Aerodynamics Chapter 1

12/21/09
Chapter 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
By John D. Anderson
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Road Map
Road Map
Road Map
Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables

!! Four
of the most frequently used words in aerodynamic: !! Pressure !! Density !! Temperature !! Flow velocity
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Pressure
!! Pressure
Density
!! Defined
is the normal force per unit area exerted on a surface due to the time rate of change of momentum of the gas molecules impacting on (or crossing) that surface.
volume.
as the mass per unit
Temperature
!! Play
Flow velocity
!! The
an important role in high-speed aerodynamics (Chapter 7) !! KE = 3/2 * !T, where ! is Boltzmann constant
velocity of a flowing gas at any fixed point B in space is the velocity of an infinitesimally small fluid element as it sweeps through B.
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Streamline
Shear stress
Shear stress
!! The
constant of proportionality is defined as the viscosity coefficient.
Tangentially along the streamline
is not really a constant; it is a function of the temperature of the fluid.
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Aerodynamic forces and moments

!! On

!! P !! "
the body are due to only two basic sources: 1. Pressure distribution over the body surface 2.Shear stress distribution over the body surface
acts normal to the surface acts tangential to the surface
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is relative wind, defined as the flow velocity far ahead of the body. (freestream velocity)

!! Geometrically,
deduced
the relation can be
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!! Upper

!! The
surface:
total normal and axial forces per unit span
!! Lower
surface:
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!! Upper

!! Three
surface
basic equations:
!! Bottom
surface
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Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

!! Predefined: !! Dynamic !! Let

!! For
quantity) S be a reference area and l be a reference length
pressure: (dimensional
different shapes, S and l may be different
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!! !!

!! For
For helicopter Thrust coefficient: Torque coefficient: Power coefficient:
2D bodies
!!
!!
S = c(1) = c !! Two additional dimensionless quantities:
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!! For
the force and moment coefficients
!! The
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lift and drag coefficients

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Dimensional analysis
!! Q:
!!
What physical quantities determine the variation of these forces and moments?
A given body and given AOA. The resultant aerodynamic force is R We expect R to depend on:
!!
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!! Is
Buckingham ! theorem:
based on the obvious fact that an equation dealing with the physical world, each term must have the same dimensions.
!! To
make it dimensionless
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!! K
!! From
= 3, N K = 6 3 = 3
Equation 1.25
!! From
Equation 1.26
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!! Assume
!! Then
that
!! ! 1
is dimensionless
!! Force
coefficient
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!! Similarly,
!! Inserting
to the equation
Reynolds number (Re)
or
Mach number (M) Important!
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Center of pressure
!! Q:
If the aerodynamic force on a body is specified in terms of a resultant single force R, or its components such as N and A , where on the body should this resultant be placed?
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Center of pressure
Center of pressure
!! AOA
is small, sina =0 and cosa = 1, thus L = N
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Flow similarity
!! Consider
Flow similarity
the flow over two circular cylinders.
M1=M2 Re1=Re2
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Flow similarity
!! 1.The
Fluid Statics
!! Buoyancy
bodies and any other solid boundaries are geometrically similar for both flows. !! 2.The similarity parameters are the same for both flows.
force: no fluid motion
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Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics
!! Integrating
between point 1 and 2
Hydrostatic equation
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or
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Fluid Statics
!! For
Types of flow
a solid body immersed in a fluid
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Types of flow
!! Inviscid
Types of flow
!!
vs Viscous Flow
There are some flows that are dominated by viscous effects

Stalled
A flow that is assumed to involve no friction, thermal conduction, Or diffusion is called an inviscid flow (70% in the book) Re goes to infinity
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Types of flow
!! Incompressible:
Types of flow
!! Mach
Number Regimes
A flow in which the density # is constant. !! Compressible: A flow where the density is variable M<0.3 , it is always safe to assume # = constant
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Applied aerodynamics
!!
Q: What are some typical drag coefficients for various aerodynamic configurations?
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The
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For the large streamlined body, for a circular cylinder is relatively independent of Re Between Re=10e4 and 10e5. The drag force on the small cylinder is 1/10 smaller than that in the figure (b)
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For the small circular cylinder,
The same!
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!! With
Why has number ?
decreased so precipitously at the higher Reynolds
based on the frontal projected area, the values of range from a maximum of 2 to numbers as low as 0.12. These are typical values of for aerodynamic bodies. !! Values of Re in the millions are typical of practical applications in aerodynamics.
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!! Let
!! From
us examine more closely the nature of the drag exerted on the various bodies. Since these bodies are at zero AOA, the drag is equal to the axial force
the equation
The drag is composed of pressure drag and skin friction drag
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The freestream velocity density and viscosity are the same Comparing b and e, the value of freestream velocity is much larger in e, then the Drag is much larger.
!! The
definition of two generic body shapes:
1.Blunt body: Pressure drag dominates 2.Streamlined body: Skin friction drag dominates
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Summary
!! The
Summary
!! For
normal, axial, lift, drag, and moment coefficients for an aerodynamic body can be obtained by integrating the pressure and skin friction coefficients over the body surface from the leading to the trailing edge.
a two-dimensional body,
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Summary
!! The
Summary
center of pressure is obtained from
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Summary
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12/21/09

Chapter 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts

Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables

as the mass per unit

constant of proportionality is defined as the viscosity coefficient.

Tangentially along the streamline

is not really a constant; it is a function of the temperature of the fluid.

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

acts normal to the surface acts tangential to the surface

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

the relation can be

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

total normal and axial forces per unit span

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Aerodynamic forces and moments

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

quantity) S be a reference area and l be a reference length

different shapes, S and l may be different

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

For helicopter Thrust coefficient: Torque coefficient: Power coefficient:

S = c(1) = c !! Two additional dimensionless quantities:

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

Dimensionless force and moment coefficients

the force and moment coefficients

lift and drag coefficients

Reynolds number (Re)

is small, sina =0 and cosa = 1, thus L = N

the flow over two circular cylinders.

force: no fluid motion

between point 1 and 2

a solid body immersed in a fluid

There are some flows that are dominated by viscous effects

For the small circular cylinder,

Why has number ?

decreased so precipitously at the higher Reynolds

The drag is composed of pressure drag and skin friction drag

definition of two generic body shapes:

center of pressure is obtained from

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