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!"#!$ &&

!"#!$

Less than a month after German demonstrators began to tear down
the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, irate East German citizens
stormed the Leipzig district office of the Ministry for State Security
(MfS) the Stasi, as it was more commonly called.

Not a shot was fired, and there was no evidence of street justice as
Stasi officers surrendered meekly and were peacefully led away. The
following month, on January 15, hundreds of citizens sacked Stasi
headquarters in Berlin. Again there was no bloodshed. The last bit of
unfinished business was accomplished on May 31 when the Stasi
radioed its agents in West Germany to fold their tents and come
home.

The intelligence department of the Nationale Volksarmee (NVA), the
Peoples Army, had done the same almost a week earlier, but with
what its members thought was better style. Instead of sending the
five-digit code groups that it had used for decades to message its
spies in West Germany, the army group broadcast a male choir
singing a childrens ditty about duck swimming on a lake. There was
no doubt that the singing spymasters had been drowning their sorrow
over losing the Cold War in schnapps. The giggling, word-slurring
songsters repeated the refrain three times:
!"#$% '(#) *+,,*- .-/0 +$ ,.- 1/,-) /$0 *+2, '(#) *+,,*- ,/+*3

4.+5 1/5 ,.- 5+6$/* ,( /6-$,5 #$0-) 0--7 8(9-) ,./, +, 1/5 ,+:- ,( 8(:-
.(:-; (Koehler, 1999)

Twenty-four years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Stasi records
111 kilometers (about 50 miles) of documents and 1.4 million photos.
The agency of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi records
(BStU) stores and administers in its archives the records of the
Ministry for State Security ("MfS" as its acronym or colloquially termed
&&& !"#!$



Stasi) of the former German Democratic Republic that were secured
after the peaceful revolution of 1990.

Based on the provisions defined in the Stasi Records Act (StUG), the
BStU allows access to these files to private citizens, institutions and
the public.

The Stasi records agency has one basic mission: to teach the public
about the structure, methods and effects of the MfS. This defines the
agencys role in the historical, political, legal, and societal
reprocessing of the SED dictatorship of the German Democratic
Republic (SED being the one party that ruled the GDR for 40 years).
(www.bstu.bund.de, n.d.)

!"#!$ &'


Table of Contents

Who are Stasis? <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< L
Official Employees <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Q
The Unofficial Collaborators (IMs) <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< S
The 'Brother Organizations' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< S
James Bond Gadgets <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< R
True Lies <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< U
The Berlin Wall <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ON
$57A>F 3A ">5 27CC <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OQ
K:>5GF=>VG>7EF5G <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OP
Investigation Bepaitment (BA IX) ............................................................................ 1S
Piisoneis .............................................................................................................................. 16
The Fall <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OT
Stasi Victims <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OM
Famous Ex-Stasi <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OM
untei uuillaume ............................................................................................................. 18
Museum <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LN
BStU Archives <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LN
Reconstruction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LO
Manual Reconstruction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LO
Virtual Reconstruction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LO
Conclusion <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LL
Works Cited <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< LP



!"#!$ (



!"#!$ )

Who are Stasis?

Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium fr
Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi, of the German
Democratic Republic or East Germany was formed on 8 February
1950.

















Figure 1:Bill regarding the formation of a Ministry of State Security, Berlin February 18, 1950
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) governed the GDR for
40 years without ever being legitimized in a democratic election. The
SED maintained its position of power by means of a huge security
apparatus. One cornerstone of this system was the Ministry for State
Security (MfS), or 'Stasi', which was founded in 1950.

On 8 February 1950 the GDRVolkskammer (People's Chamber)
unanimously passed the "Bill to establish a Ministry of State
Security". Wilhelms Zaisser was appointed as minister and Erich
Mielke as permanent secretary on 16 February 1950.

Supervision by parliament or a ministerial committee was not
envisaged. Deputy Prime-Minister Otto Nuschke stated in 1953, that
the Ministry acted as an "authority with its own responsibility".
* !"#!$



In reality, MGB (Ministry of State Security, Soviet Russia) officers
held the reins of the GDR State Security Service. Every head of a
service unit had his own Soviet "instructor". In important cases the
Soviet organs took over investigations themselves.
Official Employees
The full-time employees of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) made
up the core staff of the secret police. The MfS used strict criteria to
select its full-time employees. The main focus was on Party loyalty
and the ban on contacts with the West. Staffs were sworn to the
strictest secrecy and subject to rigorous rules.
The Staatssicherheit had begun in February with about 1,100 staff,
primarily employed in the Lnder administrations of state security.
With the "intensification of the class struggle" the full-time apparatus
was nearly doubled in 1952 from about 4,500 (end of 1951) to about
8,800 employees.
The MfS leadership consisted almost entirely of long-standing
Communists, among them experienced underground fighters such as
Minister Zaisser. But after the volatile developments in 1952,
the MfS had taken on mainly young SED, Free German Youth and
Peoples Police cadres. They had no personal experience of the
Communist labour movement before 1945. They came mainly from
underprivileged, proletarian backgrounds and had only an
elementary general education, with equally limited police and secret
service knowledge. By 1953 about 92 per cent of operatives
were SED members; others were regarded by Zaisser as "Party
members without a membership card".
!"#!$ +


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The flier above was used to select students into the MfS.
Heres the way for you to get a job with us:
7th class
Take your preliminary decision! Make an informal application
to your teacher.
8th class
Once you have made your final decision, make a declaration
of intent to the MfS and fill out and application form.
9th class
You will be informed if your achievements and behaviour
qualify you as a candidate for the MfS.
10th class and vocational training
The 10th class opens the door for your training as a Non-
Commissioned Officer Candidate.
Hiring Service in the MfS
Non-Commissioned Officer or Professional Officer

By 1989 the State Security had about 91,000 full-time employees.
, !"#!$



The Unofficial Collaborators (IMs)

The unofficial collaborators (IMs) were the "key weapon" of the
Ministry of State Security (MfS). They were used primarily in
the GDR. With their help the MfS spied on the population and tried to
gather information on its moods and any attempts at "subversion".
They had to bear the "major burden in the conflict with the enemy"
and were confronted with the enemy "most directly".

In written or oral statements collaborators committed themselves to
working under cover with the MfS. They reported on all areas of
society, infiltrated opposition groups and supplied even the most
intimate information about their colleagues, friends or fellow pupils.
They also played an active role in the State Security's activities in the
field of so-called "psychic demolition".
The collaborators had many different motives, ranging from political
conviction, a sense of duty or bloated self-importance to a fear of
reprisals. Some hoped for professional or material advantages. In the
case of young collaborators it was often a longing for recognition or a
sense of security that made them susceptible to recruitment by
the MfS.
By 1989 the State Security had about 189,000 unofficial
collaborators one for about
The 'Brother Organizations'
The Ministry for State Security (MfS) and its secret police forerunners
were set up under the strict control of the Soviet Secret Service.
Soviet 'advisors ' gave direct instructions to the East German State
Security Service. In the late 1950s they were replaced by so-called
liaison officers, and the MfS gained a certain amount of
independence. Regular 'working meetings' were still held to
!"#!$ -

exchange information and plan joint operations. In addition, the
Soviet Secret Service itself was active in the GDR.
The MfS cooperated with the 'brother organizations' of the other
Warsaw Pact states. Priority was given to the surveillance of GDR
citizens in 'socialist countries abroad' and to the prevention of
attempts to escape.
In 1977 the State Security Services of the Warsaw Pact and other
communist secret services agreed to set up a joint database. In
1987, the SOUD ! the abbreviation of the Russian name ! contained
information on over 188,000 people who were regarded as a
'danger'. Only the Soviet Secret Service had direct access to the
data.
It was of key importance to the Social Unity Party (SED) to politically
educate children and young people to become loyal citizens of the
GDR system. Schools and universities, youth and scout ('pioneer')
organizations created a dense network of ideological and social
control, and ensured that non- conformist behaviour was
marginalized. (www.bstu.bund.de, 2011)
James Bond Gadgets

Kristie Macrakis, Ph.D. visiting scholar in Harvard and author of the
book, Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasis Spy-Tech World, writes
that the Stasi became so caught up in the great game of espionage
that it lost sight of its initial goals. The agency devoted a large
proportion of its resources to finding out who was working for the
other side: developing one machine that could steam open 600
letters an hour and another that could reseal them twice as fast, and
employing between 3,000 and 4,000 people in a department that
focused on eavesdropping in hopes of catching someone in a
subversive act or overhearing a conversationwith a mistress,
perhapsthat could later be used for blackmail.
. !"#!$




Among the surveillance and observation technology are concealed
cameras, bugs, wires, hidden infrared equipment used to take photos
at night, and more.
















Many of the gadgets were made and used during the 1960s and
1970s and were considered technologically advanced for their time.
Pentagon camera had built-in noise reduction and an extended film
roll so that it could be used for longer than traditional cameras.
These were permanently installed in public places like post
offices. Other hidden cameras were disguised inside specially
modified coats. The camera lens was fitted to a zip on the lapel and
attached by a wire to a camera hidden in a panel. The spy could
trigger the camera by squeezing a small, silent rubber pump in a
pocket. While for some, the shutter was disguised to look like a
button, so the camera was fitted to the inside of the jacket and
appeared to be part of the coat.
According to Ukrainian photographer and Stasi expert Egor
Egorov, members of the Stasi were 'masters at eavesdropping. They
had to bug everyone and record everything.'

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!"#!$ /

This included installing tiny microphones, no bigger than the size of
an AA battery, in wall cavities and inside tubes fitted behind
wallpaper. Some of the radio transmitters were able to record and
emit at at 940-980 MHz. Many of these rooms included bugged
telephone outlets.
Egorov continued: 'The Stasi did not need to eavesdrop on the
phone conversations this way, because phones conversations were
recorded separately in a centralized manner.
He added that to record a conversation with a suspect, a spy had to
use a carry-on bug, which was made up of a separate recording
device and a microphone disguised to look like, say, a pen.
(WOOLLASTON, 2013)





+18
+18








Cameras and bugs were even fitted to watering cans. This can was
portable, meaning it could be left anywhere.' Giekanne mit
verborgener fototechnik' literally translates to watering can with
hidden camera.

For all the effort expended, Macrakis concludes that in terms of
surpassing the enemy in science and technology, Stasi spying was
mostly futile; East Germany would have been wiser to invest in
innovation. Particularly in fast-moving fields such as computers,
engineering, and nuclear physics, she writes, A scientific
Figure 4:Giekanne mit verborgener fototechnik' literally translates to watering
can with hidden camera
0 !"#!$



establishment based on pirated and cloned technology can never be
a leader. (Gudrais, 2008)
True Lies
Research has revealed that the notorious East German secret police,
the Stasi, had a network of spies in West Germany that was much
bigger than previously known.
Every month in Germany there are stories in the media accusing
some public figure or other of collaborating with the Stasi. But until
now, the work of the secret service's most sensitive department the
so-called Hauptverwaltung A (HVA), the Stasi's foreign wing has
remained largely a mystery. That's because, after the Berlin Wall fell
on 9 November 1989, while most East German citizens were
celebrating the end of the cold war by rushing west, Stasi employees
in the Berlin HQ were busy shredding the files they knew could get
them in the most trouble.


Figure 5:West Germans working as unofficial collaborators and Stasi contacts
(Ludwig, 2011)
One of the main tasks of the MfS was foreign espionage, which was
primarily the responsibility of the HVA the Main Directorate for
!"#!$ (1

Reconnaissance. This was headed by Markus Wolf from 1952 until
1986, thereafter by Werner Grossmann.
The HVA's operations were largely directed at West Germany and
West Berlin. HVA spies infiltrated public institutions, political parties
and government offices there. The HVA systematically carried out
industrial and technical espionage in West German companies.
By 1989 the HVA had a full-time staff of 4,600, plus 13,400 unofficial
collaborators in the GDR and another 1,500 in West Germany.
The HVA had been acting as part of the overall MfS apparatus, both
in its policies of persecution within the GDR and in its operations
abroad.
After the peaceful revolution the HVA was allowed to dissolve itself. It
took the opportunity to destroy a large quantity of its documents.
The Berlin Wall
The Stasi played an omnipotent leadership in the interaction of the
"armed security forces" and in cooperation with civil and municipal
bodies. Thus it has always been involved in the planning,
implementation and control of the specific tasks of the "partner
ministries". The specific design of border security always reflected of
course, the political environment resists which have marked for
certain time periods. Therefore, the collection time is divided into four
phases:
! Founding of the Stasi in 1950 to 1960
! The construction of the wall up to the signing of the Basic
Treaty between the two German states in 1972
! The years of German domestic policy of detente and
the CSCE Process and
! The beginning in the 80s final phase of DDR
(( !"#!$




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Thematically, the job function of MfS in border duty and various
orders formed is divided as follows:
! General Provisions: General instructions and agreements to
prevent the flight, including control of the border area and the
immediate military border security.
! 1950-1960
! 1961-1972
! 1973-1980
! 1981-1989

! Runaways: Referrals for investigation and prosecution of
planned and actual flight tests or escapes. These were
referred to as "flight from the republic", "unlawful border
violations," but also as "peace-threatening crime," "terrorist
attacks" or "border provocations".
! 1961-1972
! 1973-1980
! 1981-1989

! Border Crossing Points: Instructions for securing the border
crossing points and the surveillance of cross-border traffic.
! 1961-1972
! 1973-1980
! 1981-1989
!"#!$ ()

! Ring Around Berlin: special arrangements for escape
prevention and border security in the Berlin area ("Ring
around West Berlin").
! 1961-1972
! 1981-1989
The activities of the MFS within the National People's Army has been
compared to the social activities of the border troops of the Ministry
far less secret; under the name "Management 2000", "2000" or
"military counterintelligence department" were the VO (liaison
officers) or OBE (officers in the special use) in the Enter Operational
Service will known. (Siegfried Suckut, 2004)

There were MfS personnel assigned to the Grenztruppen down to
company level. Stasi personnel were indistinguishable from
Grenztruppen, wearing the same uniforms and insignia. They were to
the 6
th
section in command, regiment and battalion headquarters.
They included a counterintelligence element, recruiting informers
within units. It was estimated that one in ten officers and one in 30
enlisted men were informers. The Stasi maintained a file on every
unit member. All personnel were routinely interviewed, and this was
when informers passed on their information. The companies frontier
reconnaissance platoon, and the passport control section at
crossing stations were entirely manned by Stasi.
(Wierzock, n.d.)

The Grenztruppen also employed over 3000 volunteer helpers of the
Frontier Troops (Freiwillige Helfer der Grenztruppen), a programme
that started in 1953. The auxiliary personnel at least 18 years old
volunteering to assist the regular guards by relieving them on foot
patrols. They were selected for their political reliability and underwent
exhaustive Stasi background checks. They were usually unarmed,
but could carry weapons if approved by the battalion commander.


(* !"#!$










They would also assist when there were nearby public events on
either side of the border, and were especially active in the summer
months on the coast when tourists flocked to the beaches. They also
did undercover work in civilian clothes, reported rumors and
malcontents within the frontier population, and kept an eye on
strangers near the border. They wore standard uniforms, but other
than a green armband, were without insignia.

Frontier crossing stations (GUSt) on highways, railways and canals
were manned by specially selected and trained personnel. They
were trained to inspect all types of identity and transportation
authorization documents. Those in the passport control section
were actually Stasi. They were conditioned to be extremely formal
and serious, and permitted no exceptions to the strict regulations.
(Rottman, 2008)
234567 #5 "63 8499

The deaths and murders at the Berlin wall and the inner-German
border, the Baltic Sea and Eastern Bloc border, represented the
pinnacle of violence stemming from the East German border security
system. In order to keep shots and of course, killings at the wall as
secret as possible, the processing of corpse cases were placed in
the hands of MfS, where the deaths were regulated by ordinances,
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!"#!$ (+

instructions and observations. Border troops were to transfer injured
fugitives from the death strip to certain hospitals preferably the
Peoples Police Hospital in Berlin Mitte and the Drewitz Army
Hospital near Potsdam. Dead fugitive were taken to the Forensic
Medical Institute at the Humboldt University or to the bad Saarow
Central Army Hospital.

Upon arrival the Stasi took command. The investigation departments
(Line IX and Central Department IX at Stasi headquarters were
responsible for these fugitives. The MfS changed these victims to
Stasi prison or hospital as soon as possible. The disposal of the
dead was the sole power of Stasi. They determined what happened
to the body, stating with autopsy, followed by the issuing of the death
certificate, the application to set up a Corpse Case with Department
I A (political crimes) of East Berlin.

In dealing with the many intuitions and the family members the
responsible Stasi agent had to assume a false identity as police
office acting on behalf of the Berlin general state prosecutor. The
reports of every attempt were recorded and in case of deaths, went
to Erich Honecker, the Politburo member responsible for security
matters. Further investigations and analysis lead to the removal of
weak points in the border security system the task the Stasi
Department IX in Berlin and Potsdam was responsible. (Hans-Hermann
Hertle, 2011)
:;63<7=6><64?73<

The white space on the map of East Germany, the military area that
was hermetically sealed off from the outside world called
Hohenschnhausen served as the remand center to more than
122,000 Germans.
In June 1945, the Soviet Secret Police took over a former canteen
block and food store in the north-east of Berlin and turned it into a
detainment and transit camp called 'Special Camp No. 3'. After the
(, !"#!$



camp was closed in October 1946, the cellar was converted into an
underground cell section that served as the main Soviet Secret
Prison in Germany and was used for detention and interrogation. In
1951 the East German Ministry of State Security (MfS) took over the
prison, added a new prison building and, until 1989, used the site as
its main remand center.

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It was home to a number of other MfS service units: the Operative
Technical Sector (OTS), whose tasks included, for example, building
bugging systems; Sector HA IX/11, responsible for a secret Nazi
archive; and a part of the Espionage Data Processing Centre (HVA).
$<'375&@45&;< 23A4B5C3<5 D:# $EF

The Main Investigation Department (HA IX) was the MfS investigative
body for those pending trial. Consequently, it not only had an
intelligence service and police powers but also prosecuting
jurisdiction. All of the pre-trial investigations initiated by the Ministry
of State Security (MfS) against political prisoners in the GDR were
under their direction and control. The Main Investigation Department
(HA IX) also directly carried out investigations in those criminal law
cases, which the Ministry of State Security (MfS) regarded as crucial
in their own work.
!"#!$ (-


Interrogators primarily employed psychological methods and put
pressure on the prisoners, for example, by threatening them with
long prison terms. They were also empowered to impose disciplinary
punishments or tougher arrest conditions, to grant access to medical
care, exercise in the yard, and visits, and decide whether prisoners
were allowed pens and paper and reading material. In the early
years, prisoners had to keep their hands on their thighs and had to
sit upright during the entire interrogation period. The interrogator's
work, just like the entire prison regime, set out to destabilize the
prisoner and generate a feeling of total powerlessness.

Before the Berlin Wall fell, the Main Investigation Department (HA IX)
had 484 full-time staff.
GB&7;<3B7

Between 1945 and 1990, numerous prominent figures were held in
the Berlin-Hohenschnhausen prison, including the actor Heinrich
George; Georg Dertinger, first Minister of Foreign Affairs in the GDR;
Karl Hamann, GDR Trade Minister; Walter Linse, the lawyer
kidnapped in West Berlin; former SED Politburo member Paul
Merker; Kurt Mller, second Chairman of the West German KPD
communist party; Max Fechner, GDR Minister of Justice; Walter
Janka, head of the Aufbau publishing house; the philosopher
Wolfgang Harich; Karl Wilhelm Fricke, a journalist kidnapped in West
Berlin; SPD party functionary Heinz Brandt, who was similarly
kidnapped; writer Thomas Brasch; SED Party critic Rudolf Bahro;
writer Jrgen Fuchs; musicians Christina Kunert and Gerulf Pannach;
civil rights activists Ulrike Poppe, Brbel Bohley, Vera Lengsfeld, and
Freya Klier; and the singer Stephan Krawzcyk. But many of the less
well-known figures imprisoned in Hohenschnhausen had similarly
dramatic fates.
(. !"#!$



The Fall
The number of people fleeing or leaving the GDR rose steadily in the
course of 1989. Inside the country itself the democratic movement
gained momentum. Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Berlin and other
towns and cities in the GDR became symbols of the peaceful
revolution in autumn 1989.
(Nasui, 2012)













The Ministry of State Security (MfS) waited in vain for orders from the
Social Unity Party of Germany (SED) to intervene. Although
the SED regime brutally dispersed demonstrating citizens in October
1989, no general order to suppress the civil protests was given.

The evident and sudden disintegration of the SED's power
left MfS staff confused and uncertain. In the late autumn of 1989 the
State Security began to destroy its files. Thereupon, outraged
citizens occupied State Security offices and secured the remaining
documents. On 13 January 1990 the GDR interim government voted
to completely disband the State Security, thereby meeting one of the
key demands of GDR's citizens.
W@XE45 U ;W7CC :9 !A7F@
!"#!$ (/

Stasi Victims
The State Security had access to all areas of life in the GDR ! even
though this was not always noticeable to the individuals themselves.
The MfS penetrated into the citizens' private lives; observing them,
bugging their phones, spying on them, arresting and interrogating
them.
The MfS worked in close cooperation with the police force, the
customs authorities, employment offices and other GDR institutions
to implement its policy of blanket control. It had access to almost any
information or documents it wanted.
They acted with aggressive harshness and brutality during the early
years of the GDR. Its methods ranged from physical violence to
arbitrary arrests, from kidnappings in the West to conducting show
trials and having the courts impose draconian sentences.
In the 1970s the MfS changed its secret police activities and began
increasingly to use "softer" methods. The GDR leadership did not
want to compromise its attempts to gain international recognition:
persecution and repression were to be concealed.
The MfS focused more on preventive surveillance and so-called
"psychic demolition". It used manipulation and targeted rumors in its
attempts to systematically intimidate individuals or groups, to ruin
their reputations, isolate or criminalize them. Friendships were
destroyed, and professional careers ruined without the victims even
realizing why.
Famous Ex-Stasi
There are many Ex-stasi officers who have been active in many
fields but there was one particular incident, which the stasi did not
intend to happen the way it did.
HI<53B H?&994?C3

(0 !"#!$



In 1956, he and his wife Christel emigrated to West Germany on
Stasi orders to penetrate and spy on West Germany's political
system. Rising through the hierarchy of the Social Democratic Party
of Germany, he became a close aide to West German chancellor
Willy Brandt.

In 1974, West German authorities discovered Guillaume's spying for
the communist East German government. The resulting scandal, the
Guillaume Affair, led to Brandt's resigning the chancellorship.
Guillaume was sentenced to a thirteen-year prison term for
espionage, and his wife to an eight-year term. Guillaume was
released to East Germany in 1981 in exchange for Western spies
caught by the Eastern Bloc.

In East Germany, Guillaume was received and celebrated as a hero,
worked as a spy trainer, and published his autobiography Die
Aussage in 1988. Guillaume and East German spymaster Markus
Wolf have said that Willy Brandt's downfall was not intended, and
that the affair is among the Stasi's biggest mistakes. After Die Wende
and German reunification, the reunified Germany granted Guillaume
immunity from any further prosecutions. He was a supportive witness
in Wolf's trial of treason in 1993. Guillaume died of kidney cancer on
April 10, 1995, in Petershagen / Eggersdorf, near Berlin. (en.wikipedia.org,
2013)

W@XE45 ON; ^E@CC7E?5 Y@A> 2@CCJ .47G8A_ OUTL-OUTP
!"#!$ )1

Museum
On the evening of January 15th in 1990 demonstrators took
possession of the headquarters of the Ministry for State Security
(MfS) in Berlin-Lichtenberg. The Berliner Brgerkomitee (Berlin
Committee of Citizens) started here the closure and disorganization
of the MfS. One week later the Zentrale Runde Tisch (The Central
Round Table) decided that a memorial place and research center
should be established in the former House No. 1 in the Stasi-
Headquarters.

The new government of the GDR, formed after the elections on
March 18th in 1990, made on May 16th a decision to establish the
memorial place and research center, but it was not realized as the
responsible ministries were suspended when both states in Germany
reunited.That is why the association "Antistalinistische Aktion Berlin
Nomannenstrae e.V." (ASTAK, Anti-stalinistic action Berlin-
Normannenstr.) took it into their responsibility to start with the
establishment of the research and memorial place. Because no
institution in the united Germany felt responsible, the ASTAK
overtook the sponsorship as well. (www.stasimuseum.de, n.d.)
BStU Archives

The BStU archives in the Berlin central office and twelve regional
offices are responsible for the safekeeping, utilization and
accessibility of all records of the Ministry of State Security (1950 -
1990). In addition to written documents, the archive also contains a
large amount of stored audio-visual material such as photos, slides,
film and sound recordings.
One of the main tasks of the archives is to make the records
accessible to citizens and to research and media institutions. Since
the files are in constant use, the archives also have to address
issues of restoration and conservation to ensure that the records
continue to be available in the future.
)( !"#!$



Reconstruction
Project "Virtual Reconstruction" and "Manual Reconstruction" are
involved in reconstructing torn-up documents from the GDR secret
service. This undertaking is one-of-a-kind in the field of archives in
the Federal Republic of Germany and probably in the entire world.
After the documents have been restored through this reconstruction
process, they are indexed according to archival principles so that
they can be used.

Helmut Mller-Enbergs, visiting professor at Gotland University in
Sweden, has been involved in researching data found on the so-
called Rosenholz discs. These are rudimentary CD-Roms containing
snapshots of around 350,000 hugely sensitive Stasi records which
somehow ended up in the hands of the CIA, before finally being
returned to Germany in 2003 albeit only those files pertaining to
German citizens, a continuing source of frustration for the BStU.
(Pidd, 2011)
Manual Reconstruction

On the basis of certain criteria (i.e. name, registration number), they
were often able to piece together several subject-related pages. In
some cases the documents were heavily damaged the most
extreme example was a DIN A4 sheet of paper (148 mm x 210 mm)
that had been torn into 98 pieces. On average a single employee
was able to reassemble ten pages in a single workday. Over the last
17 years the project group has succeeded in reassembling
approximately 1.2 million pages from more than 480 bags of paper
snippets.
Virtual Reconstruction

The German Bundestag initiated the project "Virtual Reconstruction
of Torn-up Stasi Documents" by an overwhelming majority.
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology
(Fraunhofer IPK) in Berlin was entrusted with the task. In this
!"#!$ ))

project, computer software is used to puzzle together the contents of
400 bags of paper scraps. The aim of the project is to expedite the
reconstruction process and make the torn-up documents accessible
to the public sooner. (Nickolay, 2010)

W@XE45 OO;$@X@A7C 4564:8E=A@:G :9 947X?5GAF 8:G5 @G A>455 FA56F
Conclusion

The GDR only existed from 19491989 but the emotional footprint it
left was catastrophic. The grief and pain the Stasi wrought still looms
large in the lives of survivors. Survivors have never received any
apologies for the outrageous and immoral treatment they received at
the hands of the Stasi, nor have they had the satisfaction of justice
being meted out. No Stasis, with the exception of Mielke and
Honecker, have ever been brought to account in any sort of legal
)* !"#!$



context. Many Stasi workers leading comfortable lives and having
respected jobs is traumatic for Stasi victims. Neither the pensioners,
who make up the majority of former Stasi employees, nor a younger
generation of some 30,000 ex-workers who have started new lives,
show repentance. (CHAMBERS, 2009)
The other critical reason the world of the Stasi still haunts many East
Germans from that era (and perhaps why they are still trapped in the
nightmarish realm of Stasi) is that they have no answers about what
happened to their loved ones, or why they themselves were
persecuted. They are suspended in a terrible state of not knowing.
Some are waiting for puzzlers to find and reassemble a destroyed
file that may provide the answers and perhaps even some kind of
peace (if that is at all possible in such circumstances) (Jill"Fitzsimons, n.d.).
Most Germans are still at bigger war with new revelations continuing
to appear every other day and their own memory.


!"#!$ )+


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!"#!$ )-

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