UMTSSystemSurvey

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

BeforeWeStart1
Delegatesforthiscourseshouldbeawareofthefollowingtopics:
DetentionofCommunicationSystem. TypeofCommunicationaccordingtomediumtype type. WireCommunication. WirelessCommunication. TypeofCommunicationaccordingtomediumaccessibility. Simplexcommunication. Half&Fullduplexcommunication. Conceptofthemodulationinthecommunicationsystem,aswellasdifferent typesofanalog anddigitalmodulation. AM ASK. FM FSK. PM PSK

BeforeWeStart2
Delegatesforthiscourseshouldbeawareofthefollowingtopics:
DigitalVsAnalogcommunication. Digitalcommunicationprinciples. principles Sampling. Quantization. Sourcecodingandchannelcoding. ModulationandShannontheory. DifferentMultipleaccesstechniques. TDMA FDMA CDMA CircuitswitchingandPacketswitchingconcept.

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

0G: MTS Mobile telephone System

System Description
Introducedinthelate40s,byAT&T. Highpowertransmitter, transmitter athighelevation. elevation Firsttimetointroducethemobility. Analog SystemFM;120KHzBWenhancedto30KHz.Max12CH Nocoveragecontinuity. Initiallyhalfduplexsystem;upgradedtoafullduplexonein1950. Verylimitedcapacityandlowquality

Washington g

Call dropped

Baltimore

1G:AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service

System Description Thefirstintroductionofthecellularconcept. Freq F reuseconcept tWh Whenyouaref farenough hawayyoucanreusethe th channel ManyCellswithlowpower;insteadoffewcellswithhighpower. Analog basedsystem(FM). Lowquality. IntroducingtheHandoverconcept. Ch #1 Ch #2 Ch #3 Ch #1

ReuseDistance

Firstgenerationdifferentstandard

2G:GSMglobalsystemofmobilecommunication

SystemDescription Acompletedigitalsystem(FDMA/TDAM). FSKmodulation(GMSK). Betterquality(coding)andquality(encryption)than1G. 124Chat900MHz. 45MHzduplexdistance. distance Voiceserviceonly. BetterUtilizationTDMAvs.analog.

GSMSpectrum
GSM900 EGSM GSM1800 GSM1900 GSMR GSM450 GSM480 GSM850 890915/935960MHz 880915/925960MHz 17101785/18051880 18501910/19301990MHz 876880/921925MHz 450.4457.6/460.4467.6MHz 478.8486/488.8496MHz 824849/869894MHz

Secondgenerationdifferentstandard

GSM:
GlobalSystemfor MobileCommunication

PDC PDC:
PersonalDigitalCellular

since1993/94 J Japan only l

800&1500MHz

since1992
worldwide: 165countries 900,1800& 1900MHz subscriber: 550M.

70M. subscriber

DAMPS:
DigitalAMPS

IS95:
InterimStandard95

since1991/92 USA,Canada
800&1900MHz

since1995 weltwide, America&S.Korea

800&1900MHz, 1700MHz( (Korea) )

AMPS/DAMPS subscriber: 90M.

100M.subscriber

2GsystemEvolution.

2GsystemEvolution.

2GsystemEvolution.
GPRS(2 (2.5G) StandsForGeneralPacketRadioSystem.
Introducedinthelate90s. Systemiscapableofpacketswitchinginadditiontocircuitswitching. switching GSMstructurednetwork;(Corenetworkimpacted). Datarateupto20Kb/spertimeslotandmaximumof160Kb/s. PurePSratherthanHSCSD.

EDGE(2 (2.75G) StandsEnhanceddataGPRSevolution.

Introduced d din2001. GSM/GPRSstructurenetwork. Enhancingdatarateupto59Kb/spertimeslotand473Kb/s. 8PSKmodulationinsteadofGMSK. Radionetworkimpact.

UMTS3GDrivers

Consumerdemandforwideband services

Imaging Mobiletransactions Wirelesspostcard

Increasednetworkcapacity

MoreSubscribers

Moreairtime

Accessanytime,anyplace

MobileTrend

100 80 Traffic [ T [%] 60 40 20 0 1996 2001 2005

Voice Data

2007

Trend: Voice Data

Year

MobileTrend

UMTSDriver
Videoconferences videotelephony TeleShopping Electronicnewspapers Images/Soundfiles TeleBanking Financialservices Databaseaccess Informationservices Email il Voice 10

UMTSoffers flexible&dynamic datarates:

8kbit/s kbit/ 2Mbit/s Mbit/

Datarate[kbit/s]

100

1000

10.000

3GServices

VOICE CAPACITY SPEED MobileTV Videotelephone

ImprovedVoiceQuality

Voice&DataUsage

Higherbitrates:upto384kbps

StreamingTVsessionwithdatarate128Kb/s

VideoTelephonywithdataratestartingfrom64kb/s

MobileNavigation

PreciseLocationbasedServices

UMTSdevelopment ETSI
(Europe)

TIA,T1
(USA) ( )

ARIB,TTC
(Japan)

CATT
( (China) )

TTA
(SouthKorea)

ESA Iridium ESA,

(MSS)

ICO,Inmarsat
(MSS)

UMTSdevelopment

UMTSdevelopment3GPPfoundation
ETSI TTA
TSACC
Telecommunication StandardsAdvisoryCouncil ofCanada EuropeanTelecommunication StandardsInstitute

ARIB/TTC
AssociationofRadioIndustries &Business/Telecommunication TechnologyCommittee,Japan

TelecommunicationsTechnology Association,SouthKorea

GSA

TIA

3GPP
3rd Generation PartnershipProject CWTS ANSIT1
CommitteeT1 Telecommunications ChinaWireless Telecommunications Standards

GlobalMobileSupplier Association

Telecommunication IndustryAssociation, USA

UMTS Forum

IPv6 Forum

UWCC
UniversalWireless C Communications i ti WMF Consortium MWIF WirelessMultimedia MobileWireless Forum InternetForum

ACIF
3G.IP Forum

AustralianCommunications IndustryForum

GSM Association
OrganisationalPartner MPR:MarketRepresentation Partner Observershipstatus

UMTSdevelopment

IMTIMT -2000 road map

UMTS standardization

Standardizationorganizationssuchas3GPP, 3GPP2wereestablished
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD/TDDmode

CDMA2000

3Gsystem

3GPP2

Spectrum Allocation

3GsystemEvolution.
UMTSR99 R99(3G) StandsforUniversalmobiletelecommunicationsystem IntroducingtheWCDMAtechniqueformobilecommunication.
60MHz 60MH spectrum t allocation ll ti at t2G. 2G 12CHsat5MHzBWperchannel. QPSKmodulation. Differentstreamofservicesasdatarateincreasesandextracapcity. p y

HSDPA(3 (3.XG) StandsEnhancedHighspeeddatapacketaccess.

Enhancing h the h data d ratethrough h hthe h following f ll technique. h 5simultaneouslycodes2Mb/s. 5simultaneouslycodes&16QAMmodulation3.6Mb/s. 0s simultaneously u ta eous ycodes&16 6Q QAMmodulation odu at o 7.2Mb/s. b/s 10 15simultaneouslycodes&16QAMmodulation14.4Mb/s. HSDPAspeedisincreasingrapidly. (MIMO,32QAM,2carriercoherent 80Mb/s)

Egypts Mobile Spectrum Allocation

Vodafone Purchased&Active

GSM900
MHz880 890 902.5915 925 935

Mobinil

Reserved foroperator

Etisalat

947.5960

UL
EGSM Channels16263124975 10230

DL
EGSM

GSM1800
MHz1710171517511756176117661785 1805181018461851185618611880 1763 5 1763.5 1858 5 1858.5

UL
Channels512538716741766778791885

DL

UMTS
MHz1920192519301935194019451950195519601965 197019751980

UL
Channels961296379662968797129737 9762 97879812 9837 98629887

MHz2110211521202125213021352140214521502155

216021652170

DL
Channels1056210587106121063710662106871071210737 10762107871081210837

Terminologies
UMTS Universalmobiletelecommunicationsystem. Refertotheentirenetwork. Allthe h systemscanconsidered id dunder d i itsumbrella. b ll WCDMA(UTRAFDD) TheAccessnetworkthatbasedontheWCDMAFDDslandered. UTRAN Universalterrestrialradioaccessnetwork. IncludetheWCDMAaccessnetwork;exceptfortheUE(user equipment) RAN Radioaccessnetwork network. Definethedifferenttypesoftheradioaccessnetworks(WCDMAGSM GPRS.etc).

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

W
1900 1906 1948

(W)CDMAhistory(evolution)
Firsthumanvoicetransmission(ReginaldFessenden) Firstradiobroadcast(Fessenden) J h Pierce John Pi describes d ib CDMA Multiplexing M lti l i

1949 ClaudeShannon&JohnPiercedescribemajorCDMAeffects 1956 "Antimultipath"RAKE receiverpatented 1970s 1970 s CDMAusedinseveralmilitarycommunicationandnavigationsystems 1980s StudiesfornarrowbandCDMAforcommercialmobilenetworks 1980s generation 1993 USAusedCDMAstandardisedin2ndg 1990s 1990 s Studiesforwideband(~5MHz)CDMAformobilecellularsystems 1996 1997 UMTSforumestablished ITUrequestsproposalsforcandidateradiotransmission technologiesforIMT2000radiointerface

(W)CDMAhistory(evolution)

1998 1999 2003 2005

3GPPformedtodevelopofajoint3Gsystembased onevolvedGSMcoreandUTRAairinterface ETSIstartsUMTSproject CommercialuseofWCDMAnetwork FirstcommerciallaunchofHSDPAnetwork

OldandNewschoolinRFBandwidthUtilization
Multiple Access different techniques

CDMAoptions
Di tsequenceand Direct df freqh hopping i CDMA

TheCDMAParty

What do YOU hear... If you only speak Japanese? If you only speak English? If y you only y speak p Italian? If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanesespeaking person is all the way across the room? If you only speak Japanese, but the Spanishspeaking person is talking very loudly?

OneCellFrequencyReuse
In WCDMA, all cells may use the same carrier frequency but different scrambling codes. This means no frequency planning, but scrambling code and power planning instead!

FDMA/TDMA(reuse>1)

CDMA/WCDMA(reuse=1)

CDMA concept

(C1D1+
C2D2+ C3D3)

Perfectorthogonally C1*C2=0 C1*C3=0 C1*C1=1 C2*C3=0 C2*C2=1 C3*C3=1

Numberofusers(capacity)are relatedtothenumberofcodes. Rateofcodesmustbehigherthan thedata.(asthecodelength increasethecoderateincrease)

p g mustbeusedwhich Sospreading minimizepowerperuser

CodingConcept
Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset

Input Data

+1 x

-1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 Transmitter

PN code used in Transmitter Transmitted Sequence

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
PN Code Used in Receiver
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

=
-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

=
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Receiver

Integrate Result Divide by Code Length

Integrate
+8

Integrate
-8

Integrate
+8

+1 1

-1 1

+1 1

Coding Concept

Receiver and Transmitter use two uncorrelated codes at same time offset

Input Data

+1 x

-1 1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

Orthogonal code in Transmitter Transmitted Sequence

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

Transmitter

Orthogonal different Code used in Receiver

x
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

x
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

x
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Result Divide by Code Length

Integrate
0

Integrate
0

Integrate
0

Coding concept
Rate matched baseband Data
+1 1

Chip

Chip
+1 1

Code

Datax Code Scrambling

+1 1

Uu
Code

Despreading

+1 1

Data

+1 1

Interference limited system

SpreadingconceptinCDMA

Two Transmitters at the same frequency

Amplitud de

Signal 1

Frequency

PN Code 1 Both signals combined in the air interface Signal 2

A Amplitude

Frequency

PN Code 2

AT THE RECEIVER... Both signals are received together

Spread Spectrum Processing Gain

PN Code Rate = Data Rate

PN Code 1 Signal 1 is reconstructed Signal 2 looks like noise

Spreading and Power Spectral Density

Theshapesofpowerspectraldensity(Power/Hz)are verydifferentbetweenb(t)and y(t).

Thetotalpower(totalarea)isequal,howeverithasbeen spreadoveragreaterbandwidth.

Spreading p gdoesnotchange g totalp power.Spreading p g changeshowthepowerisdistributedover frequency

Spreading and Power Spectral Density

AsPowerofb(t) =Powerofy(t)

PSDb ( t ) . fb = PSD y ( t ) . fc f
Having gfc>>fb wecannowdefineProcessing gGainG

PSD b ( t ) PSD y ( t )

fc fb

G(processinggain)=fc/fb fb=1/Tb (thebitrateoftheinputsignal) fc=1/Tc (thechiprateofthespreadingcode)

processinggainconcept

Digital SNR: Eb/No S Energy per bit (E ) Eb = equals the average signal power (S) divided by the data bit rate (R ) Rb
b b

N N0 = B

Noise power density (N0) The total noise power in the signal bandwidth, divided by the signal bandwidth

Energy per bit (Eb) - to - Noise Ratio The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) times the SSMA Processing Gain

Eb S 1 S B = SNR G p = = N 0 Rb N 0 N Rb

CDMARxConcept
Correlation of channel codes in receiver Own channel correlates well, i.e. peaks (Signal) Other channels appear as noise (Interference) More users increased interference
Power

Signal (Eb) Interference (No)

1 Carrier (5MHz)

Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) I.e. fulfilling the BLER requirements for that specific service

CDMARxConcept(2 (2/2)
+5 dB

If the BLER requires A Eb/No of 5dB for a certain service and the processing p g gain g (Gp) p is 25dB for the service, it means a C/I down to 20 dB is still acceptable

Power + G Gp

Signal (Eb)

20 dB

Interference & Noise (No)

1 Carrier (5MHz) Gp
C I = Eb No 10 log( Rc/Ri
Rc : Chiprate 3.84 Mc Ri : Service bitrate

DriversbehindSpreadSpectrumsignals

Security
Harderforeavesdroppertodetect,jamandinterfere.

Narrow Signal
Power

Wider Scope of Applications

HigherBandwidthavailableforusergivesmorevarieties forsupportedapplications.

Higher System Capacity

Dependingonuniquenatureofcodesspreadingto distinguishdifferentusersonsamecarrier.

Simplifiedsystemplanningfromafrequencyreuseof 1,whichallowsthesameRFcarrierfrequencytobe ycellorsectorthroughout g asystem. y usedinevery

Better system quality.

EnhancedRFchannelperformance(reducedfading)due touniquereceptiontechniques. Enhancedcallquality. quality Betterandmoreconsistentsound sound. Amorereliabletransportmechanismforwirelessdata communications. Reducedinterferencefromothersources. LowertransmitRFpowerlevels,longerbatterylife,and increasedtalktimeforhandheldunits.
Frequency

Spread Spectrum Signal

Related Terms and Definitions

Term
NarrowBandSignal

Definition
Signal occupiesarelativelysmallbandwidth i.e. (GSMsignalhas200KHzbandwidth) Signal occupiesrelativelywidebandwidth i.e. (WCDMAsignalhas5MHzbandwidth) Signal hasanoiselikebehaviouractualnoisenever

WideBandSignal

PseudoNoiseSignal repeats

Spreading p g Converting gasignal g withlowbitrateintoanothersignal g withmuchhigherbitrate Scrambling Convertingasignalintoanothercodedversionofit p gthesamebitrate keeping

Related Terms and Definitions

AutoCorrelationMeasurementforhowmuchasignalisrelatedto anotherversionofitself CrossCorrelation Measurementforhowasignalisrelatedtoanother differentsignal CodeshasAutoCorrelation=1 and CrossCorrelation=0 CodeshasAutoCorrelationverycloseto1 and CrossCorrelationverycloseto0

OrthogonalCodes

PseudoNoiseCodes

Multiple users spreading and dispreading

Multiple users spreading and dispreading

Repeated Spreading and Scrambling

Repeatedspreadingandscramblingusedin Channelidentification Transmitteridentification

Types of Codes in WCDMA

Twoimportanttypesofdigitalcodesarespecified. ScramblingCodes

PseudoNoise sequencesthatappearasrandomnoisetoallbutthe service provideranditsparticularclient.Buttheyactuallydorepeat.

Haveverygoodcorrelationproperties,butnotcompletelyorthogonal.

Channelization/SpreadingCodes (TheWalshfunctions, functions Orthogonalcodes ) Datachannelschannelizationcodelengthdependsonuserdatarate

Controlchannelschannelizationcodelengthfixedbystandard

Havethehighlydesirablepropertyoforthogonality

Properties of MM-Sequences (PN codes) 1- Blanca property:

Number of ones = Number of zero + 1

2 Run property: 2The total number of runs = (N + 1) / 2

Sequence contains one run of ones, length m One run of zeros, , length g m-1 One run of ones and one run of zeros, length m-2 Two runs of ones and two runs of zeros, length m-3 2m-3 runs of ones and 2m-3 runs of zeros, length 1

3 Autocorrelation 3A t l ti Property P t
The periodic autocorrelation of a 1 m-sequence is
= 0, N, 2N, ...
otherwise

1 R( ) = 1

PN Code Generation

PNCodes:GenerationusingaShiftRegister

D
clock

D
1010010010001110101...

n values are 0 or 1 (determined by the specified generator polynomial) Maximal-length (m-sequence) has a repetitive cycle of ( 2N - 1 ) bits A code of 32,768 bits can be replicated using only a 15-bit key

Generation of Scrambling Code

GeneratedusingLinearFeedbackShiftRegisterCircuitry

Codesinuplinkuses25 bitkeytodifferentiatebetweendifferentUEs Codesindownlinkuses18 bitkeytodifferentiatebetweendifferentNodeBs BothDLandULcodelengthisonlyfirst38400chipofthegeneratedsequence

Only8192 CodesusedindownlinkspeedupsearchprocessforNodeB The8192 codesaredividedinto 64 codegroup(eachhas8 primarycodes) ,so512 Primarycode Eachprimarycodehas15 secondarycodes

Properties of MM-Sequences
Theoutputmsequence=0011101 1 1.Balanceproperty Noofones=4,NoofZeros=3 2.Runproperty Totalnoofruns=4 o/p=0011101 Sequence contains one run of ones, length m= 3 One One run of zeros zeros, length m-1 1=2 Onerunofonesandonerunofzeros,lengthm2 =1 CLK 1 00 0 0 0 O/P

11

111 011 101 010 001

Gold Sequences
Gold sequences constructed by the XOR of two m-sequences with the same clocking They y can supply pp y large g number of code. They have very good cross correlation properties

Generationof ScramblingCode

DownlinkScramblingCodes
Used U dtodi distinguish i i h B BaseS Station i transmissions i i on Downlink
EachCellisassigned g oneandonly yonePrimary yScrambling gCode TheCellalwaysuses theDownlink assignedPrimary Scrambling CodeforthePrimaryandSecondary 8192 Scrambling Codes 18 Each code is 38,400 chips of a 2 - 1 (262,143 chip) Gold Sequence CCPCHs SecondaryScramblingCodesmaybeusedoverpartofacell,orforotherdatachannels
Code Group #1 Code Group #64

Primary SC0 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) ( )

Primary SC7 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) ( )

Primary SC504 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) ( )

Primary SC511 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) ( )

ScramblingCode

Uplink: Downlink:

PN Code used to distinguish each Mobile Station PN Code used to distinguish g each Base Station
Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1

PN1

PN3

PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2

PN2

PN5

PN6

SSMA PN Code Planning

Spread Spectrum Code Planning Example N

E
PN7

PN2 PN3 PN1 PN7 PN4 PN5 PN3 PN1 PN7 PN4 PN5 PN6 PN5 PN1 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN1 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN2 PN3

S
PN7

PN6 PN2

PN6

Orthogonal Code Correlation

OrthogonalCodecorrelation
Codecorrelatedwithitself>100%correlation Codeiscorrelatedwithanotherorthogonalcode>0%correlation Codetimealignmentisessential
60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 10 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 20 30 40 50 60 Autocorrelation of Walsh 34, 34 Walsh 34 Integration Sum = 64 at time offset = 0

Cross-correlation of Walsh 34, Walsh 47 Integration Sum = 0 at time offset = 0

Poor cross-correlation properties at time shifts other than zero!

10 20 30 40 50 60

Orthogonal Codes concepts

WhenyousenddatausingOrthogonalCodes
Orthogonal Code

...
Transmitted chips

Data

User 1 Data: 1 0 1

XOR with Walsh Code 1010

User 1 Walsh-spread Data: 0101 1010 0101

You send one orthogonal (e.g., Walsh) code for every data bit! If you want to send a 0, you transmit the assigned Walsh Code If you want to send a 1, you transmit the inverted Walsh Code

Orthogonal Codes concepts

OrthogonalCodeTransmitter
Data Channel 1 XOR with OC1 After XOR After D/A Mapping

0 1 0
Data Channel 2

( 1111 )
XOR with OC2

(1111)(0000)(1111)
After XOR

(----)(++++)(----)
After D/A Mapping

0 0 1
Data Channel 3

( 1100 )
XOR with OC3

(1100)(1100)(0011)
After XOR

(--++)(--++)(++--)
After D/A Mapping

1 0 1
Data Channel 4

( 1010 )
XOR with OC3

(0101)(1010)(0101)
After XOR

(+-+-)(-+-+)(+-+-)
After D/A Mapping

0 0 0

( 1001 )

(1001)(1001)(1001)

(-++-)(-++-)(-++-)

C Composite it T Transmitted itt d D Data: t

4-chip Orthogonal Code Set 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

(-2 -2 +2 -2) (-2 +2 +2 +2) (0 0 0 -4)

Orthogonal Codes concepts

OrthogonalCodeReceiver
Composite Received Data: (-2 -2 +2 -2)(-2 +2 +2 +2)(0 0 0 -4)
Correlation

4-chip Orthogonal Code Set Analog representation) 1) 2) 3) 4) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1

XOR with OC1 (-1 -1 -1 -1)

Integrate & Normalize

Result: 1 -1 1

Map AD 0 1 0

XOR with OC2 (-1 -1 +1 +1)

Integrate & Normalize

Result: 1 1 -1

Map AD 0 0 1 Map AD 1 0 1 Map AD 0 0 0

XOR with OC3 (-1 +1 -1 +1) ( )

Integrate & Normalize

Result: -1 1 -1

XOR with OC4

XOR: Exclusive-Or multiplication Normalize: Multiply by [ 1 / code length]

Integrate & Normalize

Result: 1 1 1

(-1 +1 +1 -1)

Integrate: Sum four consecutive values after XOR

Orthogonal Codes concepts

Downlink:

Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels C Coming i f from each hB Base St Station ti
OC3, OC4 OC5, OC6, OC7

OC1, OC2

Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels coming from each Mobile Station
OC1, OC2

OC1 , OC2, OC3

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Orthogonal Code Generation

GenerationofOrthogonal(Walsh)Codes
1

11

10

1111

1100

1010

1001

11111111

11110000

11001100

11000011

10101010

10100101

10011001

10010110

Digital/Analog Mapping

1100110011001100

logic 0 logic 1

analog +1 analog - 1

Orthogonal Codes concepts

orthogonalCodeSpace:5users;oneuserhas4xdatabandwidth
1 User with 2x Bit Rate Chi Rate Chip R t = 3.840 3 840 Mcps M

11

1 92 MSymbol/s 1.92

10

1111

1100

1010

1001

11111111

11110000

11001100

11000011

10101010

10100101

10011001

10010110 480 kSymbol/s

480 kSymbol/s = Unusable Code Space

OrthogonalCodesconcepts

SpreadingFactor=ProcessingGain=Rc/Rb Differentspreadingisdoneaccordingtotheservicebitrateasthechiprateisconstant.

Code Locking Concept (PN Codes)

PN codesisgeneratednotstored

SynchronizationbetweenNodeB andUE isextremely l importanttocorrectly l d decode d originalinformation

WCDMA mobiles bil useCode C d Locking L ki circuitrytolockonScramblingcode.

Code Locking Concept (Orthogonal Codes)

TX, RX use same codes and same time offset
Orthogonal g Codes correlation 100%

TX, RX use same codes, but different time offset

Orthogonal Codes results Orthogonality lost Unpredictable

TX, RX use different codes

Orthogonal Codes 0% Correlation

Code Correlation
Case I: Autocorrelation using a PN Code
Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset

Input Data

+1 x

-1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 Transmitter

PN code used in Transmitter Transmitted Sequence

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
PN Code Used in Receiver
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

=
-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

=
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Receiver

Integrate Result Divide by Code Length

Integrate
+8

Integrate
-8

Integrate
+8

+1 1

-1 1

+1 1

Code Correlation
Case II: Cross-Correlation using PN Codes
Receiver and Transmitter use different codes

Input Data

+1 x

-1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 x
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1 Transmitter

PN code used in Transmitter Transmitted Sequence

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

x
PN Code Used in Receiver
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1

x
+1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1

x
-1 +1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 +1

=
-1 1 1 +1 1 +1 1 -1

=
-1 1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1

=
-1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Result Divide by Code Length

Integrate
-4

Integrate
0

Integrate
2

-0.5

0.25

Code Correlation
Case III: Correlation using Orthogonal Codes
(a) Same Orthogonal code (b) Different Orthogonal codes (c) Same code with non-zero time offset

Input Data

+1 x

-1 1 x
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

+1 x
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

Orthogonal code in Transmitter Transmitted Sequence

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

=
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

=
+1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1

=
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

Transmitter

1Chipshift

x
Orthogonal Code used in Receiver
-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

x
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

x
-1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1

=
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

=
+1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1

=
+1 1 1 1 +1 1 1 -1 Receiver

Integrate Result Divide by Code Length

Integrate
8

Integrate
0

Integrate
-4

+1

-0.5 0 5

Scrambling and Channeliztion codes

Summary

SC1

SC1

SC1

SC1

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

Different UMTS releases

Release 99 feature. New Radio Interface (UTRA)
FDD and TDD at 3.84 Mcps. GSM/GPRS Handover. Handover Support for Multi-call (CS & PS) simultaneously. Location service over Air Interface. Basic UMTS security. y Core network was compatible with the GSM/GPRS networks

Release 4 feature TDD at 1.28 1 28 Mcps. Mcps Evolution of core network transport to IP. Release 5 feature Evolution of UTRAN transport to IP IP based Multimedia service. g p Downlink Packet access ( (HSDPA). ) High-Speed

WCDMA R99 R99 Network Architecture

MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS PCU RNC NodeB
GPRS backbone/

PSTN ISDN GMSC

HLR/AUC

SS7

SCE SMS SCP Internet, Intranet GGSN

SGSN

User Equipment Domain

UTRANNetwork AccessNetwork Domain Accessstratum

CoreNetwork NonAccessstratum

WCDMA R99 R99 Network Architecture

1-Core Network Domain

Structure of the CN.

1-Core Network Domain

F Function ti of f the th CN. CN
Connection Management (CM), Provides the bearer services and the procedures for circuitswitched connections (RAB handling; Call control handling). Session Management (SM) Responsible for the set up, monitoring and release of a packetswitched connection (PDP handling). MobilityManagement(MM) DeterminethelocationofaUserEquipmentsoa connectioncanbesetup. Circuitswitching(Detach;Idealandactive locationupdateandpaging). Packetswitching(Idle;readyandstandby routingareaupdateandpaging). Handlingthemobilityoftheuserinordertokeep cellcontinuityintheactivemode.

1-Core Network Domain

Connection management.

1-Core Network Domain

Session S i Management M t

1-Core Network Domain

M bilit Management Mobility M t

1-Core Network Domain Circuit Switching Domain

MSC Function
Signaling switching and call routing to or from MS. Charging. Service provisioning provisioning. Control of connected RNCs. One MSC controls more than one RNC.

GMSC Function
Access to PSTN. Provides the gateway functionality/Interface to other networks.

1-Core Network Domain Circuit Switching Domain VLR Function

Associated with MSC Subscriber Management in MSC area. Authentication co co-ordination. ordination Commands start of ciphering.

VLR Data. Data

A temp data base that holding the following information Subscriber data from HLR.
MSISDN; IMSIetc. Services available and restrictions.

MSC/VLR

Temp subscriber information.

TMSI; LAI; triples.etc.

The VLR hold these data for the subscriber included in the MSC area only.

1-Core Network Domain Register and Service domain

HLR Function
The HLR is a centralized (unique) network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions. IMSI, MSISDN Services subscribed Service restrictions (e.g. roaming restrictions) Parameters for additional services Info about user equipment (IMEI) Authentication data Temporaryinformation Linktocurrentlocationoftheuser: CurrentVLRaddress(ifavail) CurrentMSCaddress(ifavail) MSRN(ifuseroutsidePLMN)

1-Core Network Domain Register and Service domain

Other nodes for the register domain.

AUC: authentication center. EIR: equipment identity register. IN: intelligent network. BGW: belling gateway. SMSC: short message service center.

1-Core Network Domain Packet switching domain SGSN Function

Forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets addressed to/from a mobile station that is attached within the SGSN service area area. Provides packet routing and transfer to and from the SGSN service area. Ciphering and authentication Session management Mobility management Logical link management toward the MS Output of billing data.

SGSN

1-Core Network Domain Packet switching domain GGSN Function

The interface towards the external IP packet networks. p Acts as a router Exchanges routing information with the external network. GPRS session management management, communication setup toward external network. Output of billing data.

2. Access Network Domain

2-Acess Network F Function ti of f the th Access A network. t k

Responsible of the radio resources management. Consists of several Radio network subsystem (similar of BSS in GSM).

One RNC. RNC Several node Bs.

2-Acess Network RNC function

F Function ti of f the th RNC. RNC

Control several node Bs/ interface with the core network (MSC/SGSN). Radio resources management. Admission and congestion control. Handover and power control (outer loop). Ciphering/deciphering. Can softly be divided into 3 types CRNC Control SRNC Serving DRNC Drift

2-Acess Network RNC function

P Power Control C t li in RNC. RNC

Open loop power control closed loop power control Outer loop power control

2-Acess Network Node B function

F Function ti of f the th Node N d B. B

Contains the RF equipment that provide the radio link in the air interface. More intelligent than BTS. Perform spreading/dispreading, channel coding, also responsible of a part of the power control (inner loop). Ciphering using the ciphering key. Records and passes to the RNC the Signal strength measurements Mapping of Transport channels into physical channels

3- User Equipment domain

Function of the User Equipment domain .
The end user node; that provide the services/application to the users. The new g generation of UMTS p phones will combine the advantages g of wireless communication with the demand for multimedia applications Consists of.

User Terminal. UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

UE

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal

F Function ti of f UT. UT
Radio transmission termination. Radio channel management. Speech encoding / decoding. Flow control of data. Mobility management. Call control. Performance measurement meas rement of radio link link. SIM card interface service provider and network registration/ deregistration location update p setup of connectionless / connection-oriented services unalterable equipment identification (IMEI). basic identification of the User Equipment's capabilities emergency calls without a SIM execution of algorithms required for authentication and encryption

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal

N New F Functions ti of f UT. UT

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal Multimode M lti d user equipment i t

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal Multimode M lti d user equipment i t

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal T Types of f user equipment i t (Type (T 1 / Type T 2)

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal

T Types of f user equipment i t (Type (T 3 / Type T 4)

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal

IMEI format f t and d function. f ti

UE is uniquely identified by the IMEI. Used by the EIR for terminal authentication and for capabilities identification FinalAssemblyCodes(FAC) TAC FAC SNR SVN 01,02AEG (6 digits) (2 digits) (6 digits) (2 digits)

TAC: Type Approval Code

Places that is centrally assigned by a GSM body.

07,40Motorola 10,20Nokia 40,41,44,Siemens 47Optional lInternational l 51Sony 51Siemens 51Ericsson 60Alcatel

SNR: Serial Number

Unique serial number assigned by the manufacturer

SVN: Software version Number

Refer to the version of software

3- User Equipment domain User Terminal

USIM function.
Stores user addresses IMSI,MSISDN,TIMSI, rooming, etc Authentication and encryption features subscriber subscribers s secret authentication key (Ki) Security Algorithm & Keys (for Authentication, Ciphering,..). Personalization SIM stores t user profile fil (subscribed ( b ib d services) i ) RAM available for SMS, short numbers, users directory, etc Protection codes PIN ,PUK

Core Network Evolution. R99 Vs R4 R4

CS domain evolution SCP HLR
MAP Over TDM

SCP

HLR
MAP Over TDM/IP

TUP/ISUP

ATM/IP/TDM

MSC

TDM

MSC

MSC Server
ATM/IP

MSC Server MGW

MGW

ATM/IP

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

RAN

R99
PSdomainstructureremainunchanged

R4

WCDMA R4 R4 Network Architecture

IP/ATM Backbone
MGW MGW

PSTN ISDN

MSC Server

GMSC Server

HLR/AUC RNC NodeB SS7 SCE SMS UTRAN SCP

GPRS backbone

UTRAN Network User Equipment Domain Access Network Domain Access stratum

SGSN GGSN

Internet, Intranet

Core Network Non Access stratum

MSC Server

MSC server.
Call control and routing for mobileoriginated g and mobile-terminated calls; Mobility management integrates with (VLR) which holds location information; Providing authentication functions; terminates signaling

Media Gateway
Media gateway server.
This translates media traffic between different types yp of network. Termination of bearer channels; MSC server is able to support several MWGs;

Summary

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

WCDMAFrequencyAllocations

WCDMA / EUROPE WCDMA / USA

TDD
1900

FDD UPLINK
1920 1980 2010

TDD
2025 2110

FDD DOWNLINK
2170

FDD UPLINK
1850

TDD
1910

FDD DOWNLINK
1990

1930

ITU/ WARC-95
1885

IMT-2000

MSS
1980 2010

MSS
2025 2110

IMT-2000

MSS
2160 2170

MSS
2200

Europe

DECT
1880 1900

IMT-2000

MSS
1980 2010 2025 2110

IMT-2000
2170

MSS
2200

Japan
1885 1895

PHS

IMT-2000

MSS
1980 2010 2025 2110

Terrestrial
2170

MSS
2200

1918.1

China

CDMA
1865

FDD WLL

TDD WLL

CDMA

FDD WLL

MSS
2010 2025 2110 2170

MSS
2200

1880

1900

1920 1945 1960

1980

USA

A D B E F C
1850 1910

A D B E F C
1930 1990

MSS
2025

Broadcast Auxiliary
2110

Reserved
2150 2185

MSS
2200

Part4:113 of65

WCDMAStandreds

3GPPWCDMAOverview O i
BothFDD(2x5MHz)andTDD(1x5MHz)modessupported Operationspecifiedinbandsbetween1850and2170MHz BStimesynchronizationnotrequiredforFDDmode GPSnotrequired FastSynchronizationCodesallowasynchronousoperationandhandover Synchronous S h operation i is i allowed; ll d allows ll faster f acquisition, i i i interference i f reduction MultiCodeandVariableSpreadingFactormodessupported NetworkinterfacecompatiblewithGSM MAP/GPRS *TobemadecompatiblewithANSI41perOHGrequirement PhysicalParameters: Chiprate=3.840Mcps RFBandwidth=5MHz PhysicalLayerdataratesof15,30,60,120,240,480,960,and1920kb/sec Payloaddataratesof12.2,64,128,144,384,768,and2048kb/sec Framelength=10mSec and15timeslot=0.667mSec FastPowerControl:Bidirectional;1500updates/sec

WCDMAmodule

WCDMAPhysicalChannels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel SCH - Synchronization Channel P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s) Paging Channels S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel PICH - Paging Indicator Channel

Base Station (BS) ( )

Random Access and Packet Access Channels PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel AP-AICH - Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel CD/CA-AICH -Collision Detection/Ch.Assignment Indicator Ch. CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel Dedicated Connection Channels DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel PDSCH - Physical Ph i l D Downlink li k Shared Sh d Channel Ch l

User Equipment (UE)

UMTSChannelsmapping

Release4Channels

Release5channels

PCCPCH

PCCPCH

PCCPCH

CPICH

(P&S)CPICH

SCH

SCCPCH

PICH

PRACHandFACH

AICH

SCCPCH

DPDCH

DPDCH&DPCCH

DLDPDCH

ULDPDCH

ULDPDCH

DownlinkDataRates

VariableDataRatesontheDownlink:Examples
Channel Bit R t Rate (kbps) Channel S Symbol b l Rate (ksps) SF Bits/Frame Bits/ Slot DPCCH TFCI TPC PILOT 512 64 150 1200 60 900 90 300 10 80 4 60 0 8 2 4 4 8 TOTAL DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL DPDCH

15 120

75 7.5 60

1920

960

19,200 18,720

480

1280

1248

16

Channel Coding (OVSF codes at 3.84 Mcps) Coded Data 1.920 Mb/sec (19,200 bits per 10 mSec frame)

S/P Converter

960 kb/sec

DownlinkDPDCH/DPCCHSlotFormats

3GPP TS 25.211 5.3.2

Slot Channel Channel SF Format Bit Rate Symbol #i (kbps) Rate (k (ksps) ) 0 0A 0B 1 1B 2 2A 2B 3 3A 3 3B 15 15 30 15 30 30 30 60 30 30 60 7.5 7.5 15 7.5 15 15 15 30 15 15 30 512 512 256 512 256 256 256 128 256 256 128

Bits/ Slot

DPDCH Bits/Slot

DPCCH Bits/Slot

NData1 NData2 NTPC NTFCI NPilot 10 10 20 10 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 8 2 4 14 14 28 12 10 24 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 4 4 8 4 8 2 2 4 2 2 4

Transmitted slots per radio frame NTr 15 8-14 8-14 15 8 14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 81

Notes: 1) Z Zero-TFCI TFCI slot l t formats f t are used when there is only one data service on the DCH. 2) Slot formats A and B are used during compressed mode operation

14 14A 14B 15 15A 15B 16 16A

480 480 960 960 960 1920 1920 1920

240 240 480 480 480 960 960 960

16 16 8 8 8 4 4 4

320 320 640 640 640 1280 1280 1280

56 232 56 224 112 464 120 488 120 480 240 976 248 1000 248 992

8 8 16 8 8 16 8 8

8* 16* 16* 8* 16* 16* 8* 16*

16 16 32 16 16 32 16 16

15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14

Part4:137 of65

UplinkDPDCH/DPCCH

UplinkDPDCH/DPCCHSlotFormats
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel) Slot Formats
Slot Format #i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 C hanne l B it R ate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 C hanne l Symbol R ate (ksps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 SF 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 B its/ Frame 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 B its/ Slot 10 20 40 80 160 320 640

3GPP TS 25.211 5.2.1

N da ta 10 20 40 80 160 320 640

DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) Slot Formats

Slot Form at #i 0 0A 0B 1 2 2A 2B 3 4 5 5A 5B C hanne l B it R ate (kbps) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 C hanne l Symbol y R ate (ksps) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 SF 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 B its/ Frame 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 B its/ Slot 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Np pilot ot 6 5 4 8 5 4 3 7 6 5 4 3 N TP C 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 N TFCI C 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 0 0 2 3 4 N FBI 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 T ransmitte d slots pe r radio frame 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 8-15 15 10-14 8-9

Part4:138 of65

UMTSTiming

UMTStiming

Physicalchannelstiming

PhysicalChannelssummary

WCDMADownlinkPhysicalChannels
CommonDownlinkPhysicalChannels PCCPCH SCH SCCPCH PrimaryCommonControlPhysicalChannel Broadcastscellsiteinformation BroadcastscellSFN;TimingreferenceforallDLchannels SynchronizationChannel FastSynch.codes1and2;timemultiplexedwithPCCPCH SecondaryCommonControlPhysicalChannel Transmitsidlemodesignalingandcontrolinformationto

UEs PCPICHCommonPilotChannel SCPICH SecondaryCommonPilotChannel(forsectoredcells) PDSCH PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel Transmitshighspeeddatatomultipleusers DedicatedDownlinkPhysicalChannels DPDCH DedicatedDownlinkPhysicalDataChannel DPCCH DedicatedDownlinkPhysicalControlChannel TransmitsconnectionmodesignalingandcontroltoUEs

WCDMADownlinkPhysicalChannels

DownlinkIndicationChannels
AICH(AcquisitionIndicatorChannel) AcknowledgesthatBShasacquiredaUERandomAccessattempt (EchoestheUEsRandomAccesssignature) PICH(PagingIndicatorChannel) InformsaUEtomonitorthenextpagingframe APAICH(AccessPreambleAcquisitionIndicatorChannel) AcknowledgesthatBShasacquiredaUEPacketAccessattempt (EchoestheUEsPacketAccesssignature) CD/CAICH(C (Collision lli i Detection/Channel D t ti /Ch l A Assignment i tIndicator I di t Ch Channel) l) ConfirmsthatthereisnoambiguitybetweenUEinaPacketAccessattempt (EchoestheUEsPacketAccessCollisionDetectionsignature) p yprovides p availablePacketchannelassignments g Optionally CSICH(CPCHStatusIndicatorChannel) Broadcastsstatusinformationregardingpacketchannelavailability

WCDMAUplinkPhysicalChannels

UplinkPhysicalChannels
CommonUplinkPhysicalChannels
PRACH PCPCH PhysicalRandomAccessChannel UsedbyUEtoinitiateaccesstoBS PhysicalCommonPacketChannel UsedbyUEtosendconnectionlesspacketdata

DedicatedUplinkPhysicalChannels
DPDCH DPCCH DedicatedPhysicalDataChannel DedicatedPhysicalControlChannel TransmitsconnectionmodesignalingandcontroltoBS

WCDMADownlink(FDD)
LogicalChannels (Layers3+) TransportChannels (Layer2)
NullData BCCH BroadcastControlCh. Ch PCCH PagingControlCh. CCCH CommonControlCh. CTCH CommonTrafficCh. DCCH DedicatedControl Ch. DTCH DedicatedTrafficCh.1 BCH BroadcastCh. Ch PCH PagingCh. Data Encoding Data Encoding SCCPCH SecondaryCommonControl PhysicalCh. FACH ForwardAccessCh. DCH DedicatedCh. DCH DedicatedCh. Data Encoding CCTrCH Data Encoding Data Encoding M U X S/P Cch DPCH(DedicatedPhysicalChannel) OneperUE Cellspecific Scrambling Code DPDCH(oneormoreperUE) DedicatedPhysicalDataCh. M U X
Gain

PhysicalChannels (Layer1)
CPICH CommonPilotChannel PCCPCH(*) PrimaryCommon ControlPhysicalCh. Ch S/P Cch256,0 S/P Cch256,1
Gain Gain

SyncCodes(*)
PSC GP SSCi GS SCH(SyncChannel)

Downlink RFOut

S/P Cch
Gain

I+jQ

DTCH DedicatedTrafficCh.N

DCH DedicatedCh.

Data Encoding Pilot,TPC,TFCIbits DPCCH(oneperUE) DedicatedPhysicalControlCh. PDSCH PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel AICH (AcquisitionIndicatorChannel) PICH (PagingIndicatorChannel) APAICH (AccessPreamble IndicatorChannel) CSICH (CPCHStatusIndicatorChannel) CD/CAICH (CollisionDetection/ChannelAssignment) S/P Cch S/P S/P S/P S/P S/P Cch Cch Cch Cch Cch
Gain Gain

Filter Filter

I/Q / Modulator

DSCH DownlinkSharedCh.

Data Encoding

*NoteregardingPCCPCHandSCH SyncCodesaretransmittedonlyinbits0255ofeachtimeslot; PCCPCHtransmitsonlyduringtheremainingbitsofeachtimeslot

AccessIndicationdata PagingIndicationbits AccessPreambleIndicationbits CPCHStatusIndicationbits CPCHStatusIndicationbits

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

WCDMAUplink(FDD)
Logical Channels (Layers 3+)
CCCH Common Control Ch.

Transport Channels (Layer 2)

RACH Random Access Ch. Data Coding

Physical Channels (Layer 1)

PRACH Physical Random Access Ch.

Chd

Gd

RACH Control Part

Chc Chd
DTCH (packet mode) Dedicated Traffic Ch. CPCH Common Packet Ch. Data Coding PCPCH Physical Common Packet Ch.

Gc Gd

PCPCH Control Part

UE Scrambling Code

Uplink RF Out

Chc
Chd,1 Gd

Gc

I+jQ

Filter Filter

I/Q Mod.

CCTrCH DCCH Dedicated Control Ch. DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 DCH Data Dedicated Ch. Encoding DCH Data Dedicated Ch. Encoding

DPDCH #1 Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #3 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chd,3

Gd

Chd,5

Gd

M U X

DPDCH #5 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #2 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #4 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #6 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chd,2

Gd

Chd,4

Gd

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH Data Dedicated Ch. Encoding

Chd,6

Gd

Q
j

Chc

Gd

Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Part4:147 of65

UMTSUCellstatus

UMTSUCellstatus
Cell_DCH When we have a dedicated channel open for a subscriber (for example, if we are using video), id ) we say that th t subscriber b ib is i in i Cell_DCH C ll DCH state. t t In I this thi state t t the th UE is i sending di measurement reports to the network, thus the system can control the dedicated bearer and perform handovers.

Cell_FACH If the mobile is only sending small pieces of information, information for example Internet based traffic or for signalling, then the RRC can be in a mode known as Cell_FACH and is different from the previous state as no dedicated channel is used. The network does not perform handovers as the mobile moves from one cell to another. The UE just informs the network of its current location.

UMTSUCellstatus
Cell_PCH In addition to the Cell_FACH, , if the network finds that the bearer is not being g used for a long g time, it can move the connection to a Cell_PCH mode (Paging Channel), where the mobile is still know to a cell level but can only be reached via the PCH..

URA_PCH The final state is the URA_PCH. This state is similar to the Cell_PCH. But, instead of monitoring the connection on a cell level, it is now on a RNC level.

Course Outlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

Datatransmission

TheTDMATransmitter

Sync. Bits Control/ Signaling Data

The Multiplexer allows various data channels to share the same timeslot. The timeslot selector allows multiple transmitters to share the same carrier frequency, by assigning a unique timeslot to each transmitter. Timeslot Selector

Error Protection

Vocoder

Error Protection

Data Multiplexer

Transmit G ti g Gating

Filtering + RF Modulation

RF Out

User Data Channel 1

Error Protection

User Data Channel N

Error Protection

TheCDMATransmitter
Orthogonal Code 1

Orthogonal Codes provide unique identification of each data channel

Sync. Bits
Orthogonal Code 2

Control/ Signaling Data

Error Protection
Orthogonal Code 3

Spread Spectrum (PN) Codes provide unique identification of each transmitter

Spread Spectrum (PN or Gold) Code

Vocoder

Error Protection otect o

Orthogonal Code 4

Linear S Summation ti

Filtering + RF Modulation

RF Out

User Data Channel 1

Error Protection

U User 1 User 2 Orthogonal Code N User 3 ...

User Data Channel N

Error Protection

Frequency

Cellular CDMA Transmitter

Pre-coded data (bits)

Symbols

Chips

Orthogon al Code 1 Data Channel 1 CRC Coding FEC Coding Interleaving

D/A

Spread Spectrum Code (PN Code or Gold SSC_I Code) SSC_Q

Linear Summatio n
Orthogon al Code N D t Data Channel N CRC Coding FEC Coding Interleaving 1:2 Demux

I
Complex Multiplie r (I + jQ)

Pulse Shaping Filter

I
I/Q Modulato r RF Ou t

Pulse Shaping Filter

D/A

Allows for error detection in the receiver

Allows for error correctio n in the receiver

Improves error correction in the receiver

Maps digital bits to analog signals 0 +1 1 -1

Gives a unique identity to each data stream

Provides 2x higher data rate (WCDMA, ( cdma2000 downlink)

Gives a unique identity to this transmitter

Contains transmitte d frequency spectrum

Allows both signals from 1:2 Demux to share the same RF bandwidth

Voice Coding

Vocoding
Human Voice: ss, ff, sh ~20% of time ah, v, mm , ~80% of time

Voice Re-Synthesis at the Receiver

H(s) White Noise Generator

Vocoder

Noise parameters

Speech Output

Pulse Generator Pitch parameters

H(s) Filter poles correspond to resonances of the vocal tract

Transmitted Parameters 8~12 kb/s typical, vs. 64 kbps for log-PCM 32 kbps for ADPCM

ACELP/AMR Voice Coding

A/D Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)

Speech Generator

Voice, Tone Activity Detectors

(+)

Mode Indication bits Comfort Noise

Codebook

Filter

(-)

Tone Emulation DTX Indication

Codebook Index

Error Analysis

Perceptual Weighting

Prediction Error

Benefits of Activity Detection: 1) 2)

MUX

Vocoder Output Bits

CRC Coding

CyclicRedundancyCheck(CRC)Coding Identifiescorrupteddata Ifthereisanerror,thereceivercanrequestthatdataberesent Forvoicedataerrors,thevocoder discardsanybaddata

Transmitter

Original Data 100101101010

CRC Generator

Original Data 100101101010

Checksum 011010

RF Transmission Path
Receiver

Received Data 100101001010

Received Checksum 011010

If Checksums do not match, match there is an error

CRC Generator

Re-Generated Checksum 011011

CRC Algorithms

3GPP TS 25.212 4.2.1.1

CRCAlgorithms g
0,8,12,16,or24paritybits(determinedby upper pp layers) y )
g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1 g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1 g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1 g(CRC8) ) g( = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1

FEC Coding: The Convolutional Coder

ConvolutionCoding
Transmitter Original Data 00011011...

FEC Generator

FEC Encoded data 1010011100110110...

RF Transmission Path

Receiver

Viterbi Decoder

Original Data 00011011

FEC Coding: Convolutional Coder

ConvolutionalCoding:Example
clock

X2k

MUX Input Data 1010... D D

Coder Output

X2k+1

R = 1/2 , k=2 Convolutional Coder For every input bit, there are two output bits The maximum time delay is 2 clock cycles

FEC Coding Rules

FEC Coding
3GPP TS 25.212 4.2.3

Transport Channel
BCH PCH RACH

Coding Method
Convolutional Coding Convolutional Coding Convolutional Coding No Coding

Coder Rate
1/2 1/2 1/2

DCH, DSCH, CPCH FACH CPCH,

Convolutional Coding Turbo Coding

1/2 or 1/3 1/3

WCDMA Convolutional Code Generators

3GPP TS 25.212 4.2.3.1

Rate1/2,k=9coder:

Data In

2:1 Data MUX Out

Rate1/3,k=9coder:

Data In

3:1 Data MUX Out

WCDMA Turbo Code Generator

Xk Zk
3GPP TS 25.212 4.2.3.2

Data In X D t I k Rate=X
Turbo Interleaver

D M U X Zk

DataOut 3xinputbits +12Termination bits

Xk

Atendofdatablock,bothswitchesgodowntoprovide 12bitTrellisTermination: [xK+1,zK+1,xK+2,zK+2,xK+3,zK+3,x x'K+1,z z'K+1,x x'K+2,z z'K+2,x x'K+3,z z'K+3 ]

Turbo Coding
Turbo T b Codes C d OutperformConvolutioncodes Requiresmuchmoreprocessingpower;datapacketsmaybe decodedoffline Usedforhighbitratedataandpacketdata Interleaving(timediversity)enhanceserrorcorrection
Turbo Encoder
Data

Turbo Decoder D D
Decoder #1 Decoded Data

P1 1
De-Interleaver Int terleaver

Encoder #1

P1

MUX

DEMUX

Interleaver

Interleaver

Encoder #2

P2

D
Decoder #2

P2

Interleaving 1st level

Transmitter Interleaving Matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Original Data Samples

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Interleaved Data Samples

RF Transmission Path

Amplitude

Receiver Time 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 Errors Clustered

Interleaved Data Samples

DeInterleaving Matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

De-Interleaved Data Samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Errors Distributed

To Viterbi decoder

Interleaving 2nd level

I Interleaving l i (Kblocks bl k containing i i (RxC)bits bi each) h) Before Interleaving 0 C (R1)C C0 0,1,2,3, ,(RC 1)

WriteData intoMatrix Rowwise

1 C+1 (R1)(C+1) C1

m C+m (R1)(C+m) Cm

C1 2C1 RC1 CC1

Permute Matrix Columns

ReadData fromMatrix Columnwise

0 C (R1)C C0

m C+m (R1)(C+m) 1)(C ) Cm

1 C+1 (R1)(C+1) 1)(C 1) C1

C1 2C1 RC1 CF1

After Interleaving g

0,C,,(R1)C,m,C+m,(R1)(C+m),,1,C+1,(R1)(C+1),..,C1,2C1,RC1

Rate Matching

RateMatching
Whencodeddataratesofservicesareincompatible, RateMatchingisusedtoequalizethedatarates. RateMatchingmaybeperformedby: Paddingwithextrabits Puncturingofbitsusingapseudorandomalgorithm Forcompleteratematchingrules,see3GPPTS25.212 4.2.7

Rate matching

I/Q Modulation

GraphicalrepresentationofanI/Qmodulated signal
Q ( I = -1, Q = 1 ) ( I = 1, Q = 1 )
RF Carrier amplitude RF Carrier phase angle

( I = -1, Q = -1 )

( I = 1, Q = -1 )

1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bits Modulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol

I/Q Modulation

I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature)Modulation:Definition Twodatastreamsaremultiplied p by yacommoncarrierfrequency, q y,but atphaseoffsetsof0degrees(cosine)and90degrees(sine)

Data Stream #1 I
+1 -1

I sin (2 fRF t)
90o SUM

(2 fRF t) ) + Q cos (

cos ( 2 fRF t)
Data Stream #2 Q
+1 -1

I/QModulation

Bymultiplyingbythesinandcosineatthereceiver,theoriginalIandQ datastreamsarerecovered
Data Stream #1 I LPF
+1 -1

I sin (2 fRF t) + Q cos (2 fRF t) SUM

90o

cos (2 fRF t)
D t St Data Stream #2 Q LPF
+1 -1

TheWCDMATransmitter

BS code (DL) or UE code (UL) Channelization Code

Spread Spectrum Code (Gold Code)

Scrambling Code

Data Channel Code

OVSF Code Generator

Data 011010 1.

Add CRC Bits

Add FEC Bits

Interleaver

Complex p g Spreading (DL) S/P HPSK Spreading (UL)

FIR Filter I/Q Mod. FIR Filter RF Out

Error Detection

Error Correction

Fading Resistance

Orthogonal Coding

SSMA Spreading, PAPR Reduction

Spectral Containment

RF Modulation

Summaryvoicecoding
Traffic @ 12.2 kbps
Trafficdata(122x2) AddCRCbits AddTailbits Conv.CodingR=1/3 1stinterleaving FrameSegmentation RateMatching 402 #1a490

L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

Layer3Controldata
CRC16 T il8 Tail

244
244 260 804 804 402

96
CRC16

AddCRCbits

96 112 360 360

90 90 90

T il8 Tail

AddTailbits
Conv.CodingR=1/3 1stinterleaving FrameSegmentation #1b490 #2b490

90

#2a490

110

110

110

110

490 2ndinterleaving slotsegmentation 600

40 40 40 40

110

490 600

110

490 600

110

490 600

110

40

40 40 40 40

40

40 40 40 40

40

40 40 40 40

40

30kspsDPDCH

600 bits (300 symbols) RadioframeFN=4N

600 bits (300 symbols) RadioframeFN=4N+1

600 bits (300 symbols) RadioframeFN=4N+2

600 bits (300 symbols) RadioframeFN=4N+3

Summarydatacoding
Traffic @ 384 kbps
Trafficdata(3840x2) AddCRCbits Concatenate TurboCodingR=1/3 1stinterleaving FrameSegmentation Ratematching 11580 9525 11568

L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

3840
CRC16

3840
CRC16

Layer3Controldata AddCRCbits
Termination bits

96
CRC16

3840 7712
12

3840

96 112 360 360

90 90 90

Tail8

Concatenate
Conv.CodingR=1/3 1stinterleaving

11568

12

23160 11580 9525 9525

FrameSegmentation 9525

90

75

75

75

75

9525 2ndinterleaving slotsegmentation

640 640

75

9525 9600

75

9525 9600

75

9525 9600

75

9600
640 640 640

640

640

640

640

640

640

640

480kspsDPDCH

9600 bits (4800 symb.) RadioframeFN=4N

9600 bits (4800 symb.) RadioframeFN=4N+1

9600 bits (4800 symb.) RadioframeFN=4N+2

9600 bits (4800 symb.) RadioframeFN=4N+3

Summary

S h i ti Synchronization

AcquisitionandSynchronization

PhysicalLayerProcedures
1)UEAcquisitionandSynchronization
Initiate Cell Synchronization P-CCPCH (PSC + SSC + BCH)

UE Monitors Primary SCH code, detects peak in matched filter output Slot Synchronization Determined ------> UE Monitors Secondary SCH code, detects SCG and frame start time offset Frame Synchronization and Code Group Determined ------> UE Determines Scrambling Code by correlating all possible codes in group Scrambling Code Determined ------> UE Monitors and decodes BCH data

Cell Synchronization Complete

SynchronizationCodes
SynchronizationCodes(PSC,SSC) BroadcastbyBS
First256chipsofeverySCHtimeslot
3GPP TS 25.213 5.2.3

AllowsUEtoachievefastsynchronizationinan asynchronoussystem PrimarySynchronizationCode(PSC)

Fixed256chipsequencewithbaseperiodof16chips ProvidesfastpositiveindicationofaWCDMAsystem Allowsfastasynchronousslotsynchronization

SecondarySynchronizationCodes(SSC)
Asetof16codes,each256bitslong Codesarearrangedintooneof64uniquepermutations SpecificarrangementofSSCcodesprovideUEwithframetiming,BScode group

PrimarySynchronizationCode

PrimarySynchronizationCode(PSC)
l t a = <1, let 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 -1, 1 -1, 1 1, 1 -1, 1 1, 1 -1, 1 1, 1 -1, 1 -1, 1 1> 1

3GPP TS 25.213 5.2.3

PSC(1...256) = < a, a, a, -a, -a, a, -a, -a, a, a, a, -a, a, -a, a, a >

Note: PSC is transmitted Clear (Without scrambling)

SCH
p 256 Chips PSC SSCi

BCH
2304 Chips p Broadcast Data (18 bits)

10

11

12

13

14

15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

SlotSynchronization

SlotSynchronizationusingPrimary SynchronizationCode
10 mSec Frame (15 slots x 666.666 uSec)
PSC [1] BCH Data PSC [2] BCH Data PSC [3] BCH Data PSC [4] BCH Data PSC [15] BCH Data

3GPP TS 25.214 Annex C

Matched Filter (Matched to PSC)

P-CCPCH (PSC) Matched Filter Output

time

SecondarySynchronizationCodeGroup
3GPP TS 25.213 5.2.3

SSCi

16Fixed256bitCodes;Codesarrangedintooneof64patterns
Scrambling Code Group G Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 62 Group 63 Group 64 9 9 9 10 11 12 13 12 10 10 15 15 11 12 13 15 9 14 15 13 9

SSC1 SSC2 SSC3 SSC4 SSC5 SSC6 SSC7 SSC8 SSC9 SSC10 SSC11 SSC12 SSC13 SSC14 SSC15 SSC16

slot number
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15

1 1 1

1 1 2
SSC1

2 5 1

8 16 15

9 7 5
SSC15

10 3 5

15 14 12

8 16 16 9 13 14

10 3 6

16 10 11

2 5 2

7 12 16

15 14 11

7 12 15

16 10 12

16 11 15

12 14 11

14 10 11

13 16 13

16 15 12

14 14 16

11 16 10

10

11

12

13

14

15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Note: The SSC patterns positively identify one and only one of the 64 Scrambling Code Groups. This is possible because no cyclic shift of any SSC is equivalent to any cyclic shift of any other SSC.

FrameSynchronization

FrameSynchronizationusingSecondary SynchronizationCode
10 mSec Frame (15 slots x 666.666 uSec)
SSC [1] BCH Data SSC [2] BCH Data SSC [3] BCH Data SSC [4] BCH Data SSC [15] BCH Data

Matched Filter
SSC [1] SSC [2] SSC [3] SSC [4] SSC [5] SSC [6] SSC [7] SSC [8] SSC [9] SSC [10] SSC [11] SSC [12] SSC [13] SSC [14] SSC [15]

Matched to SSC code g group oup patte pattern

SSC Code Group Pattern provides Matched Filter Output Frame Synchronization Positive ID of Scrambling Code Group Remember no cyclic shift of any SSC is equal to any other SSC Remember,

time

CallSetup

PRACHprocedure

RandomAccess

RandomAccessAttemptandAICHIndication
RACH AICH

3GPP TS 25.211 7.3

4096 chips (1.066 msec)

UE

PreP amble

Preamble bl

Preamble

RACH message part (UE Identification)

BS

No Ind.

No Ind.

Acq. A Ind.

RandomAccessProcedure
PriortoinitiatingaRandomAccessattempt, theUEreceives: The preamble scrambling code for this cell The available random access signatures and set of available RACH sub-channels The available spreading factors for the message part The message length (10 ms or 20 ms) Initial preamble power parameter The power-ramping factor Power Ramp Step [integer > 0] The parameter Preamble Retrans Max [integer > 0] The AICH transmission timing parameter [0 or 1] The power offset Pp-m between preamble and the message part. Transport Format parameters

RandomAccessPreambleSignatures
3GPP TS 25.213 4.3.3.3

Random Access Preamble Signature Symbols

Signature 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 P0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 P2 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 P3 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 P4 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 P5 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 P6 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 P7 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 P8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 P9 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 P10 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 P11 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 P12 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 P13 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 P14 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 P15 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1

Preamble codes are 16-long Orthogonal Codes. Preamble = [ P0, P1, P15 ] repeated 256 times (4096 chips total). Preamble codes help the BS distinguish between UE making simultaneous Random Access Attempts.

RandomAccessScramblingCodes
RandomAccessPreambleScramblingCodes PreambleScramblingCodeisa4096chipsegmentofa225longGoldCode TheUEtargetsoneBSbyusingtheBSsindicatedpreamblescramblingcode

All UE accessing this cell shall use Random Access Preamble Spreading Code n1

All UE accessing this cell shall use Random Access Preamble Spreading Code n2

RandomAccess
PhysicalLayerProcedures 2)UERequestsSystemAccessandRegistration

P-CCPCH (PSC + SSC + BCH)

Cell Synchronization Complete

UE Reads Random Access parameters from BS; Calculates Random Access probe power

Initiate Random Access Attempt; Respond to Authentication challenge

When system Registration is complete, UE enters Idle mode

Pagingprocedure

Pagingprocedure

AdmissionControl

AdmissionControl
The most important and the most difficult to control in WCDMA is the interference occurring in the radio path. One of the basic criteria for planning is to define the acceptable interference level, with which the network is expected to function correctly. This planning based on the actual signals the UE transmit set practical limits f the for th Uu U interface i t f capacity. it A value called SIR (Signal-to-Interference Ratio) is used in this context. In the BTS receiver, the interference and the signal must have a certain level of power difference in order to extract one signal (code) out from the other signals using the same carrier. Every UE having a bearer active through this cell consumes a part of the SIR. The cell is used up to its maximum level when the BTS receiver is not able to extract the signal from the carrier

 The main task of admission control is to estimate whether a new call can have access to the system without sacrificing the bearer requirements of existing calls. The AC algorithm should predict the load of the cell if the new call is admitted. Based on the admission control, the Radio Network Controller (RNC) either grants or rejects the access. When applying mathematics, it can be found out that the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) or Interference Margin has direct relationship with the cell load. load If we express the cell load with a Load_Factor (10 % load gives value 0.1) and mark the Interference Margin with I, it leads to the following equation:

1 I = 10 Log 1 Load _ Factor

AdmissionControl
In te r fe r e n c e M a r g in (d B ) a n d L o a d F a c to r 25
Inte erference Margin ( (dB)

20 15 10 5 0
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 1

L o a d F a c to r

Based on the graph it is fairly easy to indicate that when the cell load exceeds 70 %, the interference in that cell will be very difficult to control. This is why h the WCDMA radio network net ork is normally normall dimensioned with ith expected capacity equivalent to Load Factor value 0.5 (50 %). This value has a safety margin in it and the network will behave as expected.

AdmissionControlFactors

Transmission availability

NodeB Processing Capabilities

Codes available

Admission Control
Soft handover& upgrades Margins Power recourses

Interference limitation

Cell breathing concept

C ll b Cell breathing thi iis a CDMA phenomena h caused d by b the th multiple lti l access iinterference, t f and d models d l th the t trade-off d ff between b t coverage and d capacity it

Desired Signal

Interfering Signals

MaxTXpower

Cell breathing concept

C ll b Cell breathing thi iis a CDMA phenomena h caused d by b the th multiple lti l access iinterference, t f and d models d l th the t trade-off d ff between b t coverage and d capacity it

Desired Signal

Interfering Signals

Noiserise(interference ( f margin) ) number b of fusers

H d Handover

WCDMAHandoverTypes

2 Categories of Handovers exist in WCDMA based on connection status Soft Handover Hard H dH Handover: d :(Make before Break) (B k b (Break before f M Make) k )

Each Category further divided into types depending on the action taken in the Handover command

WCDMAHandoverTypes

Hard Handover : can by divided into three types Inter Frequency Handover UE change WCDMA carrier frequency Inter Radio Access Technology Handover - (I-RAT) Handover UE change g WCDMA carrier to GSM network or vice versa

Inter Radio Access Technology Cell Change - (I-RAT) Cell Change UE change WCDMA carrier to GPRS network or vice versa

In all Hard Handover types Traffic and control channels are disconnected then reconnected Break Before Make

WCDMAHandoverTypes
Soft Handover : can by divided into two types Soft Handover UE connected to more than one RBSs at same time Theoretically up to number of RAKE Receiver fingers, practically by Active set Softer Handover UE connected to another cell within the same RBS UE has the ability to add, remove and replace radio links for different cells on same radio frequency Continuous data flow is maintained as data is combined at RAKE receiver Soft Handover degrade system capacity where UE is connected to more than RBS in same time

SoftHandover

BTS

BTS

Frequency f1

Frequency f1

SoftHandover

Soft handover is performed between two cells belonging to different Node Bs but not necessarily to the same RNC. The source and target cell of the soft handover has the same frequency.

CDMA Soft Handover

Monitor Neighbor BS Pilots

Add Destination BS

Drop Originating BS

One finger g of the RAKE receiver is constantly y scanning g neighboring g g Pilot Channels. When a neighboring Pilot Channel reaches the t_add threshold, the new BS is added to the active set When the original Base Station reaches the t_drop threshold, originating Base Station is dropped from the active set

WCDMASoftHandover

EachcellusesadifferentScramblingCode Eachcellhasanindependenttimereference CPICHandSystemFrametimingbetweencellsisarbitrary

Originating BS SC5

SC6

D ti ti Destination BS

SC1 SC7 SC8 SC4

WCDMAHandoverScenarios

3GPP TS 25.832

CoreNetwork
Iu RNS Iur RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNC RNS Iu

UTRAN

Iub NodeB

Iub NodeB

InterNode ( dorSoft) (Hard f)

InterRNS ( f with (Soft i hIur; HardwithnoIur)

IntraNode ( f ) (Softer)

TheWCDMASoftHandoverProblem...

WCDMABaseStationshaveAsynchronoustimingreferences
IS95/cdma2000BSsaresynchronizedtoGPS!
0.666msecDPCCH/DPDCHslot Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot

10

11

12

13

14

15

10msecDPCCH/DPDCHframe

CPICH2

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

BS2

BS1

10msec frame CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1

DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH

DPCCH/DPDCH

Toffset

WCDMASoftHandover

SoftHandoverInitiation

(1) UTRANinformsUE ofneighboringcell information

(2) UEmeasures CPICHpowerandtimedelay fromadjacentcells

(3) UEReportsmeasurements toUTRAN

(4) UTRANdecides thehandover strategy

BS2 BS1 10msec frame CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH2 CPICH2 CPICH2 CPICH2

UEReportsToffset toUTRAN

Toffset

UTRAN

SofterHandover
BTS Sector 2
f1

Multipath Signal through Sector 1

Sector 1 f1

Sector 3 f1

Multipath Signal g Sector 3 through

Softer Handover In softer handover the UE transmits and receives signals via two air interface y, one for each sector separately. p y Both channels are received at channel concurrently, the same Node B by maximal ratio combining RAKE processing.

WCDMASoftHandover Soft S f Handover H d Execution E i

(5) UTRANCommandsBS2to adjustDPCHtimingby Toffset (6) UERakeReceiver SynchronizestoBS2 DPCCH/DPDCH (7) UEinsofthandover withBS1andBS2 DPCCH/DPDCHs (8) WhenBS2sufficiently strong,dropBS1. (Handovercomplete)

CPICH2

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH2 DPCCH/DPDCH

BS2

BS1

10msec frame CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH

DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH

CPICH1 DPCCH/DPDCH

Toffset

UEReportsToffset toUTRAN

Toffset UTRANCommandsBS2 toadjustDPCHtiming byOffset

UTRAN

RAKE Reception Concept

Interference in WCDMA plays greater rule than thermal noise

Multi paths reception for same signal can cause fading phenomenon Delay between multi paths is typically 1-2 Sec in urban areas and 20 Sec in Hilly areas

WCDMA chip time is 0.26 Sec

WCDMA system uses RAKE receiver to overcome fading problem

RakeReceptionConcept

Rake Receiver consists of number of reception fingers

Dedicated finger assigned to do measurements on Neighbour Node-Bs Each finger locks on same signal but for different delays different paths Delay resolution within finger is chip, total delay within receiver 30 Sec The alignment of the fingers done by correlating the decoded CPICH with an internally generated version at receiver. Applying suitable amount of delay at each finger After Alignment a Combined signal will be generated constructive addition

TheRAKEReceiver
CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection Also be used to track other base station stations s signal during soft handover One finger used as a Searcher to identify other base stations

Finger #1

Finger #2 Combiner

Sum of individual multipath components

Finger #N Power measurement of Neighboring Base Stations

Searcher Finger

TheRAKEReceiverArchitecture
Carrier Frequency Tracking Loop

CDMA RAKE Receiver Architecture

Rake Receiver Finger I I PN Code (+1/-1) bit rate = chip rate / SF

cos(2 (2fIFt )

I/Q BPF LPF Demo d

D
Q PN Code (+1/-1) Timing Ti i Adj. Orthogon al Code (+1/-1)

Integrate over SF chips p

DeInterleave Data

Viterbi/ Turbo Decoder

Decoded Output Bits

cos(2fRFt )

CRC Verification

Correlator Pilot Orthogonal Code (all zeros) Error Indication

Other Rake Receiver Finger

Hard/InterFrequencyHandover
BTS
Frequency f1

BTS
Frequency f2

Hard Handover

HardHandoverfunctionalityissamelikeGSM

InterSystemHandover

BTS

BTS

WCDMA

GSM900/1800

Inter-System Handover

InterRadioAccessTechnologyHandover (IRAT)Handover UEchangeWCDMAcarriertoGSMnetworkorviceversa InterRadioAccessTechnologyCellChange (IRAT)CellChange UEchangeWCDMAcarriertoGPRSnetworkorviceversa

HandoverControl(HC)
BTS Sector 2
f1 Multipath Signal through Sector 3

BTS
Frequency f1

BTS
Frequency f1

Multipath Signal through Sector 1

Sector 1 f1

Sector 3 f1

Soft Handover

BTS
WCDMA

BTS
GSM900/1800

Softer Handover

BTS
Frequency f1

BTS
Frequency f2

Inter-System Handover

Hard

InterFrequencyHandover

InterfrequencyHandover
Toallowinterfrequencymeasurements,dataiscompressedintimesothatsomeofthe10mSec frameisavailableformeasurements. 8to14slotsperframemaybeused Datacompressioncanbeaccomplishedby: DecreasingtheSpreadingFactorby2:1 IncreasesDataRatesobitsgetthroughtwiceasfast! Puncturingbits weakensFECcoding Higherlayerscheduling Reducesavailabletimeslotsforusertraffic

CompressedModeOperation
3GPP TS 25.212 4.4.3

1to7slotsperframedivertedforhardhandoverprocesses

ThecompleteTFCIwordmustbetransmittedeveryframe,eveninCompressedMode. CompressedModeSlotformats(A,B)containhigherproportionofTFCIbits perslotcomparedwithnormalslots slots. 10mSecFrames(15slots)

NormalOperation

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
CompressedMode;singleframemethod

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 TransmissionGap

CompressedMode;doubleframemethod

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2

4 5 6 TransmissionGap

Handoverto/fromGSM
Handoverto/fromGSM GSMhandoverisanexplicitrequirementinWCDMA Facilitated F ilit t db bycommonality lit of fmulti ltiframe f structures t t
12WCDMA10mSecFrames(120ms) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

GSM26frameTCHmultiframe(120ms) T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T T I

T=TrafficFrame S=SACCHFrame I=IdleFrame

P Power Control C l

WCDMAPowerControlImportance

Power is a shared resource in WCDMA system

Po Power er utilization tili ation is so important to Increase system capacity Decrease overall interference in the system (Overcome near far problem effect) WCDMA system provide fast power control procedure 1500 power order command / Sec = 1 power order command / Slot 3 Loops interact to provide power control procedure

WCDMAPowerControlImportance

All WCDMA users operating on same carrier are sources for interference

Amount of interference of all users on a Channel provide the limit of system capacity on that channel i.e.) each channel has its minimum accepted SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) Having UEs in a different position from Node-B also create the near- far problem, i.e.) Near UEs suffer from relatively low path loss - can block the decoded signal from far UEs

WCDMAPowerControlImportance

UEC sufferslesspathlosstheBandfinallyA

WCDMAPowerControlImportance

AllMobilesA,BandCsufferssamepathloss MobileAdecodedsignalsuffersrelativelylittleinterference

AllMobilesA,BandCsuffersdifferentpathloss MobileAdecodedsignalblockedduehighinterference

WCDMAPowerControlprocedure
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops
Open-loop Outer-loop p Inner-loop
Open-Loop Power Control Measure received power from BS Read BS transmit power from Broadcast Channel Increase Transmit Power by 1 dB Transmit Access Preamble

Compute Initial Transmit Power

No Access Acknowledged?

Yes

MS Begins Uplink TCH Transmission

Outer-Loop (slow) Power Control Raise Rx Power Target No BLER Acceptable ? Lower Rx Yes Power Target

Inner-Loop (fast) Power Control Increase MS Transmit Power No by 1 dB Received power > target? Yes D Decrease MS Transmit Power by 1 dB

CDMAPowerControl

P(SIRTarget,UL)

Innerloop ULOuterloop
SIRTarget,UL P(SIRTarget,DL) SIRError,UL

DLTPC

ULTPC

RNC

DLOuterloop
BLERMeasured,DL

Openloop
SIRTarget,DL P(Startvalue) BLER=BlockErrorRate SIR=SignaltoInterferenceRatio TPC=TransmitPowerControl

CourseOutlines

1.BeforeWeStart

2.UMTSIntroduction

3.WCDMAConcepts.

4.UMTSNetworkArchitecture. 5.UMTSAirInterfacePrinciples.

6.UMTSProcedures 7.UMTSservicesandapplications

Topics

PersontoPersonCircuitSwitchedServices PersontoPersonPacketSwitchedServices C Content toPersonServices S i LocationBasedServices FixedMobileConvergence

PersontoPersonCircuitSwitchedServices
AMRSpeechService
11.4or22.8Kbps

(3.65 10.6Kbps) ErrorControlBits

(4.75 12.2Kbps) VoiceBits

VideoTelephony
Circuit S i h d Switched Network

PacketSwitched Network

AMRSpeechService:Introduction
AMRprovidesasetofcodec's fittinginFRandHRphysicalchannels,providing variabletradeoffbetweenerrorprotectionandspeechquality,... Andanalgorithmtochangebetweencodec's (LinkAdaptation,orCodecMode Adaptation) AnalgorithmtochangebetweenFRandHR codec's(ChannelModeAdaptation)

25

Channe l bit-rate (kb bit/s)

20 15 10 5 0
FR 12.2 FR 10.2 FR FR 7.4 FR 6.7 FR 5.9 FR 7.95 5.15 FR 4.75

Channel coding Speech coding

ErrorProtection(FER)

SpeechQuality(MOS)
HR HR 7.4 HR 6.7 HR 5.9 HR 7.95 5.15 HR 4.75

AMR codec mode

VideoTelephony constantbitrate,smalldelayvariationandcontinuous bitflow q comparing p gtospeech p services LowerBERrequirements Availableforbothcircuitswitchedandpacketswitched networks

Circuit Switched Network

PacketSwitched Network

PersontoPersonPacketSwitchedServices

ImagesandMultimedia PushtoTalkoverCellular(PoC) VoiceoverIP(VoIP) RealTimeVideoSharing(RTVS) MultiplayerGames

camera file

MultimediaMessagingService(1/2)

Multimedia Messaging Service music

SMS text only

Smart Messaging &EMS Text, simplegraphics, ringingtones stills etc.

video

MultimediaMessagingService(2/2)
Standardised envelope: encapsulated messages variablesize

Content: Minimumsetof supportedmedia types recommended: text audio images video

addresses MSISDNorURL

PushtoTalkoverCellular(PoC)

Telephone communication Communicationthemain activity Capacityisusedforthe wholedurationofthe call,twoway

Push to Talkcommunication Virtualconnectionexiststhroughoutthe session=possibilitytotalkatanyinstance, stayinginformed Capacityisusedonlywhensomeonetalks, oneway y Nearrealtimeservice

PoC isaVoiceoverIPservice overaGPRSnetwork

UMTSNetwork N t k
IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets IPPackets

IPPackets IPPackets

Client1

POCapplicationservers PoCCallProcessor PoCRegister

Client3 Client2

VoiceoverIP(VoIP)

Providerichcall(realtimecommunication sessionbetweentwoormorepersons) Complementwith2wayvideo,streaming video,images,contentsharing,gamingetc.

MultiplayerGames

ContenttopersonServices

Browsing AudioandVideoStreaming ContentDownload

Browsing

AudioandVideoStreaming

StreamingFeatures
Supportsbothaudioandvideostreaming SupportsVCRlikecontrols,namelyPLAY,PAUSE&STOP Pl /P Play/Pause/Resume /R streaming t i while hil playing l i Stopstreamingmidway Abortstreamingsession

IPMultimediaServices(IMS)

Enabletheusageofmultimediaservicesbuilt onInternetapplicationsandprotocols EnableIPconnectivitybetweenusers Utilize Utili S Session i I Initiation iti ti Protocol P t l(SIP)t to establishpeertopeersessions

Locationbasedservices
3GSGSN HLR

L Location ti canb beused d i insmart tdevices d i (forexampleinacar).

RNC

GMLC

BTS
Applications 3GMSC Location Server Location Management Tool

BSC

BTS
SMLC Network Management /Planning System

BTS

Therearedifferentwaystolocatea subscriber.Themostcommonwilluse BTSmeasurements.

Locationbasedinformationcan beusedfordifferent applications.

Locationservices Methods

CellIDbasedmethod
Positioning P iti i with iththe th help h l of fth theserving i base b station t ti

GPS GlobalPositioningSystem
Accurate, Accurate butlimitationsindoorsandduringbadweatherconditions TerminalsmaybeequippedwithGPSreceivers.

LocationBasedServiceexamples