lourrul of Low

Temperature Ph)'sics. Vol.22, Nos.516,1976

The Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium in a Waveguide Partially Packed with Superleak*
J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick
Deportment

ol Physics, Unitsersitv

oJ Cali/brnia, Los Angeles, California

(Received July 7, 1975)

We haue measured the uelocities of the two acoustic modes of superfluid helium contained in an annular waueguide packed to a fraction of its depth with superleak material. The depth of the superleqk was uaried snd the dependence of the uelocities on the depth was determined. The results are compared with theory and good agreement is found. Explanations for some obserued departures are discussed.

1. INTRODUCTION

It has been pointed out that in an acoustic waveguide partially packed with superleak material, two sound modes exist. 1 The first, with velocity Crn (called C, in Ref. 1), is composed of a mixture of first and fourth sound and always lies between the velocities of flrst and fourth sound, C, and C o.
The second mode, with velocity C,r(C oin Ref. 1), is essentially a second sound mode modified by the presence of the superleak. C,, is always greater than or equal to C2, the velocity of second sound. The existence of these two modes is of interest for two reasons. First, as was pointed out in Ref. l,

the two modes in this cell can be generated and detected with the same transducers and involve all three of the bulk hydrodynamic propagating modes of superfluid helium. Second, the Doppler shifts of the two waveguide modes have been used to probe persistent currents in superfluid helium contained in this geometry.2 The present experiments were performed to
extend existing preliminary experimental results
1

and to check the predictions

of theory as a function of the depth of the superleak. They are found to agree with theory in most cases to about 1 \. ln the following section, the
*Supported in part by the Office ofNaval Research, Contract No. N00014-69-A-0200-4014, and in part by the National Science Foundation, Contract DMR 7500761-000.
481
1976 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 Wst l Tth Stret, New York, N.Y. l00l I , No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, el@tronic. mtrhanical,

photocopying, microfilming, reording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.

482

J. Heisermen end I. Rudnick

steps and assumptions leading to the waveguide velocities are outlined following Ref. 1. In Section 3, the results of the present experiment are presented. In Section 4, the results are compared to the predictions of Ref. 1,
and in Section 5 discrepancies are discussed.

2. THEORY
Consider the cross section of a partially packed waveguide shown in Fig. 1. In Ref. 1 expressions for the velocities C ro and C, are obtained by starting from the facts that in the packed region the acoustic mode that propagates is fourth sound and in the lree region there are two propagating acoustic modes, first and second sound.3 From this the particle velocities in the free and packed regions can be written down [Eqs. (1)-{3) of Ref. 1]. Application of appropriate boundary conditions then yields a system of homogeneous linear equations [Eqs. (7f(9) of Ref. 1]. The condition that the determinant of the coefficients of these equations must vanish yields a
dispersion relation for the modes of the waveguide. Two boundary conditions are used at the interfacial surface of the superleak: (1) The components of mass and heat currents normal to the interface are continuous; and (2) the superfluid circulation around any path at the boundary vanishes. Note that these boundary conditions are intended to apply to the sound wave only. For example, if there is a different persistent current on both sides of the boundary, then condition 2 would certainly not apply to these currents. The dispersion relation for the waveguide can be written in the following

form:

k']tank'*(L

PnP )- P *' ' k*tank*d d) -

k'*tank'*(L

where pn and p" are the normal and superfluid p,, and L and d refer to the dimensions of the waveguide and are defined in Fig. 1.

fiP, d),:o " densities, p: pn *

(l)

SUPERLEAK

\,

V\

Fig. 1. Cross section of a partially

packed,
1.

superfluid acoustic waveguide. From Ref.

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

Here P is the porosity of the superleak (a is used in Ref. 1). The k,'s are the

x components of the propagation vectors. The unprimed quantities refer to lourth sound, while the primed and double-primed quantities refer to
first and second, respectively. Thus

kr:k,+ktr+k!:(alCo)2

(2)

and so on for k! and k'j. For low frequencies in a waveguide which is long compared to its width, kr: k',: k'; :0, and (2) becomes
k2,

: (alCo)' - k:

(3)

with similar equations lor ki and kl. Further, for the lowest frequency modes the tangents in (1) can be approximated by their arguments and with (3) we can rewrite (2) in the low-frequency limit as [Eq. (11) of Ref. 1]

C-dfuDtrY:Tr*

PnP

p a1,1c7

-4+ 1r-ffi1gj -E:o

P"P

(4)

This can be rearranged to give a quadratic equation in the square of the

phase velocity of the propagating modes,

two propagating modes exist, and with the approximation C, velocities are given by [Eqs. (12a)and (12b) of Ref. 1]

(alk")'. Thus at very low frequencies << C t, C 4, the

C?o:rrciffi
_ gzplL sz tt - '2 p(L

(sa)

- (t - p)d) - d) + p"Pd

(5b)

Equation (5a) can be rewritten in the following two forms:

pG-d)rp,Pd rz L 14 _rz - -o1czJc11p1r - a1 a o"16 ^) p(L - d) + p"Pd

(6a)

:ciffi

(6b)

Since

C?o

Cl > C2o, it is easily seen from (6a) that C1o > C!, and from (6b) that < Cf . fhus C, ) Crn > Co. Similarly (5b)can be rewritten

C?r:C'rr-O L-(t-P)d P)d Pd(t

p"lp)

(7)

and since p,lp

3 l, Ci > Ctr.

I. Heiserman and I. Rudnick

The content of these equations becomes clearer if we let

Czn: @"lfiCl
which is correct to 2/". Then (5a) beconies

(8)

C1o: Cl

L-d

'G

- il + Pa

*'ia# * *

(e)

From (9), Clo can be interpreted as a mean of Cl and Cf weighted by the fraction of the waveguide each occupies. From (7), C,, can be interpreted as a second sound wave modified by the presence of the superleak. Particularly simple expressions can be obtained in the limit of an ideal superleak that occupies no volume by setting P : 1 in (7) and (9).

For higher frequencies, Eq. (1) cannot be simplified and remains a transcendental equation for the velocities of the two modes. However, it can still be solved by iteration to yield numerical values for the velocities at a given frequency.

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The two modes of the partially packed channel were studied experimentally by observing the resonances of a closed cavity. The apparatus in which the experimental measuremexts were made is shown in Fig. 2.

tronsducer electrode

o@o
Insulolion

LFig. 2. Cutaway drawing of annular resonator used for velocity measurements. The bottom of the resonator is packed to a depth d with a powder of nominal grain size 500 A. L is 5 mm,
as is the width of the annulus. R

5.25 cm.

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

485

It consists of an annular channel of square cross section packed to a depth d with Al2O3 powder of nominal particle size 5004.* The general case of
the acoustic modes of an annular cavity is discussed by Morse and Ingard.a When the circumference is much greater than the height or width of the channel, the lorv-frequency modes are purely azimuthal and are given by
(10) nCl2nR where n is an integer, C is the velocity of sound, and R is the mean radius of the annulus. The number of such modes that occur at frequencies lower than the lowest width- or height-dependent modes is given by zrR/h, where ft is either the height or width ol the channel, whichever is larger. In our cell there are 33 pure azimuthal modes before the entrance of the first height or width resonance. An annular geometry was chosen for the present study, first because experience in this laboratory with fourth sound has shown that the annular resonator gives well-defined resonances of good Q, and second because the annulus is the appropriate geometry for persistent current studies.
s

.f":

We have used a variety of transducers for detecting and generating the two modes in the partially filled annulus. As was mentioned earlier, the presence of the superleak surface causes a mixing in of first sound in the second sound mode in the free region. Because of this mixing, the C,, mode has associated with it a pressure swing and hence, unlike pure second sound, it can be generated and detected with pressure transducers. In our studies we have used three types of capacitive transducers, as follows. Type I. Solid Membrane Pressure Transducers. This consists ola 13-pmthick Teflon sheetf aluminized on one side and laid against the top plate of the annulus. Capacitive transducers are formed between the aluminum film (the active element) and circular metal buttons mounted in the top plate as shown in Fig. 2. Teflon is used here because of its ability to permanently trap

electric charge. Materials with this property are known as electrets (see Ref. 6 for a review). The method of preparing electret microphones for room-temperature use is discussed fully in the literature.6 The Teflon sheet in our experiments is prepared by placing it in a large electric field prior
to use.7 The material then acquires an essentially permanent electric polariza-

tion which eliminates the need to externally bias the transducer. This transducer was found to generate and detect both modes of the partially filled annulus, although it was sotnewhat more efficient lor the C,o mode. Type II. Strip Transducer. ll a strip of Teflon sheet about the same width as the metal button (0.5 cm) is stretched across the button on the backplate, then both first and second sound can be excited and detected.s First sound is driven in the same way as for the Type I transducer, and second sound is driven because the superfluid can flow behind the strip along the
*Linde B 0.05-,rrrn Alumina Polishing Powder, Union Carbide Corp. tTeflon FEP 50A Fluorocarbon Film. E. I. di'Pont de Ncmours and Co.

J. Heiserman and L Rudnick

fluid cannot. This transducer was used in most ol our experiments and proved to be very efficient for both modes. Type III. Iluclepore Membrane. A diaphragm perforated with small holes can be used to generate pure second sound.e In our experiments, we have made limited use of aluminized Nuclepore filter material* of about 10 pm thickness with 0.8 pm pore diameter and about 15 )( porosity. When used as a solid sheet transducer, as in the Type I transducer, this device
edges, while the viscous normal

emphasizes the C,, mode. In addition to the three types of transducer discussed above, both modes can also be driven by an electrostatic transducer located under the superleak since they have a lourth sound component.

A
in two

superleak
stages,

ol the

desired porosity was prepared by hydraulically

AlrO. powder into an annulus. This was done with the packing pressure somewhat greater in the second stage. The packed annulus was then carefully centered and leveled to +0.025 mm in a lathe and the powder was machined to the desired depth. The surface ol the superleak obtained in this way was very smooth and
packing a measured amount of unchipped. The same resonator and packing were used for all experiments. After measurements were completed at one depth, the superleak was machined down to the next depth in stages of I mm. The porosity at each depth was obtained by weighing the resonatot with powder and comparing to the empty weight. The porosity was found to increase as the superleak was made thinner. The assembled experimental cell was immersed directly in a pumped helium bath to determine the velocities as a function of temperature. The frequency of a particular resonance was tracked while the temperature of the bath drifted slowly up. A Hewlett Packard 3580A spectrum analyzer was used for this purpose. A wave analyzer trace of amplitude versus frequency over a 2-kHz frequency range is shown in Fig. 3. The low-velocity C,1 mode
*Nuclepore membranes. Nuclepore Corp.. Pleasanton. California.

Fig. 3. Wal'e analyzer trace of amplitude versus at I: 1.55 K over a frequency range of 2000 Hz. Several resonances of both C,n (larger) and C,, are visible. The first harmonic of C,o is
frequency
Frequency (KHz)

barely visible at a frequency of about 600 Hz.

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

87

TABLE I
Physical Dimensions, Porosities, and Harmonic Tracked in Experimental Determination of Velocities as a Function of the Percent of the Annulus Packed'
Percent filled

d,cm L - d,cm
P

(2

m(exp)

P)ttz

Harmonic tracked (Cto) Harmonic tracked (C,,)

0.095 0.190 0.400 0.305 0.79 0.79 1.10 1.10 I .05 1.08 33 20 21

0.290 0.205 0.75 1.12 1.10 43 19

0.391

0.104 0.70
1.14

f.i5
24

'The index n(e4p) is the scattering correction used in computing the curves of Figs. G9.

is easily picked out from the C ro mode (with approximately ten times higher velocity) by the difference in amplitudes and sharpness or Q. Usually the same resonance was tracked for the whole temperature range. For the C,, mode, the low-flrequency harmonics were not used because they were much

smaller in amplitude than the higher harmonics, as can be seen in Fig. 3. This was probably due to the small size of the strip microphones, which were not as

well coupled to the long-wavelength, low-frequency harmonics. Data regarding the physical dimensions of the cell for each depth of powder and

Fig. 4. Cro vs. T with various percenlages of the annulus filled with powder. Also shown are
C, and Co as solid lines. The Cn curve includes a scattering correction of n:(2 - P)r/2, where P : 0.7.

,l88

J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick

Fig. 5. C,, vs. T with various percentages of the annulus packed. The solid line is Cr.

resonance tracked are listed in Table I. The observed velocities of the two modes as a function of temperature with various percentages of the annulus filled with superleak are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Also shown by solid lines are the velocities offirst, second, and fourth sound. The Q values ofthe resonances for the two modes are somewhat dependent on temperature and d. The Q for Cro varied from about 1000 to 3000 and that for C,, varied from 100 to 500.

4. COMPARISON WITH THEORY

Measured values for C,, and C ro were compared with values calculated from the theory outlined in Section 2. As just mentioned, the lowest harmonics of C,, were not used because they were small in amplitude. Thus we cannot

compare our results directly with (5), but rather must obtain numerical values by iteration of Eq. (1). This was accomplished by use of a computer. All parameters in (1) are measured in the experiment. In addition we must supply values for the velocities of first, second, and fourth sound. It is well known that observed values of fourth sound are lower than calculated values, due to temperature-independent multiple acoustic scattering by

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

the powder particles in the superleak. the empirical index of refraction

It

has been found experimentally that (11)

n:

(2

- P)rrz

gives agreement with experiment to within 3/o over a large range of powder sizes.r0 The indices we have chosen in comparing our data and the theory

never differ by more than a few percent from Eq. (11) and are listed in Table I. In Figs. 6 and 7 the experimental results are compared with the curves calculated from Eq. (1). The agreement for both C roandC,, in the 20and40/, packed annuli is better than 1 /.. Significant departures occur in the 60 and 80/,packed cases. The worst departures are seen to be at high temperatures in the 80 /" case and for C,, are as large as 7 \.

\ i tt
"it

@"h

\ ,l
i

\\t

\t \t

\
20"/"

Fig. 6. Comparison of Crn with Eq. (l) for various percentages of the annulus packed. Measured values used for variables in Eq. (l)
are listed

in Table I. The hatched region in the 80% case denotes the maximum range

due to uncertainty in the measured values of 4 and P. In the 20,40, and 60lo cases, the uncertainty is too small to show.

dL

4m

J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick

Fig. 7. Comparison of C,, with Eq. (l). As in Fig. 6, the hatched areas in the 60 and 80/" cases denote maximum uncertainty in the values in Table I.

5. DISCUSSION OF DISCREPANCIES
In this section we will qualitatively discuss two mechanisms which may account for the deviations from theory observed in the 60 and 80/" filled annuli. In previous experiments it has been found that in superleaks with pore sizes less than about I pm there is a temperature-dependent depression of the fourth sound velocity. 10 This is accompanied by a depression of the lambda point. These size effects can be explained by a decrease in pt p in the restricted geometry,lo which is related to the velocity of fourth sound by (8). In previous experiments on fourth sound in the same powder and with approximately the same porosity as the present study, Co was found to be

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

49t

annulus improves as shown in Fig. 8. Significant improvement is made between the temperatures of 1.5 and 1.9 K. One might well ask, why not use a superleak with larger pores so that size effects are unimportant? It may well be that a somewhat larger pore size would be optimal in this study. But it is worth pointing out that another deleterious effect is introduced in the process. The boundary conditions imply the existence of pressure and temperature jumps across the interface if the normal component of u, is zero. When there is partial unlocking of u,
at the interface this can seriously degrade the propagating modes. This was

depressed.ll Ifwe take this depression into account by using these depressed values of Co in solving (1) by iteration, then the fit for C ,o in the 80 /. filled

true of the modes measured in Ref. 1, where Q's considerably smaller than
those quoted here were found. In the study of the propagation of sound in liquids in closed channels of small cross section, both attenuation and dispersion of velocity are observed due to the viscous interactions of the fluid with the walls of the channel. In a fluid of viscosity 4 and mean density p in a rigid channel of cross-sectional

r.5 r.? r.9

TU)

2.1

Fig. 8. C,o vs. Tfor S0lpacked annulus with depression of Cn due to size effects taken into account. To be compared with Fig. 6. The fit is most improved between 1.5 and 1.9 K.

J, Heiserman and I. Rudnick

area A and cross sectional perimeter B, the phase velocity C'and the attenu-

ation coefficient a are given by*

c':cl,-h(#1"1
o

(12)

n lqtoY2 - 2AC\2pl

(1 3)

where C is the phase velocity in the absence of attenuation. An expression for the attenuation coefficient of superfluid second sound

due to the walls has been obtained by Khalatnikovrat and the velocity dispersion has been obtained by Dingle. 17[ In addition, simple derivations are given in the appendix. The results are

B p,l 2rl \ cl: c.[r - 4An\h.l .,L

trrl

(14)

,
Note that
un

2AC2

?(x\"

(15)

discussed here is quite different from that associated

is assumed parallel to the channel walls, so the effect being with partial unlocking

of u, at the porous interface. The attenuation coefficient can be reexpressed as the Q (see the appendix)

a:*?,('#\"

(16)

In the 80 /" filled annulus it is possible that the surface area to volume ratio or BlAin the unfilled part is quite large due to the porous nature of the powder surface and the small volume. In this case it might be expected that C,, would be depressed by the viscous interaction of the normal fluid
with the walls. Because of the mixing in of first sound in the second-sound-like mode, the dispersion of C,, is not in general given by (14). However, following the analysis of Section 3 of Ref. 1, it is easily seen that in a first approximation the velocity dispersion of the C,, mode depends only on the dispersion of Cr. Thus (14) can be used to get an estimate of the magnitude of the correction for the C,, mode. Since the Q canbe experimentally determined as the resonant frequency divided by the resonance width at half-power, the effective ratio AIB can be determined from (16). Using this value of AIB and values of Ct, calculated from Eq. (l), Eq. (14) can be solved for the reduction in phase velocity. The curve in Fig. 9 shows the effect of this correction and should be compared to Fig. 7. The fit to the experiment is improved lor all temperatures. However,
*Reference 12, p.319, 347, Eqs. (10) and (1 1). See also Ref. 13. $ tThe expression for the attenuation coefficient is cited in Refs. l5 and l6; however, the expression is misprinted in both of these works. |As pointed out by Khalatnikov,la some results in this paper are in error.

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

.,- ;

annurus with ;,, ", phase velocity due to surface reduction in attenuation taken into account. To be comPared with Fig. 7.

;;,,,'1";.

for low temperatures the correction due to velocity dispersion is slightly

too great. The maximum discrepancy still occurs at high temperatures and is about S /,. lt is possible that the remaining discrepancy in the fit of the C,, mode at 8,0/,canbe explained by small variations in the height of the channel. Such variations would also alter Cr. Since the dispersion in (14) decreases with increasing a;, observing resonances ofhigher frequency would decrease the correction due to velocity dispersion. However, it would also increase the attenuation, as can be Seen

from

(15).

It has been shown by Khalatnikovla that losses due to thermal conduction into the walls also cause attenuation of second sound. However, Khalatnikov points out that these thermal losses are small compared to the viscous losses and thus this mechanism is not expected to play a role in the
present results.

6. CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results presented here demonstrate that the modes of a superfluid waveguide partially packed with superleak are well defined and

J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick

properly described by the theory of Ref. 1. The largest discrepancies are lound when the superleak nearly fills the waveguide. In this situation approximate corrections based on depressions of p,l p in the restricted geometry of the waveguide and viscous boundary losses at the interface of
the superleak reduce the observed discrepancies.

APPENDIX. ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY DISPERSION OF SECOND SOUND DUE TO VISCOUS SURFACE LOSSES
In a rigid wall resonantor or waveguide, second sound is attenuated and its velocity is reduced by dissipative interaction of the normal fluid with the walls. This dissipative mechanism has been considered by Khalatnikov,ra who derived an expression lor the attenuation coefficient due to the interaction, and by Dingle,17 who obtained the velocity dispersion. In this appendix, we give a simple derivation ol the attenuation coefficient and velocity dispersion. One reason this may be of interest is that there are errors

in publications on this effect.*

Let plane waves of second sound be propagating in the z direction in a tube of cross-sectional area A and perimeter B. Let r be a coordinate everywhere normal to the walls and zero at the walls. The viscous normal fluid will be entrained near the wall, giving rise to an increase in the effective density olthe normal fluid and thus a decrease in the velocity of second sound.

The problem is similar to the case of an oscillating plate in contact with superfluid helium. The well-known solution to this problem is a viscous diffusion wave which decays in a characteristic distance from the plate ,i, (Ref. 18, p. 136) (A1) 1 : (241p^ot)tt2 where 4 is the viscosity, ot is the circular frequency, and p, is the normal fluid density. At T: 1.5 K and cr.r: 10asec-t, ).x l0-4 cm. The normal fluid velocity u, at a distance x from the plate is
i(@t-xlil Dn: Dno xli' e (A2)

The hydrodynamics of superfluid helium in the absence of dissipation

can be described by eight equations in eight unknowns (Ref. 18, p.27).The first expresses conservation oI mass

(A:; QplAt) * V.(p,v, * p.,v") : 0 where p is the total density, p" is the superfluid density, p:9, * p", and v, and v" are the normal and superfluid velocities. The second equation gives conservation of entropy,
Gpsl6t)
*See the previous

V.(psv,)

(A4)

two footnotes.

Acoustic Modes of Superfuid Helium

495

where s is the entropy per gram. The next three are acceleration equations for the superfluid D"v"fDt
where
D"f

-- -Yp

(A5)

Dt:

(AlAt)

("" .V)

(A6)

and

dp: -sdT

+ (llddp + (p"l2p)d(v^

v")2

(A7)

is the differential of the chemical potential. The symbols dT and dp are the differentials of the temperature and pressure. The final three equations are conservation of momentum relations,
(A

I 1t)(p"u,,

p"u",)

: - )Pi;l Ax i

(A8)

where

Pii: pSiil

pnunrurr* p"u",u",

(Ae)

The x, are the coordinate directions, the indices run over all the coordinates, and t),, is the Kroneker delta. Together with an equation of state and sup-

plemented by V X v" : 0 and appropriate boundary conditions, these equations form a complete description of superfluid helium, ignoring
friction. Since we seek acoustic solutions, we linearize the above equations. We write the variables in the form

p:p+5p,
and Y,

s:s*6s,
Y"

etc.

(Al0)

: 6Y,,

6Y"

(A11)

where the velocities v, and v, are taken to be zero in equilibrium. The equations above can then be partially rewritten to first order in differential variables as

* Y .(p,v,* p,v") : 0 p(06sl0t) + s(66pl0t) + ps(V. 6v,) : g 06v"l0t - -Yp

(A6plAt)

(At2)
(A13) (A14) (A1s)

(}lAt)@"v"*p"v")- -Yp

We now restrict our considerations to the case where ,l is much smaller than any lateral dimension of the tube. To consider to lowest order the effects of

J. Heisermen and I. Rrdnick

interaction of the normal fluid with the walls, we must include a viscous stress term in the momentum conservation lawle

fi{r,r,*
(Ref. 18, p. 53)

p"v")

-Yp

-'^r+1,=,

(A16)

To a first approximation the fluid momentum in a second sound wave is zero

prYn*p"v":0
and the hydrodynamic equations become

(A17)

:0 06slirt : -s(V.6v,) 06v"l0t - -Y1t B 06u,,1 : -74 o,

06pl0t

(A18) (A1e) (A20)

'P

(A2t)

l,=o

where (A18) has been used to obtain (A19). Since we are interested in the effects of the surface losses on plane waves traveling in the z direction, we rewrite (A19HA21)

d6s
dt

06rsn

dz

(A22)
(A23)

uu:*:
dt

pdz dz -Ly 'y

where we have neglected flow toward the wall. Equation (A24) can be combined with (A23) to give

ar: -A4 a, l,="

0p B 06u,,1

(A24)

06u", 06u,"1 0T.lB : tE * p74 a, l,=o at

06u", :

(A2s)

Further, T can be expanded in terms of the entropy and pressure, giving

at

d6s I B 06u^"1 * crE p74 a,

sT

(A26)

where C, : T(dsl)T)p and we have neglected (0Tl0p)" for second sound. Using (A17), uszcan be eliminated in (A26)

l,=o

-A at : crE *. o o' a, l,=o

pn

A6un, sT d6s

IB

05u^,1

(427)

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

Now taking the derivative of (A27) with respect to z and that of (A22) with respect to r and combining, we obtain

a26s p" s'T d26s p, Bs

A26u,.l
0z Ar

At2

pn

, Az2

pp, A''

(A28)

l,=s

Finally taking the derivative of (A22) with respect to r and combining with (A28), we obtain a wave equation for the entropy
A25s

, p, B_026s1 _.r?'6s : tl * 1,t' pp,Aq dt drl,-o er'

is the speed of second sound.

(Aze)

where

Cl

p"Ts2 f p,C,

Exploiting the similarity with the oscillating plate problem, we write solution for (A29)

(A30) dS: dso(1 - eitl,.-rll)ei(Kz-('tt where K is presumed complex, K : k * ia, and ,i is given by (A1). Inserting (A30) into (A29), we obtain

az 6s

+ i.!.1!.+t pp"AA

,l

ds,

C2zKz ds

(A31)

where ds' :6soe'6'-"")has been evaluated atr:0. For 2 much less than any cross-sectional dimension of the tube, 6s' = 6s and (A31) yields equations for a, the attenuation coefficient, and k, the wave vector,
atz

+a

pp,Al

o-11:
u:

cj(k2

zclr.t - a2), ,!.:1: pp^A)

* !-on'rh)"

(A3z)

Combining Eqs. (A32) and neglecting terms of order )"2, we obtain an

expression for
/c

&1,

(A33)

or, since k

alC'2, where C! is the phase velocity with dispersion,

c,r: crlr .
or for small dispersion

hrrh\-'''

(A34)

c,: c,l, - *r;^\

where we have used (Al). Since from (A33) for small dispersion k (A32) yields for a

(A3s)

x olCr,
(A36)

o '

_ B p,a). 4A p C2

498

J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick

The quality factor or Q follows from (A36)and the relation

@ o2Al n:-:L-_ - 2oc, p,B)

(437)

Inserting (A1) for 2 in the above expressions gives Eqs. (1a)-(16) of the text. lt is worth noting that since )" - a- t tz , the velocity dispersion becomes increasingly important as the frequency is lowered, while the attenuation coefficient becomes larger as the frequency is increased. An entirely similar approach can also be used to obtain the velocity dispersion and attenuation coefficient of first sound due to surface losses. The results are
dt:

B p, col 4A p C,

(A38)

cl
In the limit pJp
fluid.
12'13

: c,(l

-4A ?\

(A3e)

- l

we obtain the Kirchhoffresults for a viscous ordinary

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to acknowledge help in computing work from Elias Barbinis and Angel Wang. We are indebted to Seth Putterman for valuable
conversations.

REFERENCES

l. J. Rudnick. I. Rudnick. and R. Rosenbaum. J. Lon' Temp. Phys. 16. 417 (1974). 2. J. Heiserman and I. Rudnick, Phys. Reu. B 12, 1739 (1975). 3. W. E. Keller. Helium-3 and Helium-4 (Plenum Press. New York, 1969). 4. P. M. Morseand K. U. Ingard.'l-heoretical Acoustics (McGraw-Hill. New York, 1968). 5. I. Rudnick" H. Kojima. W. Veith. and R. S. Kagiwada, Phys. Ret:. Letters 23, 1220 (1969). 6. C. M. SesslerandJ. E. West. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.53, 1589(1973). 7. G. M. Sessler and J. E. West. J. Appl. Phvs.43.922(1972). 8. R. D. Williams. Private communication. 9. R. Williams. E. A. Beaver. J. C. Fraser. R. S. Kagiwada, and I. Rudnick, Phys. Letters Z9A.
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10. M. Kriss and I. Rudnick . J. lnw Temp. Phys. 3. 339 ( 1970). I l. H. Kojima, Ph.D. Thesis. UCLA (1972). 12. Lord Rayleigh, Theory of Sound, Yol. 2,2nd ed. (Dover Publications. New York, 1945). 13. I. B. Crandall. Theory of Vibrating Systems and Sound(Yan Nostrand. New York. 1927). p. 238. 14. I. M. Khalatnikov. Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 6O,69 (1956) (Available in English translation as Univ. of California Radiation Lab. Transl. 675). 15. J. Wilks. The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Oxford Univ. Press. Oxford. 1967).

Acoustic Modes of Superfluid Helium

16. K. N. Zinov'eva, Soaiet Phys.-JETP 4,36 (1957). 17. R. B. Ding)e. Proc'. Phys.Soc.63A,638 (1950). 18. S. J. Putterman. Superfluid Hydrodynamics(North Holland/American Elsevier. Amsterdam, t974\. 19. L. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz. Fluid Mechanics (Pergamon Press. London, 1959), p.90.