BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 1 of 16

CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENTIATION
The Derivative as a Function
Derivative Function
The derivative of the function f(x) with respect to the variable x is the function
'
f whose value
at x is
,
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f
lim ) x ( f
0 h
'
+

provided the limit exists.

Example: Attend lecture.
PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Find the following indicated derivatives by using definition.
1.
3
x 2 y .
t
1
t v
!. 1
2
s
r
3
+ ".
1 q
1
p
+

#.
1 t 2
t
s
+

$.
2 w 3
1
z

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 2 of 16
Find the following indicated derivatives by using definition.
1.
2
x 6 .
2
t
1
1+
!.
2
s
2
3
".
2 / 3
) 1 q ( 2
1
+

#.
2
) 1 t 2 (
1
+
$.
2 / 3
) 2 w 3 ( 2
3

Differentiation %ules
Derivative of a &onstant Function
'f f has the constant value f(x) = c, then
0 ) c (
dx
d
dx
df

(ower %ule for (ositive 'ntegers
'f n is a positive integer) then
1 n n
nx x
dx
d

&onstant *ultiple %ule

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 3 of 16
'f u is a differentiable function of x) and c is a constant) then
dx
du
c ) cu (
dx
d

Derivative +um %ule

'f u and v are differentiable functions of x) then their sum u v is differentiable at every point
where u and v are both differentiable. At such points)
dx
dv
dx
du
) v u (
dx
d
+ +
Derivative (roduct %ule
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 4 of 16
'f u and v are differentiable at x) then so is their product uv, and
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u ) uv (
dx
d
+
Derivative ,uotient %ule
'f u and v are differentiable at x and if
0 ) x ( v
) then the -uotient u/v is differentiable at x, and
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d


,
_

Example: Attend lecture.

PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Derivative &alculations
Find the first and second derivatives for the following functions.
1. 3 x y
2
+ ..
z
1
z 3 w
2


!. ! x x y
2
+ + /.
2
1
t
"
t 2 s +

#.
# 3
t 3 t # s 0.
2 2
x # x 10 x 6 y


.
2 3 $
z 21 z $ z 3 w + 11.
3
x x 2 " y


". x
3
x "
y
3
11.
s s
r
!
"
#
1
!

$.
"
x
2
x
3
x
y
2 3
+ + 1!.
" 3
1 " 12
r

+
'n the following -uestions) find
2
y (a) by applying the (roduct %ule and (b) by multiplying the
factors to produce a sum of simpler terms to differentiate.
1. ) 1 x x )( x 3 ( y
3 2
+ #.
)
x
1
# x )( 1 x ( y
2
+ + +
!. ) 1 x x )( 1 x ( y
2
+ + .
,
_

+
,
_

+ 1
x
1
x
x
1
x y
Differentiate the following functions.
1.
2 x 3
# x 2
y

..
1 s
1 s
) s ( f
+

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page of 16

!.
1 x
1 x 2
z
2

+
/.
x 2
1 x #
u
+

#.
# % 0 x
" x
) x ( &
2
+

0.
x
x " x 1
v
+

.
2 t t
1 t
) t ( f
2
2
+

11.

,
_

1
2 r
".
1 2
) t 1 )( t 1 ( v

+ 11.
( )( ) 1 x x 1 x
1
y
2 2
+ +

$. ) # x ( ) $ x 2 ( w
1
+

1!.
( )( )
( )( ) 2 x 1 x
2 x 1 x
y

+ +

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4

Derivative &alculations
1. '2 ..
3 "
z 2 z 1!

!. 2 /.
" 3
t 2" t "

+
#.
3
t 60 t 30 0.
"
x 30 12

. "2 z "2 z 126

#
+ 11.
#
x 12

". x ! 11.
3 "
s # s 2

$. 1 x 2 + 1!.
6 # 3
20 "! 2"

+
1. 3 x 2 x 12 x #
2 "
+ #.
2 2
x 2 x 10 x 3

+ +
!.
2
x 3 .
3 2
x 2 x 1 x 2

+ +
1.
2
) 2 x 3 (
1(

..
2
) 1 s ( s
1
+
!.
2 2
2
) 1 x (
) 1 x x ( 2

+ +
/.
2 / 3
x "
1 x #
#.
2
2
) # % 0 x (
" x x
+
+ +
0.
2
x
1 x 2
.
2
) 2 t (
1
+
11.
2 / 1 2 / 3
1 1

+
".
2 2
2
) t 1 (
1 t 2 t
+

11.
2 2 2 2
2 3
) 1 x x ( ) 1 x (
1 x 3 x "
+ +
+
$.
2
) $ x 2 (
1$

1!.
2 2
2
) 2 x ( ) 1 x (
) 2 x ( 6


BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 6 of 16
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
1.
x c)s x sin
dx
d

!.
x sin x c)s
dx
d

#.
x s*c x t+n
dx
d
2

.
x t+n x s*c x s*c
dx
d

".
x csc x c)t
dx
d
2

$.
x c)t x csc x csc
dx
d

Example: Attend lecture.
PROBLEM SET 3!3
PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Find
dx
dy
.
1.
x c)s 3 x 10 y +
..
x c)t 1
x c)t
y
+

!.
x sin #
x
3
y +
/.
x sin 1
x c)s
y
+

#. $ x " x csc y + 0.
x t+n
1
x c)s
"
y +
.
2
2
x
1
x c)t x y 11.
x c)s
x
x
x c)s
y +
".
( )( ) x t+n x s*c x t+n x s*c y +
11. x x x x x y sin ! cos ! sin
!
+
$.
( ) x s*c x c)s x sin y +
1!. x c)s 2 x sin x 2 x c)s x y
2

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
1. x sin 3 10 ..
2
2
) x c)t 1 (
x csc
+

!. x c)s # x 3
2
+

/.
x sin 1
1
+

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page " of 16

#.
x
2
x c)t x csc
0. x csc x t+n x s*c "
2

.
3 2 2
x 2 x c)t x 2 x csc x

+ + 11.
x c)s
x sin x x c)s
x
x c)s x sin x
2 2
+
+

". 0 11. x c)s x
2
$. x s*c
2
1!. x sin x
2

The &hain %ule

'f f(u) is differentiable at the point u = &(x) and &(x) is differentiable at x, then the composite
function
)) x ( & ( f ) x )( & f (
is differentiable at x) and
) x ( & )) x ( & ( f ) x ( ) & f (
' ' '

'n 3eibni45s notation) if y = f(u) and u = &(x), then
,
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy

where dy/du is evaluated at u = &(x)%
Example: Attend lecture.
PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Differentiate the following functions.
1. ( )
"
1 ! + x y !1.
3 "
) 1 x ( ) 3 x " ( y

+ +
!. ( )
(
x 3 " y !!.
6 2 1
) x # x ( ) # x 2 ( y

#.
$
$
x
1 y

,
_

!#. $ ) x 2 t+n( x ) x ( h +
.
10
1
2
x
y

,
_

!.
,
_

x
1
s*c x ) x ( ,
2
".
"
2
x
1
x
!
x
y

,
_

+ !".
2
c)s 1
sin
) ( f
,
_

$.
#
x #
1
#
x
y
,
_

+ !$.
1
t sin
t c)s 1
) t ( &

,
_

..
( ) x t+n s*c y
!.. ( ) ) 2 c)s( sin r
2

/.
,
_

x
1
c)t y
!/.
,
_

1
t+n s*c r
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page # of 16
0. x sin y
3
!0.

,
_

1 t
t
sin q
11. x c)s # y
"
#1.
,
_

t
t sin
c)t q
11. t 3 p #1. ) 2 t ( sin y
2

1!.
2
r r 2 q #!. t s*c y
2

1#.
t # c)s
#
"
t 3 sin
3
"
s

+
##.
"
) t 2 c)s 1 ( y

+
1.
,
_

+
,
_

2
t 3
c)s
2
t 3
sin s

#.
2
)) 2 / t c)t( 1 ( y

+
1". ( )
1
c)t csc r

+ #".
)) # t 2 sin(c)s( y
1$. ( )
1
t+n s*c r

+ #$.

,
_

,
_

#
sin " cos
t
y
1.. x c)s x x sin x y
2 " 2
+ #..
3
"
12
t
t+n 1 y

,
_

,
_

+
1/.
x c)s
3
x
x sin
x
1
y
3 #


#/.
( )
3
2
) t $ ( c)s 1
6
1
y +
10.
1
2
$
x 2
1
" ) 2 x 3 (
21
1
y

,
_

+ #0. ) t c)s( 1 y
2
+
!1.
"
3
1
x
2
!
1
) x 2 # ( y
,
_

+ +

1. ) t 1 sin( " y +
ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
1.
"
) 1 x 2 ( 10 + !1.
( ) ( )
( )
"
3
1 x
$ x " 3 x "
+
+ +
!.
!
) x 3 " ( 2$ !!.
2
6 2
# 2
) # x 2 (
) x # x ( 2
) x # x ( 6

#.
!
$
x
1

,
_

!#. ) x 2 t+n( ) x 2 ( s*c x

2
+
.
11
1
2
x
#

,
_

!.
,
_

,
_

,
_

x
1
t+n
x
1
s*c
x
1
s*c x 2
".
,
_

+ +

,
_

+
2
3
2
x
1
1
"
x
x
1
x
!
x
" !".
2
) c)s 1 (
sin 2

+
$.
,
_

,
_

+
2
"
x
1
1
x #
1
#
x
!$.
t c)s 1
1
+
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page $ of 16
.. ( ) ( ) ( ) x s*c x t+n t+n x t+n s*c
2
!.. ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 cos7 ! cos ! ! sin sin !
! !
+
/.
,
_

x
1
csc
x
1
2
2

!/.
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

2
2
1
s*c
2
1
t+n t+n
s*c

0. ( ) x c)s x sin 3
2
!0.

,
_

,
_

+
+
1 t
t
c)s
) 1 t ( 2
2 t
2 / 3
11. ) x )(sin x (c)s 20
#
#1.
,
_

,
_

,
_

2
2
t
t sin t c)s t
t
t sin
csc
11.
t 3 2
1

#1.
) 2 t c)s( ) 2 t sin( 2
1!.
2
r r 2
r 1

#!. t t+n t s*c 2

2

1#.
) t # sin t 3 (c)s
"

##.
#
) t 2 c)s 1 (
t 2 sin !
+
1.
6
!
#
sin
!
#
7cos
!
# t t

#.
3
2
)
2
t
c)t 1 (
2
t
csc

,
_

,
_

1".

c)t csc
csc
+
#".
)) # t 2 ))(sin( # t 2 c)s(c)s( 2
1$.

t+n s*c
s*c
+
#$.

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

3
t
c)s
3
t
sin # sin
3
#
1.. x c)s x c)s x sin x 2 x sin x 2 x c)s x sin x "
2 3 " 3 2
+ + +
1/. x c)s
3
1
x sin x c)s x x sin
x
1
x c)s x sin
x
#
3 2 #
2
6
+

10.
2
2
3
6
x 2
1
" x
1
) 2 x 3 (

,
_

#..
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

+
12
t
s*c
12
t
t+n
12
t
t+n 1
2 3
2
"
#/. [ ] )) t $ sin( ) t $ (c)s( ) t $ ( c)s 1 $
2
2
+
#0.
( )
( )
!
!
cos 1
sin
t
t t
+

!1.
2
3
"
x
1
x
2
) x 2 # (
6

,
_

1.
t t
t 1 c)s
+

,
_

+
The Derivatives of
x ln y

x
1
dt
t
1
dx
d
x ln
dx
d
x
1

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 10 of

16
0 x ,
x
1
x ln
dx
d
>
8enerally) if u is a differentiable function of x whose values are positive) so that ln u is defined)
then applying the &hain %ule
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy

to the function
u ln y
gives
dx
du
u
1
dx
du
u ln
du
d
u ln
dx
d


dx
du
u
1
u ln
dx
d

) 0 u >
Example: Attend lecture.
PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Find the derivative of y with respect to x) t) or) as appropriate for the following functions.
1.
x 3 ln y
1$.
t
t ln 1
y
+

!.
,x ln y
1..
x ln 1
x ln
y
+

#. ) t ln( y
2
1/.
x ln 1
x ln x
y
+

.
) t ln( y
2
3

10.
) x ln(ln y
".
x
3
ln y
!1.
)) x ln(ln(ln y
$.
x
10
ln y
!1.
)) c)s(ln ) (sin(ln y +
..
) 1 ln( y +
!!.
) t+n ln(s*c y +
/.
) 2 2 ln( y +
!#.
1 x x
1
ln y
+

0.
3
x ln y !.
x 1
x 1
ln
2
1
y

11.
3
) x (ln y !".
t ln 1
t ln 1
y

11.
2
) t (ln t y !$. t ln y
1!. t ln t y !..
)) ln(s*c(ln y
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 11 of
16
1#.
16
x
x ln
"
x
y
" "
!/. )
ln 2 1
c)s sin
ln( y

1.
(
x
x ln
3
x
y
3 3
!0. )
x 1
) 1 x (
ln( y
# 2

1".
t
t ln
y
#1.
20
#
) 2 x (
) 1 x (
ln y
+
+

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4

1.
x
1
1$.
2
t
t ln
!.
x
1
1..
2
) x ln 1 ( x
1
+
#.
t
2
1/.
2
) x ln 1 (
x ln
1
+

.
t 2
3
10.
x ln x
1
".
x
1

!1.
) x ln(ln ) x (ln x
1
$.
x
1

!1.
) c)s(ln 2
..
1
1
+
!!. s*c
/.
1
1
+
!#.
) 1 x ( x 2
2 x 3
+
+
0.
x
3
!.
2
x 1
1

11.
x
) x (ln 3
2
!".
2
) t ln 1 ( t
2

11. t ln 2 ) t (ln
2
+ !$.
t ln t "
1
1!.
2
1
2
1
) t (ln 2
1
) t (ln +
!..

) t+n(ln
1#. x ln x
3
!/.
1
]
1

+

) ln 2 1 (
"
t+n c)t
2
1


1. x ln x
2
!0.
) x 1 ( 2
1
1 x
x 10
2

+
1".
2
t
t ln 1
#1.
1
]
1

+ +
+

) 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3
2
#
The Derivative of
x
*
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 12 of
16
x x
* *
dx
d

dx
du
* *
dx
d
u u

Example: Attend lecture.

PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
Find the derivative of y with respect to x) t) or ) as appropriate for the following functions.
1.
x #
* y

!.
x
3
2
* y
#.
x $ #
* y

.
) x x " (
2
* y
+

".
x x
* x* y
$.
x 2
* ) x 2 1 ( y

+
..
x 2
* ) 2 x 2 x ( y +
/.
x 3 2
* ) 2 x 6 x ( ( y +
0. ) c)s (sin * y

+
11. ) * 3 ln( y

11. ) * c)s( y
2

1!.

# c)s * y
2 3

1#. ) t* 3 ln( y
t

1. ) t sin * 2 ln( y
t

1". )
* 1
*
ln( y

1$. )
1
ln( y

1..
) t ln t (c)s
* y
+

1/. ) 1 t (ln * y
2 t sin
+
Find
dx
dy
.
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 13 of
16
1. x sin * y ln
y
!.
y x
* xy ln
+

#. ) y 3 x sin( *
x 2
+ . x ln * y t+n
*
+
ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
1.
x #
* #

11.
1
1

!.
x
3
2
*
3
2
11. ) * sin( * 2
2 2

#.
x $ #
* $

1!. ) # sin # # c)s 2 # c)s 3 ( *
2 2

.
) x x " (
2
* ) x 2
x
2
(
+
+
1#.
t
t 1
".
x
x* 1.
t sin
t sin t c)s
$.
x 2
x* "

1".

* 1
1
+
..
x 2
* x 1$.
) 1 ( 2
1
2 / 1
+
/.
x 3 2
* x 2$ 1..
t c)s
* ) t sin t 1 (
0.

c)s * 2 1/.
1
]
1

+
t
2
) t )(c)s 1 t ln( *
2 t sin
Find
dx
dy
.
1.
x sin y* 1
x c)s y*
y
y

#.
) y 3 x c)s( 3
) y 3 x c)s( * 2
x 2
+
+
!.
y x
*
y
1
+

.
x
y c)s ) 1 x* (
2 x
+
*onotonic Functions) the First Derivative and +econd Derivative Test for &oncavity and &urve
+9etching
Definitions: 'ncreasing) Decreasing Function
3et f be a function defined on an interval - and let
1
x and
2
x be any two points in -%
1. 'f ) x ( f ) x ( f
2 1
< whenever
1
x .
!
x , then f is said to be increasing on
-%
!. 'f ) x ( f ) x ( f
2 1
> whenever
1
x .
!
x , then f is said to be decreasing on
-%
A function that is increasing or decreasing on - is called monotonic on -.
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 14 of
16
First Derivative Test for *onotonic Functions
+uppose that f is continuous on /+, 01 and differentiable on (+, 0)%
'f 0 ) x ( f
'
> at each point
) 0 , + ( x
) then f is increasing on /+, 01%
'f 0 ) x ( f
'
< at each point
) 0 , + ( x
) then f is decreasing on /+, 01%
First Derivative Test for 3ocal Extrema
+uppose that c is a critic+l p)int of a continuous function f) and that f is differentiable
at every point in some interval containing c expect possibly at c itself.
*oving across c from left to right.
1. if
'
f changes from negative to positive at c) then f has a local minimum at
c:
!. if
'
f changes from positive to negative at c) then f has a local maximum
at c:
#. if
'
f does not change sign at c 7that is)
'
f is positive on both sides of c
or negative on both sides6) then f has no local extremum at c%
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 1 of
16
The +econd Derivative Test for &oncavity
3et y = f(x) be twice;differentiable on an interval -.
1. 'f 0 f
' '
> on -) the graph of f over - is concave up.
!. 'f 0 f
' '
< on -) the graph of f over - is concave down.
Definition: (oint of 'nflection
A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and where the concavity
changes is a point of inflection.

+econd Derivative Test for 3ocal Extrema
+uppose
' '
f is continuous on an open interval that contains x = c.
1. 'f 0 ) c ( f
'
and 0 ) c ( f
' '
< ) then f has a local maximum at x = c%
!. 'f 0 ) c ( f
'
and 0 ) c ( f
' '
> ) then f has a local minimum at x = c%
#. 'f 0 ) c ( f
'
and 0 ) c ( f
' '
) then the test fails. The function f may have a
local maximum) a local minimum) or neither.
'nflection point
BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I Page 16 of
16
8raph +9etching
+trategy for 8raphing y = f(x)
1. 'dentify the domain of f and any symmetries the curve may have.
!. Find
'
y and
' '
y .
#. Find the critical points of f) and identify the function5s behavior at each one.
. Find where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing.
". Find the points of inflection) if any occur) and determine the concavity of the
curve.
$. 'dentify any asymptotes.
.. (lot 9ey points) such as the intercepts and the points found in +teps #;") and
s9etch the curve.
Example: Attend lecture
PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
+9etch the graph for the following functions.
1. # x 12 x 3 x 2 y
2 3
+
!. x 1# x 6 x y
2 3
+
#.
3
x x 2$ y
. $ x 3 x
3
x
y
2
3
+ +
".
3
x
2
x 3
x " 1 y
3 2
+
ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 4
+olution: Attend lecture.