NDT Instruments

Contents
V-C-400
V-Meter Mark IV
Operators Manual

Original Instructions: Revision March 2012

Notice

The James Instruments V-Meter Mark IV has been tested in accordance
with the EU regulations governing Electro-Magnetic compliance and it
meets required directives.

V-Meter Mark IV is a registered trademark of James Instruments Inc. and
is property of its respective owner.
2012 James Instruments Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, mechanical, electronic,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of
James Instruments.
No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information
contained herein. Moreover, because James Instruments is constantly
striving to improve its high-quality products, the information contained in
this manual is subject to change without notice. Every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this manual. Nevertheless, James Instruments
assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability
assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained
in this publication.
Contents
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Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Applications ............................................................................. 2
Features .................................................................................. 2
Instrument Contents List .................................................................. 3
Contents List ............................................................................ 4
V-Meter Overview ............................................................................ 5
Instrument Connections........................................................... 6
Control Panel.................................................................................... 7
Instrument Functions ............................................................... 8
Instrument Display Screens ............................................................. 9
Test Menu Screen ................................................................... 9
Transducer Pulse Frequency ............................................ 11
Pulse and Frequency Rate................................................ 11
Setting Velocity or Distance .............................................. 12
Setup Menu Screen ............................................................... 15
Calibration Screen ............................................................. 17
Set Density Screen ........................................................... 18
Review Menu Screen ............................................................ 19
System Menu Screen ............................................................ 21
Clock Set Menu Screen .................................................... 23
Battery Status (Operations) Screen .................................. 24
E / Menu Screen ................................................................. 25
E/-TYPE .......................................................................... 27
Upload Menu Screen ............................................................. 29
Transducer Basics ......................................................................... 30
Transducers and Leads ......................................................... 30
Types of Transducers ............................................................ 31
24kHz ................................................................................ 31
54kHz ................................................................................ 32
150kHz .............................................................................. 32
500kHz .............................................................................. 33
Shear Wave ...................................................................... 33
Exponential ....................................................................... 34
Underwater ........................................................................ 34
Placing Transducers .............................................................. 35
Couplant ................................................................................ 37
Using the V-Meter on Location ....................................................... 38
Removing the Lid ................................................................... 38
Using the Support Straps ...................................................... 38
Contents
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Velocilinx Introduction .................................................................... 40
Features ................................................................................ 40
Minimum System Requirements ........................................... 40
Velocilinx Overview ........................................................................ 41
Software Functions ................................................................ 42
Software Installation ....................................................................... 43
Data Upload ................................................................................... 48
Traditional Data Upload ......................................................... 48
Graphing Saved Data ............................................................ 49
Remote Control .............................................................................. 50
Remote Control Features ...................................................... 50
V-Meter Applications ...................................................................... 53
History of Pulse Velocity Testing ........................................... 53
Application of Pulse Velocity Testing .................................... 54
Detection of Defects .............................................................. 54
Detection of Large Voids or Cavities ..................................... 55
Determination of the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and
Dynamic Poissons Ratio ....................................................... 56
Estimation the Depth of the Surface Cracks ......................... 59
Estimation of Elastic Modulus ............................................... 62
Estimation of Strength ........................................................... 63
Estimation of Strength After Fire Damage............................. 68
Homogeneity of Concrete ...................................................... 69
Influence of Test Conditions .................................................. 70
Effects of Dimensions on Pulse Transmission ...................... 71
Monitoring Changes in Concrete with Time .......................... 73
Stress Wave Propagation ...................................................... 75
Velocity of Longitudinal Pulses in Elastic Solids ................... 76
Maintenance ................................................................................... 77
Data Logger and Battery ....................................................... 77
Changing the battery ............................................................. 79
Safety ............................................................................................. 80
Available V-Meter Accessories ...................................................... 81
Specifications ................................................................................. 83
Warranty Information ...................................................................... 84
Repair Policy .................................................................................. 89

We: James Instruments Inc.
Of: Chicago, IL
In accordance with the following Directive(s):
2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive
hereby declare that:
Equipment V-Meter Mark IV
Model Number V-C-400
is in conformity with the applicable requirements of the following
documents
Ref. No. Title Edition/date
ASTM C597 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity 2009
Through Concrete

EN 61000-6-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic 2007
standards. Emission standard for residential,
commercial and light-industrial environments.

EN 61000-6-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 1999
Part 6-2: Generic StandardsImmunity
for Industrial Environments.

BS 1881-203 Testing concrete. Recommendations on the 1986
use of electromagnetic covermeters.

I hereby declare that the equipment named above has been designed to
comply with the relevant sections of the above referenced specifications.
The unit complies with all applicable Essential Requirements of the
Directives.
Signed:

Name: Michael Hoag
Position: President, James Instruments Inc.
Location: Chicago, IL
On: 3/1/2012
Introduction

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Introduction
The James Instruments V-Meter Mark IV is an ultrasonic pulse
velocity instrument designed to determine the quality of concrete,
wood and other coarse grained materials; both in the field or in
laboratory specimens. The system uses bursts of ultrasonic waves
to determine the velocity of propagating sound waves through the
medium under test to find non-homogeneous conditions.
The V-Meter incorporates an advanced microprocessor and state of
the art electronics, making it a durable and convenient instrument
that captures reliable data, both in a laboratory environment and on
site. In addition, this system is equipped to analyze S-wave
response (shear wave tranducers are optional) with relation to P-
wave response, thereby calculating Poissons Ratio to a high level
of accuracy.
Powered by a rechargeable battery, the V-Meter has been
designed with on-site testing particularly in mind. It is fully portable,
easy to operate and accurate. It generates low frequency ultrasonic
pulses, and measures the time taken for them to travel from one
transducer to the other through the material tested. Time is
measured by a 10 megahertz clock, yielding a measurement
capacity from 0 to 6.5 milliseconds with resolution of 100
nanoseconds.
Notes:
- A common inquiry about the V-Meter Mark IV is with
regards to clearing the registry and recharging the battery.
See pages 74-75 for more information.
- To erase/clear the test memory, see page 22 line #5.
- Automatic shut-off occurs after a 10 minute idle period,
except for when in the test menu and upload menu. Also,
closing the lid does not cause the unit to turn off.

Introduction

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Applications
- Homogeneity of concrete and wood
- Presence of voids, cracks or other imperfections, such
as honeycombs, splits, and rotting
- Changes in concrete and wood which may occur with
time through cement hydration, or events such as fires
and/or chemical attacks
- Quality of concrete and wood in relation to specified
standard requirements
- Strength Estimation
- Crack depth determination
- Youngs modulus/ Poissons ratio
Features
- Remote control Velocilinx (new)
- Direct reading of calculated P-wave velocity and S-wave
velocity
- Direct reading of calculated Youngs modulus of
elasticity (E)
- Direct reading of Poissons ratio ()
- Direct digital read-out of transit time
- Simple calibration; no special bar required
- Portable, light weight with battery and AC power
- USB output for uploading to a computer
- Signal and trigger output
- Rugged and splash resistant Pelican case
- Internal rechargeable lithium ion battery
- Wave form display on LCD

Instrument Contents List

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Each James Instruments V-Meter comes with the following items
included in the carrying case.

Figure 1: V-Meter Contents

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Contents List
Item # Definition
1 V-Meter PC software CD Used to upload data from
the V-Meter to a PC.
2 V-Meter Instrument Ultrasonic pulse velocity tester
encased in a durable protective case.
3 AC / Power cord Used to power the V-Meter and
recharge the unit.
4 Two Transducers (54kHz) Robust lead zirconate
titanate ceramic piezo-electric elements mounted in
stainless steel cases designed to provide highly
efficient acoustic transmission.
(Note: A small charge may build up in a transducer(s)
over a period of time due to the crystals being
subjected to vibrations during transport. Therefore, to
avoid shock from a charged transducer, care should be
exercised when handling the coaxial plug.)
5 Tube of Couplant Used on concrete or other
materials having smooth surfaces to ensure adequate
acoustic coupling.
6 Button Connector to Coaxial Transducer Lead
Adaptor Adaptor that connects the Receiver Button
Connector to the Coaxial Transducer Leads.
7 Calibration Certificate Certificate to confirm that the
instrument has been calibrated to meet or exceed
published specifications.
8 Two Coaxial Transducer Leads Used to connect
the standard transducers to the V-Meter.
9 Support Strap Used to secure the V-Meter to the
user during testing.
10 Rec Four Cable Connector Used to connect the
transducer with the switch button to the V-Meter.
11 Case Used for carrying the V-Meter and accessories.
12 USB Cable Used to connect the V-Meter to a PC.
V-Meter Overview

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V-Meter Overview
The following is an overview of all of the external features of the V-
Meter.

Figure 2: V-Meter Overview
V-Meter Overview

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Instrument Connections

Item # Definition
1 Osc Trig Time base triggering signal for external
oscilloscope
2 Trans BNC connector for transmitting transducer
3 Control Panel V-Meter control panel.
4 Display 320 by 240 pixel backlit display screen.
5 Osc - Output BNC connector for external oscilloscope
6 Rec Four cable connector for receiving transducer
with switch button
7 USB Connects to the USB port location to upload
data onto your PC.
8 Charger Connects to the power supply.

The TRANS connector (2) connects to the transmitting transducer.
The REC connector (6), to the receiver transducer; which is easily
identified by the button on the side of the housing. The USB
connector (7) connects to any PC USB port via a USB cable. The
OSC connector (5) allows you to connect the instrument to an
oscilloscope to analyze and identify different features of the
ultrasonic signal through the material. The trigger BNC connector
(1) should be used with an external oscilloscope, it is to start
recording the beginning of the signal.

Control Panel

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Control Panel
The following buttons appear on the James Instruments V-Meter.
The instrument is controlled by the front panel keys allowing the
user to navigate through the system menus.

Figure 3: V-Meter Control Panel

Control Panel

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Instrument Functions
The following describes the function of the buttons on the V-Meter.
Key Definition

The power button. This turns the instrument on and off.

The up arrow. Used to scroll up through the menus.

The down arrow. Used to scroll down through the
menus.

The left arrow. Used to change or decrease a displayed
value.

The right arrow. Used to change or increase a
displayed value.

The Enter key. Used to select a menu item and save
displayed values.

The Esc key. Used to exit menus and cancel
selections.

The light button. Turns on and off the background light.
Instrument Display Screens

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Test Menu Screen
When the V-Meter is first turned on, the TEST MENU (below)
appears on the display screen. If desired, this allows the user to run
a test immediately. (Note: To get to the Main Menu of the V-Meter,
press the escape key once.)

Figure 4: Test Menu


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Item# Definition
1 Displays whether the unit is off or running and lets you
choose the number of pulses sent as well as the
frequency of the test. Pressing changes the
frequency of the pulses, pressing changes the
number of pulses per sequence. Pressing Enter runs and
stops the test.
2 Displays the test number and whether the test is saved or
not. Pressing changes to SAVE ON and pressing
changes to SAVE OFF. When the option SAVE ON
appears on the screen all the performed tests are
automatically saved in memory.
3 Displays the ultrasonic signal when the option is turned
on. Pressing changes to SHOW PICTURE and
pressing changes to DO NOT SHOW PICTURE.
4 Displays the P-Distance (path distance) or the P-Velocity
(pulse velocity). Pressing or changes between
P-DISTANCE and P-VELOCITY.
This option allows the operator to measure the distance
between the transducers assuming a value of distance or
velocity. By pressing the Enter key, this menu allows the
operator to initialize the value of either distance or
velocity, regardless of the variable selected for
measurement. The computers system then runs a few
cycles to measure time, and calculates the other variable.
When a value for P-Distance is chosen the V-Meter
measures for P-Velocity. When a value for P-Velocity is
chosen the V-Meter measures for P-Distance.
5 Displays the current battery life in percent.
6 Displays the current date and time.
7 Displays the Pulser Voltage. The letter HV (high voltage)
or LV (low voltage) indicate the voltage selection, it is
recommended to use the HV option for most of the cases
except when testing specimens less than 2 (5 cm) thick.
Pulser Voltage can be changed in the Setup Menu.


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Transducer Pulse Frequency
The higher the transducer pulse frequency, the narrower the beam
of pulse propagation but the greater the attenuation (or damping
out) of the pulse vibrations.
The pulse frequency used for testing concrete or wood is much
lower than that used in metal testing. Metal testing requires high
frequency pulses to provide a narrow beam of energy but such
frequencies are unsuitable for use with heterogeneous and coarse
grain materials because of the considerable amount of attenuation
which pulses undergo when they pass through these materials.
The frequencies suitable for these materials range from about
20kHz to 250kHz. . These frequencies correspond to wavelength
ranging from about 8 inches (for the lower frequency) to about .6
inches at the higher frequency. For the field testing of concrete,
50kHz is the most widely used frequency.
Pulse and Frequency Rate
This can be modified depending on what material is being test.
Typically three pulses every four seconds is adequate for testing
concrete and wood. A single pulse is normally adequate for
ceramics and finer grained materials. Longer frequencies are
useful for very dense materials. Greater number of pulses per
reading is better for more porous materials (concrete with large
aggregates, severely rotting wood ).
To change the pulse and frequency rate:
1. Using the keys, scroll to Test Menu and press
Enter.
2. By pressing you can change the number of pulses per
sequence. Available pulse choices are (1, 3, 10).
3. Pressing changes the frequency of the pulses.
Available frequencies are (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 seconds,
and manual).
4. Pressing starts and stops the test.

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Setting Velocity or Distance
The velocity of ultrasonic pulses traveling in a solid material
depends on the elastic properties and density of the material they
are traveling though. The quality of materials is often related to their
elastic stiffness so that measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity in
such materials can often be used to indicate their quality as well as
to determine their elastic properties.
Materials which can be analyzed in this way include, in particular,
concrete and timber but exclude all metals.
When ultrasonic testing is applied to metals, its object is to detect
internal flaws which send echoes back in the direction of the
incident beam and these are picked up by a receiving transducer.
The measurement of time taken for the pulse to travel from a
surface to a flaw and back again enables the position of the flaw to
be located.
Such a technique cannot be applied to heterogeneous materials
like concrete or timber since echoes are generated at the numerous
boundaries of the different phases within these materials resulting
in a general scattering of pulse energy in all directions.
Analyzing the quality of materials is done by accurately measuring
the transit time of the ultrasonic pulses through the material being
tested. The distance which the pulse travels in the material must
also be measured to enable the velocity to be determined from:
Velocity = Distance/Time
In this equation, the time is supplied by the measurement system
and either distance or velocity must be held as a constant. The
other parameter is then the variable to be reported.

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To set the P-Distance or P-Velocity:
1. Using the keys, scroll to Test Menu and press Enter.
2. Scroll to P-DISTANCE or P-VELOCITY and press Enter.
Pressing or changes between P-DISTANCE and P-
Velocity.
3. Select the value by which the P-Distance or P-Velocity increase
or decrease by pressing .
4. Pressing decreases the value. To increase the value press
.
5. Press ESC to exit.

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To start/stop a test:
1. Connect the V-Meter instrument to the transducers using the
supplied Transducer Lead and Rec Four Cable Connector.
Make sure that each transducer is securely connected and
attached to the proper place on the V-Meter Instrument and
that each transducer is securely fitted to its cable socket.
2. Apply couplant on each face of the transducers, making sure
that the entire transducer surface is adequately covered.
3. Using the keys, scroll to Test Menu and press Enter.
4. Apply the transducers to the material surface and press Enter
of the button on the side of the receiver transducer.
5. As each series of pulses passes from the transducer to the
receiver transducer the ultrasonic signal appears on the
display.
6. Press Enter or the button on the side of the receiver transducer
to stop the test. If the transmitted pulse is not received, or when
the transducers are removed from the test member the display
will show the message, NO SIGNAL.


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Setup Menu Screen
The Setup Menu is used to set the amplifier gain, picture rate,
pulser voltage, calibrate the transducers and set the density.

Figure 5: Setup Menu


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Item# Definition
1 Displays the Amplifier Gain. Pressing increases the
amplifier gain and pressing decreases the amplifier
gain. The following amplifier gains are available (1, 5, 10,
25, 50, 100, 250, 500). The gain of 500 is recommended in
order to maximize the amount of energy provided by the
instrument.
In a case where wave amplitude or wave energy has to be
monitored, the Amplifier Gain can be set as desire by the
user, usually the maximum gain that allows the
visualization of maximum amplitude of the signal on the
screen is selected. Cut off the signal has to be avoided
when wave amplitude is monitored.
2 Displays the Picture Rate. Pressing increases the
picture rate and pressing decreases the picture rate.
The following picture rates are available (250kHz, 500kHz,
1.0MHz, 2.0MHz).
The user can select the Picture rate, so the visualization of
the wave on the screen is as desired.
3 Displays the Pulser Voltage. Pressing changes the
pulser voltage to high and pressing changes the pulser
voltage to low. High is the default value set for pulser
voltage.
It is recommended to use high for most of the cases except
when testing specimens less than 2 (5 cm) thick.
4 Allows the user to calibrate the system. Pressing Enter
calibrates the system for the type of transducers and
cables that are going to be used. In order to do so, one
should place the transducers in contact with coupling agent
in between and then press Enter.
5 Allows the user to set the density. Pressing Enter on the
SET DENSITY option, one can set the density. Density is
used in the calculation of Youngs modulus. The
recommended value for normal concrete is 2400 kg/m
3
or
150 lbs/ft
3
.

This can also be accessed from the E / Menu.

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Calibration Screen
In order to calibrate the instrument for a given set of transducers
and cables, it is necessary to determine the minimum time for the
pulse to be detected by the receiver.
Note: No additional calibrations need to be made after the initial
calibration unless you switch to different transducers and leads.
The system takes a reading for each Amplifier Gain value and
saves the result as an offset to be subtracted from all future
readings

Figure 6: Calibration Menu
To calibrate the system:
1. Using the keys, scroll to SETUP MENU and press
Enter.
2. Scroll to CALIB TRANSDUCERS and press Enter.
3. Place the two transducers firmly together with coupling
agent between them so that they are making direct contact
with one another.
4. Press Enter or the button on the side of the receiver
transducer to start the calibration.
When the calibration is finished, the message
CALIBRATION IS DONE will appear in the screen.
5. Press Esc to return to the Main menu.

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Set Density Screen
Density is used in the calculation of Youngs modulus. The
recommended value for normal concrete is 2400 kg/m3 or 150
lbs/ft3. This can also be accessed from the E / Menu.

Figure 7: Set Density Menu
To set the density:
1. Using the keys, scroll to SETUP MENU and press
Enter.
2. Scroll to SET DENSITY and press Enter.
3. Press to move between the following values, 1, 10
,100.
4. Using the or arrow keys, increase or decrease the
density by the increment you are on.
5. Press Esc to confirm any changes.


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Review Menu Screen
The Review Menu is used to review the test results and obtain
detailed information about the test.

Figure 8: Review Menu
To select the review number:
1. Using the keys, scroll to REVIEW MENU and press
Enter.
2. Pressing or increases and decreases the test number.
3. Scroll to RECORD DETAILS to see detailed information about
the test.

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Figure 9: Review Menu Record Details
1. Press Enter to see the ultrasonic signal of the data.

Figure 10: Review Menu Ultrasonic Signal
4. Press ESC to go back to the record.


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System Menu Screen
The System Menu is used to change the display color, language of
choice, units, time and date, and battery operations can be chosen.
Any saved data can also be erased from this menu.

Figure 11: System Menu


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Item# Definition
1 Displays the background color. Pressing or
changes the display setting from a white background with
black highlighted text to a black background with white
highlighted text.
2 Displays the operating language. Pressing or
changes the operating language. English or Spanish are
the two languages available.
3 Displays the units in which the instrument operates.
Pressing or changes from Imperial units to
Metric units.
4 Allows the user to change the date and time. Pressing
Enter will allow the user to change the displayed date
and time.
5 Allows the user to erase the memory. Pressing Enter
twice erases any and all information saved in the memory
of the device.
System memory has capacity to save up to 1800 tests,
when test number reaches 1800, the system will
overwrite test number 1 and so on. To avoid losing test
data the user should upload the data to a computer and
then erase the V-Meter memory.
6 Displays the charge/discharge value of the battery. Note:
When fully charged the battery will operate the
instrument for 4 hours. A discharged battery should be
charged at the full rate for 6-8 hours. Connect the
instrument to the AC mains supply and leave it off for the
required time.

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Clock Set Menu Screen
From this menu the date and time can be changed.
To adjust the date and time:
1. Using the keys, scroll to SYSTEM MENU | CLOCK
MENU and press Enter.
2. Press to move between the hour, minute, month,
date, and year.

Figure 12: Clock Set Menu
3. Using the or arrow keys, set the current hour, minute,
month, date, and year.
4. Press Enter to confirm any changes.


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Battery Status (Operations) Screen
On this menu, the battery status can be viewed. When the
instrument is using the battery, the discharge ctr counter should
increase and the charge ctr counter should remain constant. The
instrument can be operated from the AC mains by plugging the AC
charge cable into the plug on the front panel. When the instrument
is plugged to the AC mains, the charge ctr counter should
increase and the discharge ctr counter should remain constant.

Figure 13: Battery Status Menu
(Note: Press enter once while in this screen to reset its counters.
This should be done preferably after a full charge is done; as the
battery % will become 100%.)


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E / Menu Screen
On this menu, you can select the units that the instrument will
display. When selecting Imperial Units, the parameters will be
shown in imperial units. When Metric is selected, the parameters
will be displayed in Millimeters.

Figure 14: E / Menu


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Item# Definition
1 WAVE TYPE Pressing or changes the wave
type.
The system allows selection of Compression (P) or
Transverse (S) waves. The system cannot detect which
type of wave is being monitored. It is necessary,
therefore, for the operator to specify the type of wave, in
order for the functions (Dynamic Poissons Ratio) and
E (Dynamic Youngs modulus of Elasticity) to be
determined properly.
2 DENSITY Density is used in the calculation of Youngs
modulus. The recommended value for normal concrete is
2400 kg/m
3
or 150 lbs/ft
3
. This can also be accessed
from the Setup Menu.
3 E/-TYPE This item gives the operator three choices
for calculating .
- Simple E
- Derived : is calculated after each reading.
- Arbitrary : is set by the operator (for concrete,
= 0.17 is recommended), and held as a
constant.

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E/-TYPE
Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic
elastic material. It is the coefficient of elasticity of a substance,
expressing the ratio between a stress that acts to change the length
of a body and the fractional change in length caused by this force.
Youngs modulus can be calculated by two methods, the simpler of
the two being an approximation to the other.
Method Formula
Simple

E =
g
V
P
144
2

If this method is chosen (no ), the wave type
must be P.
Arbitrary

E =
g
V
P
144
2
|
|
.
|
\
| +
- 1
2) - )(1 1 (

If this method is chosen (no ), the wave type
must be P.
Scrolling to Adjust and pressing
increases the value while pressing
decreases the value.
Derived

=
) ( 2
2
2 2
2 2
S P
S P
V V
V V

E =
g
V
P
144
2
|
|
.
|
\
| +
- 1
2) - )(1 1 (

This method requires that the system is
equipped with transducers for both P and S type
waves. When both velocity types can be
measured this method should be used, and will
generally yield the best accuracy.


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Item Definition
E Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
2
P
V

Square of compression wave (P) wave velocity (ft/s)
P
V
Velocity of the compression (P) wave
S
V
Velocity of the transverse (S) wave

Density of the medium (lbs/ft
3
)
g
Acceleration due to gravity

Poissons Ratio () is the ratio of the contraction or transverse
strain (perpendicular to the applied load), to the extension or axial
strain (in the direction of the applied load).
Poissons Ratio can be determined using the following equation:

Item Definition
V
Resulting Poissons Ratio
x
c
Transverse Strain, - for axial tension, + for axial
compression
y
c
Axial Strain, + for axial tension, - for axial compression

y
x
V
c
c
=

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Upload Menu Screen
The PC software that has been developed for the V-Meter is for
data upload purposes. The V-Meter has the capability to transfer
saved data from the V-Meter memory to a PC using a USB cable
and the supplied program CD. The upload menu shown below is
used in conjunction with the V-Meter software to upload data. Refer
to the Data Upload chapter on page 45 for instructions on
uploading.

Figure 15: Upload Menu
(Note: After uploading, the user may want to erase the V-Meter
memory. Refer to pages 21-22 for more info.)

Transducer Basics

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Transducer Basics
Transducers and Leads
The transducers consist of piezo-electric elements mounted in
stainless steel cases. These elements are tightly held to the inside
face of the transducer housing; to provide a highly efficient acoustic
transmission. The transducer assembly is rugged enough to
withstand reasonably rough conditions, as can be seen in an
industrial environment.
The high voltage excitation of the pulse generator causes the
transducer to oscillate mechanically at its own natural frequency.
This frequency varies according to the size and stiffness of the
whole transducer assembly. Different sizes of piezoelectric
elements and cases also enable different pulse frequencies to be
obtained.
Each transducer is fitted with a cable socket to enable it to be
detached, and allow for cables of different length to be used.
Short co-axial cables used for connecting the transducers to the V-
Meter are supplied with the instrument. Longer cables can be used
when access to the test areas is restricted. These longer cables
may reduce the size of both the transmitted pulse and the receiving
signal, yet these are generally of adequate magnitude for testing;
even when the cables are 25 ft. long. In fact, cable lengths of up to
20 meters(approximately 60 feet) have been successfully used
with the optional pre-amp (V-C-4896).
(Note: When using extra long leads, try to prevent the leads from
coming into close contact with each other when the transit time
measurement is being taken. Otherwise, it is possible for the
receiver lead to pick up unwanted signals from the transmitter lead
resulting in an incorrect display of transit time. Such incorrect
displays are readily detected by their instability and may be
corrected by simply separating the leads.)

Transducer Basics

31 www.ndtjames.com
Types of Transducers
Different transducers are used depending on the substrate being
tested. The user should be aware that using the wrong transducer
for an application can lead to misleading results. If a low frequency
transducer (24kHz for example) is used where the aggregate being
tested is of a finer grade, the V-Meter could claim that there are no
issues with the substrate when there could be. Similarly, if a high
frequency transducer (150 or 500kHz) is used where the aggregate
is too large, the V-Meter may claim that there are issues in the
substrate when there might not be. Below is a list of available
transducers.

24kHz: Used for larger (softball sized) aggregates. Range is up to
16 feet without Pre-Amp.

Figure 16: 24kHz Transducer

Transducer Basics

www.ndtjames.com 32
54kHz: Most commonly used transducer. Used for inch diameter
aggregates. Range is up to 16 feet without Pre-Amp.

150kHz: Used for sand sized aggregate (mortar). Range is up to 1
foot without Pre-Amp.


Transducer Basics

33 www.ndtjames.com
500kHz: Used for very small aggregate (ceramic and glass). Range
is up to 1 foot without Pre-Amp.

Shear Wave: Used for finding non-homogenous conditions of a
surface. Space the transducers 1 foot apart with the lines facing
each other. No Pre-Amp required.

Figure 20: Shear Wave Transducer

Transducer Basics

www.ndtjames.com 34
Exponential: Used for testing samples with non-flat surfaces on
either side. Range is 1 foot with Pre-Amp.

Figure 21: Exponential Transducer
Underwater: Used for a substrate with softball sized aggregates
that is submerged underwater. Range is 16 feet without Pre-Amp.

Figure 22: Underwater Transducer
Transducer Basics

35 www.ndtjames.com
Placing Transducers
It is possible to take measurements of pulse velocity by placing the
transducers in three alternative positions:

Figure 23: Transducer Positions

Transducer Basics

www.ndtjames.com 36
Item# Definition
1 Direct transmission with transducers on opposite faces
of the material.
This is the most sensitive method as the receiving
transducer will receive maximum energy from the
transmitted pulse. Since the longitudinal pulses leaving
the transmitter are propagated mainly in the direction
normal to the transducer face. The travel time is affected
by the concrete condition along the thickness of the
member.
2 Semi-direct transmission with transducers on adjacent
faces. This is the next preferred method.
3 Indirect or surface transmission with the transducers
on the same face.
This should be used only when it is impossible to have
access to two faces of the material under test. The
received amplitude of the method, for the same path
length, is only about 2% of that received signal when
using the direct method.
The indirect arrangement is possible because the
ultrasonic beam of energy is scattered by discontinuities
within the material tested. Travel time is affected only by
the properties of the concrete very near to the surface.

Transducer Basics

37 www.ndtjames.com
Couplant
Be sure to use couplant between the faces of the transducers and
the material when calibrating and using the instrument. Failure to
do so will result in a loss of signal due to inadequate acoustic
coupling.
Silicone grease, medium bearing grease or liquid soap provide
good coupling when used on concrete or other materials having
smooth surfaces. For rougher surfaces, water pump grease or thick
petroleum jelly is recommended.
For a concrete surface formed by casting against steel or other
smooth forms, good coupling can be obtained if the surface is free
from dust and grit and covered with a light or medium grease or
other suitable couplant. A wet surface may present problems
between the water on the surface and the couplant. It should be
dried successfully by using compressed air.
If the surface is fairly rough, thicker grease should be used but very
rough surfaces require more preparation. In such cases, the
surface should be ground flat over an area large enough to
accommodate the transducers face. This area may also be raised
to a level/smooth surface with a minimum thickness of a suitable
material such as plaster, cement mortar or epoxy resin.
If the value of the transit time displayed remains constant to within
1% when the transducers are applied and reapplied to the
concrete surface, it is a good indication that satisfactory coupling
has been achieved.

Using the V-Meter on Location

www.ndtjames.com 38
Using the V-Meter on Location
Removing the Lid
For easier accessibility and less interference, the V-Meter lid can be
removed. With the lid fully opened up the cover then can be
carefully pushed off the hinge pins.
Using the Support Straps
The V-Meter support strap can be used to hold the V-Meter once
the V-Meter lid has been removed. When using the V-Meter support
straps, make sure that an eyelet hook is connected to each corner
of the V-Meter. Two of the hooks clip to the o-rings, while the other
two clip around the hinge pins.
To put on V-meter support strap:
1. Attach the straight portion of the support strap to the two
metal o-rings of the V-Meter.
2. Attach the two straps stitched to the straight portion of the
V-Meter to the exposed hinges that the cover latches on to.
3. Pull the supplied support strap over your neck so that the
rubber guard is resting on your neck.
4. Adjust the strap so that the V-Meter is within easy reach
and readable. (see Figure 24)
Velocilinx Introduction

39 www.ndtjames.com

Figure 24: V-Meter Support Strap


www.ndtjames.com 40
The V-Meters Velocilinx software enables the user to upload data
from the V-Meter device to a PC. The saved data can be read in
and graphed. Velocilinx also can be used to control the V-Meter
remotely. Configuration settings can be adjusted, and new data
sets can be collected, all remotely. When commanded remotely to
take a new set of data measurements, the V-Meter will upload the
new data to the PC, and the Data Handler will automatically save
the data to a file. Existing individual data sets can also be uploaded
and graphed to further analyze the V-Meter data. The addition of
the remote control functionality makes the V-Meter a very powerful
tool.
Features
- The ability to execute a test remotely.
- The ability to review and graph test data.
- The ability to adjust Test menu, Setup menu, and E/Mu
menu parameters. These items include: the amplifier
gain, the picture rate, the pulser voltage, the E or Mu
calculation method, the material density, the
measurement mode, the materials travel distance or
time, the cycle time, and the number of pulses per
sequence.
Minimum System Requirements
Velocilinx V-C-410
Operating System Windows Vista or Windows 7
Memory 1 GB RAM
Processor 1 GHz Pentium class processor
Capacity 1 MB hard drive space
Velocilinx Overview
41 www.ndtjames.com
Velocilinx Overview
The following is an overview of all of the features of the Velocilinx
software.

Figure 25: Velocilinx Overview
Velocilinx Overview
www.ndtjames.com 42
Software Functions

Key Definition

The Open command (Ctrl+O) Opens a previously
uploaded text file.

The Save command (Ctrl+S) Saves uploaded data
to a text file.

The Remote Control command (Ctrl+R) Opens the
Remote Control Commands menu.

The Upload command (Ctrl+U) Uploads data from
the V-Meter to the Velocilinx program.

Software Installation
43 www.ndtjames.com
The PC software that has been developed for the V-Meter is for
data upload purposes. To install the software on your PC follow
these instructions.
To install the software:
1. Insert the V-Meter PC Software CD into the CD-ROM drive.
2. If the CD does not load the setup automatically, go to My
Computer, double click on the CD under devices and double
click on setup.exe.

Figure 26: Installation File Location
www.ndtjames.com 44
3. The InstallShield Wizard checks for the operating system you
are using.

Figure 27: InstallShield Wizard
4. The InstallShield Wizard dialog appears. Click Next to proceed.

Figure 28: InstallShield Wizard
45 www.ndtjames.com
5. Accept the terms in the license agreement and click Next.

Figure 29: License Agreement Screen
6. Complete the customer information fields and click Next.

Figure 30: Customer Information Screen

www.ndtjames.com 46
7. The InstallShield Wizard confirms your installation. Click Install
to continue.

Figure 31: InstallShield Wizard Confirmation
8. The installation progress screen appears.

Figure 32: Installation Progress Screen
47 www.ndtjames.com
9. When the installation has completed the following message will
appear. Click Finish to close the dialog.

Figure 33: InstallShield Wizard Completed
10. The Velocilinx shortcut appears on the desktop as well as the
Start Menu.

Figure 34: Velocilinx Shortcut

Data Upload
www.ndtjames.com 48
Data Upload
Traditional Data Upload

Figure 35: Velocilinx

Set To English
Before uploading data, the V-Meter should be set to English. This is
done on the V-Meter by selecting System menu and pressing enter,
and then going to the Language item. Use the left and right arrow
keys to toggle the language to English.

Set COM Port
Configure the COM port by clicking on the main windows Tools
menu and pulling down to the appropriate COM port. The port
number chosen should match the value assigned via the PCs
Device Manager.

Data Upload
49 www.ndtjames.com
Press Lightning Bolt
After setting the COM port, press the lightning bolt to prepare the
PC to receive data.

Upload Data
Immediately after pressing the lightning bolt, press the enter button
on the V-Meter to complete the appropriate data upload transaction.
This is accomplished by going to the V-Meters Upload menu and
choosing the desired data set via the scroll arrows prior to hitting
the enter button.
Graphing Saved Data
Uploaded data that has been uploaded via the Remote Control
window can be graphed. Go to the main windows File menu and
pull down to Open. Browse to the location of the saved data file
and choose the desired file. The data will be graphed in a new
window.

Figure 36: Graphed Data

Remote Control
www.ndtjames.com 50
Remote Control
Remote Control Features

Figure 37: Remote Control Commands
The V-Meter can be controlled remotely. The remote control feature
enables this functionality. The remote control functionality starts
with the Remote Control Commands window. To bring up the
Remote Control Commands window, go to the Tools menu and pull
down to Remote Control. Alternatively, the user can press Ctrl+R or
just press on the Remote Control icon.

Test Menu Commands
1. Pulses Per Sequence Available options are 1, 3, and 10
pulses per sequence.

2. Cycle Time The cycle time can vary in integer amounts from
2 to 10 seconds.

3. Save Test Data Indicate data retention preference.

4. Measurement Mode Choose between distance and velocity
for the measurement mode. P or S will be displayed as a
prefix based on the choice of wave type (compression (P) or
shear (S) wave). As a result, there are four different
measurement modes: P-Distance, P-Velocity, S-Distance, and
S-Velocity.
Remote Control
51 www.ndtjames.com
5. Material Travel Set the value associated with the
measurement mode. For distance measurements, the value
can be 0.1 inches to 600 inches. For velocity measurements,
the value can be 1000 to 40000 ft./s.

6. Display Signal Indicate V-Meter graphing preference.

Setup Menu Commands
1. Amplifier Gain Valid amplifier gain choices are 1, 5, 10, 25,
50, 100, 250, and 500.

2. Picture Rate The picture rate can be picked from amongst
250kHz, 500kHz, 1MHz, and 2MHz.

3. Pulser Voltage The pulser voltage can be set to either the low
or the high setting.

E/Mu Menu Commands
1. Calculation Method The three calculation methods are Simple
E (Youngs Modulus), Derived Mu, and Arbitrary Mu. If the
calculation method is set to Simple E, then the wave type will
be set to Compression (P) if it isnt already. These items are
calculated using the equations listed below:

Simple: E = [V
p
2
/ 144g]

Arbitrary: E = [V
p
2
/ 144g] * [(1 + )(1 - 2) / (1 - )]

Derived: E = [V
p
2
/ 144g] * [(1 + )(1 - 2) / (1 - )]

Derived: = [V
p
2
- 2V
s
2
] / [2(V
p
2
- V
s
2
)]

= Poissons Ratio = - (e
x
/ e
y
)

e
x
= Transverse Strain: < 0 for axial tension, > 0 for axial compression

e
y
= Axial Strain: > 0 for axial tension, < 0 for axial compression

g = Acceleration of gravity
V-Meter Applications
www.ndtjames.com 52
= Density of material

V
p
= Velocity of a compression wave

V
S
= Velocity of a sheer wave

2. Material Density The material density can be set between 50
lbs./ft.3 and 500lbs./ft.3.

3. Wave Type The wave type can be either Compression (P) or
Transverse (S). Toggling between these options will change
the prefix for the Measurement Mode. If the wave type is set to
Transverse (S), then the calculation method is set to Derived
().

Test Execution Command
Set the number of test sets to acquire and then press the Start
button. The V-Meter will acquire the appropriate number of test
sets and send the data set uplink one at a time. Each set of data
will be saved in a separate file on the PC and then graphed.

Review Menu Command
Set the data set number to the desired value and then press the
Update button. The data set will be requested from the V-Meter,
and it will be displayed on the PC if appropriate.

53 www.ndtjames.com
History of Pulse Velocity Testing
This method of testing was originally developed for use on concrete
and the published accounts of its application are concerned
predominately with this material.
A considerable volume of literature has been published over the
past 60 years describing the results of research on the use of
ultrasonic testing for concrete and for further details of this
application the reader is referred to the selected list given at the
end of this work.
The method was first developed in Canada by Leslie and
Cheesman between 1945 and 1949 and also independently in
Britain at about the same time by Jones and Gatfield. The
apparatus developed at that time made use of a cathode- ray
oscilloscope for the measurement of transit times and modified
forms of this equipment have been widely used in many countries.
The equipment was particularly useful in the laboratory but was less
easy to use under field conditions.
The apparatus described in this Manual has been designed
particularly for field testing, being light, portable and simple to use.
It can be operated independently of the main power supply when
used in the field and directly from the A.C. supply for laboratory
use.
ASTM has the specification ASTM C-597 for the use of this method
since 1967 and the British Standards Institution has issued
Recommendations for Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic
Pulses in Concrete. B.S. 1881: Part 203. 1986.
Ultrasonic testing is now widely used throughout the world and it is
clear that the advantages of this method over traditional methods of
testing are likely to increase further its application. In particular its
ability to examine the state of concrete in depth is unrivaled.

www.ndtjames.com 54
Application of Pulse Velocity Testing
The pulse velocity method has been shown to provide a reliable
means of estimating the strength of timber and has been used to
test various kinds of timber products. It is in use for the detection of
rot in utility poles and provides a very economic method of
inspecting these poles while in service.
The same equipment can be used to test rock strata and to provide
useful data for geological survey work. The method has also been
used for testing graphite, ceramics and any coarse grain materials
and it is likely that it will prove useful for testing other non-metallic
materials.
Detection of Defects
When an ultrasonic pulse traveling through concrete meets a
concrete-air interface, there is a negligible transmission of energy
across this interface so that any air filled crack or void lying directly
between the transducers will obstruct the direct beam of ultrasound
when the void has a projected area larger than the area of the
transducer faces. The first pulse to arrive at the receiving
transducer will have been diffracted around the periphery of the
defect and the transit time will be longer than in similar concrete
with no defect.

Figure 38: Defect Detection
It is sometimes possible to make use of this effect for locating flaws,
honeycombing, etc. but it should be appreciated that small defects
often have little or no effect on transmission times.

55 www.ndtjames.com
Detection of Large Voids or Cavities
A large cavity may be detected by measuring the transit times of
pulses passing between the transducers when they are placed in
suitable positions so that the cavity lies in the direct path between
them. The size and position of such cavities may be estimated by
assuming that the pulses pass along the shortest path between the
transducers and around the cavity. Such estimates are more
reliable if the cavity has a well defined boundary surrounded by
uniformly dense concrete.

Figure 39: Large Void or Cavity Detection
If the projected area of the cavity is smaller than the diameter of the
transducers, the cavity cannot be detected by transit time
measurement alone.

www.ndtjames.com 56
Determination of the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and
Dynamic Poissons Ratio
The relationship between elastic constants and the velocity of an
ultrasonic compression wave pulse in an isotropic elastic medium of
infinite dimension is given by:
E
d
= V
2
) 1 (
2) - )(1 1 (
+

Item Definition
E
d
Dynamic Elastic Modules
V Compressional Pulse Velocity (ft/sec)


Density (lbs/cubic ft)

57 www.ndtjames.com

The dynamic modulus of
elasticity E
d
found from the
longitudinal resonant
frequency test is given by
the following formula:
E
d
= 4
2
L
L
2

Figure 40: Dynamic Poissons
Ratio derived from Longitudinal
Resonant Frequency and
Longitudinal Pulse Velocity.

Combining the two equations gives you the following:
V
Lf
L
2
) 1 (
2) - )(1 1 (
=
+

The value of Poissons ratio can be determined from the graph
above or from the table on the following page.

www.ndtjames.com 58
The value of the longitudinal resonant frequency f
L2
f laboratory
prisms, may be obtained by use of the E-Meter Mk II resonant
frequency test equipment which fully complies with the ASTMC 215
standards.
V
L f
L

.257
.342
.395
.431
.456
.474
.487
.494
.499
.45
.40
.35
.30
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05

59 www.ndtjames.com
Estimation the Depth of the Surface Cracks
An estimate of the depth of a crack visible at the surface can be
obtained by measuring the transit times across the crack for two
different arrangements of the transducers placed on the surface.
One suitable arrangement is shown in Figure 41, in which the
transmitting and receiving transducers are placed on opposite sides
of the crack and equidistant from it. Two values of x are chosen,
one being twice that of the other, and the transit times
corresponding to these are measured.
The equation given below is derived by assuming that the plane of
the crack is perpendicular to the concrete surface and that the
concrete in the vicinity of the crack is of reasonably uniform quality.
C=
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
T T
T T
X

Figure 41: Estimate of Crack Depth
Let first value of x chosen be X
1
and second value be 2 X
1
and the
transit times corresponding to these be T
1
and T
2
respectively, then
place both transducers near to the crack and on opposite sides of it.
Move one of them away from the crack. If the transit time
decreases this indicates that the crack slopes towards the direction
in which the transducer was moved.

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Figure 42: Inclination of Crack
A check may be made to assess whether the crack is lying in a
plane perpendicular to the surface by placing both transducers near
to the crack and moving one of them away.
h=
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
1
2
2 T
T
T
T L

Figure 43: Determination of Crack Depth

61 www.ndtjames.com


h= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 T
T
T
T L
F L

www.ndtjames.com 62
It is important that the distance x be measured accurately and that
very good coupling is achieved between the transducers and the
concrete surface. The method is valid provided the crack is not
filled with water.
Estimation of Elastic Modulus
The estimating of elastic modulus is less complicated than the
estimation of strength and it has been found that a single curve may
be used to relate pulse velocity to elastic modulus for a wide range
of different aggregates, including concrete made with lightweight
aggregate.

Figure 47: Curves relating Pulse Velocity with Static and Dynamic Elastic Modulus
The figure above shows the curves which may be used to
determined both static and dynamic elastic modulus from pulse
velocity measurements.
63 www.ndtjames.com
The following table shows the empirical relationship between static
and dynamic modulus of elasticity and pulse velocity.
Pulse Velocity Modulus of Elasticity
Dynamic Static
ft/sec Psi Psi
11801
12464
13120
13776
14432
15088
15744
16400
3.48X10
6

3.77
4.21
4.64
5.22
6.09
7.11
8.41
1.89X10
6
2.18
2.61
3.19
3.92
4.93
6.24
7.54
Estimation of Strength
Concrete quality is generally assessed by measuring its cylinder (or
cube) crushing strength. It has been found that there is no simple
correlation between cylinder strength and pulse velocity but the
correlation is affected by:
- Type of aggregate
- Aggregate/cement Ratio
- Age of concrete
- Size and grading of aggregate
- Curing conditions

Fuller details of the effects of these may be found in references and
S. Garg and S. Shah developed a prediction equation.

f
c
= -6364.74 + 15089.27 (Vel.)
-016
- 221.05 (Cem. )
-068
- .065
(Sand)
1.75
- .815 x 10
-7
(agg)
3.5
-0.95 x 10
-9

(Wtr)
5.0

www.ndtjames.com 64
Item Definition
Vel. Velocity in ft/sec.
Cem Cement lbs/cubic yard
Sand Sand lbs/cubic yard
Wtr Water lbs/cubic yard
f
c

In PSI

In practice, if pulse velocity results are to be expressed as
equivalent cylinder strengths, it is preferable to calibrate the
particular concrete used by making a series of test specimens with
materials and mix proportions the same as the specified concrete
but having a range of strengths. The pulse velocity is measured for
each specimen, which is then tested to failure by compressive
strength testing machine.
The range of strength may be obtained either by varying the age of
the concrete at test or by introducing a range of water-cement
ratios. The curve relating cylinder strength to pulse velocity is not
likely to be the same for these two methods of varying strength but
the particular method chosen should be appropriate to the test
purpose required.
If strength monitoring with time is to be carried out, the calibration
curve is best obtained by varying the age but a check on quality at
a particular age would require the correlation to be obtained by
varying the water-cement ratio.

Figure 48: Pulse Velocity Measure Along Different Directions of the Beam
65 www.ndtjames.com
The correlation graph below was obtained by measuring pulse
velocity and equivalent cube strength of beams as shown above.

Figure 49: Typical Strength, Velocity Correlations for Concrete
The figure above shows a typical curve obtained for a concrete
made with river gravel aggregate and calibrated by using beams.
www.ndtjames.com 66

Figure 50: Typical Correlation Curves Obtained for 1:6 Gravel Aggregate Concrete,
Cured in Water.
The figure above shows further typical correlation curves including
one for modulus of rupture and these are for a 1:6 mix using gravel
aggregate concrete.
Although such correlations can be obtained from tests on cylinders,
it is preferred in Europe to use beams such as those used for
testing the modulus of rupture of concrete. These beams are 500
mm long and more accurate value of pulse velocity is obtained by
using the long axis as the pulse path. After testing ultrasonically,
the beams are tested in flexure to determine the modules of rupture
and the broken halves tested by crushing to measure the equivalent
cube strength.
67 www.ndtjames.com
When testing the concrete in a structure, it would be unreasonable
to expect the value of the cylinder strength estimated from pulse
velocity measurements to be the same as that specified for the
control cylinders made on the site since the design of concrete
structures takes into account the fact that cylinder are likely to be of
higher strength than the concrete in the structure which it
represents. A suitable tolerance is therefore required to allow for
this. This subject is discussed more fully in other reference.
Instead of expressing the strength in terms of cylinder strength, it is
preferable to obtain a direct correlation between the strength of a
structural member and the pulse velocity whenever this is possible.
Such correlation can often be readily applied to precast units and it
is possible to obtain a curve relating pulse velocity with the
appropriate mechanical test (such as bending) for the unit.
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Estimation of Strength After Fire Damage
Pulse velocity measurements may be used to assess the extent of
damages to concrete after a fire. Figures 51 and 52 show some
typical results as obtained by Watkeys who showed that a good
correlation existed between the maximum temperature reached by
the concrete and the percentage reduction in pulse velocity due to
heating. He also showed that a useful correlation could be obtained
to estimate the residual crushing strength of the concrete after
heating from pulse velocity tests.
The two curves below are for two sets of concrete specimens which
had been heated and cooled down either by spraying with water
(quenched) or by loss of heat slowly in air (unquenched). Figure 51
shows that, for a given residual strength, the pulse velocity was
apparently less than that for undamaged concrete. These results
were for concrete made with gravel aggregate and are typical of
normal concrete although no information is available regarding the
effect of different types of aggregate on the correlations.

Figure 51: Effect of Maximum Firing Temperature on Pulse Velocity in Concrete
69 www.ndtjames.com

Figure 52: Strength / Pulse Velocity Curve for Concrete Damaged by Fire

Homogeneity of Concrete
Measurement of pulse velocities at points on a regular grid on the
surface of a concrete structure provides a reliable method of
assessing the homogeneity of the concrete. The size of the grid
chosen will depend on the size of the structure and the amount of
variability encountered.
It is useful to plot a diagram of pulse velocity contours from the
results obtained, since this gives a clear picture of the extent of
variations. It should be appreciated that the path length can
influence the extent of the variations recorded because the pulse
velocity measurements correspond to the average quality of the
concrete along the line of the pulse path and the size of concrete
sample tested at each location is directly related to the path length.
www.ndtjames.com 70
Influence of Test Conditions
The pulse velocity in concrete may be influenced by:
- Path length
- Lateral dimensions of the specimen tested
- Presence of reinforcing steel
- Moisture content of the concrete
The influence of path length will be negligible provided it is not less
than 4 inches when 0.75 inches size aggregate is used or not less
than 6 inches for 1.5 inches size aggregate.
Pulse velocity will not be influenced by the shape of the specimen
provided its least lateral dimension (i.e. its dimension measured at
right angles to the pulse path) is not less than the wavelength of the
pulse vibrations.

Figure 53: Steel Reinforcement Influence on Pulse Velocity
For pulses of 50kHz frequency, this corresponds to a least lateral
dimension of about 3 inches. Otherwise the pulse velocity may be
reduced and the results of pulse velocity measurements should be
used with caution.
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Effects of Dimensions on Pulse Transmission

Transducer
Frequency
Pulse Velocity in Concrete (ft/s)
vc= 12000 vc= 13500 vc= 15000
Minimum permissible lateral
specimen dimension
kHz Inches Inches Inches
24
54
82
150
6
2.6
1.8
1.0
6.8
3.0
2.0
1.1
7.5
3.3
2.2
1.2

The temperature of the concrete has been found to have no
significant effect on pulse velocity over the range from 5 to 30C
so that, except for abnormally extreme temperatures, influence may
be disregarded.
Temperature Correction to the Velocity
Air-Dried
Concrete
Water Saturated
Concrete
C % %
60
40
20
0
-4
+5
+2
0
-0.5
-1.5
+4
+1.7
0
-1
-7.5

www.ndtjames.com 72
The velocity of ultrasonic pulses in a steel bar is generally higher
than they are in concrete. For this reason, pulse velocity
measurements made in the vicinity of reinforcing steel may be high
and not representative of the concrete since the V-Meter indicates
the time for the first pulse to reach the receiving transducer.
The influence of the reinforcement is generally very small, if the
bars run in the direction at right angles to the pulse path and the
quantity of steel is small in relations to the path length.
Figure 54 shows how this influence may be allowed for when the
bar diameter lies directly along the pulse path. If the ratio Ls/L is
known, the measured pulse velocity may be corrected by
multiplying it by the correction factor corresponding to the ratio and
the quality of the concrete. It is however preferable to avoid such a
path arrangement and to choose a path which is not in a direct line
with the bar diameters.

Figure 54: Ultrasonic Path in Presence of Steel
When the steel bars lie in a direction parallel to the pulse path, the
influence of the steel may be more difficult to avoid as can be seen
from Figure 54. It is, however, not easy to make reliable corrections
for the influence of the steel and the correction factors given in
Figure 55 should be regarded only as approximate. It is generally
found that these values represent an upper limit of the steel
influence. Again, it is advisable to choose pulse paths which avoid
the influence of the steel as far as possible.
73 www.ndtjames.com

Figure 55: Ultrasonic Correction Factor for Ultrasonic Path in Presence of Rebar
The moisture content of concrete can have a small but significant
influence on the pulse velocity. In general, the velocity increases
with increased moisture content, moisture effect in P-wave velocity
is more marked for lower quality concrete. The pulse velocity of
saturated concrete may be up to 5% higher than that of dry
concrete of the same composition and quality, although this figure
is likely to be lower for high strength concrete.
When pulse velocity measurements are made on concrete as a
quality check, a contractor may be encouraged to keep the
concrete wet for as long as possible in order to achieve an
enhanced value of pulse velocity. This is generally an advantage
since it provides an incentive for good curing practice.
Monitoring Changes in Concrete with Time
Changes occurring in the structure of concrete with time caused by
either hydration (which increases strength) or by an aggressive
environment, such as frost, or sulphates, may be determined by
repeated measurements of pulse velocity at different times.
Changes in pulse velocity are indicative of changes in strength and
their measurement can be made over progressive periods of time
on the same test piece or concrete product.
www.ndtjames.com 74
This facility is particularly useful for following the hardening process
during the first two days after casting and it is sometimes possible
to take measurement through formwork before it is removed at very
early ages. The figure below shows some typical experimental
results of pulse velocity measurements at early ages. This has a
useful application for determining when formwork can be removed
or when pre-stressing operations can proceed.

Figure 56: Typical Curves of Change of Pulse Velocity with Age

75 www.ndtjames.com
Stress Wave Propagation
If transient stress waves are introduced into a concrete structure by
mechanical impact at a point on the surface, as shown in the figure
below, the stress waves include a dilatational (P-) wave and a
distortional (S-) wave, which propagate into the structure along
hemispherical wavefronts, and a Rayleigh (R-) wave, which
propagates along the surface of the structure. Among the stress
waves, the P-wave propagates fastest and the R-wave propagates
slowest. The S-wave propagates slightly faster than the R-wave. In
an infinite isotropic elastic solid, the P-wave speed, Cp, and the S-
wave speed, Cs, are related to the Youngs modulus of elasticity, E,
Poissons ratio, v, and the density, p. For a Poissons ratio of 0.2,
the R-wave speed is 92% of the S-wave speed and 56% of the P-
wave speed. The motion of a particle disturbed by the P-wave is
parallel to the direction of wave propagation while the particle
motion disturbed by the S-wave is perpendicular to the wave
propagation direction as schematically illustrated in the figure
below.
The particle motion disturbed by the R-wave is elliptical. The
vertical disturbance of a particle on the impact surface caused by
the R-wave arrival is much larger than that caused by the S-wave
and P-wave arrivals.

Figure 57: Schematic of Stress Wave Propagation
www.ndtjames.com 76
Velocity of Longitudinal Pulses in Elastic Solids
The velocity of a pulse of longitudinal ultrasonic vibrations traveling
in an elastic solid is given by the following equation:
V =
2) - )(1 (1
) 1 (
+

E

Item Definition
E Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity


Density

Maintenance
77 www.ndtjames.com
Maintenance
Data Logger and Battery
The Data Logger Board manages the internal Lithium-Ion Battery.
The Li-Ion Battery is rated at 14.4V / 1500mAh. Its initial charge
period of 4 hrs (full charge) is done in-house here at James
Instruments. The data logger board has a Power Minder IC chip
(aka. charge /discharge counter), which keeps track of the main Li-
Ion Battery. This chip uses sensing resistors to monitor the battery
current flow, and direction. As the battery is used, this counter
reveals the discharge value of the battery. This can be viewed on
the display in the Battery Operations sub-screen. Conversely, this
same Power Minder chip shows the charge value of the battery
when the unit is being charged; also viewed on the display screen.
Thus, while being charged, the charge value will increase and the
discharge value will remain the same. While in use, not being
charged, the discharge value will increase and the charge value
remains the same. These values are stored in the memory, until
they are cleared or reset. The charge/discharge values (including
Battery status) can all be reset to 0, by pressing the Enter button;
while in the Battery Operations sub-screen.
Maintenance
www.ndtjames.com 78
Note: Performing this Reset Step, may give the operator a false
impression of the true battery status. For example, a battery status
of 90% can falsely be changed into 100% and seen on the display
moments after pressing Enter. But the battery does not become
instantly charged by pressing this button. Therefore, it is critical for
the operator to understand that pressing Enter while in this
screen, may or may not show an accurate status of the battery
percentage. Also, the operator must realize that before a known
extended period of usage, the battery should be fully charged; then
and only then, would pressing the Enter key (to reset the values)
show the actual battery status while in use.
In order to extend the battery usage time, the operator can turn off
the Backlight feature; as this causes the largest consumption of the
battery draining it at a rate of up to 125mA, even more than the
test instrument itself.
In addition, like any rechargeable battery, a near complete
discharge before a full recharge will lengthen the battery life. If the
Li-Ion Battery is determined to be defective and needs to be
replaced, it is best to return the unit to James Instruments. Yet, if
desired, the operator should perform the following steps for this
replacement operation.
Maintenance
79 www.ndtjames.com
Changing the battery
Before beginning, a replacement battery (with the required 2x4
connector) needs to be purchased from James Instruments( S-056-
11196-001 ).
To change the battery:
1. Remove the Torx screws (#10, 2 front/2 back) holding the unit
inside of the Yellow case.
2. Carefully lift the unit out; being mindful of the flexible cable
connected to the front overlay, and flip the unit onto its face for
easy access to the battery.
3. The battery pack is white, and can be quickly removed from its
holding clips.
4. Unscrew the nut for the plug-in Power Jack to completely free
the battery assembly.
5. Next, remove the battery connector from the plug-in receptacle
on the Data Logger board; noting the Tab orientation of this
connector.
6. (opt.) If your test unit has the wires twisted together, carefully
cut away the shrink tubing to free all of the wires. (Do not to cut
into the wire insulation.)
7. The wires from the plug-in Power Jack need to be removed
from the old connector. Before starting, note their location in the
connector housing, and reinsert the wires into these same
positions on the new connector. These wires are removed by
pressing down on the hold tab in the connector housing by
using a pin, and gently pulling on the wires.
8. (opt.) Once removed, re-twist these wires or leave separate
from the battery wires.
9. The small wire tabs in Step 7, need to be lifted slightly before
reinserting into the new connector housing.
10. Once inserted, install the new connector into the plug-in
receptacle on the Data Logger board keeping the same Tab
orientation as in step 5.
11. Install the Power Jack into the front cover, and screw down with
the nut from step 4.
Safety
www.ndtjames.com 80
12. Snap the new battery into the hold down clips, and turn the unit
over.
13. Gently insert the unit back into the Yellow case, again mindful
of the flexible cable.
14. Reinstall the 4 Torx screws. This is best done if all screws are
installed part of the way first, and then tightened down.
15. Plug the battery charger into the Power Jack located on the
front cover, and check the charge values in the Battery
Operations sub-menu. The charge value should be increasing.
If not, remove battery charger immediately, and verify the wire
positions of plug-in Power Jack. (White - top, then Black / Red /
Black / Red the last two to charger)
A full charge lasting 4 hrs will need to be done for the replaced
battery. Remember to clear the battery counts by pressing, Enter,
after charging.

Safety
- Do not submerge unit in water. This can cause electrical
shock.
- When using underwater transducers, be sure to tightly
fasten the threaded connector to prevent water from
leaking into the transducer.
- Do not hold transducers up to body parts. Only point them
at the material you are testing.
Available V-Meter Accessories
81 www.ndtjames.com
Part # Description
S-3180 Charger
V-C-4874-CIP CIP Couplant Grease
V-C-4874-GSO Silicon Grease, Clean in place For architectural
concrete; can be cleaned
V-C-4876 54kHz Underwater Transmitter each
Length 5.87 (149mm)
Diameter 2.25 (57mm)
Weight 5lbs. (2.27kg)
V-C-4877 54kHz Underwater Receiver each
Length 6.87 (175mm)
Weight 6lbs. (2.72kg)
Each supplied with 50ft. (16m) underwater cable.
V-C-4894 150kHz, Dia 0.9" Length 1.34" each
V-C-4896 Pre-Amp for TDXR W/BNC
V-C-4898 54kHz, Dia 1.97" Length 2.2" each
V-C-4905 54kHz, Exponential Receiver each
Length 4.765 (121mm)
Weight 1.3lbs. (.59kg)
Used with Pre-Amp.
V-C-4910 Calibration Bar (optional)
V-C-4911 54kHz, Exponential Transmitter each
Length 4.765 (121mm)
Weight .94 (.43kg)
Used without Pre-Amp.
V-C-4968-012 Cable with BNC Connector Less than 12ft
www.ndtjames.com 82
Part # Description
V-C-7217 500kHz, Dia 13mm each
V-C-7283 180kHz Shear Wave Transducer each
Length 2.37 (60mm)
Weight .92lbs. (416 gr.)
Used in combination with compressional wave
transducers, to calculate the Poissons ratio
which in turn will facilitate a more accurate
moduli.

V-24145-000 Rubber Couplant (10 pc 80mm X 75mm pack)
V-24145-001 Rubber Couplant (50 pc 25mm Diameter)
Specifications
83 www.ndtjames.com
Specifications
V-Meter Mark IV V-C-400
Instrument Weight 6lbs. (2.75kg).
Instrument
Dimensions
4.5 x 8.5 x 10.5 (114.3mm x 223.5mm x
267mm).
Transit Time
Measurement
Range
0.1 micro sec to 6553.5 micro seconds. 0.1
micro second timing pulses derived from a
10 MHz crystal oscillator.
Frequency Range 24 to 500kHz, based on transducers
selected.
Receiver
Sensitivity
250 micro volts, between 30kHz and 100kHz.
Accuracy 0.1 micro sec.
Input Sensitivity 250 microvolt between 36kHz and 500kHz.
Signal Instrument may be used with
frequencies outside this range but with
reduced sensitivity.
Impedance
Approximation
2MOHMS.
Transmitter
Energizing Pulse
Nominal 1.0kV or 500V, switch selected.
Discharge time depends on transducer and
cable length. With 54kHz transducers and
50ft. of cable discharge time about 1.5
millisec.
Power Supply Internal rechargeable lithium ion battery.
Capacity for about 4-10 hours continuous
use.
Battery Charger 14 Volt DC with built-in constant current
charger. Battery is trickle charged
continuously when instrument is connected
to the A.C. mains.
Display 320 by 240 pixel backlit display screen.
Temp Range 0C to 50C.
Warranty Information
www.ndtjames.com 84
1. Contract
Unless otherwise stated all sales transactions are expressly subject to these
terms and conditions. Modification or additions will be recognized only if
accepted in writing by an authorized Officer of James Instruments Inc.
(hereinafter referred to as James or the Company), or an officially
designated representative. PROVISIONS OF BUYER'S PURCHASE ORDER
OR OTHER DOCUMENTS THAT ADD TO OR DIFFER FROM THESE TERMS
AND CONDITIONS ARE EXPRESSLY REJECTED. NO WAIVER OF THESE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OR ACCEPTANCE OF OTHERS SHALL BE
CONSTRUED AS FAILURE OF THE COMPANY TO RAISE OBJECTIONS.

2. Warranties
The Company only warrants the equipment manufactured or supplied by the
Company as set forth herein. James makes no other warranties, either
expressed or implied (including without limitation, warranties as to
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose). In no event shall James be
liable for any type of special, consequential, incidental, or penal damages,
whether such damages arise out of or are a result of breach of contract,
warranty, negligence, strict liability or otherwise. Warranty shall not apply where
the equipment manufactured or supplied has been subject to accident,
alteration, misuse, abuse, improper storage, packing, force majeure, improper
operation, installation, or servicing. In addition, the following shall constitute the
sole and exclusive remedies of Buyer for any breach by James of its warranty
hereunder.

a. New Products
James warrants the equipment manufactured or supplied by James
as set forth herein. This limited warranty can only be exercised by the
original purchaser of the equipment from James or authorized James
Agent and is not transferable to any subsequent owner or party. This
limited warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have
other rights which vary from case to case.

i. For James Equipment
James warrants that James's equipment will be free from
defects in materials and workmanship for a period of twenty-
four (24) months on the electronic portion and six (6) months
on the mechanical portion from the date of shipment of
equipment from James to Buyer. Should any defects be
found and reported by the Buyer during the applicable
limited warranty period, the defect will be corrected upon
return of the item to James. James will, during the applicable
new equipment warranty period, provide the necessary
replacement parts and labor to correct the defect.

85 www.ndtjames.com
Excluded from the new equipment warranty are all
consumable and wear and tear items such as impact bodies,
penetrators, connection cables, etc. These items are subject
to usual wear and tear during usage. Refer to the
Consumable, Wear and Tear Items section of this warranty
document.

Option For Extended Limited Warranty Coverage
The original purchaser of any new equipment of James
which have been identified or labeled by James from time to
time in James's sole discretion as being eligible for extended
warranty coverage shall have the option to purchase certain
extensions of the applicable limited warranty provided
hereunder to the electronic portion of any such items for
either a twelve (12), twenty-four (24) or thirty-six (36) month
period (up to a possible maximum limited warranty coverage
period for the electronic portions of such new James
equipment of sixty (60) months) by purchasing any such
twelve (12), twenty-four (24) or thirty-six (36) month limited
warranty extension period either all the time of the purchase
of any such item(s) or within ninety (90) days from the date
of delivery of the subject item(s) of the original purchaser of
such item(s). The price for each such extended limited
warranty coverage period shall be as determined by the
Company from time to time and all such purchases of any
extended warranty coverage periods shall only be effective
upon a completed purchase order and payment directly
between James and the original purchaser of any such
item(s). The extended warranty coverage periods are only
valid with respect to the original purchaser of such item(s)
from the Company and such extended warranty coverage is
not transferable to subsequent owners of the subject item(s)
or any other parties. Upon the purchase of any extended
limited warranty coverage period, the Company will issue a
certificate to Buyer evidencing the details of the applicable
extended warranty coverage period purchased by the Buyer.

ii. For Other Manufacturer's Products Supplied by
James
Products of other manufacturers supplied as such by James
are warranted by James only to the extent of any warranty
provided by the original manufacturer, if any.

iii. For Parts and Sub-Assemblies
Parts or sub-assemblies purchased by the Buyer to perform
its own repair work etc. are warranted as provided
hereunder by James for six (6) months from date of
shipment of material from James to Buyer.
www.ndtjames.com 86

iv. For Consumables, Wear and Tear Items
James supplies consumable items and items subject to wear
and tear during normal usage of James supplied products.
These items are not covered under warranty. Buyer is to
check for proper fit, form and function of such items upon
receipt of such items. In case of a defect condition, Buyer
can return the item to James for evaluation within thirty (30)
days of the date of shipment to the Buyer. James reserves
the exclusive right to issue full, partial, or no credit to the
Buyer based on the condition of the returned item and
circumstances related to the return. Examples of items in
this category: connection cables, test blocks, impact bodies,
penetrators, probes, extraction liquids, calibration liquids,
pins, recording paper, test plugs, etc.

b. Calibration and Repair

i. For Calibration Services
James does not warrant the calibration of any equipment.
James does however warrant the equipment manufactured
by it, in proper working condition, to be capable of being
adjusted to meet James printed specifications, if any, for
accuracy and performance as to the particular model type
during the period of warranty applicable as stated above.

ii. For Repair Services
James warrants repair work performed under the direct
control and supervision of James personnel for a period of
three (3) months from the date repairs are completed either
at James or at the customer site. Should the defect for which
the repair work was performed reoccur within this period,
James will supply the necessary parts and labor (repair at
James facility) or parts (repair at Buyer facility) required to
repair the original equipment defect for which the repair
parts and labor were required. Additional repair charges that
may be incurred in conjunction with any repair service
warranty event will be invoiced at the James customer
service rates and policies in effect at the time of the event.

Excluded are all consumable and wear and tear items such
as impact bodies, probes, connection cables, etc. These
items are subject to usual wear and tear during usage. Refer
to the Consumable Wear and Tear Item section of this
warranty document.

87 www.ndtjames.com
c. Warranty Claims

i. For Warranty Claim Processing
James has established James organizations in the
Americas, and Europe. Please visit the James web site
www.ndtjames.com for latest address and contact
information for the James organization nearest you.

3. Regulatory Laws and/or Standards
The performance of the parties hereto is subject to the applicable laws of the
United States. The Company takes reasonable steps to keep its products in
conformity with various nationally recognized standards and such regulations,
which may affect its products. However, the Company recognizes that its
products are utilized in many regulated applications and that from time to time
standards and regulations are in conflict with each other. The Company makes
no promise or representation that its product will conform to any federal,
provincial, state or local laws, ordinances, regulations, codes or standards
except as particularly specified and agreed upon for compliance in writing as a
part of the contract between Buyer and the Company. The Company prices can
not include the cost of any related inspections or permits or inspection fees.

4. Notices
Notice by either the Company or Buyer will be made only by facsimile or similar
electronic transmission, effective on the first business day after confirmed
receipt, or by letter addressed to the) other party at its address as provided in
this Agreement, effective three (3) business days after deposit with the U.S.
Postal Services, postage prepaid, or one (1) business day after deposit with a
recognized overnight express service.

5. Interpretation
Should any term or provision contained In the contract contravene or be invalid
under applicable law, the contract shall not fail by reason thereof but shall be
construed in the same manner as if such term or provision had not appeared
therein.

6. Assignability
Neither this contract nor any claim arising directly or indirectly out of or in
connection herewith shall be assignable by Buyer or by operation of law,
without the prior written consent of Company. This document shall be binding
upon and inure to the benefit of each party hereto and their respective
permitted successors and assigns.

www.ndtjames.com 88
7. Governing Law
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the
internal laws of the State of Illinois, without regard to its conflict of laws
provisions. Buyer and the Company expressly agree to submit to the personal
jurisdiction of the federal and/or stale courts silting in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
and agree that such courts may be utilized if necessary to obtain injunctive or
any other relief. The Hague Convention and the United Nations Convention on
Contracts for the International Sale of Goods shall not apply to the construction
or interpretation of these Standard Terms and Conditions or affect any of its
provisions.

END.

Repair Policy
89 www.ndtjames.com
Repair Policy
United States | Canada | International
Ship the instrument in a box that meets UPS, Fed Ex, and standard
shipping regulations. Enclose a note describing the problem(s) you
are having. Include the name and phone number of the contact
person in your organization.
The instrument will be evaluated within one week of receipt. The
contact person will be notified with an estimate of the cost of the
repair.
Upon receipt of your authorization of repair and payment terms,
delivery time will be 2 weeks from that day.
If you need the repair back sooner than this, you have the option of
paying an express service fee of 10 percent of the purchase price
of said instrument, plus the repair cost. With this service, you can
receive the instrument back within 3 working days in the USA (5
working days for Europe).
International repair shipments must contain a commercial invoice
listing the instrument being returned and must contain the words:
Country of manufacture: USA
Instrument being returned to manufacturer for repair no value for
customs, value for carriage only.

Ship the complete system to:
Attn: Repair Department
James Instruments, Inc. - USA
3727 North Kedzie Avenue
Chicago, IL 60618-4503
USA
Attn: Repair Department
James Instruments, Inc. Europe
Windmolen 22
7609 NN Almelo
The Netherlands
Home page: www.ndtjames.com
E-mail: info@ndtjames.com
europe@ndtjames.eu

James Instruments Inc.
3727 N.Kedzie
Chicago, IL 60618-4503
USA
Tel: (773) 463-6565
Fax: (773) 463-0009

James Instruments Inc. - Europe
Windmolen 22
7609 NN Almelo
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)548 659032
Fax: +31 (0)548 659010

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