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Computation of Irrigation Water Requirements, Its Managements and Calendering In Mulberry Crop for Sustainable Sericulture under Tamil Nadu Conditions
S.Rajaram1* and S.M.H.Qadri2
1
Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Berhampore, West Bengal; 2 Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Mysore Karnataka
ABSTRACT : Water Is Undoubtedly Elixir Of Life. Whether It Be For Irrigation, Drinking & Sanitation Or
For The Protection Of Natural Ecosystems & Providing Goods And Services For Growing Populations, Without Water Life On Earth Is Just Impossible And Hence It Is Lifeline. India Is The Second Largest Silk Producing Country Next To China In The World And Tamil Nadu Occupies The Fourth Position In Raw Silk Production In The Country. Cultivation Of Mulberry Plant Is Mainly For Its Leaves The Sole Food For The Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. For Commercial Production Of Raw Silk. Mulberry Is Cultivated In About 1.86 Lakh Ha. Area In India. Of The Total Mulberry Area Above 80% Is Under Irrigation Conditions. Where As In Tamil Nadu State Out Of 10,809 Ha. Mulberry Plantation About 95% Of Garden Is Under Irrigated Conditions Reflect The Importance Of Irrigation For Mulberry Crop. As Irrigation Method Adopted In Mulberry By Farmers Is Of Traditional Open Type Applied Without Assessment Of Actual Requirement Of Water For The Crop Which Results In Poor WUE And Huge Water Loss Due To Conveyance, Seepage And Evaporation Etc.,. To Find An Efficient Irrigation Water Management System In Mulberry Cultivation, A Field Level Experiment Drawn On Split Split Plot Design In Established Mulberry Garden Under 3x3 Plant Spacing With Ruling MR2 Variety And High Yielding V1 Popular Variety Being Popularized In Tamil Nadu With Three Types [Furrow (Traditional) Sprinkler & Drip (Modern)] And Three Levels Of Irrigation Water Equal To 100; 70 And 50% Cumulative Epan Scheduled @ 50% SMD In Furrow Method And Same Levels In Both Sprinkler & Drip Scheduled On Alternate Day Was Conducted In Namackal District Of Tamil Nadu During 2004 -06 For Eight Crops. The Results Of The Experiments Conducted Revealed That Micro-Irrigation Systems I.E., Drip Performed Well At Any Level Of Irrigation Followed By Sprinkler And The Least In Furrow Method. Further Maximum Irrigation Water Savings Of 61.2 And 32.7% Observed Under Micro Irrigation (Drip) As Against Farmers Practice And Actual Irrigation Water Requirement For Mulberry Based On FAOs Modified Penman And Monteith Equation Respectively With Improvement In Water Use Efficiency [WUE] As High As 300% Without Affecting The Sustainable Productivity Of Leaf. The Quality Of Leaf Verified By Bio-Assay And In Terms Of Quality Of Raw Silk And Productivity Revealed The Cost Benefit Ratio Of 1:2.12 And 1:1.99 In V1 And MR2 Mulberry Garden Respectively As Against 1:1.57 Recorded Under Traditional Furrow Irrigation Method. The Status Of Sericulture, Importance Of Irrigation Water Management With Calendaring For Mulberry Crop For Sustainable Development Cope Up With SWOT Analysis Of The Industry In Tamil Nadu Are Discussed In The Paper.
KEY WORDS : Mulberry Crop; Irrigation Water Management; Water Use Efficiency; Sustainable
Productivity; Raw Silk; Cost Benefit Ratio.
I.
INTRODUCTION :
India though occupies 2.4% of land area, it supports for about 16.66% of population with only 4% of water resources in the world. Water demand and supply gap is increasing year after year and shrinkage in availability is posing major threat globally in near future. Water Resources Consortium in its recent report (2009) stated that globally, current withdrawals of about 4500 km3 exceeds the availability of about 4200 km3; by 2030, the demand is expected to increase to 6900 km3; with a slight drop in availability to 4100 km3 result with a deficit of 40% and for India, the annual demand is expected to increase to almost 1500 km3, as against a projected availability of 744 km3; a deficit of 50% (Narasimhan, 2010). India being an agrarian country, its economic growth largely depends on the development of agriculture and agriculture related industries. Southern peninsula of our country mainly depends on rainfall for its water source due to lack of perennial rivers as available in central & northern regions. Tamil Nadu state possesses 3.96% (1.3 crore ha) arable land, 6.08% (7.4 crores) population of the nation with per capita land of 0.208 ha., as against national level 0.32 ha. and 46.89 lakh ha. (36.0%) net sown area and 2.9% land unutilized. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 961.9 mm. in 4 seasons (Anonymous, 2011).
(Ha)
(MT)
2000-'01 2001-'02 2002-'03 2003-'04 2004-'05 2005-'06 2006-'07 2007-'08 2008-'09 2009-'10
3644 4640 6228 8672 12741 16583 19045 22284 25118 27151 29418 30750 17414 19074 20719 23311 26811 30304 14921 16480 15372 7377 9606 10106 9279 11195 9466 5460 4025 5073 6614 10043 14047 13344 14220
15 16 28 62 106 430 484 666 692 791 833 850 672 864 1072 1072 1128 1410 740 753 925 774 600 611 672 571 655 489 285 443 739 1125 1368 1411 1233
Year
Metric ton
Year
Mulberry requires about 1.5-2.0 acre water per irrigation at an interval of 6 - 12 days depending upon the type of soil and seasons. About eight number of irrigation is required per crop of 65-70 days duration to achieve the maximum leaf yield. Thus the annual requirement of irrigation water for 5 crops is about 75 acre equal to 1875 mm rainfall distributed equally @ 36 mm per week or 5-6 mm per day. But 80% of average annual rainfall of 1,160 mm (Lal, 2001; Gupta and Deshpande 2004) our country is received in 4-5 months and in Tamil Nadu, the average annual rainfall of 961.8 mm. is received in 40-45 days and hence practically, it is not possible to meet the demand of irrigation for mulberry crop by rainfall alone.Further in traditional system of irrigation practice requires more water and manpower; the two major limiting factors becoming scarce and expensive respectively in agriculture sector in general and sericulture in particular attracted the attention of researchers in recent times in the field of water technology and water management. Massive shifting of irrigation from surface water to ground water from the level of about 33% during 1 960s to more than 50% in three decades reduced the ground water level and its quality considerably (Swaminathan, 1994).
Hectares
1975-'76
1977-'78
1979-'80
1981-'82
1983-'84
1985-'86
1987-'88
1989-'90
1991-'92
1993-'94
1995-'96
1997-'98
2001-'02
2003-'04
2005-'06
2007-'08
1999-2000
2009-'10
ETc = Evapotranspiration of crop; Kc = Crop coefficient constant; Kcb : Basal crop coefficient constant; Ke : Soil evaporation coefficient
+ ( 1+ 0 34 u 2 )
Where
ETo Rn G T u2 Reference evapotranspiration [mm day-1], Net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-1], Soil heat flux density [MJ m-2 day-1], Mean daily air temperature at 2 m height [C], Wind speed at 2 m height [m s-1], es ea es-ea Saturation vapour pressure [kPa], Actual vapour pressure [kPa], Saturation vapour pressure deficit [kPa], Slope vapour pressure curve [kPa C-1], Psychrometric constant [kPa C-1].
Though all growth and quality parameters of mulberry crop meeting the requirement of silkworm rearing for successful cocoon crop starting from production of leaf and up to raw silk were studied in all crops during the entire experimental period (Annexure : 3-16), important parameters like leaf productivity per unit area, WUE and water savings, leaf quality in terms of quality linked productivity of cocoons and raw silk for sustainable sericulture industry and formulation of suitable Model Irrigation Calendar for Mulberry Crop are covered in this paper.
II.
Leaf yield hectare year (kg) :
1 1
Maximum leaf yield of 64377.16 kg.ha. 1year1 under the treatment M1I3S1 followed by M1I2S1 (61938.88), M1I3S2 (60687.69) & M1I2S2 (55396.20) treatments recorded were statistically significant at CD<P 0.05 level and above the productivity recorded under M1I1S1 (50801.48). Increased yield by 26.72 & 21.92% at
III.
Gross irrigation water amount applied in the experiment, farmers practice and FAOs modified Pennmann-Monteith formula ETc based crop water requirement on crop coefficient approach for mulberry studied showed that upto 45.7 & 61.2% water used at farmers practice and 5.9 & 32.7% water as per FAOs modified Penman-Monteith formula ETc based water requirement for mulberry have been managed to save under drip irrigation in V1 & MR2 mulberry variety respectively with sustainable productivity maintenance very close to the potential leaf yields of the concerned variety and over and above the productivity obtained under full irrigation in furrow method (Table : 1). Table : 1
Season Level Farmers Practice(mm) Full FAOs mP-M equation (mm) Full 100% Experiment (cumEpanin mm) 70% 50%
From the results of the detailed studies conducted on various quality aspects tested and confirmed under the experiments, it is concluded as below for the sustainable sericulture in Tamil Nadu :
Leaf qualities of both V1 and MR2 mulberry varieties are at par and suitable for silkworm rearing for production of cocoons on commercial scale, though the production potentiality of the later variety is far below the former, based on certain preferred characters with the MR2 both the varieties are recommended for cultivation in the state. As the potential productivity level of V1, mulberry variety is comparatively very high and its sustainable productivity level could maintain under narrow water stress conditions, the variety is recommended for places where assured irrigation facilities available. Whereas MR2 mulberry variety could maintain its sustainable productivity level under wide limit of water stress conditions, the variety is recommended for places where limited irrigation facilities available. Based on the highest production potentiality of both V1 and MR2 varieties established under drip irrigation, the drip irrigation method is recommended for both the varieties in mulberry cultivation under Tamil Nadu conditions. As the sustainable leaf productivity achieved at reduced rate of irrigation water upto 30 and 50% of CPE value in V1 and MR2 respectively under drip irrigation, the irrigation water amount equal to 70 and 50% of CPE value in drip irrigation scheduled in alternate days are recommended for the respective varieties under limited irrigation water availability and for effective utilization of irrigation water in mulberry cultivation. The performance of microsprinkler irrigation in both V1 and MR2 varieties is very close to drip irrigation and the same system may be appropriate for mulberry garden raised in slope terrain land and calcareous soils. Keeping in view of the above a Model Irrigation Calendar for Mulberry Crop (MICMC) has been prepared for the benefit of sericulture farmers, sericulture extension field functionaries and stake holders (Table : 3-4).
REFERENCES :
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] Ahluwalia, M.S.; Singh, K.J.; Baldev singh. And Sharma, K.P. (1998) Influence of drip irrigation on water use and yield of sugarcane. International Water & Irrigation Review 18 (1) : 12 - 17. Ananthakrishna, K.H.; Arun Sarpeshkar, M. and Muralidhara, H.R. (1995) Drip irrigation for mulberry cultivation. Indian Silk. 34 (3) : 17 - 19. Anonymous (2002) Crops and drops making the best use of water for agriculture. Published by the Director, Information Division, FAO. UN., Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy : 17-19. Anonymous (2010) Status of Sericulture in Tamil Nadu - Status Report of Directorate of Sericulture (DoS), Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Salem - 636 004 website www.tnsericulture.gov.in Anonymous (2011) Seasons and crop report of Tamil Nadu. Published by Special Commissioner & Director, Department of Economics & Statistics Govt. of TN : 1-20. Anonymous. (2013) Annual Report 2012-13 CSB., Bangalore www.csb.gov.in Bains, B.S. and Narang, R.S. (1988) Water use efficiency of sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.,) under semi-arid and sub-tropical climate. Indian J. Agronomy 33 (3) : 283-286. Benchamin, K.V.; Syed Nizamuddin; Sabitha, M.G. and Asis Ghosh.(1997) Mulberry cultivation techniques under water stress condition. Indian Silk.36(3):12-18. Chaturvedi, H. K. and Sarkar, A. (2000) Optimum size and shape of the plot for mulberry experiment. Indian J. Seric. 39 (1) : 66 - 69. EL-Gindy, A.M. and EL-Araby, A.M. (1996) Vegetable crop response to surface and subsurface drip under calcareous soil. In Evapotranspiration and Irrigation scheduling. Proc. of the Internat. Conf. San Antonio, Texas, USA, November3-6. Gupta, S. K. and Deshpande, R.D. (2004) Water for India in 2050: first-order assessment of available options. Current Science 86 (9) : 1216 - 1224. Hariraj, G. and Somashekar T.H. (2006) Studies on reeling performance and quality characteristics of raw silk reeled from multibivoltine crossbreed and bivoltine hybrid cocoons. Journal of Silk Science and Technology 15: 37-42. Hariraj, G. and Somashekar TH, (2002) Studies on multi-bivoltine cocoon reeling : Part I. Combined influence of drying, cooking and reeling characteristics of Indian multi- bivoltine cocoons. Asian Textile Journal 11(12): 82-86. Lal, M. (2001) Climate change - Implications for Indias water resources. J. India Water Research Society 21 : 101 - 119. Magadum, S.B.;Kamble, C.K.; Sindagi, S.S. and Sabitha (2004) Water management in mulberry. Indian Silk 42 (11) : 13 - 15. Mishra, R.K.; Choudhury, P.C.; Das, P.K and Ghosh, A. (1996) Sustainable technique for mulberry cultivation. Indian Silk. 34 (11) : 7 - 10. Mishra, R.K.; Madhava Rao, Rama Kant and Datta, R.K. (1997) Irrigation and summer management of mulberry garden. Indian Silk. 36 (1) : 10 - 12.
[33]
Table : 2 mulberry crop performance under different type levels of irrigation water application and silk productivity
Month MON
8
15 22 29
FEBRUARY
JANUARY
3
10 17 24
4 11 18 25
5 12 19 26
7 14 21 28
8 15 22
16
23 30
13
20 27
25
8 15 22 29 3 10 17 24 31
23
6 13 20 27 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 5 12 19
4
18 25
30
1
3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 1
12 19
13 20
27 1 8
14 21 28 2 9 16
APRIL
11
2 9 16 23
7 14 21
28 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18
MARCH
8 15 22
26
MAY
29
4 11
14 21 28 30
15
22 29 31 3 10 17 24
JUNE
13 20 27
5 12 19 26
6 13 20 27
7
14 21 28 1
8 15 22
18
25
23
30 4 11
29
2 9 16 23 30 4 11 18 25
1 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 7 14 21 28 8 15 22 29 2 9
5
12
JULY
AUGUST
7 14 21 28 2 9
8 15 22 29 3 10 17 24 31
9
16 23
13
20 27 1
19
26 7 14 21 28
18
25 5 12 19
25
6
13 20 27
27
7 14 21 28 2 9 16 23 30
SEPTEMBER
3 10 17 24
4 11 18 25
6 13 20 27 1
OCTOBER
1 8
15 22 29
8 15 22 29
16
23 30 4
16
23 30
26
7
26
7 14
NOVEMBER
5 12 19 26
6 13 20 27
8 15 22 29
10 17 24
11
18 25
DECEMBER
31 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27
1 8 15 22
2
9 16 23 30
14
21 28
21
28
29
Table : 4
MODEL IRRIGATION CALENDAR FOR MULBERRY CROP UNDER TAMIL NADU CONDITIONS
Type of soil : Sandy clay loam
Economic irrigation (Sprinkler / Drip) V1 Mulberry garden MR2 mulberry garden Number Quantity Furrow Irrigation of of water / Average Total qty. schedule & Sprinkler Drip irrigation Sprinkler Drip irrigation irrigation irri. (mm) inter.(days) of water ha.mm No. of irrign. ha.mm / irrigation lrs/plant/irri. ha.mm / irri. lrs/plant/irri. 3 28.8 10.3 86.5 5.2 5.2 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.0 alternate 3 32.5 9.3 97.4 6.5 6.5 5.3 4.7 4.7 3.8 day 2 32.9 7.8 65.8 7.4 7.4 6.0 5.3 5.3 4.3 8 2 5 3 10 3 3 1 7 3 4 2 9 1 3 3 7 31.2 27.8 30.4 31.8 30.3 51.0 33.9 31.5 40.9 28.1 31.7 32.3 30.6 29.0 29.8 31.4 30.4 9.1 7.8 6.0 10.3 7.3 10.0 10.3 7.8 249.7 36.5 55.6 alternate 152.2 day 95.4 303.2 36.5 153.0 alternate 101.7 day 31.5 36.5 234.7 7.4 9.5 5.8 285.0 9.6 6.2 7.0 269.0 7.0 7.9 5.7 259.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 199.8 234.7 7.4 9.5 5.8 285.0 9.6 6.2 7.0 269.0 7.0 7.9 5.7 259.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 199.8 190.1 6.0 7.7 4.7 230.8 7.8 5.0 5.7 217.9 5.7 6.4 4.6 209.9 4.6 4.5 4.6 161.8 168.0 5.3 6.8 4.1 204.1 6.9 4.4 5.0 192.6 5.0 5.7 4.1 185.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 143.1 168.0 5.3 6.8 4.1 204.1 6.9 4.4 5.0 192.6 5.0 5.7 4.1 185.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 143.1 136.1 4.3 5.5 3.4 165.3 5.6 3.6 4.1 156.0 4.1 4.6 3.3 150.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 115.9
Non-economic irrigation
Total 2
March April May
Total 3
June July August
Total
August
10.4 286.2
September
October
7.8 84.3 alternate 7.5 126.8 day 10.3 64.6 8.1 275.7 10.3 10.0 10.3 36.5 29.0 alternate 89.4 day 94.2 36.5
Total
October
November December
10.4 212.6
41
32.4
893.3 893.3
723.6
Actual effective rainfall during irrigation schedules are required to be deducted from the actual quantum of irrigation water given above.
10
15
20
25
30
35
1000
1200
1.0 IW:CPE
27.94
0.7 IW:CPE
928.57
26.63
200
400
600
800
Furrow
1.0 IW:CPE
Furrow
0.7 IW:CPE 0.5 IW:CPE 100% CPE 70% CPE 50% CPE 100% CPE
822.24
0.5 IW:CPE
24.81
100% CPE
30.24 28.71 24.90 30.77 30.28
609.68
1014.15
Sprinkler
70% CPE
Sprinkler
938.04
50% CPE
758.74
100% CPE
1046.60
Drip
70% CPE
Drip
70% CPE
50% CPE
25.42
998.06
788.80
50% CPE
Fig. 2 Average number of leaves / branch under different system of water management in mulberry
Fig. 2 Average Total shoots length / plant under different system of water management in mulberry
10
15 20 25 30 35
10
1.0 IW:CPE
30.87
Furrow
0.7 IW:CPE
777.24
0.5 IW:CPE
30.10 32.01 31.65 31.02 32.16 31.56 31.13
752.99
100% CPE
867.18
70% CPE
0
1.0 IW:CPE
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
816.17
Furrow
30.09
0.7 IW:CPE 0.5 IW:CPE 100% CPE 70% CPE 50% CPE 100% CPE
Sprinkler
Sprinkler
829.03
50% CPE
783.60
100% CPE
886.32
Drip
70% CPE
Drip
70% CPE
792.33
836.78
50% CPE
50% CPE
Fig. 3 Average single leaf area under different system of water management in mulberry
191.85
200 180
2 Average single leaf area in V 1 mulberry [cm ]
184.42 180.61
150.82
120 105.27
160
134.85 135.68
141.23
140 120
96.43
100
92.60 79.87
80
100 80 60 40 20 0
60
40
20
1.0 IW:CPE
0.7 IW:CPE
0.5 IW:CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
100% CPE
100% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
Drip
100% CPE
1.0 IW:CPE
0.7 IW:CPE
Furrow
S prinkler
Drip
Furrow
0.5 IW:CPE
Sprinkle r
Fig. 4 Average leaf productivity under different system of water management in mulberry
42.58
70
61.95 55.40
64.38 60.69
45 40
-1 yr.-1 MT. ha.
100% CPE
40.29 36.03
60
-1 yr.-1 MT. ha.
35 30 25 20 15 10
50
Leaf Productivity in V 1
40
32.43
30
20
10
Leaf Productivity in MR 2
5
0
1.0 IW:CPE
0.7 IW:CPE
0.5 IW:CPE
100% CPE
100% CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
1.0 IW:CPE
0.7 IW:CPE
0.5 IW:CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
Drip
100% CPE
Furrow
Sprinkler
Drip
Furrow
Sprinkler
11
100% CPE
50% CPE
50% CPE
Fig. 5 WUE under farmers' practice, actual irrigation required & different system of water management in mulberry
WUE in Farmers' practice, FAO'S formula & Experiments
50
48.98 47.24 44.67
45
40.78
35
29.66 28.06
40
-1 water in V1 kg. leaves ha.mm
35
31.9
31.92
33.50
33.42
33.18
30
27.68
30
26.18
25
20.79 18.27
22.94 21.00
21.94
25
18
20
20
15
12
15
10
10
5 0
1.0 IW:CPE 0.7 IW:CPE Full irrigation Full irrigation 0.5 IW:CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
100% CPE
100% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
50% CPE
70% CPE
100% CPE
1.0 IW:CPE
0.7 IW:CPE
Full irrigation
Far FAO
Furrow
Sprinkler
Drip
Far FAO
Full irrigation
Furrow
0.5 IW:CPE
Sprinkler
100% CPE
Drip
Fig. 6 Average cost benefit ratio under different system of water management in mulberry crop
COST BENEFIT RATIO IN V1
1.97
50% CPE
50% CPE
2.12
Drip
Drip
70% CPE
1.84
100% CPE
1.92
50% CPE
50% CPE
1.99
Sprinkler
Sprinkler
70% CPE
1.79
70% CPE
1.72
100% CPE
1.50
0.5 IW:CPE
Furrow
Furrow
0.7 IW:CPE
1.57
0.5
1.5
12
50% CPE
2.09 2.05 1.77 2.00 1.97 1.71 1.71 1.57
2.5
4.5 m.
M1 I1 S2
M1 I2 S1
M1 I3 S3
M1 I1 S1
M1 I2 S2
M1 I3 S1
M1 I1 S3
M1 I2 S2
M1 I3 S1
M1 I1 S3
M1 I2 S3
M1 I3 S1
M1 I1 S3
M 1I2 S3
M1 I3 S2
M1 I1 S1
M1 I2 S3
M1 I3 S2
M1 I1 S1
M1 I2 S2
M1 I3 S2
M1 I1 S2
M1 I2 S1
M1 I3 S3
M1 I1 S2
M1 I2 S1
M1 I3 S3
27 m.
M2 I1 S2
M2 I2 S1
M2 I3 S1
M2 I1 S3
M2 I2 S3
M2 I3 S3
M2 I1 S2
M2 I2 S3
M2 I3 S3
M2 I1 S3
M2 I2 S3
M2 I3 S2
M2 I1 S1
M2 I2 S2
M2 I3 S1
M2 I1 S3
M2 I2 S1
M2 I3 S2
M2 I1 S1
M2 I2 S2
Replication 1
M2 I3 S3
M2 I1 S2
M2 I2 S1
64.8 m.
M2 I3 S2
M2 I1 S1
M2 I2 S2
Replication 3
M2 I3 S1
19
25
31
37
43
49
14
20
26
32
38
44
50
15
21
27
33
39
45
51
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
13
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Standard week Rainfall (mm) Temp. (max) Temp. (min) RH 08.30hrs. RH 17.30hrs.
Pan evaporation (mm)
8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 05- 12- 19- 26- 03- 10- 17- 24- 01- 08- 15- 22- 29- 05- 12- 19- 26- 05- 12- 19- 26- 02- 09- 16- 23- 30- 07- 14- 21- 28- 04- 11- 18- 25- 02- 09- 16- 23- 30- 06- 13- 20- 27- 03- 10- 17- 24- 01- 08- 15- 22- 2911 18 25 02 09 16 23 31 07 14 21 28 04 11 18 25 04 11 18 25 01 08 15 22 29 06 13 20 27 03 10 17 24 01 08 15 22 29 05 12 19 26 02 09 16 23 30 07 14 21 28 04 Nov.'04 Dec.'04 Jan.'05 2 3 Feb.'05 4 5 6 7 Mar.'05 8 Apr.'05 May.'05 Jun.'05 Jul.'05 Aug.'05 Sep.'05 Oct.'05
4 3 2 1 0
Nov.'05
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 05- 12- 19- 26- 03- 10- 17- 24- 01- 08- 15- 22- 29- 05- 12- 19- 26- 05- 12- 19- 26- 02- 09- 16- 23- 30- 07- 14- 21- 28- 04- 11- 18- 25- 02- 09- 16- 23- 30- 06- 13- 20- 27- 03- 10- 17- 24- 01- 08- 15- 22- 2911 18 25 02 09 16 23 31 07 14 21 28 04 11 18 25 04 11 18 25 01 08 15 22 29 06 13 20 27 03 10 17 24 01 08 15 22 29 05 12 19 26 02 09 16 23 30 07 14 21 28 04 Nov.'05 Dec.'05 Jan.'06 Feb.'06 Mar.'06 Apr.'06 May.'06 Jun.'06 Jul.'06 Aug.'06 Sep.'06 Oct.'06 Nov.'06
Total Rainfall(mm)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Standard week Rainfall (mm) Temp.(oC) Max. Temp.(oC) Min. RH(%) 08.30hrs. RH(%) 17.30hrs.
5 4 3 2 1 0 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Epan (mm) Wind (kms/hr)
Wind speed [km/hr]
8 7
Pan evaporation [mm]
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
14
Annexure : 6 Plate showing a view of portion of experiment mulberry plot under furrow irrigation after pruning
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Annexure : 8 Plate showing a view of portion of experiment mulberry plot (MR2) under drip irrigation
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Annexure : 10 Plate showing a view of portion of experiment mulberry plot (MR2) under micro-sprinkler irrigation
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