Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.

1. (a) De ine the term lattice energy. (3)

(!)

" #orn$%a!er cycle or the ormation o lithium chloride is sho&n !elo&'

/i-()) - e$ - 0l()) /i-()) - 0l$()) /i-()) - e$ - 10l2()) /i()) - 10l2()) /i(s) - 10l2()) 2%a

2%latt

/i0l(s)

Enthal(y o ormation o lithium chloride(s) Enthal(y o atomisation o lithium Enthal(y o atomisation o chlorine 1st ionisation ener)y o lithium Electron a inity o chlorine

Enthal(y chan)e *+J mol$1 $40, -1.1 -122 -51, $34,

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes

(i) (ii)

0alculate the lattice ener)y3 2 %latt o lithium chloride' (2) The enthal(y chan)e 2%a is the enthal(y o atomisation o lithium metal'

4u))est3 and ex(lain3 &hether you &ould ex(ect the 5alue o 2%a or (otassium to !e more or less endothermic than that or lithium' (2) (c) (i) 4tate T67 (ro(erties o ions that a ect the 5alue or the lattice ener)y o ionic com(ounds' (2) The calculated 5alue or the lattice ener)y o (otassium chloride is almost exactly the same 5alue as that ound ex(erimentally' 6hy is the theoretical 5alue or the lattice ener)y o sil5er chloride3 $833 +J mol$13 so di erent rom the ex(erimentally determined 5alue o $,05 +J mol$19 (d) (i) (2) Dra& a %ess:s la& cycle to sho& ho& the lattice ener)y and the enthal(y o hydration are related to the enthal(y o solution o an ionic com(ound3 ;<(s) (2) %o& are the enthal(y 5alues used to su))est &hether ;<(s) is solu!le in &ater' (2) The ta!le !elo& )i5es some in ormation a!out the sul(hates o t&o o the elements in =rou( 2' lattice ener)y *+J mol$1 $2480 $23>4 %ydration enthal(y o the cation *+J mol$1 $1.50 $13.0 4olu!ility *mol dm$3 4'> x 10$2 ,'4 x 10$.

(ii)

(ii) (iii) ormula o sul(hate 0a474 #a474

0omment on the trend in the solu!ility o these sul(hates in relation to the lattice ener)ies and hydration enthal(ies as sho&n in the ta!le' (2)

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes 2. (a) (i) (Total 17 mar s) 6rite the e?uation or each o the ollo&in) reactions:

sodium oxide3 @a273 &ith &ater aluminium oxide &ith dilute hydrochloric acid aluminium hydroxide &ith dilute sodium hydroxide solution sul(hur trioxide &ith &ater (!) (ii) 4tate ho& the acid$!ase character o the oxide o an element can !e used to identi y the metallic or non$metallic nature o the element'

(!) (c)

(2) 4tate ho& the reactions in (i) sho& the &ay in &hich the metallic character o the element chan)es across the (eriod sodium to ar)on in the Aeriodic Ta!le' (1) 4tate &ith a reason3 ho& the metallic character o the elements chan)es &ith increase in atomic num!er in =rou( 4 o the Aeriodic Ta!le' (2) (i) 0om(lete and !alance the e?uation or the reaction !et&een lead(BC) oxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid' (iii) A!72 DDDD'' - DDDDD (2) (ii) 6hy is the lead chloride ormed lead (BB) chloride3 A!0l23 rather than lead(BC) chloride3 A!0l49 (1) (12 mar s) %0l A!0l2 -

3.

This ?uestion relates to the ollo&in) reaction scheme' 04%,#r A 04%,0@ " 05%13@ #

(a) (i) Bdenti y the rea)ent and the conditions re?uired or each o these con5ersions' " to # # to 0 (!)

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes (ii) 7utline a synthetic route !y &hich (entanoic acid3 04%,077%3 could !e (roduced rom " 5ia a =ri)nard rea)ent' =i5e the rea)ents and conditions or each ste(' (!) (!) Aentanoic acid3 04%,077%3 is a &ea+ acid &ith an acid dissociation constant3 Ea F 1'5 x 10$5 mol dm$3' (i) (1) (ii) (1) (iii) (3) (i5) 7n the )rid !elo& s+etch the chan)e in (% durin) the addition o 50'0cm3 o 0'100 mol dm$3 sodium hydroxide solution to 25cm3 o 0'100 mol dm$3 (entanoic acid solution 0alculate the (% o a 0'100 mol dm$3 solution o 04%,077%' 6rite the ex(ression or the Ea o 04%,077%' 6hat is meant !y the term &ea+ acid9

(!)

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes (5) 4u))est3 &ith reasonin)3 a suita!le indicator or the titration in (i5)' Bndicator #romo(henol !lue ;ethyl red Thymol !lue "liGarin yello& Bndicator Heason (2) (Total 1$ mar s) !. 0onsider the esteri ication o the amino acid alanine3 &hich has the ormula 0%30%(@%2)077%' 0%30%(@%2)077% - 02%57% (a) (i) (ii) F 0%30%(@%2)07702%5 %27 (Kind 4'0 5'1 8', 12'5

6rite the ex(ression or Ec' (1) Usin) the a5era)e !ond enthal(ies )i5en !elo&3 sho& that enthal(y chan)e3 2%3 or this reaction &ould !e calculated as Gero' "5era)e !ond enthal(ies*+J mol$1 0$7 7$% 358 4.4

(iii) the 5alue o Ec

(2) 7n the !asis that 2% is Gero3 state &hat the e ect o increasin) the tem(erature &ill !e on:

the rate o attainment o e?uili!rium (2) (!) "lanine exists as a G&itterion' (i) (ii) 4u))est the structure o this G&itterions' (1) 4u))est &hy alanine has a relati5ely hi)h meltin) tem(erature'

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes (1) (iii) al+ali' (2) (c) The alanine molecule is chiral' (i) (ii) (iii) each other9 (1) %. (a) =i5e the structural ormula o the or)anic (roduct(s) ormed &hen (ro(anone3 0%3070%33 reacts &ith each o the ollo&in) su!stances' (i) (ii) /ithium tetrahydridoaluminate(BBB)(lithium aluminium hydride) (1) iodine in the (resence o sodium hydroxide' (1) (!) (i) Bdenti y the rea)ent or the con5ersion o (ro(anone to the com(ound (0%3)20(7%)0@' (1) (ii) The com(ound (0%3)20(7%)0@ could !e used as the startin) material or the ormation3 in three ste(s3 o the amide3 (0%3)20(7%)07@%2' 7utline ho& this con5ersion could ta+e (lace3 )i5in) rea)ents and the structural ormulae o the intermediates' (%) (iii) 4tate the rea)ents or the con5ersion o the amide (0%3)20%07@%2 to the amine3 (0%3)20%@%2' (2) (c) 6rite an e?uation to sho& the ormation o a (olyamide rom a((ro(riate monomers' (3) (Total 1! mar s) 6hat is meant !y the term chiral9 (1) Dra& the T67 o(tical isomers o alanine' (2) %o& could the o(tical isomers o alanine !e distin)uished rom Usin) e?uations3 sho& ho& alanine can react &ith !oth acid and

Edexcel Unit Test 4 January 2005 Time: 1hour 30minutes

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