0. #o2e?er, Ri: 2a' not 2i((ing to :ro?ide 3or hi' o2n 3ami(9 choo'ing in'tead to a''i't hi' neighbor' -:. 35!0. Since hi' 2a' not (i?ing u: to hi' 3ami(ia( re':on'ibi(itie', 4ame @an Gin>(e too> e?er9 occa'ion to bring hi' 3ai(ing' to hi' attention in the ho:e' o3 changing him. At the time, her o:tion' 2ere (imited and her di(emma maddening at be't. Ri: mu't ha?e had 'ome (o?e 3or -or 3ear o30 hi' 2i3e 3or u:on a2a>ening 3rom hi' '(ee: hi' 3ir't thought' 2ere not o3 hi' 3aith3u( com:anion Go(3, but o3 hi' 2i3e -:. 5580. Met con'i'tent 2ith hi' (a,9 nature, Ri:S' thought' 2ere o3 the eBcu'e' he 2ou(d u'e 2hen he encountered the dreaded 4ame @an Gin>(e. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL &9m NobodyS "ho are youN by $mily <ickinson $mi(9 4ic>in'on i' o3ten ca((ed a rec(u'e becau'e 'he ':ent the 'econd ha(3 o3 her (i3e 'ec(uded 3rom the :ub(ic in her 3ami(9 home. "ut o3 o?er *000 :oem' 'he 2rote, on(9 1* o3 tho'e 2ere :ub(i'hed

anon9mou'(9 in her (i3etime. 6urthermore, the 3riend'hi:' she kept in the latter part of her life were held mostly by letter correspondence. ;owever, <ickinson believed that the best inspiration came from doing without. & believe that this is the basis for :&9m NobodyS "ho are youN: <ickinson not only chose to be a :Nobody,: she preferred it. She en*oyed herself the most when she was alone, tending the gardens around her family home, writing poetry, reading. ;er choice to publish herpoems anonymously is a direct reflection of her choice to be a nobody. !or this reason, & would argue that the poem :&9m NobodyS "ho are youN: is a direct reflection of <ickinson9s ideals on life. :)re you 11 Nobody 11 tooN: The friendships that <ickinson kept in her life were intimate. There were so intimate, in fact, that her se/uality is often questioned based on the letters she wrote to her friends. )ll of the people that theorists have connected to <ickinson as being the :love: she spoke of in her poems are people to whom she corresponded with by letters, men and women alike. This second line paired with the third, :Then there9s a pair of usS: suggests that <ickinson was not so much of a recluse. 0ather, she was looking for another :Nobody,: another person who valued anonymity, to spend her time with.

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%AN4AT"RM R$A4 N8A 4$AT# "6 A SAL$S%ANA A,TH*, /%LLE,

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