Tanzania

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the genus of spiders, see Tanzania (genus). Coordinates: 6.307S 34.854E

United Republic of Tanzania Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania (Swahili)

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Coat of arms

Motto: "Uhuru na Umoja" (Swahili) "Freedom and Unity" Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (Swahili) God Bless Africa

Capital Largest city

Dodoma Dar es Salaam Kiswahili [1][note 1] English Official languages Demonym Government Tanzanian Unitary presidential constitutional republic

President Prime Minister

Jakaya Kikwete Mizengo Pinda

National Assembly Legislature Independence from the United Kingdom Tanganyika 9 December 1961 10 December 1963 26 April 1964 25 April 1977 Area 945,203 km2 (31) 364,898 sq mi 6.2 Population 2012 census Density 44,928,923[2][note 2] 47.5/km2 123.1/sq mi 2012 estimate $73.859 billion[3] (81) $1,566[3][note 3] 2012 estimate $28.247 billion[3] $599[3]b 37.6[4] medium 0.476[5] low 152 Tanzanian shilling (TZS) EAT (UTC+3) not observed (UTC+3) left +255[note 4] TZ .tz

- Zanzibar and Pemba Merger - Current constitution -

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Tanzania /tnzni/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania),[6] is a country in East Africa in the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border is formed by the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. The country is divided into 30 administrative regions: five on the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar and 25 on the mainland in the former Tanganyika.[7] The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where the National Assembly and some government offices are located.[8] Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. It remains Tanzania's principal commercial city and is the main location of most government institutions.[7][9] It is also the principal port of the country.[10] Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[7] On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed United Republic of Tanzania ('Tan' comes from Tanganyika and 'Zan' from Zanzibar).[7] The Articles of Union are the main foundation of Tanzania.

Contents

1 History 2 Government o 2.1 Union and mainland government o 2.2 Zanzibar government o 2.3 Judiciary o 2.4 Administrative subdivisions 3 Politics 4 Human rights 5 Economy o 5.1 Banking o 5.2 Agriculture o 5.3 Mineral extraction o 5.4 Electricity generation o 5.5 Aviation o 5.6 Railways o 5.7 Ferries o 5.8 Membership in regional organisations o 5.9 Child labour 6 Geography o 6.1 Climate 7 Biodiversity 8 Demographics o 8.1 Largest cities o 8.2 Religion

8.3 Language 8.4 Education 8.5 Health 9 Culture o 9.1 Cuisine o 9.2 Sports 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

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History
Main article: History of Tanzania

A 1.8 million years old stone chopping tool discovered at Olduvai Gorge and currently on display at the British Museum The indigenous populations of east Africa are thought to be the Hadza and Sandawe huntergatherers of Tanzania, who speak languages with clicks.[11]:page 17 The first wave of migration was by Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania.[11]:page 17 Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of Lake Turkana.[11]:pages 1718 Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, moved south from the present-day Sudan/Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.[11]:page 18 These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the ironmaking Mashariki Bantu in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. They brought with them the west African planting tradition, the primary staple of which were yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.[11]:page 18[12]

Eastern Nilotes peoples, including the Maasai, represent a more recent migration from present day South Sudan within the past 1,500 to 500 years.[11]:page 18[13] The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The Pare were the main producers of highly-demanded iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of northeastern Tanzania. The Haya people on the western shores of Lake Victoria invented a type of high-heat blast furnace, which allowed them to forge carbon steel at temperatures exceeding 1,820 C (3,310 F) more than 1,500 years ago.[14] Travellers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and western India have visited the Southeast African coast since early in the first millennium AD. Islam was practised on the Swahili Coast as early as the eighth or ninth century AD.[15][16] In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visited Tanzanian coast. Later, in 1506, the Portuguese succeeded in controlling most of the Southeast African littoral. In 1699, the Portuguese were ousted from Zanzibar by Omani Arabs. Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade.[17] Between 65 and 90 percent of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved.[18] One of the most famous slave traders on the Southeast African coast was Tippu Tip. His mother, Bint Habib bin Bushir, was a Muscat Arab of the ruling class. His father and paternal grandfather were coastal Swahili who had taken part in the earliest trading expeditions to the interior.[19] The Nyamwezi slave traders operated under the leadership of Msiri and Mirambo.[20] According to Timothy Insoll, "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."[21]

General Lettow-Vorbeck in Dar es Salaam with a British Officer (left) and German Officer (right), March 1919 In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into German East Africa. The postWorld War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, except for the Kionga Triangle, a small area in the southeast that was incorporated into Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique). British rule came to an end in 1961 after a relatively peaceful (compared with neighbouring Kenya, for instance) transition to independence. In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organisation into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU).

Tanganyika African National Union's main objective was to achieve national sovereignty for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year Tanganyika African National Union had become the leading political organisation in the country.

Uhuru Monument in Arusha Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961. In 1967, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to the left after the Arusha Declaration, which codified a commitment to socialism in PanAfrican fashion. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalised. After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar,[22] which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.[23] The union of the two, hitherto separate, regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals. From the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse. Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the 1,860-kilometre-long (1,160 mi) TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia.[24] From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania's gross domestic product per capita has grown, and poverty has been reduced.[25]