Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth

Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth

Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth Normalized TF Depth

Isotopic Sampling Error due to Throughfall Spatial Variability

Background

Scott T.

Allen1, Richard
3 2 1 2 1 0

3 3 2

F.

Keim1

Fall Fall

Fall

Jeffrey J.

18 Normalized O Normalized O Normalized O

Fractionation & Mixing Redistribution

18 Normalized O Normalized O Normalized O

18 18 Normalized O Normalized O Normalized O

Figure 1 Objectives Conceptual model of effects Determine the characteristics and of interception structure of spatiotemporal on spatial variability of throughfall isotopic variability of composition. throughfall Determine the sampling error amount and associated with different sampling isotopic composition schemes at both event and seasonal

Probability Density (unitless)

Precisely and accurately measuring isotope end members is advantageous to hydrologists. In a vegetated landscape, throughfall is more appropriate to use than gross precipitation because interception alters the isotopic composition of precipitation (Kendall and McDonnell., 1993) and results in a throughfall input to soil with spatially varying isotopic composition (Allen et al., 2013).
Evaporation

3 2 3 Time-stability 1 Figure 3 Figure 4 plots (Allen et al., 2013). Figure 3 2 1 2 1 0 0 Each point is a single 1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 -1 -1 sample normalized by 0 -1 0 0 mean amount or -1 -1 -2 event -2 -2 18O. -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 2D Graph 1 -3 -3 5 10 15 20 25 3 -2 0 5 Graph 7 9 1 11 13 Figure -3 -2 1 3 2D 5 10 of 15 20 25 30 35 4 Histograms -3 -2 0 -3 Collectors ranked by TF Depth Collectors ranked by TF Depth Collectors Ranked by TF Depth 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 1 3 2D 5 Graph 7 9 111 13 throughfall 0 5 10 and 15 20 25 30 35 amount -3 -3 -3 4 4 4 Collectors ranked by TF Depth Collectors ranked by TF Depth Collectors Ranked by Amount Collectors Ranked by TF Depth 18 Location Ranked Depth 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 O. Lines are fitted 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Collection 0 5 10 15 20 by 25 Throughfall 30 35 4 3 Location 4 4 3 3 Amount: Individual meanby (unitless) Collectors/ranked TF Depth Collectors ranked by TF Depth Collectors Ranked by TF Depth normal distributions. 3 2

2 Figure 3 2 1

2 McDonnell 3

1. School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 3 Spring 2. Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, SK, CA. 2 Spring SAP

Spring SAP Spring SAP

Spring NAP Spring NAP

NAP

Methods
Enriched

O/ H Depleted

18

time-scales.

Normalized d-excess Normalized d-excess Normalized Deviation Standardd-excess

Standard Deviation () (fractional volume)

Normalized d-excess Normalized d-excess Normalized d-excess

Conclusions

Figure 2 Kernel-smoothed histograms of depth (TF/Pg) and 18O.

Precipitation Event

Precipitation Event

Event 2.0000 Col 13 Isotopic composition of throughfall is highly variable 1.0000 2 2 3.0000 6.0000 2 1 Cumulative 1 1 0 0 2.0000 0 representing an important sampling consideration. 1.0000 4.0000 0.2 3.0000 (Fixed) 1 relative isotopic composition 1 1 0 0 0 2.0000 5.0000 -1 -1 The lack of temporal persistence of -1 4.0000 3.0000 7.0000 0.1 0 0 0 5.0000 decreases the variability in cumulative throughfall . -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 4.0000 8.0000 7.0000 Using multiple throughfall collectors is recommended for 0 9.0000 5.0000 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 8.0000 -3 7.0000 10.0000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 10 5 constraining sampling error of isotopic composition. 9.0000 10 15 20 25 30 35 -2 -2 0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 -2 5 7 189 11 13 -3 -3 8.0000 -3 1 3 11.0000 Collection Location Ranked by Throughfall d-excess O 10.0000 Collectors ranked bynot d-excess Collectors ranked by d-excess Roving does reduce isotopic error as it does when measuring Collectors ranked by d-excess 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 9.0000 5 10 15 20 25 3 5 7 9 11 13 -3 -3 0 -3 1 0.4 3 11.0000 Collectors ranked by d-excess Collectors ranked by d-excess 10.0000 amount. Collectors ranked by d-excess 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 1 3 Col 513 7 9 11 13 11.0000 Collectors ranked by d-excess 0.3 11.0000 Collectors ranked by d-excess Collectors ranked by d-excess References Col 13 1.0000 Allen, S.T., Brooks, J.R., Keim, R.F., Bond, B.J., McDonnell, J.J., 2013. The role of pre-event canopy storage in 11.0000 0.2 2.0000 Col 13 throughfall and stemflow by using isotopic tracers. Ecohydrology 10.1002/eco.1408. 1.0000 3.0000 11.0000 Kendall, C., McDonnell, J.J., 1993. Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and 2.0000 0.1 4.0000 groundwater on runoff modelling, in: Peters, N.E., Hoehn, E., Leibundgut, C., Tase, N., Walling, D.E. (Eds.), 1.0000 3.0000 Tracers in Hydrology: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at Yokohama, Japan, 21-23 July 1993. 2.0000 5.0000 0 4.0000 IAHS Press, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 4148. 3.0000 6.0000 5.0000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ritter, A., Regalado, C.M., 2014. Roving revisited, towards an optimum throughfall sampling design. Hydrol. 7.0000 4.0000 6.0000 Process. 28, 123133. Number of Collectors

0.3

Amount (TF / Pg)

18O()

Figure 5

Normalized d-excess Normalized d-excess Normalized d-excess

Fall 2009 were Amount and isotopic composition of throughfall and gross precipitation measured in a Douglas-fir forest in western Oregon, USA. Throughfall was collected for 11 events at 13 collectors with 9.5 cm diameter funnels. A Monte-Carlo process using field data simulated the statistical properties in estimating mean throughfall amount and 18O associated with various sampling schemes. Sampling schemes used varying number of collectors for determining event and cumulative means (with fixed versus roving collectors; Ritter and Regalado, 2014). We quantified the variability of virtually sampled throughfall deviation from the true mean. Fall 2009 Spring 2010

5 Effect of sample 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 size on sample deviation from the mean 0 -1 1 0 0 -1 -1 1 1 18O) for (amount and -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 0 0 cumulative (fixed or -2 -3 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -1 -1 2D Graph 3 collectors) or 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 5 Graph 7 9 3 11 13 roving 0 5 10 -3 -2 -3 -3 -2 -2 1 3 2D 18 18 18 18 18 Collectors ranked by O Collectors ranked by O Collectors ranked by mean O Collectors Ranked by O Collection Location Ranked by Throughfall O event throughfall. 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 5 7 9 11 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -3 -3 -3 1 3 2D 18 Graph 3 18O : Individual 18 18 3 Spring 2010 3 0.5 Collectors ranked by O Location mean ( ) 3 Collectors ranked by O Collectors ranked by mean O Cumulative 0 5 10 15 20 25 3 1 3 Col 513 7 9 11 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Amount 18 18 18
18
18

3 2 4 2 1 3

3 2 4 Figure 2 1 3

4 2 1 3

18

18

18

3 Collectors ranked by mean 6.0000 2 0.4 Col 13 1.0000 3 6.0000 2 1

3 (Roving) 2 O Individual 3 2 1

Collectors ranked by

3 2 3 2 1

Collectors ranked by